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Cet article analyse l'incidence du commerce transfrontalier informel en riz sur la sécurité alimentaire rizicole en Côte d'Ivoire dans le cadre de la politique nationale de vulgarisation de cette denrée. Un modèle de cointégration basé sur l'approche ARDL (Autoregressif à retards échelonnés) a été appliqué. Les résultats montrent l'existence d'une relation à court et à long terme entre le commerce transfrontalier et la sécurité alimentaire en riz. A court terme, une augmentation des flux de détournement frontalier en riz de 10% entraîne une augmentation de l'insécurité alimentaire en riz en Côte d'Ivoire de 0,2% alors qu'à long terme, cette augmentation est de 0,17%. Aussi, l'analyse de la causalité avec la méthode de Toda-Yamamoto indique un lien indirect entre le commerce transfrontalier et l'insécurité alimentaire à travers la superficie de riz récoltée. Les pouvoirs publics devraient associer à l’augmentation des superficies cultivables un mécanisme de valorisation des prix bord champs et d’achat anticipé d’une proportion du volume de la production rizicole dans ces zones afin de réduire le commerce transfrontalier informel et renforcer la politique d’autosuffisance dans le secteur.&nbsp

Repenser nos alimentations, c'est repenser nos sociétés. Car partager un repas et même faire ses courses sont des moyens de se relier aux autres. La façon de nous nourrir construit notre santé. Nos modes de production agricole façonnent nos paysages et définissent notre place dans la nature. Gérer des ressources pour produire, pour transformer et pour distribuer les aliments fonde nos économies. Nos registres du comestible, nos cuisines et nos manières de table racontent nos cultures. Enfin, et surtout, manger est un plaisir… C'est en reconnaissant toutes ces dimensions avec une égale importance que cet ouvrage aborde les enjeux contemporains de l'alimentation. La proposition d'une écologie de l'alimentation s'ancre dans le double registre d'une science des relations et d'un engagement politique. Une telle approche permet de revisiter, parfois de façon inattendue, les mots d'ordre de l'alimentation durable. Elle vise aussi à nourrir les démarches citoyennes, publiques et privées engagées dans la transformation des systèmes alimentaires. Entre essai d'experts et récit illustré d'exemples tirés des quatre coins du monde, cet ouvrage s'adresse aussi bien aux professionnels qu'à un grand public curieux des questions d'alimentation durable.

La crise économique et sanitaire due à la Covid-19 interpelle les trajectoires de reconfiguration des systèmes alimentaires en République du Congo. Elle questionne la capacité des mesures de régulation prises par les pouvoirs publics et des stratégies d'adaptation des acteurs à induire des inflexions dans la gouvernance structurelle du système alimentaire du pays. L'article analyse les stratégies d'adaptation à la crise en mobilisant des données secondaires et des expériences d'accompagnement de politiques publiques agricoles et alimentaires conduites par les auteurs. Au Congo, le secteur alimentaire reste tributaire des importations et repose sur une agriculture vivrière extensive. Pour gérer la pandémie, un confinement général " flexible " de la population a été appliqué. Les achats de panique, la réduction de la durée d'activité des marchés et la hausse temporaire des prix des produits alimentaires ont révélé les fragilités du secteur, liées à sa dépendance aux marchés internationaux. La crise a cependant confirmé la capacité d'innovation collective du secteur informel. Elle réhabilite la reconnaissance d'une agriculture de proximité, source d'emplois pour des populations vulnérables. Elle interpelle la conception de politiques agricoles et alimentaires futures au regard d'enjeux d'intégration des risques sanitaires, alimentaires et sociaux, dans le contexte du bassin forestier du Congo, qui est exposé à des risques de résurgence de zoonoses existantes et d'arrivée de maladies émergentes.

Large-scale agricultural investments (LAIs) transform land use systems worldwide. There is, however, limited understanding about how the common global drivers of land use change induce different forms of agricultural investment and produce different impacts on the ground. This article provides a cross-country comparative analysis of how differences in business models, land use changes, and governance systems explain differences in socio-economic, food security, and environmental impacts of LAIs in Kenya, Madagascar, and Mozambique. It brings together results on these aspects generated in the AFGROLAND project that collected data in a multi-method approach via household surveys, business model surveys, semi-structured household interviews, life-cycle assessments of farm production, analysis of remote-sensing data, key informant interviews, and document analysis. For the present project synthesis, we combined a collaborative expert workshop with a comparative analysis of 16 LAIs. The results show that the LAIs follow four distinctive impact patterns, ranging from widespread adverse impacts to moderate impacts. Results demonstrate how the following conditions influence how the global drivers of land use change translate into different LAIs and different impacts on the ground: labor intensity, prior land use, utilization of land, farm size, type of production, experience in local agriculture, land tenure security, accountability of state and local elites, the mobilization capacity of civil society, expansion of resource frontiers, agricultural intensification, and indirect land use change. The results indicate that commercial agriculture can be a component in sustainable development strategies under certain conditions, but that these strategies will fail without substantial, sustained increases in the economic viability and inclusiveness of smallholder agriculture, land tenure security, agro-ecological land management, and support for broader patterns of endogenous agra

Agricultural price shocks strongly affect farmers' income and food security. It is therefore important to understand and anticipate their origins and occurrence, particularly for the world's main agricultural commodities. In this study, we assess the impacts of yearly variations in regional maize productions and yields on global maize prices using several statistical and machine-learning (ML) methods. Our results show that, of all regions considered, Northern America is by far the most influential. More specifically, our models reveal that a yearly yield gain of +8% in Northern America negatively impacts the global maize price by about –7%, while a decrease of –0.1% is expected to increase global maize price by more than +7%. Our classification models show that a small decrease in the maize yield in Northern America can inflate the probability of maize price increase on the global scale. The maize productions in the other regions have a much lower influence on the global price. Among the tested methods, random forest and gradient boosting perform better than linear models. Our results highlight the interest of ML in analyzing global prices of major commodities and reveal the strong sensitivity of maize prices to small variations of maize production in Northern America.

La faim en Afrique augmente à nouveau après avoir reculé pendant plusieurs années. Elle représente un enjeu sociétal mondial auquel toutes les disciplines se préoccupant d'analyse de données sont confrontées. Dans le cadre d'une collaboration pluridisciplinaire entre informaticiens, économistes et télédétecteurs, nous nous intéressons dans cet article au cas du Burkina Faso qui est l'un des pays d'Afrique de l'Ouest les plus touchés par l'insécurité alimentaire. Nous détaillons les données disponibles qui permettront d'alimenter un système de surveillance et d'alerte précoce. Nous décrivons deux approches d'analyse de données hétérogènes (valeurs quantitatives, séries temporelles, images, etc.) qui sont les méthodes d'apprentissage et les méthodes d'extraction de motifs spatio-temporels. Puis, nous dressons les premiers bilans des expérimentations réalisées, les modèles utilisées ont permis d'obtenir une accuracy de 0.75 pour le score de consommation alimentaire et de 0.73 pour le score de diversité alimentaire. Nous listons enfin les travaux que nous poursuivons dans ce contexte.

Durante os anos 2000, foram instituídas políticas de promoção do acesso à água no Semiárido brasileiro, como componentes de uma estratégia mais ampla de redução da pobreza e da insegurança alimentar. Apesar da sua abordagem intersetorial e integrada com as políticas sociais, a multiplicação de arranjos institucionais e de programas com lógicas distintas de implementação tem aumentado seu nível de fragmentação. O presente artigo analisa o processo de articulação do Programa Cisternas com outros programas de redução da pobreza rural, identificando fatores que contribuem para sua integração programática e institucional. O estudo avalia os mecanismos existentes de coordenação em nível nacional, e inova ao discutir o papel informal de gestores municipais e técnicos extensionistas na coordenação de programas durante o processo de implementação. Foram mobilizados dados primários e secundários, incluindo entrevistas com gestores federais e locais, e executores envolvidos na implementação do programa.

Los problemas alimentarios están a la orden del día. Resolver el problema del hambre y la desnutrición, producir y garantizar el acceso a alimentos saludables, preservar el medio ambiente, valorar las culturas locales y asegurar la participación ciudadana son algunos de los desafíos que permean la dinámica de los sistemas alimentarios. Desde diferentes escalas y perspectivas de análisis, el libro aborda el papel de las políticas y acciones públicas latinoamericanas en la configuración de sistemas alimentarios saludables y sostenibles.

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.), is an emerging crop in the world with great potential to contribute to Africa's food and nutritional security. The increased popularity of quinoa in the last few years is attributed to the impact of activities carried out within the framework of the International Year of Quinoa (IYQ2013) which helped greatly to raise awareness on the crop's multiple nutritional benefits and its expanding cultivation globally. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), which championed the IYQ2013 has worked with developing countries in Africa, which are grappling with food and nutrition insecurity, to introduce and promote cultivation of quinoa. Production and utilization of quinoa is expected to significantly reduce food and nutrition insecurity and help farming communities adapt to climate change. FAO implemented a Technical Cooperation on quinoa titled “Technical Assistance for the Strengthening of the Food System of Quinoa” (TCP/SFE/3406) implemented in 2014 to 2015. This project was designed to support the institutional capacities of seven countries including Djibouti, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, South Sudan, Uganda, and Zambia, in the production, evaluation, management, utilization, and marketing of Quinoa under diverse farming systems and agro-ecological zones. The project was implemented and led by the FAO Subregional office for Eastern Africa (SFE). Quinoa evaluation trials that were conducted across multiple sites in the participating countries served as pilot adaptability studies for the crop. This technical paper presents key technological, institutional and policy consideration for the successful introduction, adaptation and utilization of quinoa in Africa.

The 4th Global Food Security conference highlighted four major developments: the shift from food security to food systems; a focus on diets and consumption patterns; the importance of unknown futures and inherent uncertainties and risks; and the central role of multi-level connections between local- and global-oriented research. These shifts highlight the importance for research to contribute to dialogue and collective intelligence through evidence-based brokerage, and to move beyond polarization of debates. These shifts also call for the involvement of scientists in multi-stakeholder arrangements to strengthen innovation and learning at different levels, and for their participation in foresight studies to help navigate plausible futures. Delegates discussed five scientific challenges to be addressed through both research investments and by improving science-policy interfaces.

Malian farmers' traditional system for managing seed of sorghum, an indigenous crop of vital importance for food security and survival, can be conceptualized as a commons. Although this system maintains a wide range of varieties and helps ensure access to seed, its ability to create and widely disseminate new varieties to meet evolving opportunities and challenges is limited. A network of farmer groups, public breeding programs, and development organizations collaborating in decentralized creation and dissemination of sorghum varieties in Mali is examined regarding (1) how the network developed and what activities it conducts; (2) the resulting varietal diversity, varietal performance and organizational models; and (3) the elements of the traditional seed system that were maintained, strengthened or transformed. A single-case study approach was used that relies on published literature, official catalogues of released varieties and a database of farmer seed-cooperative requests for foundation seed. The functioning of the network and its varietal-, seed-, and organizational- outcomes are documented and the elements of the traditional sorghum seed system that are maintained or strengthened are analyzed. The evolution of the network's reliance on commoning as a social process and its strengthening of core Seed Commons features are discussed with a view to the network's contributions to targeted development outcomes and potential replicability. The case demonstrates how creating a framework for collaboration, enabling actors and organizations to take on collective responsibility while maintaining distributed decision-making at local level, opens opportunities for transforming farming- and food-systems towards sustainability and resilience.

Food systems that support healthy diets in sustainable, resilient, just, and equitable ways can engender progress in eradicating poverty and malnutrition; protecting human rights; and restoring natural resources. Food system activities have contributed to great gains for humanity but have also led to significant challenges, including hunger, poor diet quality, inequity, and threats to nature. While it is recognized that food systems are central to multiple global commitments and goals, including the Sustainable Development Goals, current trajectories are not aligned to meet these objectives. As mounting crises further stress food systems, the consequences of inaction are clear. The goal of food system transformation is to generate a future where all people have access to healthy diets, which are produced in sustainable and resilient ways that restore nature and deliver just, equitable livelihoods. A rigorous, science-based monitoring framework can support evidence-based policymaking and the work of those who hold key actors accountable in this transformation process. Monitoring can illustrate current performance, facilitate comparisons across geographies and over time, and track progress. We propose a framework centered around five thematic areas related to (1) diets, nutrition, and health; (2) environment and climate; and (3) livelihoods, poverty, and equity; (4) governance; and (5) resilience and sustainability. We hope to call attention to the need to monitor food systems globally to inform decisions and support accountability for better governance of food systems as part of the transformation process. Transformation is possible in the next decade, but rigorous evidence is needed in the countdown to the 2030 SDG global goals.

Espacio H es una plataforma que proporciona el acceso y facilita la difusión de información sobre componentes de desarrollo local de los diferentes municipios del corredor seco hondureño, permitiendo identificar las fortalezas y debilidades en materia de capacidad de adaptación al cambio climático. La plataforma es un herramienta que permite abordar temas de alta incertidumbre para el sector agrícola, la soberanía y la seguridad alimentaria, proporcionando información que contribuye a las discusiones nacionales y regionales sobre el fenómeno climático. Es una herramienta que facilita al tomador de decisiones acceder de forma rápida, efectiva y sin costo, a la información adecuada para planificar acciones. Lo anterior, presentando la información de manera organizada y representativa, permitiendo que esta sea confiable, entendible y transparente.

The highly concentrated formal agri-food sector holds enormous power in the governance of the food system in South Africa. Yet the concept of food democracy holds that all people should have an equal opportunity to participate in (re)shaping their food system. To contribute to decision making, however, stakeholders not only need access to knowledge about the food system, but should also be able to inform what is considered relevant knowledge. Communities of practice—groups of people who share a common interest or concern and who deepen their knowledge and expertise in this area by interacting on an ongoing basis—provide novel spaces for stakeholder involvement in food governance. This article sets out the process of establishing and maintaining a community of (food) practice in the Western Cape province of South Africa. Through participant observation, analysis of unpublished documents, as well as in depth interviews, the core elements of the community of practice are charted over its 3 yr history. The article demonstrates the informal and evolving nature of communities of practice as social learning structures that can gain credibility and potentially develop into more formal democratic institutions over.

Around 30% of global food is produced by smallholder farmers, yet they constitute the most food-insecure group. In Mexico, food self-sufficiency is declining. Rural policies in the country have stimulated the production of cash crops to the detriment of the traditional intercropping system, the milpa. Such a decline may have negative consequences for the food security of subsistence farmers. This study aimed to assess changes in nutritional self-sufficiency over the last 30 years and the role of milpa systems in food security for two communities in the highlands of Oaxaca, Mexico. The study used satellite images, censuses, and field data to estimate food production. Three cropping systems, monoculture of maize, monoculture of common bean, and the milpa were compared in terms of nutrients and vitamins produced. Furthermore, a household typology was developed for each community to contrast nutritional self-sufficiency levels between the different household types. Results showed that the milpa produced more volume of food per area compared to the other systems. The milpa also produced all the nutrients and vitamins (except for B12) required to feed at least 2 persons ha-1. Monocultures of maize lacked vitamins A, B9, B12, and C, and the common bean lacked vitamins A, B12, and C. While farmers recognized the importance of the milpa, they preferred monocultures due to the reduced labor demands of this system. Households that obtained most of their income from off-farm activities had the lowest nutritional self-sufficiency. Enhancing nutritional self-sufficiency through crop diversification has the potential to not only improve the nutrition of subsistence farmers, but also to enhance ecosystem service provision, promote biodiversity conservation and restoration, and improve resilience to climate change.

Gender mainstreaming is seen, at international level, as critical to achieving national development goals and addressing key global challenges such as climate change and food and nutrition insecurity in the agriculture sector. Our study examined the barriers leading to poor gender mainstreaming and potential solutions in policies applying to gender, agriculture, climate change, food security and nutrition, in both Guatemala and Honduras. We used a case study approach to analyze the barriers to gender integration in these governments' policies. Based on semi-structured interviews and policy document analysis, we conducted a methodology based on policy mix, policy integration and policy translation. Results show that, despite having made multiple international commitments on gender issues and having gender-labeled policy and governmental gender bodies, gender mainstreaming in the policy cycle is lagging. There are multiple barriers of a different nature and at different levels that explain the lack of gender integration in the policy cycle, related and linked to: (1) policy translation from the international level; (2) structural policy barriers at national level; (3) behaviors and corruption; and (4) lack of knowledge and capacity. Solutions to address these barriers have been identified. Our results confirmed the literature findings and also introduce new elements such as the importance of considering the nature of the relationship (purely technical and/or political) between governments and international cooperation actors to evaluate the level of gender integration in policy. Furthermore, we stress that for key informants, there are no (easy) solutions to redress the poor gender integration strategies implemented. Finally, we noted that no solutions were provided relating to structural racism and machismo, religious extremism, power groups, and censorship of civil society.