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Background & Objective: The COVID-19 pandemic has changed the pattern of medical education. This study aimed to investigate the study habits of students at Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, its relationship with academic success, and the related factors. Materials & Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted by random sampling method on 340 students of Arak University of Medical Sciences during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2022. The required data for this study were collected through a demographic form and Palsani and Sharma's Study Habits Inventory. Data analysis was conducted in Stata software using independent t-tests, one-way analysis of variance, and Pearson correlation. Results: A total of 229 female and 111 male students participated in this study, and the results showed that the majority of the students (84.19%) had relatively favorable study habits. The mean score of the students' study habits was obtained at 50.70±8.86, and the highest scores were related to the subscales of taking tests and reading ability. A positive correlation was observed between the overall score of study habits and the grade point average (r=0.19, P≤0.001) and the number of siblings (r=0.12, P≤0.001). The score of study habits showed a significant relationship between study hours and English language level (P≤0.001). Conclusion: The status of students' study habits was reported to be relatively favorable and related to academic success. It is recommended to improve the training level of students in virtual education, enhance their English language level, and create more interaction to strengthen motivation to study and learn in the self-learning process.

Objective: To compare the effect of ketamine, lidocaine, acetaminophen, and dexmedetomidine combined with morphine patient-controlled analgesia for opium addicts after tibial fracture surgery. Methods: This double-blind clinical trial included opium-addicted patients undergoing tibia fracture surgery. Patients were recruited and randomized to four different groups including the ketamine group, the lidocaine group, the acetaminophen group, and the dexmedetomidine group. The hemodynamic parameters such as heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure, and arterial SaO2, alongside visual analog scale pain scores, sedation assessed by Ramsay score, nausea and vomiting, and opioid use were recorded and compared among the four groups. Results: This study included 140 patients, aged 37 (32, 41) years, with 92 males and 48 females, and each group had 35 patients. Dexmedetomidine-sedated subjects had the lowest blood pressure from 1 to 24 h after surgery, decreased HR at 12 and 24 h after surgery, and more satisfactory sedation (P0.05). Conclusions: Dexmedetomidine has a better sedation effect compared to ketamine, lidocaine, and acetaminophen for pain control, but the final choice hinges on the patients’ physical condition and the anesthesiologist′s preference. Clinical registarion: It is registered in Iranian Registry Clinical Trial by code IRCT20141209020258N146.

Introduction: By crossing the borders of cities and countries, air pollution is now a global problem so that it can be claimed that there is no sound and clean air. This study aimed to investigate the effect of meteorological parameters on the concentration of particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) in the air of Arak city. Materials and methods: In this study, Arak city was divided into three regions using geographic information system (GIS). Based on air pollution monitoring stations in Arak city, it was tried to select one station from each region for analysis. Meteorological parameters including temperature (°C), relative humidity (٪), precipitation (mm), and wind speed (m/s), were obtained from Arak Meteorological Organization. Finally, the association between the concentration of PM (PM2.5 and PM10) and meteorological parameters were evaluated by SPSS. Results: Annual changes in PM (PM2.5 and PM10) showed that the average particle concentrations were 25.34 and 46.81 µg/m3 in the two study periods, respectively. It was also found that the citizens of Arak were 2.5 times more exposed to PM (PM2.5 and PM10) pollutants than the standard recommended by the World Health Organization. Our findings also showed strong positive linear correlations of wind velocity and temperature with PM2.5 and PM10, as well as relative humidity with PM10, and negative correlations of precipitation with PM2.5 and PM10, as well as relative humidity with PM2.5. Conclusion: The distribution map of Arak city indicated that the citizens of Shariati station and the governorate office were facing high concentrations of pollutants, posing them to a serious threat. Moreover, more pollution was recorded toward the north and northwest of the city. To protect the health of citizens in Arak, therefore, it is necessary to adopt appropriate policies and rules to reduce the concentrations of PM and other pollutants in the air of this city.

Background: Understanding the prevalence of menstrual disorders has important implications for both health service planning and risk factor epidemiology. Objective: The aim of this review is to identify and collate studies describing the prevalence of menstrual disorders in Iran. Materials and Methods: Studies with original data related to the prevalence of menstrual disorders were identified via searching six electronic databases and reviewing citations. All abstracts or titles found by the electronic searches were independently scrutinized by two reviewers. The Meta-analysis was performed with a random effects model, considering the remarkable heterogeneity among studies. A total of 35 eligible epidemiological studies were included in this review. Results: Overall, the pooled prevalence of primary dysmenorrhea was 73.27% (95% CI=65.12-81.42). The mean proportion of women with oligomenorrhea was 13.11% (95.5%, 95% CI: 10.04-16.19). We identified 16 studies that reported polymenorrhoea with a random effect of pooled prevalence estimate of 9.94% (95% CI 7.33%-12.56%). The prevalence estimate of hypermenorrhea was 12.94% (95% CI 9.31%-16.57%). Overall prevalence of hypomenorrhea was 5.25% (95% CI 3.20%-7.30%), ranging from 0.9- 12.90%. Pooling six studies that reported estimates for menorrhagia, the overall prevalence was 19.24% (95% CI 12.78-25.69). Overall, 6.04% (95% CI: 1.99-10.08) of the women were shown to have metrorrhagia. Conclusion: This systematic review suggests that the average prevalence of menstrual disorders in Iran is substantial. It has been neglected as a fundamental problem of women's reproductive health. Diagnosis and treatment of these disorders should be included in the primary health care system of reproductive health.

Background: Knowing the symptoms of heart failure and the way they are different among men and women can reduce decision making time in providing diagnostic and therapeutic measures. It can also improve the quality of the response. This study aimed to compare the type and severity of symptoms experienced by men and women with acute coronary syndromes. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 175 patients admitted to coronary care and cardiac units of Imam Hossein Hospital (Shahroud, Iran) were evaluated. Data was collected via interviews and a checklist including demographic characteristics, symptoms, risk factors, disease history, and associated symptoms. Severity of subjective symptoms was measured through a visual analogue scale. Data was analyzed using chi-square test and independent t-tests. Findings: Out of 175 subjects with a final diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome, 100 subjects (57.1%) were women and 75 (42.9%) were men. Chest pain was significantly more common in men than in females (P = 0.004). Most patients (69.7%) reported pain in the central and upper regions of the chest. However, this symptom was significantly more prevalent among women than among men (P = 0.002). There were gender differences in some atypical symptoms but angina was similar. The mean scores of severity of pain, sweating, and palpitations were significantly higher in women. Conclusion: This study showed that symptoms of men and with acute coronary syndrome were somewhat different. Hence, excessive attention to typical symptoms of acute coronary syndrome can foreclose care in early stages. Keywords: Acute coronary syndrome, Clinical symptoms, Heart failure, Women, Men

Objective: Leukemia is the most prevalent type of cancer in children. The aim of this study was to estimate the 5-year survival rates of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) and Acute Myeloblastic Leukemia (AML) as well as factors influencing them., Methods: This is a nonrandomized retrospective study conducted on 280 patients with ALL and AML. They were all below 15 years old children admitted to Shahid Faghihi hospital, Shiraz, Iran from 2004 to 2008.The survival rates were estimated by applying the Kaplan-Meier method. In addition, the log rank test was used to estimate the statistical significance of differences in the survival probability. Cox regression model was applied to conduct multivariate analysis for adjusting confounding variable. All analyses were performed in SPSS statistical software (version 16). P-values less than 0.05 were considered as statistically significant., Findings: The mean (± standard deviation) of the observation period was 28.2±16.1 months. In this period, 60 (24.7%) patients (47 ALL and 15 AML) passed away. The cumulative rate of survival in this study was 53.3±0.1 percent. This probability was 56.6±0.1% and 44.2±0.1% for ALL and AML patients, respectively, which indicates no statistically significant difference between them (P=0.8). According to Cox model, there was a significant relationship among the variables of platelet count and relapse with the survival rate., Conclusion: Platelet count was identified as a positive prognostic factor of the survival rate in ALL patients. However, on the base of our results and other studies, incidence of relapse and the number of relapses are significant factors of survival rates of leukemia.