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Purpose: The primary aim of this study was to optimize, characterize, and test a controlled-release organogel of nifedipine for oral delivery. The formulation employed 12-hydroxy stearic acid as a gelator with soybean oil as a base. This research sought to investigate the potential of this organogel system to provide a controlled release alternative for nifedipine administration. Methods: Preformulation studies and drug-excipient compatibility tests were conducted for nifedipine and the selected excipients. A controlled release organogel was created using the heating method. A quadratic model was applied to design formulations (F1-F14) with varying concentrations of 12-hydroxy stearic acid and distinct cooling rates (gradual and quick cooling) at five levels, utilizing a one-factor response surface approach. The prepared formulations were evaluated using various assessment parameters. Design Expert 7.0 was employed to statistically derive the optimized batch. Differential scanning calorimetry and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy were used to compare the preformulation test results between nifedipine and the excipients. Results: The optimized controlled-release organogel exhibited a drug release profile of 86.02% at 10 h, which increased to 96.04% after 12 h. The data for the optimized formulation revealed a significant correlation between expected and actual responses, indicating the efficacy of the quadratic model and the response surface approach in predicting formulation behavior. Conclusions: The study concluded that an organogel formulation using 12-hydroxy stearic acid as an organogelator and soybean oil as a base could be beneficial for controlled-release formulations of nifedipine. The results suggest that this organogel system is a viable alternative for the controlled release of nifedipine, offering a promising method for its oral administration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Polymeric microcapsules (MCs) have become an important issue and have attracted increasing attention because of their tunable physical and chemical properties. Diverse shell structures can confer multiple properties on MCs. RESULTS: Different polyols (1,4‐butanediol and glycerin) and polyamines (triethylenetetramine and isophorondiamine) were selected as crosslinkers to obtain emamectin benzoate (EB)‐loaded poly(urethane–urea) MCs (PU‐MCs) by interfacial polymerization. The four obtained PU‐MCs showed sphericity with different degrees of smoothness on their surfaces, and displayed a uniform size distribution ranging from 500 to 700 nm. Moreover, transmission electron microscopy showed that the shell thickness was roughly uniform, and was greatly influenced by the type and structure of the crosslinker. GI‐MCs, prepared using glycerin and isophorondiamine, had the largest shell thickness. GT‐MCs, obtained using glycerin and triethylenetetramine, had the highest encapsulation efficiency and drug‐loading content, and BT‐MCs, obtained using mixtures of 1,4‐butanediol and triethylenetetramine, had the fastest release behavior. Thermogravimetric analysis revealed that the greater the degree of shell crosslinking, the higher decomposition temperature and the greater the thermal stability. A BT‐MC suspension had the lowest viscosity and contact angle with the best wettability. Bioassay experiments showed that BT‐MCs exhibited good insecticidal activity against Plutella xylostella larvae with a half‐maximal lethal concentration of 4.19 mg/L. Furthermore, a BT‐MC suspension showed good thermal and light stability, with potential applications in minimizing the toxicity of EB through sustained release. CONCLUSION: Various properties of EB‐loaded PU‐MCs were modulated through simple selection of different polyols and polyamines during fabrication, which might have an important role in constructing the pesticide delivery system and improving pesticide utilization. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, flaxseed mucilage (Muc) was extracted and a composite film of flaxseed mucilage and sodium alginate (Al) was prepared. Norbixin (NB) and WO3 (WO) nanoparticles were used to modify the composite film structure (Muc/Al/WO/NB). Physicochemical and antioxidant properties were investigated. The release of norbixin migration rate of WO3 nanoparticles from the film was investigated at different times. The obtained results showed that WO3 nanoparticles decreased the solubility of the film, while norbixin increased the solubility. WO3 nanoparticles and norbixin increased the humidity of the film, which the effect of norbixin in increasing the humidity was greater than WO3. The addition of WO3 nanoparticles and norbixin decreased the permeability to both oxygen and water vapor permeability. In the Muc/Al/WO film, the presence of nanoparticles with dimensions of 30 to 100 nm could be detected. Examination of FTIR spectra confirmed the presence of nanoparticles and norbixin in the film structure and also confirmed the electrostatic interactions between the components of the film. Investigating the antioxidant property of the films showed that the addition of WO3 nanoparticles and norbixin greatly increased the antioxidant property. The release of norbixin from the films increased with time, so on the 15th day, about 15 to 30% of norbixin were released from the films. With the passage of time, the migration rate of WO3 nanoparticles also increased, and from the 10th day onwards, almost constant migration took place. Due to the controlled and appropriate release of norbixin from the film, it is recommended that the prepared films be used as a rich source of active antioxidant substances in the packaging and production of functional foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) is a novel binary therapy combining boron targeted drugs and neutron irradiation, which can selectively and effectively kill cancer cells at the cellular scale. Controlled release of boron drug and its accumulation in tumor sites are the crux of BNCT. Here, we developed a 10B-boric acid (10BA)-loaded nanofiber applying for BNCT by in situ administration. The nanofibers were obtained by electrospinning technique using polyethylene glycol/polylactide (PEO/PLA) block copolymers. By changing the ratio of hydrophilicity to hydrophobicity of the nanofibers, the controlled release and the effective accumulation of boron 10 isotope (10B) were achieved in situ. The 10B content in tumor could reach to 2540 µg/g, significantly exceeding the required level of 20–50 µg/g for BNCT operation. Utilizing pertinent DNA damage experiments, direct evidence and quantified data of BNCT-induced DNA damage in tumor cells were obtained for the first time. Transcriptome sequencing was employed to predict the molecular mechanisms and potential signaling pathways of BNCT, providing theoretical basis for future combined therapies. The antitumor efficiency of BNCT was demonstrated by establishing mice model of subcutaneous tumor and tumor recurrence. The research presents a novel boron-loaded nanofiber mats for BNCT, which enables controlled drug release and holds significant potential in the treatment of unresectable or postoperative residual tumors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The main objective of the present study was to develop κ-Carragenan (κ-CG) hydrogels by ionic crosslinking, using KCl and NaCl as crosslinkers, as medium controlled releasing of four new cleavable surfactants with antimicrobial activities (C10-MET; C14-MET; C10-BEN and C14-BEN) used as model drugs. The effect of the κ-CG amount on swelling behavior, morphological properties and load/release capacity of surfactants from hydrogels were investigated. The most efficient swelling result was observed for the sample containing a low ratio κ-CG/crosslinker when the swelling medium was distilled water. The hydrogels showed porous structure and elastic solid behavior in the analyzed temperature range (20–200 °C); and were able to load the four drugs by the classic entrapment method. The release results were closely related to the swelling values of the hydrogels and the solubility of the drug in the release medium. It was found that the drug release increased with time, reaching its maximum after 24 h, and C10-MET exhibited the highest percent release. The results of the present work indicate that the κ-CG hydrogels are good support materials for controlled release, with excellent swelling capacity (> 200%), which is a very important property for applications in agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel dicoumarol-based copolyester was synthesized via a one-step polycondensation reaction using titanium tetraisopropoxide (TTIP) as a catalyst. The copolyester was characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy (1H and 13C), and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to examine the surface morphology before and after degradation. The synthesized copolyester exhibited toxicity against MCF-7 breast cancer cells, with an IC50 value of 62.5 μg/mL, and demonstrated potential as a drug carrier with a consistent drug-release rate. The combination of dicoumarol, itaconic acid, and 1,12-dodecanediol in the copolyester enhances its biomedical capabilities, with dicoumarol providing anticancer properties, itaconic acid offering biocompatibility and mechanical stability, and 1,12-dodecanediol ensuring structural integrity and responsiveness. This study presents the first example of a dicoumarol-substituted copolyester, which was thoroughly characterized and shown to have promising biocompatibility for targeted anticancer therapy. The synthesis of this novel copolyester from renewable sources highlights the growing interest in sustainable materials for pharmaceutical and biomedical applications, particularly in drug delivery and tissue engineering for cancer treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although pure alkali-activated materials (AAMs) only depend on high alkalinity to resist biological pollution, the effects of which are inadequate, it is essential to add cuprous oxide to reinforce the antifouling effect. In this paper, triethoxycaprylylsilane (TTOS) was used as a superhydrophobic modifier that was copolymerized with the exposed hydroxyl groups on the alkali-based geopolymers coating and then generated micro/nanostructures. Therefore, superhydrophobic geopolymer coating can achieve long-lasting controlled release of Cu2+ by controlling the inflow and outflow of water to achieve the aim of extending the antibiofouling life of coating when cuprous oxide is added to alkali-based geopolymer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim was to employ site-dependent absorption of mirabegron (MB) as a guide for fabrication of oral disintegrating controlled release tablet (ODCRT) which undergoes instantaneous release of loading fraction followed by delayed release of the rest of MB. The goal was to release MB in a manner consistent with the chronobiology of overactive bladder (OAB) syndrome. In situ rabbit intestinal permeability of MB was adopted to assess absorption sites. MB was subjected to dry co-grinding with citric acid to develop the fast-dissolving fraction in the mouth. Delayed release fraction was formulated by ethanol-assisted co-processing with increasing proportions of Eudragit polymer (S100) as pH responsive polymer. The developed dry mixtures underwent thermal (DSC) and physical (X-ray diffraction) characterization, in addition to in vitro release behavior. Optimized fast dissolving and delayed release formulations were mixed with tablet excipient before compression in ODCRT which was assessed for release profile using continuous pH variation. MB underwent preferential permeation through ileum and colon. Co-grinding with citric acid provided co-amorphous powder with fast dissolution. Co-amorphization of MB with Eudragit S100 (1:5) showed pH-dependent release to release most of the dose at pH 7.4. The developed ODCRT released 43.5% of MB in the buccal environment and retained MB at acidic pH to start release at pH 7.4. The study successfully fabricated ODCRT guided by site-dependent absorption. The ODCRT instantaneously released loading fraction to support the patient after administration with delayed fraction to sustain the effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Synthetic anionic liposomes are widely used as an easily handling structure that represents biological membranes, notably for extracellular vesicles. These lipid vesicles also promise to build applications as carriers for a diversity of cargo ranging from small drugs to large biomolecules. However, medicinal and clinical use are still problematic because these vesicles are gradually degraded in liquid suspension accompanied by the decrease of drug effectiveness. In this study, we report that porous anodized aluminum oxide (AAO) membranes serve as useful platforms for the integration of synthetic anionic liposomes in the prospect of a composite material for drug delivery. The study using fluorophore (NBD)-labeled liposomes (average diameter, 122 nm) shows that liposomes can be successfully immobilized into AAO pores with no leakage for 1 week. We demonstrate that the immobilized liposomes can be released from AAO pores rapidly and on-demand by only 1 min ultrasonic irradiation, while they do not leak spontaneously during storage in the buffer solution. The released liposomes were found to be intact by scanning electron-assisted dielectric microscopy (SE-ADM) and spectroscopic techniques, with their size and morphology remaining unchanged compared to the liposomes before immobilization into AAO. Systematic analysis of a series of liposomes suggested that the immobilization of anionic liposomes proceeded through an ion-exchange mechanism. Intactness of released liposomes would be ascribed to the relatively weak attraction with the pore surface due to electrostatic repulsion. The utilization of AAO membranes as beneficial platforms for integrating liposomes is anticipated to expedite the development of functional composite materials incorporating liposomes for storage devices, allowing efficient drug delivery as well as expected to progress methods for accumulation, purification, and separation techniques for lipid vesicles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogels are formed of crosslinked polymer chains arranged in three-dimensional (3D) networks. These chains have good water-containing capacity and are soft and malleable. Hydrogels have good biocompatibility due to their significant water content, flexible structure, and numerous holes. These characteristics make them analogous to biological tissues. Despite the publication of 8700 literature related to hydrogel biomedical applications in the past 52 years (1973 ~ 2024), studies on the use of hydrogels in biomedicine are few. To gain a comprehensive understanding of their current development status, research trends, and prospects in the biomedical application field, it is imperative to conduct a thorough retrospective analysis. In this study, we employ bibliometric analysis and CiteSpace software to quantitatively and visually analyze articles published in this field. Firstly, we provide a quantitative analysis of authorship and institutional publications over the past 52 years to elucidate the fundamental development status regarding hydrogel biomedical applications. Secondly, we did visual studies on terms that are high-frequency, explosive, keyword clustering, and so on, to understand the directionality and evolution of the main research hotspots during each period. Notably, our findings emphasize that fabricating hydrogels into wound healing-promoting dressings emerges as a prominent hotspot within the application field. We anticipate that this paper will inspire researchers with novel ideas for advancing hydrogel applications in biomedicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study was designed to fabricate and evaluate pH sensitive nexus for controlled delivery of acyclovir by employing two different hydrophilic polymers β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) and Quince seed gum. QSG-β-CD-co-poly (methacrylate) hydrogels were successfully developed by free radical polymerization technique employing methacrylic acid (MAA) and N,N, methylene bisacrylamide as monomer and crosslinker, respectively. Prepared QSG-β-CD-co-poly (methacrylate) based nexus was characterized for gel fraction, equilibrium swelling (%), compatibility, thermal analysis, morphology, drug release pattern and toxicological screening in rabbits. The successful grafting of the network was confirmed by FTIR and XRD findings. Thermal stability of developed network was evident by DSC and TGA findings. Results of SEM confirmed the porous structure of the grafted system. Efficient loading of acyclovir into the hydrogels and elemental composition was determined by EDX studies. Pronounced acyclovir release was noticed at pH 7.4 while very less percent of drug was released at acidic pH evidencing the pH responsiveness of network. Acute toxicity studies depicted that formulated nexus was non-toxic and did not show any sign of ocular, skin, oral toxicity. Based on the results, β-CD and quince seed gum-based carrier system was proved to be biocompatible and pH responsive that can be efficiently employed for delivery of acyclovir in controlled fashion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, a novel, highly branched and photoresponsive polysiloxane is synthesized and studied. The polymer is photoconstructed into a single‐chain nanoparticle loaded with Nile Red and Metformin. Through the photoreversible [2+2] mechanism of the polymer's pendant coumarin moieties, the nanoparticles are de‐crosslinked, and their cargo molecules released. A study of the kinetics of release is undertaken in different solvents, providing insight into the relationship between the cargo's molecular structure and that of the polymer chain. On the whole, this report's study introduces new controlled release and cationic ring‐opening polymerization concepts while providing the first example of a single‐chain polymer nanoparticle based on a photoresponsive polysiloxane. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Controlled release of low molecular weight hydrophilic drugs, administered locally, allows maintenance of high concentrations at the target site, reduces systemic side effects, and improves patient compliance. Injectable hydrogels are commonly used as a vehicle. However, slow release of low molecular weight hydrophilic drugs is very difficult to achieve, mainly due to a rapid diffusion of the drug out of the drug delivery system. Here we present an injectable and self-healing hydrogel based entirely on the self-assembly of liposomes. Gelation of liposomes, without damaging their structural integrity, was induced by modifying the cholesterol content and surface charge. The small hydrophilic molecule, sodium fluorescein, was loaded either within the extra-liposomal space or encapsulated into the aqueous cores of the liposomes. This encapsulation strategy enabled the achievement of controlled and adjustable release profiles, dependent on the mechanical strength of the gel. The hydrogel had a high mechanical strength, minimal swelling, and slow degradation. The liposome-based hydrogel had prolonged mechanical stability in vivo with benign tissue reaction. This work presents a new class of injectable hydrogel that holds promise as a versatile drug delivery system. The porous nature of hydrogels poses a challenge for delivering small hydrophilic drug, often resulting in initial burst release and shorten duration of release. This issue is particularly pronounced with physically crosslinked hydrogels, since their matrix can swell and dissipate rapidly, but even in cases where the polymers in the hydrogel are covalently cross-linked, small molecules can be rapidly released through its porous mesh. Here we present an injectable self-healing hydrogel based entirely on the self-assembly of liposomes. Small hydrophilic molecules were entrapped inside the extra-liposomal space or loaded into the aqueous cores of the liposomes, allowing controlled and tunable release profiles. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Milnacipran is a serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) primarily used in the treatment of major depressive disorder and fibromyalgia. The aim of this study was to formulate and evaluate controlled-release Milnacipran tablets using hydrophilic polymers (HPMC K4M, HPMC K100M) and polyacrylate polymers (Eudragit RS100, Eudragit RL100) to enhance antidepressant activity. A total of 15 formulations (F1-F15) were developed using a direct compression method. "The micromeritic properties of the formulation blends were assessed." The compressed tablets were evaluated for various parameters such as hardness, friability, weight uniformity, and drug content, all of which met the required standards. The study concluded that both Eudragit and HPMC polymers effectively controlled the release of Milnacipran, making the formulations suitable for oncedaily administration, potentially improving patient compliance and therapeutic outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To effectively treat osteoarthritis (OA), the existing inflammation must be reduced before the cartilage damage can be repaired; this cannot be achieved with a single type of extracellular vesicles (EVs). Here, a hydrogel complex with logic‐gates function is proposed that can spatiotemporally controlled release two types of EVs: interleukin 10 (IL‐10)+ EVs to promote M2 polarization of macrophage, and SRY‐box transcription factor 9 (SOX9)+ EVs to increase cartilage matrix synthesis. Following dose‐of‐action screening, the dual EVs are loaded into a matrix metalloporoteinase 13 (MMP13)‐sensitive self‐assembled peptide hydrogel (KM13E) and polyethylene glycol diacrylate/gelatin methacryloyl‐hydrogel microspheres (PGE), respectively. These materials are mixed to form a "microspheres‐in‐gel" KM13E@PGE system. In vitro, KM13E@PGE abruptly released IL‐10+ EVs after 3 days and slowly released SOX9+ EVs for more than 30 days. In vivo, KM13E@PGE increased the CD206+ M2 macrophage proportion in the synovial tissue and decreased the tumor necrosis factor‐α and IL‐1β levels. The aggrecan and SOX9 expressions in the cartilage tissues are significantly elevated following inflammation subsidence. This performance is not achieved using anti‐inflammatory or cartilage repair therapy alone. The present study provides an injectable, integrated delivery system with spatiotemporal control release of dual EVs, and may inspire logic‐gates strategies for OA treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims In this study, the antifungal efficacy and phytotoxicity of silica coated porous zinc oxide nanoparticle (SZNP) were analyzed as this nanocomposite was observed to be a suitable platform for slow release fungicides and has the promise to bring down the dosage of other agrochemicals as well. Methods and results Loading and release kinetics of tricyclazole, a potent fungicide, were analyzed by measuring surface area (S BET) using Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) isotherm and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), respectively. The antifungal efficacy of ZnO nanoparticle (ZNP) and SZNP was investigated on two phytopathogenic fungi (Alternaria solani and Aspergillus niger). The morphological changes to the fungal structure due to ZNP and SZNP treatment were studied by field emission-scanning electron microscopy. Nanoparticle mediated elevation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in fungal samples was detected by analyzing the levels of superoxide dismutase, catalase, thiol content, lipid peroxidation, and by 2,7-dichlorofluorescin diacetate assay. The phytotoxicity of these two nanostructures was assessed in rice plants by measuring primary plant growth parameters. Further, the translocation of the nanocomposite in the same plant model system was examined by checking the presence of fluorescein isothiocyanate tagged SZNP within the plant tissue. Conclusions ZNP had superior antifungal efficacy than SZNP and caused the generation of more ROS in the fungal samples. Even then, SZNP was preferred as an agrochemical delivery vehicle because, unlike ZNP alone, it was not toxic to plant system. Moreover, as silica in nanoform is entomotoxic in nature and nano ZnO has antifungal property, both the cargo (agrochemical) and the carrier system (silica coated porous nano zinc oxide) will have a synergistic effect in crop protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past decades, comprehensive attempts have been made to improve physiological absorption by designing delivery systems, using suitable carriers, and altering the route of administration. Here, the vaginal route was targeted using capsular-shaped biodegradable in situ porous drug-eluting inserts (DEI) using clotrimazole as a model drug and PCL and PEO WSR 303 as rate-controlling polymers. Morphology, thermal properties, and degradation kinetics were assessed in comparison to non-porous DEI. The optimized DEI showed site-specific controlled drug release as per disease need, which may lead to enhanced bioavailability as well as patient compliance with reduced dose-related side effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alginate is a natural polymer with good biocompatible properties and is a potential polymeric material for the sustainable development and replacement of petroleum derivatives. However, the non-spinnability of pure alginate solutions has hindered the expansion of alginate applications. With the continuous development of electrospinning technology, synthetic polymers, such as PEO and PVA, are used as co-spinning agents to increase the spinnability of alginate. Moreover, the coaxial, parallel Janus, tertiary and other diverse and novel electrospun fiber structures prepared by multi-fluid electrospinning have found a new breakthrough for the problem of poor spinning of natural polymers. Meanwhile, the diverse electrospun fiber structures effectively achieve multiple release modes of drugs. The powerful combination of alginate and electrostatic spinning is widely used in many biomedical fields, such as tissue engineering, regenerative engineering, bioscaffolds, and drug delivery, and the research fever continues to climb. This is particularly true for the controlled delivery aspect of drugs. This review provides a brief overview of alginate, introduces new advances in electrostatic spinning, and highlights the research progress of alginate-based electrospun nanofibers in achieving various controlled release modes, such as pulsed release, sustained release, biphasic release, responsive release, and targeted release. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cuelure, an effective lure specifically targeting Tephritid fruit flies, has been widely adopted and applied in the monitoring and control of these pests, providing significant support for agricultural pest management. However, its uncontrollable release speed and duration usually lead to a lot of waste, diminishing its effectiveness and increasing the cost of pest control. In order to solve these problems, we focused on Zeugodacus cucurbitae Coquillett and developed a temperature-sensitive nano-controlled release agent for cuelure. The release rate of this agent can be adjusted by adjusting the ambient temperature. The results show that the temperature-sensitive cuelure nano-controlled release agent demonstrates remarkable temperature-responsive controlled release characteristics. It still exhibits exceptional stability even after being subjected to high-temperature treatment at 60 °C for a week, and the trapping efficiency of this attractant remains between 73% and 75%. This study not only holds immense practical value in monitoring, warning, and managing of fruit fly pests, but it also lays a novel theoretical foundation for the development of insect attractants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite clinical advances in immunotherapy, still many therapeutics cause dose‐limiting (auto)immune‐mediated toxicities. Nanoparticle‐based drug delivery systems (DDS) can improve cancer immunotherapy through site‐specific delivery and controlled release of immunotherapeutics in the tumor microenvironment (TME). However, DDS face several challenges, including unspecific release. To address this, vaterite nanoparticles (VNPs) that selectively release immunotherapeutic proteins at low pH conditions find in the TME, are established previously. In the current study, these VNPs are further modified for active targeting without affecting the loaded protein activity, exemplified with Tumor Necrosis Factor α (TNF). Specifically, VNPs are coated with gelatin, a matrix‐metalloprotease sensitive polymer which provides functional groups for further conjugation. Subsequently, streptavidin is covalently linked to the gelatin shell by amine‐epoxy chemistry, enabling coupling of any biotinylated ligand. Exemplified by biotinylated cetuximab and rituximab, targeted VNPs selectively bind to cells expressing epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) or CD20, respectively. Importantly, TNF remains functionally active after the modification steps, as VNP treatment increased ICAM‐1 expression on FaDu cells and activated NFκB signaling in a Jurkat.NFκB‐luciferase cell line model. In conclusion, a targetable vaterite‐based DDS is produced that allows for easy surface modification with any biotinylated ligand that may find broad applications in tumor‐selective immunotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Open-pore channels, accessible interior regions, and larger pore volumes of mesoporous organosilica nanoparticles (MONs) have demonstrated considerable promise in drug delivery for lung cancer therapy. Nevertheless, drug leakage and early drug release are frequently caused by the mesoporous nature of MONs. In this instance, biocompatible and pH-responsive nanocarriers for the efficient distribution of cabazitaxel (CTX) were fabricated using cellulose nanocrystal (CN) and polydopamine (PD) coated MONs (CTX@MONs-CN/PD). CN encapsulation ensured effective drug release from MONs at the tumor sites while preventing drug leakage. PD, a biocompatible molecule that increases cell adhesion and achieves the stimuli-response drug release, was placed as an external coating. The MONs displays great cellular uptake and acid-responsive release characteristics; at pH 5.5, the cumulative drug release may reach up to 80.59% in 85 h. CTX@MONs-CN/PD has a 14-fold more significant apoptotic impact than the control group. The cytotoxicity of the lung cancer cells (A549 and H1299) investigation displayed that CTX@MONs-CN/PD was more efficient than other free groups in A549 and H1299 cells, with less toxicity in HUVECs. CTX@MONs-CN/PD increased ROS levels, which resulted in apoptosis. The morphological features were examined by acridine orange and ethidium bromide (AO-EB) Flow cytometric analysis used Annexin V-FITC and propidium iodide (PI) to explore the mechanism of apoptosis induction. The CN-coated drug delivery system is an intriguing option for effective and regulated drug release in lung cancer therapy. [Display omitted] • Cellulose nanocrystal coated Mesoporous organosilica nanoparticles with cabazitaxel. • Biocompatible molecule that increases cell adhesion and achieves the stimuli-response drug release. • The MONs display great cellular uptake and acid-responsive release at pH 5.5. • The cytotoxicity of the lung cancer cells displayed that NPs were more efficient than free groups. • Flow cytometric analysis used Annexin V-FITC and PI to explore the mechanism of apoptosis induction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study's objective was to create and assess diacerein-loaded microsponges incorporated into a topical gel formulation for enhanced skin delivery. Diacerein is a potent anti-inflammatory agent used in the management of various dermatological conditions, including osteoarthritis and psoriasis. Materials and Methods: The optimized diacerein-loaded Additionally, a gel basis was enhanced using microsponges and the resulting topical. The gel's pH, viscosity, spreadability and homogeneity of drug content were assessed and skin permeation studies. The topical gel's pH was changed to make sure compatibility with the skin pH for enhanced drug delivery. The prepared diacerein-loaded microsponges incorporated into a topical gel formulation showed promising characteristics for enhanced skin delivery. Results: Evaluation parameters like viscosity, drug content, spreadability for all the prepared formulations were assessed. Formulation F2 and F4 shows the most optimized result from all the six formulations. Conclusion: The sustained release pattern achieved through the microsponges technology offers the potential for prolonged therapeutic effects and improved patient outcomes in the treatment of dermatological conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A molecularly imprinted polymer of Tenofovir (1), an FDA-approved acyclic nucleoside phosphonate with antiviral activity, was synthesized using a non-covalent approach. A pre-polymerization complex was formed between (1) and DMAEMA and in-house synthetic N1-[(2-methacryloyloxy)ethyl] thymine, with EGDMA as a cross-linker in an MeCN/H2O (9:1, 1:1) mixture as a porogen, giving an imprinting factor (IF) of 5.5 at 2.10−5 mol/L. Binding parameters were determined by the Freundlich–Langmuir model, Qmax and Ka, and well as the particle morphology for MIP and NIP. Finally, the release profiles, for MIP and NIP, were obtained at 25 °C and 37 °C, which is body temperature, in a phosphate buffer saline, pH 7.4, mimicking the blood pH value, to determine the potential sustained release of our polymeric materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An increasing number of novel biomaterials have been applied in wound healing therapy. Creating beneficial environments and containing various bioactive molecules, hydrogel- and extracellular vesicle (EV)-based therapies have respectively emerged as effective approaches for wound healing. Moreover, the synergistic combination of these two components demonstrates more favorable outcomes in both chronic and acute wound healing. This review provides a comprehensive discussion and summary of the combined application of EVs and hydrogels to address the intricate scenario of wounds. The wound healing process and related biological mechanisms are outlined in the first section. Subsequently, the utilization of EV-loaded hydrogels during the wound healing process is evaluated and discussed. The moist environment created by hydrogels is conducive to wound tissue regeneration. Additionally, the continuous and controlled release of EVs from various origins could be achieved by hydrogel encapsulation. Finally, recent in vitro and in vivo studies reported on hydrogel dressings loaded with EVs are summarized and challenges and opportunities for the future clinical application of this therapeutic approach are outlined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vanilla is one of the most widely used flavors in the food and beverage industry; however, it is thermally unstable and volatile. In this study, microparticles consisting of ternary complexes of vanillin/γ-cyclodextrin/dextran (V/C/D) were prepared, in which vanillin served as a crosslink between the γ-cyclodextrin and dextran. One end of vanillin was inserted into the interior of γ-cyclodextrin through hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonding, while the other end was bound to dextran through hydrogen bonding. The encapsulation efficiency of vanillin in the microparticles increased from around 59 to 92% when the mass ratio of dextran in the complexes increased (V/C/D ratio ranging from 1:9:0 to 1:5:4). Moreover, the crystallization peak of vanillin disappeared in complexes with higher dextran contents. The dispersibility of vanillin in cold water (4 ℃) increased as the dextran content in the complexes increased, with the highest value being 15 mg/mL. Encapsulation of vanillin within the microparticles protected it from volatilization during storage, with more than 90% being retained after holding at 60 ℃ for a month, as well as increasing its resistance thermal processing. The release of vanillin during baking (200 ℃, 30 min) could be controlled by altering the composition of the microparticles. Our findings provide a novel strategy for improving the stability and controlling the release of aromas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, exosomes showed appropriate potential in the repair of skin injury. However, the functions of the exosomes could be compromised rapidly due to their short half-life and high clearance rate in vivo. In addition, the controlled release of effective concentrations of exosomes could increase the utilization efficiency of exosomes in wound healing. Accordingly, the design of an effective system for the controlled delivery of exosomes during the wound treatment period was necessary. In this contribution, we designed a novel exosome-based multifunctional nanocomposite platform with photothermal-controlled release performance for the repair of skin injury. Based on the agarose hydrogel, two-dimensional Ti 3 C 2 (Ti 3 C 2 MXene) and human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell (hucMSC)-derived exosomes, the as-prepared platform (i.e., hucMSC-derived exosome/Ti 3 C 2 MXene hydrogel) was synthesized for the first time. Apart from possessing injectability, the hucMSC-derived exosome/Ti 3 C 2 MXene hydrogel utilized the excellent photothermal effect of Ti 3 C 2 MXene and proper phase transition performance of agarose hydrogel to provide a photothermal-controlled release system for the hucMSC-derived exosomes, which was beneficial for the personalized on-demand drug delivery. Importantly, the hucMSC-derived exosomes maintained their inherent structure and activity after being released from the Ti 3 C 2 MXene hydrogel. Additionally, the as-prepared hydrogel with multifunctional performance also presented remarkable biocompatibility and photothermal-antibacterial property, and could efficiently accelerate wound healing by promoting cell proliferation, angiogenesis, collagen deposition, and reducing the level of inflammation at the wound site. The results suggested that the exosome-based multifunctional nanocomposite platform with great potential for wound healing would make significant advances in the revolution of traditional treatment methods in skin injury. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, the formation of three-dimensional (3D) cell aggregates known as embryoid bodies (EBs) grown in media supplemented with HSC-specific morphogens has been utilized for the directed differentiation of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), into clinically relevant hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). However, delivering growth factors and nutrients have become ineffective in inducing synchronous differentiation of cells due to their 3D conformation. Moreover, irregularly sized EBs often lead to the formation of necrotic cores in larger EBs, impairing differentiation. Here, we developed two gelatin microparticles (GelMPs) with different release patterns and two HSC-related growth factors conjugated to them. Slow and fast releasing GelMPs were conjugated with bone morphogenic factor-4 (BMP-4) and stem cell factor (SCF), respectively. The sequential presentation of BMP-4 and SCF in GelMPs resulted in efficient and effective hematopoietic differentiation, shown by the enhanced gene and protein expression of several mesoderm and HSC-related markers, and the increased concentration of released HSC-related cytokines. In the present study, we were able to generate CD34+, CD133+, and FLT3+ cells with similar cellular and molecular morphology as the naïve HSCs that can produce colony units of different blood cells, in vitro. [Display omitted] • Successful conjugation of BMP4 and SCF in fast and slow release gelatin microparticles. • BMP4/SCF conjugation in GelMPs promotes proliferation and reduces apoptosis. • Dual GelMP system promotes sequential differentiation of iPSC to mesoderm and HSC. • CD34+ iPS-derived HSCs (iHSCs) are capable of producing various blood cells, in-vitro. • Differentiated iHSCs were verified by RNA sequencing analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microsponges are promising drug delivery carriers with versatile characteristics and controlled release properties for the delivery of a wide range of drugs. The microsponges will provide an optimized therapeutic effect, when delivered at the site of action without rupturing, then releasing the cargo at the predetermined time and area. The ability of the microsponges to effectively deliver the drug in a controlled manner depends on the material composition. This comprehensive review entails knowledge on the design parameters of an optimized microsponge drug delivery system and the controlled release properties of microsponges that reduces the side effects of drugs. Furthermore, the review delves into the fabrication techniques of microsponges, the mechanism of drug release from the microsponges, and the regulatory requirements of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the successful marketing of microsponge formulation. The review also examines the patented formulations of microsponges. The prospects of these sophisticated drug delivery systems for improved clinical outcomes are highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cyclodextrin-based nanosponges (CDNS) have emerged as innovative carriers for drug delivery, offering enhanced encapsulation and controlled release properties. These hyper-cross-linked cyclodextrin polymers exhibit a three-dimensional network structure that significantly improves drug solubility, stability and bioavailability. This review summarizes recent advancements in the design, synthesis and application of CDNS in targeted drug delivery. Cyclodextrins (CDs) are cyclic oligosaccharides known for forming inclusion complexes with various guest molecules. The nanosponges derived from them provide a high surface area and porosity, making them suitable for encapsulating diverse drugs, including poorly soluble molecules, proteins, peptides and genetic material. This encapsulation not only improves drug properties but also offers protection from degradation and enables site-specific delivery, reducing systemic side effects. CDNS synthesis involves different cross-linking agents and methods, each impacting the nanosponges' properties and drug delivery performance. Cross-linkers like carbonyl diimidazole, epichlorohydrin and pyromellitic dianhydride are used to tailor porosity, drug loading capacity and release kinetics. Advanced synthesis techniques, such as microwave-assisted synthesis and supercritical carbon dioxide processing have produced nanosponges with enhanced properties. CDNS have shown significant potential in cancer therapy, delivering chemotherapeutic agents directly to tumor cells and minimizing damage to healthy tissues. They enhance the therapeutic index of drugs like doxorubicin and paclitaxel, improving patient outcomes. Additionally, CDNS facilitate gene delivery, presenting a promising approach for gene therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the quickly evolving world of healthcare today, new technologies are constantly altering the way we approach medical treatments. Biomedical implants are specialist devices designed to enhance physiological functions. Heart pacemakers and artificial joints are merely a few instances of how they could enhance, assist, or replace different bodily parts. These implants have significantly improved our health and enjoyment of life. In this discipline, nanoparticles are now creating new opportunities. These tiny particles are endowed with extraordinary properties that could improve implant functionality. They can decrease side effects, increase the effectiveness of therapy, and facilitate more harmonious interactions between implants and human bodies. We explored the connection between implants and nanoparticles and showed how both might enhance universal healthcare. This review provides a roadmap for where this technology is headed and how it can help us design safer, more effective implants that enhance people's lives by examining the most recent research and discoveries. It is an intriguing look at healthcare in the future that demonstrates how nanoparticles are reshaping the biomedical implant industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inhaled colistin is used to treat pneumonia and respiratory infections through nebulization or dry powder inhalers. Nevertheless, the development of a metered-dose inhaler (MDI) for colistin, which could enhance patient convenience and treatment efficacy, has not yet been developed. Colistin is known for its ability to induce cellular toxicity. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) can potentially mitigate colistin toxicity. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial effectiveness of colistin conjugated with chitosan-capped gold nanoparticles (Col-CS-AuNPs) and their potential formulation for use with MDIs to deliver the aerosol directly to the deep lung. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance, and elemental analysis were used to characterize the synthesized Col-CS-AuNPs. Drug release profiles fitted with the most suitable release kinetic model were evaluated. An MDI formulation containing 100 µg of colistin per puff was prepared. The aerosol properties used to determine the MDI performance included the fine particle fraction, mass median aerodynamic diameter, and geometric standard deviation, which were evaluated using the Andersen Cascade Impactor. The delivered dose uniformity was also determined. The antimicrobial efficacy of the Col-CS-AuNP formulation in the MDI was assessed. The chitosan-capped gold nanoparticles (CS-AuNPs) and Col-CS-AuNPs had particle sizes of 44.34 ± 1.02 and 174.50 ± 4.46 nm, respectively. CS-AuNPs effectively entrapped 76.4% of colistin. Col-CS-AuNPs exhibited an initial burst release of up to 60% colistin within the first 6 h. The release mechanism was accurately described by the Korsmeyer–Peppas model, with an R2 > 0.95. The aerosol properties of the Col-CS-AuNP formulation in the MDI revealed a high fine particle fraction of 61.08%, mass median aerodynamic diameter of 2.34 µm, and geometric standard deviation of 0.21, with a delivered dose uniformity within 75–125% of the labeled claim. The Col-CS-AuNP MDI formulation completely killed Escherichia coli at 5× and 10× minimum inhibitory concentrations after 6 and 12 h of incubation, respectively. The toxicity of CS-AuNP and Col-CS-AuNP MDI formulations in upper and lower respiratory tract cell lines was lower than that of free colistin. The stability of the Col-CS-AuNP MDI formulation was maintained for at least 3 months. The Col-CS-AuNP MDI formulation effectively eradicated bacteria over a 12-h period, showing promise for advancing lung infection treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new pH-sensitive polysaccharides-based boron carbide sol–gel system including Donepezil (DNP) was prepared. The hybrid sol–gel systems were synthesized with the addition of biopolymers such as β-cyclodextrin (β-CD), dextrin (Dex), shellac wax (Wax), also polyethylene glycol (PEG) to cubic boron carbide (BC) by coupling of triethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) and Donepezil. The release of the donepezil from these hybrid sol–gels, was studied by using buffers at various pH levels such as 2.2, 4.0, 6.0, 7.4 and 8.6. Fluorescence spectroscopy was used for the measurement of DNP release. The excitation and emission wavelengths at each pH level were recorded at 335 nm and 387 nm. The release percentages of the donepezil were measured by regression equation curves. Results showed that DNP-loaded BC-TEOS and BC-TEOS-β-CD released the maximum amount of DNP as 14.88% and 19.03% at 74 of pH after one hour, respectively. The BC-TEOS-Wax with 80.84% was more available at a pH of 8.6 for the prolonged release of DNP at the end of 120 min. The ζ–potential indicates that the surface charge of the particles increased from − 36.56 to – 48.74 mV after modification of boron carbide-TEOS. The new sol–gel boron carbide systems were characterized by using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study aims to synthesize cross‐linked alginate–gum arabic, a polysaccharide biopolymer composite, to evaluate its efficacy for the controlled release of urea. The alginate–gum arabic solution was prepared in a 2:1 ratio, and urea was entrapped in three different amounts: 50 mg for SG1, 100 mg for SG2, and 150 mg for SG3. CaCl2 used as the crosslinker, and the urea‐entrapped alginate–gum arabic hydrogel beads were produced using ionotropic gelation method. Produced beads were underwent physical evaluation to analyze their size, porosity, and swelling behavior. The highest diameter was exhibited in SG3 at 3.60 ± 0.01 mm. Additionally, the highest porosity was observed in SG3 beads, measuring 63.6% ± 0.33%. The release of urea was quantified using the DiacetylMonoxim (DAM)–UV visible spectroscopy method. Further, the characterization of the produced hydrogel beads was analyzed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and thermogravimetric analyses (TGA). FTIR revealed the characteristic band at 3770 and 2355 cm−1, indicating the presence of urea entrapped in alginate—gum arabic beads. TGA analyses indicates that the good thermal stability of the produced beads. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional pesticide emulsion formulation may exert deleterious effects on the environment and even induce stress on nontarget crops in the vicinity. In this study, γ-cyclodextrin (γ-CD)-encapsulated azobenzene derivative nanovesicles were synthesized and loaded with pendimethalin to obtain pendimethalin-loaded γ-CD/azobenzene derivative nanovesicles. Upon exposure to ultraviolet irradiation or sunlight, the azobenzene derivatives are converted from the trans- to cis- configuration, leading to the dissociation of the ternary host–guest complexes, resulting in the vesicle rupture and the subsequent release of pendimethalin. Further investigations were conducted on the γ-CD/azobenzene nanovesicles. According to the release characteristics of herbicides, the release rate of pendimethalin under ultraviolet light (365 nm) or sunlight conditions reached 88.3 ± 3%, which was 4.3 times higher than that under dark conditions, demonstrating excellent photocontrolled release behavior. Pot experiments showed that the herbicidal activity of pendimethalin-loaded nanovesicles against Portulaca oleracea (L.) and Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) Beauv. at the recommended dose was comparable to that of the pendimethalin technical under illuminated conditions. Furthermore, genotoxicity experiments reveal a notable increase in the mitotic index of onion root tip cells treated with pendimethalin-loaded nanovesicles, indicating that it had minimal inhibitory effect on cell metabolism and the genotoxicity was lower than that of pendimethalin technical. Pendimethalin-loaded nanovesicles exhibited favorable stability and photoresponsive performance. These findings reveal a promising avenue for responsive material design and release modulation using such nanovesicle systems, providing insights into their potential applications in targeted pesticide delivery systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractGreen technology for the fabrication of bio-degradable microspheres is exciting and needed. In this study, a new water-in-water Pickering emulsion green technology is proposed for the fabrication of the crosslinked starch microspheres with sodium tripolyphosphate as the crosslinker, polyethylene glycol aqueous solution as the continuous phase (PEG phase) and starch aqueous solution as the dispersed phase (starch phase). The factors that affect the morphology and particle sizes of cross-linked starch microspheres are investigated by laser scanning confocal microscope (LCM) and laser particle size analyzer. The results reveal that the particle sizes of crosslinked starch microspheres are increasing with increased starch concentration. The particle sizes of crosslinked starch microspheres show a first increase and then decrease trend with the increase of the concentration of PEG 20,000 in the PEG phase. The hydrophobic nano silica is used as an emulsifier to form water-in-water Pickering emulsion and shows an obvious effect on the morphology of starch microspheres. When the starch concentration is 20.00 wt%, PEG 20000 concentration is 32.56 wt%, the ratio of starch to PEG phase is 0.20 and the amount of silica is 5.00 wt% of starch, starch microspheres with regular shapes are obtained with the size of about 32.30 ± 0.22 µm. The fabricated cross-linked starch microspheres are non-crystalline and show good water and oil absorption performances. The application of fabricated crosslinked starch microspheres in the adsorption and release of Vitamin C is conducted. The maximum adsorption capacity of crosslinked starch microspheres for Vitamin C reaches 309.9 mg/g. Starch microspheres show a controlled release of Vitamin C in water. This study indicated that crosslinked starch microspheres can be fabricated through a green water-in-water Pickering emulsion technology and may find potential applications in degradable controlled-release microspheres. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Microsponges are one of the advanced drug delivery systems that facilitates precise and controlled release of active ingredients that are suitable for topical and oral use. These porous microspheres are typically sized between 5 and 300 μm, offer benefits including controlled release, stability, and minimized side effects. Manufacturing techniques like quasi-emulsion solvent diffusion and liquid–liquid suspension polymerization are usually employed to prepare microsponges, although various challenges arise from the use of potentially hazardous organic solvents. Main body: Microsponges possess distinct traits such as extended drug release, formulation flexibility, and high drug loading capacity. Entrapment of drugs requires considerations of solubility, stability, and miscibility, while evaluation methods encompass production yield and particle size analysis. Their applications range from dermatological to biopharmaceutical delivery, with diverse products utilizing this technology. Ongoing innovations about microsponges are evident in patents concerning medical dressings and hyaluronic acid delivery systems. Conclusion: Microsponges present a promising avenue in drug delivery, despite many challenges. Current review addresses on limitations and diverse products highlighting commercial viability. Patent activity signifies continued interest, suggesting significant potential for enhancing patient care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Textile consumers are now highly concerned about health and environmental safety while choosing commodities. This could be accomplished by using clean and green textile auxiliaries and finishes during textile processing. Essential oils are used mainly in food, nutraceutical, pharmaceutical, medical, cosmetics and textile industries to impart fragrance and bioactivity. It is useful to develop a deeper understanding of their chemistry and biological properties for value-added applications. The present review focuses on various sources of essential oils and their encapsulation with particular attention to textile applications. Due to their volatile and fragile nature, the essential oils may need some protection layers, such as encapsulation in suitable shell materials, thus allowing sustained release under desirable physiological conditions. The encapsulated essential oils find diverse applications in textiles for aroma, antimicrobial, cosmetic, medical and mosquito-repellent products. The literature highlights a need for more efficient and effective microencapsulation and application techniques for essential oils to develop intelligent functional textiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Smart nanoassemblies degradable through the cleavage of acid‐labile linkages have attracted significant attention because of their biological relevance found in tumor tissues. Despite their high potential to achieve controlled/enhanced drug release, a systematic understanding of structural factors that affect their pH sensitivity remains challenging, particulary in the consruction of effective acid‐degradable shell‐sheddable nanoassemblies. Herein, the authors report the synthesis and acid‐responsive degradation through acid‐catalyzed hydrolysis of three acetal and ketal diols and identify benzaldehyde acetal (BzAA) exhibiting optimal hydrolysis profiles in targeted pH ranges to be a suitable candidate for junction acid‐labile linkage. The authors explore the synthesis and aqueous micellization of well‐defined poly(ethylene glycol)‐based block copolymer bearing BzAA linkage covalently attached to a polymethacrylate block for the formation of colloidally‐stable nanoassemblies with BzAA groups at core/corona interfaces. Promisingly, the investigation on acid‐catalyzed hydrolysis and disassembly shows that the formed nanoassemblies meet the criteria for acid‐degradable shell‐sheddable nanoassemblies: slow degradation at tumoral pH = 6.5 and rapid disassembly at endo/lysosomal pH = 5.0, while colloidal stability at physiological pH = 7.4. This work guides the design principle of acid‐degradable shell‐sheddable nanoassemblies bearing BzAA at interfaces, thus offering the promise to address the PEG dilemma and improve endocytosis in tumor‐targeting drug delivery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intelligent controlled release technologies that rely on environmental changes to control the release rate of antimicrobial agents have attracted attention in the field of food preservation. In this paper, cinnamaldehyde (CN) was grafted onto chitosan (CS) to form a pH-responsive controlled-release complex, CS–CN, via the Schiff base reaction. Then, tempo oxidized cellulose nanofibers (CNF) and PVA were prepared as aerogels loaded with CS–CN with different pore parameters (PCNF@CN). Release experiments showed that acid triggered the release of CN and increased the release from 10.3 to 68.4% with increasing pH. In addition, PCNF@CN showed significant pH-responsive antimicrobial properties against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Utilizing the water absorption of the aerogel and triggering the release of CN, the shelf life of fresh meat could be delayed for 4 days. This study demonstrated the potential application of PCNF@CN aerogel in functional food preservation packaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Recent advances in clinical transformation research have focused on chemodynamic theranostics as an emerging strategy for tackling cancer. Nevertheless, its effectiveness is hampered by the tumor's glutathione antioxidant effect, poor acidic tumor microenvironment (TME) and inadequate endogenous H2O2. Hence, we designed an activatable theranostics (99mTc-DOX loaded AA-Fe3O4@FeIII-TA) that effectively boost the catalytic efficiency of the Fenton-reaction-induced ROS production and augment the chemotherapeutic efficacy combined with diagnostic action. Results: A cross-linked matrix of tannic acid-ferric salt (FeIII-TA) as a pH-responsive shell onto ascorbic acid-decorated iron-oxide nanoparticles (AA-Fe3O4NPs) was prepared demonstrating a metal–organic- framework (MOF) nanostructure, followed by loading of 99mTc-labelled DOX. The platform (99mTc-DOX loaded AA-Fe3O4@FeIII-TA) displayed suitable physical–chemical properties, including 69.8 nm particle size, 94.8 nm hydrodynamic size, − 21 mV zeta potential, effective FeIII-TA shell crosslinking onto AA-Fe3O4NPs and 94% loading efficiency for 99mTc-DOX. The results of the in-vitro release investigations showed that the platform exhibited a pH-dependent release manner with 98.3% of the 99mTc-DOX being released at pH 5 (simulating the tumor's pH) and only 10% being released at the physiological pH (pH 7.4). This indicates that there was negligible payload leakage into the systemic circulation during the platform's passive accumulation inside tumor. Due to the acidic TME nature, the MOF shell might be degraded releasing free FeIII, TA and a sustained release of 99mTc-DOX. Besides its chemotherapeutic impact and capacity to raise intracellular H2O2 content, the released 99mTc-DOX might be used as SPECT imaging tracer for concurrent tumor diagnosis. Furthermore, the mild acidity of the tumor may be overcome by the released TA, which might raise the acidification level of cancer cells. The released FeIII, TA and the endogenous GSH could engage in a redox reaction that depletes GSH and reduces FeIII to FeII ions which subsequently catalyze the elevated concentration of H2O2 to reactive •OH via Fenton-like reaction, increasing the effectiveness of chemodynamic therapy. Moreover, the in-vivo evaluation in tumor-bearing mice showed significant radioactivity accumulation in the tumor lesion (16.8%ID/g at 1 h post-injection) with a potential target/non-target ratio of 8. Conclusions: The 99mTc-DOX loaded AA-Fe3O4@FeIII-TA could be introduced as an effective chemo/chemodynamic theranostics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of artificial receptors that combine ultrahigh‐affinity binding and controllable release for active guests holds significant importance in biomedical applications. On one hand, a complex with an exceedingly high binding affinity can resist unwanted dissociation induced by dilution effect and complex interferents within physiological environments. On the other hand, stimulus‐responsive release of the guest is essential for precisely activating its function. In this context, we expanded hydrophobic cavity surface of a hypoxia‐responsive azocalix[4]arene, affording Naph‐SAC4A. This modification significantly enhanced its aqueous binding affinity to 1013 M−1, akin to the naturally occurring strongest recognition pair, biotin/(strept−)avidin. Consequently, Naph‐SAC4A emerges as the first artificial receptor to simultaneously integrate ultrahigh recognition affinity and actively controllable release. The markedly enhanced affinity not only improved Naph‐SAC4A′s sensitivity in detecting rocuronium bromide in serum, but also refined the precision of hypoxia‐responsive doxorubicin delivery at the cellular level, demonstrating its immense potential for diverse practical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The solvent-evaporation approach was used to produce a chitosan (CS)/montmorillonite (MMT) nanocomposite film containing the anticancer drug 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). The physicochemical and morphological characteristics, drug release profile, cytotoxic and microbiological properties of the nanocomposite films were evaluated to verify their potential as a biomaterial for the treatment of tumors. X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed the formation of a CS-MMT/5-FU intercalated nanocomposite and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) detected the characteristic 5- FU bonds in the CS/5-FU and CS-MMT/5-FU nanocomposite films, suggesting successful incorporation of the drug. The addition of 5-FU to chitosan increased the contact angle from 60.5° to 65.2°, which was compensated by the incorporation of MMT, resulting in a minimum contact angle of 42.7° (maximum hydrophilicity) for CS-MMT/5-FU. This result influenced the swelling degree and the in vitro release of 5-FU. The higher hydrophilicity of CS-MMT/5-FU promoted an increase in the swelling ratio compared to the CS/5-FU nanocomposite. CS-MMT/5-FU also showed a sustained, lower 5-FU release rate with antimicrobial activity against S. aureus , E. coli and C. albicans without inducing cytotoxicity or cell death. These results can be explained by the accommodation of the drug between the MMT lamellae, which maintains the 5-FU release without affecting its microbiological activity and reducing its toxicological effects. This work demonstrates that combining montmorillonite and chitosan in a nanocomposite film has the technological potential to control the release of 5-FU, resulting in a non-toxic antimicrobial drug carrier with promising potential for the treatment of skin malignancies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review aims to gather the current state of the art on the encapsulation methods using alginate as the main polymeric material in order to produce hydrogels ranging from the microscopic to macroscopic sizes. The use of alginates as an encapsulation material is of growing interest, as it is fully bio-based, bio-compatible and bio-degradable. The field of application of alginate encapsulation is also extremely broad, and there is no doubt it will become even broader in the near future considering the societal demand for sustainable materials in technological applications. In this review, alginate's main properties and gelification mechanisms, as well as some factors influencing this mechanism, such as the nature of the reticulation cations, are first investigated. Then, the capacity of alginate gels to release matter in a controlled way, from small molecules to micrometric compounds, is reported and discussed. The existing techniques used to produce alginates beads, from the laboratory scale to the industrial one, are further described, with a consideration of the pros and cons with each techniques. Finally, two examples of applications of alginate materials are highlighted as representative case studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the incidence of infections in orthopedic surgeries, including periprosthetic surgeries, remains low at approximately 1–2%, the number of surgeries and the incidence of drug-resistant bacteria is increasing. The cost and morbidity associated with revision surgeries are huge. More effective drug combinations and delivery methods are urgently needed. In this paper, three anti-infective drugs (vancomycin, rifampicin, and silver sulfadiazine) have been jointly and effectively electrospun in thin (0.1 mm) flexible nanofiber mats of either poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) or poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA). The inclusion of poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG) enabled optimal drug release with a reduced water contact angle for wetting. The controlled release of these three agents from 20% PEG (w/w to polymer)-blended PMMA or PLGA nanofiber mats may allow for the prophylactical prevention of implant-related infections or provide methods to treat orthopedic infections at the time of revision surgeries. These combinations of drugs provide excellent additive or synergistic antibiotic action against a broader spectrum of bacteria than each drug alone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the past several decades, polymeric microparticles (MPs) have emerged as viable solutions to address the limitations of standard pharmaceuticals and their corresponding delivery methods. While there are many preclinical studies that utilize polymeric MPs as a delivery vehicle, there are limited FDA-approved products. One potential barrier to the clinical translation of these technologies is a lack of understanding with regard to the manufacturing process, hindering batch scale-up. To address this knowledge gap, we sought to first identify critical processing parameters in the manufacturing process of blank (no therapeutic drug) and protein-loaded double-emulsion poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid MPs through a quality by design approach. We then utilized the design of experiments as a tool to systematically investigate the impact of these parameters on critical quality attributes (e.g., size, surface morphology, release kinetics, inner occlusion size, etc.) of blank and protein-loaded MPs. Our results elucidate that some of the most significant CPPs impacting many CQAs of double-emulsion MPs are those within the primary or single-emulsion process (e.g., inner aqueous phase volume, solvent volume, etc.) and their interactions. Furthermore, our results indicate that microparticle internal structure (e.g., inner occlusion size, interconnectivity, etc.) can heavily influence protein release kinetics from double-emulsion MPs, suggesting it is a crucial CQA to understand. Altogether, this study identifies several important considerations in the manufacturing and characterization of double-emulsion MPs, potentially enhancing their translation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quantifying and controlling fugitive methane emissions from oil and gas facilities remains essential for addressing climate goals, but the costs associated with monitoring millions of production sites remain prohibitively expensive. Current thinking, supported by measurement and simple dispersion modelling, assumes single-digit parts-per-million instrumentation is required. To investigate instrument response, the inlets of three trace-methane (sub-ppm) analyzers were collocated on a facility designed to release gas of known composition at known flow rates between 0.4 and 5.2 kg CH4 h−1 from simulated oil and gas infrastructure. Methane mixing ratios were measured by each instrument at 1 Hertz resolution over nine hours. While mixing ratios reported by a cavity ring-down spectrometer (CRDS)-based instrument were on average 10.0 ppm (range 1.8 to 83 ppm), a mid-infrared laser absorption spectroscopy (MIRA)-based instrument reported short-lived mixing ratios far larger than expected (range 1.8 to 779 ppm) with a similar nine-hour average to the CRDS (10.1 ppm). We suggest the peaks detected by the MIRA are likely caused by a micrometeorological phenomenon, where vortex shedding has resulted in heterogeneous methane plumes which only the MIRA can observe. Further analysis suggests an instrument like the MIRA (an optical-cavity-based instrument with cavity size ≤10 cm3 measuring at ≥2 Hz with air flow rates in the order of ≤0.3 slpm at distances of ≤20 m from the source) but with a higher detection limit (25 ppm) could detect enough of the high-concentration events to generate representative 20 min-average methane mixing ratios. Even though development of a lower-cost, high-precision, high-accuracy instrument with a 25 ppm detection threshold remains a significant problem, this has implications for the use of instrumentation with higher detection thresholds, resulting in the reduction in cost to measure methane emissions and providing a mechanism for the widespread deployment of effective leak detection and repair programs for all oil and gas infrastructure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global crop yields suffer significant yearly losses due to several phytopathogens, insects, pests, weeds, and nutrient deficiencies. Agrochemicals are the main force behind the ongoing advancement in modern agriculture and meet the demand for food security by ensuring greater productivity in the agriculture sector. The primary benefit of nanomaterials in the agriculture field is that, they enable the targeted and accurate delivery of agrochemicals. This has created novel possibilities to support the long-term growth of green agriculture due to the current innovations in the field of nanotechnology. The main point of this article is to focus on the recent advancements in MOFs (Metal Organic Frameworks) based nanoplatforms for the protection of crops, encompassing the management of phytopathogens, pests, weeds, as well as enhancing the overall growth and yield of crops via delivery of fertilizers and phytohormones. Hence, the production of novel and fascinating nanomaterials are important for their effective use in various applications including nano fertilizers, nano pesticides, water remediation and detection of heavy metals and toxins. Additionally, it also involves the implementation of biosensor to identify hazardous substances present in soil and water and for the regulated release of agrochemicals in agricultural fields. Due to the remarkable properties of MOFs including sorptive, hybrid compositions, recognition, pore volume, large surface area, and catalytic properties, it is extensively used in agriculture. The review highlights the recent advancement of MOFs used in modern agriculture which are employed in various contexts in the form of nano fertilizers, nano pesticides, and the removal of agrochemicals as well as environmental remediation. Graphical abstract represents the advantages of MOFs and their mode of application in the agriculture field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, α-, β-, γ-cyclodextrin (CD) and carbon quantum dots (CQs) nanocomplexes loaded with quercetin (Qu) were prepared successfully. The results showed that incorporation of CQs increased the Qu encapsulation efficiency and the stability of the nanocomplexes. Fourier transform infrared spectra showed that Qu, CQs and CD were mainly linked by hydrogen bonds. X-ray diffraction results showed that the crystal structures of Qu/CD-CQs were completely different from those of Qu, CD and Qu/CD. The results from differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis and scanning electron microscopy provided evidence for the formation of Qu/CD-CQs. Moreover, compared with Qu, the synthesized Qu/CD-CQs exhibited better physicochemical stabilities, and CD and CQs synergistically improved the stability and bioavailability of Qu. The release of Qu from Qu/CD-CQs was controlled. These results suggested that Qu was efficiently encapsulated by α-, β-, γ-CD and CQs, and the resulting nanocomplexes have great potential for use as nanofunctional foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, dual-activated wheat gluten-based nanocomposite active films reinforced by chitosan nanofibers (CHNF) was developed, as well as co-loaded with betanin (BET) and carvone (CAR) for application in food packaging. Free and cationic inulin-coated nanoliposomal forms of BET/CAR were incorporated into the gluten films at 0, 5, and 10% (w/w) gluten concentrations. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy was used to detect the formation of new hydrogen bonds between gluten, CHNF, and nanoliposomes (NLPs). Differential scanning calorimetry analysis revealed that the addition of free BET/CAR reduced the endothermic transition temperature of films as compared to the unfortified film; however, the addition of NLPs had no effect on the thermal profile. Similar changes were observed in the crystallinity of films as determined by X-ray powder diffraction analysis. FE-SEM results showed that the incorporation of CHNF and BET/CAR NLPs did not alter the morphology of films but the free BET/CAR induced aggregates formation on the films' surface. CHNF addition enhanced the mechanical, water barrier, and wettability of films. Among the films tested, those containing BET/CAR NLPs had the highest antioxidant potential. However, the encapsulated BET/CAR in inulin-coated NLPs had an improved antimicrobial activity. The films containing the nanoliposomal form of BET/CAR indicated a controlled release behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]