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This paper examines readership of the electronic novel, and how a novel's reputation and legitimacy are constructed and communicated when readers encounter the text digitally. Focusing on the key thread of permanence, the paper lays out five key factors in the reception of a novel in ebook form. One, that the ability to keep a text, over and above other factors--privacy, value, support for traditional bookstores, etc.--is a primary motivator when choosing between electronic and print formats. Two, that types of longevity specific to digital formats--cloud storage, instant access, multiple downloads to generations of devices, etc.--have not made headway in establishing digital books as anything other than fleeting and insecure. Three, that readers have different expectations for permanence when it comes to novels. Four, that many readers welcome a digital 'audition' before a book is allowed into one's personal library, and this audition is particularly welcome for novels. And, finally, that results suggest the beginnings of a shift from firm status categories--published and unpublished, 'proper' and not--to a continuum of credibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines readership of the electronic novel, and how a novel's reputation and legitimacy are constructed and communicated when readers encounter the text digitally. Focusing on the key thread of permanence, the paper lays out five key factors in the reception of a novel in ebook form. One, that the ability to keep a text, over and above other factors--privacy, value, support for traditional bookstores, etc.--is a primary motivator when choosing between electronic and print formats. Two, that types of longevity specific to digital formats--cloud storage, instant access, multiple downloads to generations of devices, etc.--have not made headway in establishing digital books as anything other than fleeting and insecure. Three, that readers have different expectations for permanence when it comes to novels. Four, that many readers welcome a digital 'audition' before a book is allowed into one's personal library, and this audition is particularly welcome for novels. And, finally, that results suggest the beginnings of a shift from firm status categories--published and unpublished, 'proper' and not--to a continuum of credibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the role of literary magazines in the age of digital delivery, specifically the way in which their traditional functions as talent scouts and tastemakers are affected by the perceived second-class status of electronic publishing. What are the implications for a vital publishing outlet for short stories and what might editors and writers do to remain influential and relevant? Our findings suggest that post-print magazines can be taken seriously, and hence that the category will remain relevant, as some (but not all) titles employ use specific strategies to make the leap to online or other digital delivery with their status and influence intact. This article presents original survey data on the reputation and legitimacy of online versus print literary magazines, examines the potential impact of recent business model changes and makes predictions on how the genre will continue to evolve. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the recognition of oncolytic virotherapy as an immunotherapy, the distinct interactions between oncolytic agents and the immune system have come into focus. The role of the immune system in oncolytic virotherapy is somewhat ambiguous: While preexisting or arising immunity directed against viral antigens may preclude efficient viral replication and spread, immunity directed against tumor antigens is considered essential for long-term treatment success. Aside from the antiviral and antitumor immune status of the patient, the specific immunological microenvironment in a given tumor adds an additional layer of complexity.In this review we focus on the case of measles virus, which has long been known for its multifaceted interplay with the immune system. The high prevalence of measles-neutralizing antibodies in the general population may pose additional challenges. The oncolytic measles virus vector platform offers manifold opportunities for tumor-targeted immunomodulation. This review provides a survey of immunomodulation in the context of measles virotherapy including strategies to suppress or circumvent antiviral immunity as well as enhance antitumor immunity that have been pursued in preclinical and clinical studies. Understanding and selective manipulation of the intricate balance between antiviral and antitumor immunity will be crucial to develop the full potential of oncolytic virotherapy.

The authors examined the effects of maternal depression on the skillfulness of toddlers' self-assertive strategies in interactions with their mother and with a female examiner. The participants were 110 mothers and their 26-month-old toddlers. Of these mothers, 57 had experienced an episode of clinical depression sometime since their child's birth, and 53 had had no history of depression. Toddlers exposed to maternal depression demonstrated significantly less social skill in their self-assertive strategies and more defiance when interacting with their mothers than did toddlers who were never exposed to maternal depression. The chronicity and severity of toddlers' exposure to maternal depression did not account for more pronounced differences in toddlers' skill in self-assertion toward mothers; however, toddlers exposed to more chronic courses of depression demonstrated less skill in their self-assertion toward the examiner. Toddlers who were exposed to maternal depression with a comorbid anxiety disorder did not exhibit less skill in their self-assertion toward mothers than did toddlers in either the depression-only or nondepressed groups. These findings suggest that exposure to maternal depression may interfere with toddlers' development of socially competent self-assertion strategies and may pose risks for future problems in the mother-toddler relationship.