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El cóndilo bífido es una patología poco frecuente que muchas veces se diagnostica a través de un hallazgo inesperado en exploraciones radiológicas rutinarias. Las publicaciones acerca de éste tema son escasas y describen tres etiologías: malformaciones del desarrollo embrionario, traumáticas y como efecto secundario a tratamiento ortodóncico.

La diabetes es un trastorno crónico de base genética caracterizado por: 1) un síndrome metabólico que comprende polidipsia, polifagia i poliuria; 2) alteraciones en el metabolismo de la glu-cosa, lípidos y proteínas como consecuencia de un déficit absoluto o relativo de la acción de la insulina. 3) Un síndrome vascular (microangiopatía, macrongiopatia) que afecta principalmente al corazón, circulación cerebral y periférica, riñones y retina. Un síndrome neuropático autónomo y periférico.

En la práctica odontológica, existen numerosos procedimientos médico-quirúrgicos cuyo resultado es la pérdida de tejido óseo. Existen en la literatura numerosos trabajos que valoran la capacidad de regeneración del propio hueso, de forma fisiológica o en asociación a biomateriales, pero los resultados son contradictorios aspecto que justifica investigaciones sobre el tema.

Los linfangiomas son masas de mayor o menor extensión, de origen controvertido. Son malformaciones congénitas del sistema linfático, poco frecuentes, que distintos autores consideran de carácter neoplásico, hamartomatoso o de displasia congénita. Afectan piel o mucosas, así como tejidos subcutáneos o submucosos, en cualquier localización. Se clasifican en superficiales (circunscritos) y profundos (cavernosos, higromas, quísticos), en base a su asiento y al tamaño de las formaciones vasculares linfáticas.

Background: Diabetes Mellitus has become a global epidemic and presents many complications, usually proportional to the degree and duration of hyperglycemia. The aim of this systematic review was to investigate the different oral manifestations associated with Diabetes Mellitus. Material and Methods: A MEDLINE search for “Diabetes Mellitus and oral manifestations” was performed. A further search was conducted for “diabetes” and its individual oral manifestation. Inclusion criteria were as follows: human clinical studies with a minimum of 30 patients; studies published in relevant scientific journals between January 1998 and January 2016. Nineteen studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were analyzed, assessing the strength of scientific evidence according to recommendations made by the Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine, Oxford (OCEBM), which permits adequate assessment of prevalence studies. Results: A total 3,712 patients (2,084 diabetics) were included in the studies reviewed. Of the 19 studies analyzed, 4 were longitudinal studies and 15 cross-sectional studies. Periodontal disease, periapical lesions, xerostomia and taste disturbance were more prevalent among diabetic patients. An association between diabetes and caries and mucosal lesions proved positive in 5 out of 10 studies. Conclusions: Despite multiple oral manifestations associated with DM, awareness of the associations between diabetes, oral health, and general health is inadequate. It is necessary for doctors and dentists to be aware of the various oral manifestations of diabetes in order to make an early diagnosis. Key words:Diabetes Mellitus, oral manifestations, oral pathology.

Background Oral lichen planus (OLP) is one of the most common dermatological diseases which are present in the oral cavity. It is a chronic autoimmune, mucocutaneous disease that affects the oral mucosa as well as the skin, genital mucosa and other sites. Objective Review the relevant information to OLP and its relationship with systemic diseases. Material and Methods Searches were carried out in the Medline/PubMed, Lilacs, Bireme, BVS, and SciELO databases by using key-words. After an initial search that provided us with 243 papers, this number was reduced to 78 from the last seven years. One of the first criteria adopted was a selective reading of the abstracts of articles for the elimination of publications that presented less information regarding the subject proposed for this work. All the selected articles were read in their entirety by all of the authors, who came to a consensus about their level of evidence. The Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN) criteria were used as the criteria of methodological validation. Results Only 9 articles showed an evidence level of 1+, 2+, 3 or 4, as well as a recommendation level of A, B, C or D. Three of them were non-systematic reviews, one was a cohort study and only one was a controlled clinical trial. Three of the studies were case series, with respective sample sizes of 45, 171 and 633 patients. Conclusions Several factors have been associated with OLP. Patients with OLP are carriers of a disease with systemic implications and may need the care of a multidisciplinary team. The correct diagnosis of any pathology is critical to making effective treatment and minimizes iatrogenic harm. For OLP is no different, taking into account its association with numerous systemic diseases that require special attention from health professionals. Periodic follow-up of all patients with OLP is recommended. Key words:Oral lichen planus, etiopathogenesis, systemic diseases.