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Submitted by Guilherme Lemeszenski (guilherme@nead.unesp.br) on 2013-08-22T18:42:24Z No. of bitstreams: 1 S1519-69842008000200025.pdf: 172084 bytes, checksum: 8a723bd768d3c60f32061903ee166a40 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-22T18:42:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 S1519-69842008000200025.pdf: 172084 bytes, checksum: 8a723bd768d3c60f32061903ee166a40 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-05-01 Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T17:41:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S1519-69842008000200025.pdf: 172084 bytes, checksum: 8a723bd768d3c60f32061903ee166a40 (MD5) S1519-69842008000200025.pdf.txt: 27773 bytes, checksum: 6b9e52d86ca2a45de1cc719f0f761483 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-05-01 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T13:12:37Z No. of bitstreams: 2 S1519-69842008000200025.pdf: 172084 bytes, checksum: 8a723bd768d3c60f32061903ee166a40 (MD5) S1519-69842008000200025.pdf.txt: 27773 bytes, checksum: 6b9e52d86ca2a45de1cc719f0f761483 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T13:12:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S1519-69842008000200025.pdf: 172084 bytes, checksum: 8a723bd768d3c60f32061903ee166a40 (MD5) S1519-69842008000200025.pdf.txt: 27773 bytes, checksum: 6b9e52d86ca2a45de1cc719f0f761483 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-05-01 Flavobacterium columnare é o agente etiológico da columnariose em peixes de água doce, ocasionando enfermidade na pele e nas brânquias, provocando freqüentemente um grande número de mortalidade. O objetivo deste estudo foi o isolamento e a caracterização de Flavobacterium columnare em peixes tropicais no Brasil. Piracanjuba (Brycon orbignyanus), pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus), tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) e cascudo (Hypostomus plecostomus) foram examinados externamente com relação a sinais característicos de columnariose, como manchas acinzentadas na cabeça, região dorsal e pedúnculo caudal dos peixes. A amostragem compreendeu a coleta de 50 exemplares de peixes, representando as quatro diferentes espécies escolhidas para este estudo. Amostras para o isolamento foram obtidas através de raspado com swab estéril das lesões e do rim dos peixes clinicamente diagnosticados como acometidos por columnarios e imediatamente semeados em meios de culturas artificiais (líquido e sólido) próprios para o estudo de Flavobacterium segundo Carlson e Pacha (1968). No meio líquido, houve o desenvolvimento de microrganismos que observados em gota pendente apresentaram a forma de bacilos finos, longos, móveis por deslizamento. Através da coloração de Gram, apresentaram morfologia de bacilos finos, Gram negativos, agrupados em colunas. em meio sólido, as colônias eram pequenas, cinza-amareladas, com borda em forma de raiz. No total, foram obtidos quatro isolamentos: 01 cepa de Brycon orbignyanus; 01 cepa de Piaractus mesopotamicus; 01 cepa de Colossoma macropomum; e 01 cepa de Hypostomus plecostomus. A caracterização bioquímica das amostras, como absorção do vermelho Congo, produção de flexirrubina, produção de H2S e redução do nitrato, sugere que os isolamentos poderiam ser classificados como Flavobacterium columnare. Flavobacterium columnare is the causative agent of columnaris disease in freshwater fish, implicated in skin and gill disease, often causing high mortality. The aim of this study was the isolation and characterization of Flavobacterium columnare in tropical fish in Brazil. Piracanjuba (Brycon orbignyanus), pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus), tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) and cascudo (Hypostomus plecostomus) were examined for external lesions showing signs of colunmaris disease such as greyish white spots, especially on the head, dorsal part and caudal fin of the fish. The sampling comprised 50 samples representing four different fish species selected for study. Samples for culture were obtained by skin and kidney scrapes with a sterile cotton swabs of columnaris disease fish and streaked onto Carlson and Pacha (1968) artificial culture medium (broth and solid) which were used for isolation. The strains in the liquid medium were Gram negative, long, filamentous, exhibited flexing movements (gliding motility), contained a large number of long slender bacteria and gathered into columns'. Strains on the agar produced yellow-pale colonies, rather small, flat that had rhizoid edges. A total of four Flavobacterium columnare were isolated: 01 Brycon orbignyanus strain, 01 Piaractus mesopotamicus strain, 01 Colossoma macropomum strain, and 01 Hypostomus plecostomus strain. Biochemical characterization, with its absorption of Congo red dye, production of flexirubin-type pigments, H2S production and reduction of nitrates proved that the isolate could be classified as Flavobacterium columnare. Universidade Estadual Paulista Centro de Aquicultura Universidade de São Paulo Laboratório de Saúde Animal Centro de Pesquisa e Gestão de Recursos Pesqueiros Continentais Universidade Estadual Paulista Centro de Aquicultura

Hypostomus is the most speciose genus in the family Loricariidae, with approximately 120 species. These fish show a wide morphological and color variation, which hinders the identification of species, mainly of widely distributed representatives. The aim of this study was to contribute to the current knowledge on cytogenetic features of Hypostomus nigromaculatus. Three specimens of H. nigromaculatus, collected in two tributaries of rio Tibagi, Parana, and in Cachoeira de Emas, rio MogiGuacu, Sao Paulo, the latter being the type locality of H. nigromaculatus, were studied. Chromosomal preparations were submitted to Giemsa staining, silver nitrate impregnation, C-banding and CMA 3 and DAPI fluorochromes staining. All samples presented 2n = 76, but the rio Mogi-Guacu sample differed from those from tributaries of rio Tibagi in relation to karyotype formulae, distribution and composition of heterochromatin, and NOR location. The silver nitrate staining revealed the presence of multiple Ag-NORs for all samples, but with differences on the location on chromosomes. CMA3 staining reveled bright signals equivalent to NOR-bearing chromosomal segments; such sites were characterized by negative, i.e. unstained, marks after DAPI staining. The pattern of heterochromatin distribution was distinctive among samples from rio Mogi-Guacu and tributaries of rio Tibagi. The differences observed between the sample from rio Mogi-Guacu and the ones from tributaries of rio Tibagi allow us to suggest that these samples are presently isolated. Further analyses are necessary to ascertain whether such isolation refers to distinct populations or characterizes true different species. O genero Hypostomus e um dos mais especiosos na familia Loricariidae, tendo aproximadamente 120 especies. Apresenta uma ampla diversidade quanto ao padrao de coloracao e morfologia, o que dificulta a identificacao de determinadas especies, principalmente aquelas com ampla distribuicao geografica. Para isso os dados obtidos neste trabalho contribuem para os estudos citogeneticos de Hypostomus nigromaculatus. Foram analisados tres exemplares de H. nigromaculatus de afluentes do rio Tibagi, Parana e Cachoeira de Emas, rio Mogi-Guacu, Sao Paulo, sendo esta ultima, a localidade tipo de H. nigromaculatus. Os cromossomos foram submetidos a coloracao convencional (Giemsa), impregnacao por nitrato de prata, bandamento-C e coloracao com os fluorocromos CMA3 e DAPI. Todos os exemplares apresentaram 2n = 76, no entanto com diferenca quanto as formulas cariotipicas, distribuicao e composicao da heterocromatina. O nitrato de prata detectou RONs multiplas para as amostras, porem com diferencas quanto a localizacao nos cromossomos. A coloracao com fluorocromo CMA 3 foi correspondente aos cromossomos Ag-RONs, na coloracao com DAPI foram observadas bandas negativas, ou seja, nao coradas. O padrao de distribuicao da heterocromatina foi diferente para as amostras do rio Mogi-Guacu e dos tributarios do rio Tibagi. As diferencas observadas entre as amostras de rio Mogi-Guacu e afluentes do rio Tibagi permitem-nos sugerir que essas amostras estejam atualmente isoladas. Outras analises sao necessarias para determinar se as amostras analisadas sao populacoes distintas ou trata-se de especies diferentes.

The objectives of these preliminary studies were to evaluate the use of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) for the treatment of selected species of ornamental fishes and its efficacy in treating external bacteria and parasites. In the first part of the study, fish of five species (serpae tetra Hyphessobrycon eques (also known as Serpa tetra H. serpae), tiger barb Puntius tetrazona, blue gourami Trichogaster trichopterus, suckermouth catfish Hypostomus plecostomus, and green swordtail Xiphophorus hellerii) were exposed to H2O2 for 1 h at concentrations between 6 and 34 mg/L or for 24 h at concentrations between 1 and 6 mg/L. The results were species specific: green swordtails tolerated all of the treatments, serpae tetras and tiger barbs were sensitive only to the highest concentration, and mortalities of suckermouth catfish and blue gourami were recorded in every treatment. In the second part of the study, clinically healthy green swordtails and fish infested with external motile rod-shaped bacteria (i.e., Ichthyobodo spp., Trichodina spp., and Gyrodactylus spp.) were treated with several concentrations of H2O2. A single H2O2 treatment of 3.1 mg/L or more for 1 h effectively eliminated external bacteria, concentrations of 6.5 mg/L or more appeared to effectively kill Ichthyobodo spp., and none of the treatments tested was effective against Trichodina spp. or Gyrodactylus spp. These preliminary findings suggest that H2O2 is effective for treating certain external bacterial infections and flagellate infestations in some species of ornamental fish at the dosages tested. Other treatment regimens may need to be tested for effectiveness against Trichodina spp. and Dactylogyrus spp.

[[Hypostomus]] The genus Hypostomus has 138 species currently recognized as valid making it the largest genus in the Loricariidae (suckermouth armored catfishes; Armbruster, 2004). Few of the species are well defined, and a comprehensive review of the genus is lacking. Other than individual species descriptions, the taxonomic reviews that have been done on Hypostomus are limited to geographic reviews (Boeseman, 1968; Reis et al., 1990) or to small monophyletic groups such as the H. unicolor group (Armbruster and Page, 1996; Armbruster, 1998) and the H. cochliodon group (Armbruster, 2003b; Hollanda Carvalho and Weber, 2004). The type species of Hypostomus is H. plecostomus, a species from the coastal Guyanas (Boeseman, 1968). It is characterized by dentaries angled just greater than 90�� (Armbruster, 2004), viliform teeth, and a generalized morphology consisting of a fairly broad, fairly short body, that is mildly dorsoventrally flattened and brown with dark spots (Boeseman, 1968). There are species of similar morphology in lowlands of most major river basins of tropical South America. Armbruster (2004) recognized very few subdivisions within Hypostomus, recognizing only an H. emarginatus group and an H. cochliodon group. For the purposes of this paper, Hypostomus is recognized in two main groups the H. emarginatus group (as defined in Armbruster, 2004) and the H. plecostomus group (all the other species). The H. plecostomus group additionally has the H. cochliodon subgroup as defined in Armbruster (2003b, 2004), Hollanda Carvalho and Weber (2004), and Armbruster and de Souza (2005). Few species of the H. plecostomus group (excepting species of the H. cochliodon subgroup) have been described from the Orinoco River basin (just H. argus) and none from the Negro (Weber, 2003, pers. obs.). In addition, there is a species of Hypostomus in the Orinoco that is very similar to H. robinii (described from Trinidad, pers. obs.). Some specimens of a Hypostomus with extremely small spots have been found in the Orinoco River drainage of southern Venezuela, and Armbruster (2004) referred these specimens to H. micromaculatus (a species described from Suriname, Boeseman, 1968). Examination of types of H. micromaculatus reveals that the Venezuelan specimens do not belong to this species, and comparison of the specimens to types or original descriptions of all other species of Hypostomus reveals that the specimens represent a new species., Published as part of Jonathan W. Armbruster, Leigh A. Tansey & Nathan K. Lujan, 2007, Hypostomus rhantos (Siluriformes: Loricariidae), a new species from southern Venezuela., pp. 59-68 in Zootaxa 1553 on pages 59-60

[[Hypostomus]] The genus Hypostomus has 138 species currently recognized as valid making it the largest genus in the Loricariidae (suckermouth armored catfishes; Armbruster, 2004). Few of the species are well defined, and a comprehensive review of the genus is lacking. Other than individual species descriptions, the taxonomic reviews that have been done on Hypostomus are limited to geographic reviews (Boeseman, 1968; Reis et al., 1990) or to small monophyletic groups such as the H. unicolor group (Armbruster and Page, 1996; Armbruster, 1998) and the H. cochliodon group (Armbruster, 2003b; Hollanda Carvalho and Weber, 2004). The type species of Hypostomus is H. plecostomus, a species from the coastal Guyanas (Boeseman, 1968). It is characterized by dentaries angled just greater than 90° (Armbruster, 2004), viliform teeth, and a generalized morphology consisting of a fairly broad, fairly short body, that is mildly dorsoventrally flattened and brown with dark spots (Boeseman, 1968). There are species of similar morphology in lowlands of most major river basins of tropical South America. Armbruster (2004) recognized very few subdivisions within Hypostomus, recognizing only an H. emarginatus group and an H. cochliodon group. For the purposes of this paper, Hypostomus is recognized in two main groups the H. emarginatus group (as defined in Armbruster, 2004) and the H. plecostomus group (all the other species). The H. plecostomus group additionally has the H. cochliodon subgroup as defined in Armbruster (2003b, 2004), Hollanda Carvalho and Weber (2004), and Armbruster and de Souza (2005). Few species of the H. plecostomus group (excepting species of the H. cochliodon subgroup) have been described from the Orinoco River basin (just H. argus) and none from the Negro (Weber, 2003, pers. obs.). In addition, there is a species of Hypostomus in the Orinoco that is very similar to H. robinii (described from Trinidad, pers. obs.). Some specimens of a Hypostomus with extremely small spots have been found in the Orinoco River drainage of southern Venezuela, and Armbruster (2004) referred these specimens to H. micromaculatus (a species described from Suriname, Boeseman, 1968). Examination of types of H. micromaculatus reveals that the Venezuelan specimens do not belong to this species, and comparison of the specimens to types or original descriptions of all other species of Hypostomus reveals that the specimens represent a new species.

Hypostomus rhantos New Species Figs. 1-2 and 3b Holotype: MCNG 55352, 157.2 mm SL, Venezuela, Amazonas, R��o Manapiare-R��o Ventuari-R��o Orinoco Drainage, R��o Parucito at Raudales Salomon, 2.7 km NE of San Juan de Manapiare, 05.34637��, -066.03347��, D.C. Werneke, N.K. Lujan, O. Le��n, 16 April 2004. Paratypes: 63 specimens. All collections Venezuela, Amazonas, R��o Orinoco drainage: ANSP160774, 11, 76.7-103.5 mm SL, Morichal 26.9 km from Puerto Ayacucho, along Puerto Ayacucho - Caicara highway, B. Chernoff et al., 15 November 1985; ANSP 162365, 2, 134.4-139.0, Backwater of R��o Orinoco behind sand playa ca. half hour upstream from Isla Temblador, 03��04���N, 066��28���W, B. Chernoff et al., 10 March 1987; ANSP 185240, 4, 56.8-124.5, AUM 39273, 3 c &s, 5, 53.5-149.7, MCNG 55353, 5, 52.0-154.5, UF 164255, 2, 54.4-145.5, Same data as holotype; AUM 39308, 1, 124.0, MCNG 55354, 2, 94.7-99.2, RMNH 35500, 1, 99.0, R��o Manapiare, tributary of R��o Ventuari, 14.5 km NW of San Juan de Manapiare, 05.42863��, -066.13616��, N.K. Lujan, M.H. Sabaj, L.S. de Souza, and D.C. Werneke, 12 April 2004; AUM 39235, 1, 52.9, R��o Ventuari, beach across the river from Picua Village, 34 km ENE of Macuruco, 104 km E of San Fernando de Atabapo, 04. 11534��, -066.76457��, M.H. Sabaj, N.K. Lujan, D.C. Werneke, L.S. de Souza, and O. Le��n, 5 April 2004; AUM 39874, 1, 145.3, R��o Ventuari at mouth of Ca��o Camoni, 145 km NNE of Macuruco, 189 km NE of San Fernando de Atabapo, 05.05588��, -066.32742��, M.H. Sabaj, N.K. Lujan, D.C. Werneke, L.S. de Souza, and O. Le��n, 8 April 2004; AUM 40070, 1, 123.4, R��o Manapiare, tributary of R��o Ventuari, 20 km NW of San Juan de Manapiare, 05.45272��, -066.17682, D.C. Werneke, N.K. Lujan, and L.S. de Souza, 12 April 2004; AUM 39506, 1, 168.7, R��o Ventuari at Raudales Tencua, 56 km ESE of San Juan de Manapiare, 05.04968��, -065.62722, D.C. Werneke, N.K. Lujan, O. Le��n, A. Luna, and R. Pajua, 20- 21 April 2004; AUM 39216, 1, 93.1, R��o Ventuari, mouth, 3.99528��, -067.04250��, N.K. Lujan and O. Le��n, 15 April 2004; AUM 41496, 1, 147.5, R��o Manapiare at mouth of Ca��o Yutaje, tributary of R��o Ventuari, 14 km NW of San Juan de Manapiare, 05.43667��, -066.11261��, M.H. Sabaj, L.S. de Souza, D.C. Werneke, and N.K. Lujan, 11 April 2004; AUM 41418, 1, 164.4, MCNG 55355, 1, 154.5, R��o Ventuari, bedrock outcrops, 83 km ENE of Macuruco, 153 km ENE of San Fernando de Atabapo, 04.25346��, -066.34466��, N.K. Lujan, D.C. Werneke, M.H. Sabaj, L.S. de Souza, and O. Le��n, 6 April 2004; AUM 41336, 1, 70.2, Ca��o Guavialito, tributary of R��o Manapiare, tributary of R��o Ventuari, near Alto Guaviarito, 17.5 km NW of San Juan de Manapiare, 05.44135��, -066.16294��, L.S. de Souza, D.C. Werneke, N.K. Lujan, and M.H Sabaj, 13 April 2004; AUM 41440, 1, 66.3, ANSP 185241, 1, 66.9, Ca��o Guavialito, tributary of R��o Manapiare, tributary of R��o Ventuari, directly off of R��o Manapiare, 17.5 km NW of San Juan de Manapiare, 05.44010��, -066.16175��, M.H. Sabaj, L.S. de Souza, D.C. Werneke, and N.K. Lujan, 13 April 2004; AUM 41496, 1, 147.5, R��o Manapiare, tributary of R��o Ventuari, at mouth of Cano Yutaje, 14 km NW of San Juan de Manapiare, 05.43667��, -066.11261��, M.H. Sabaj, L.S. de Souza, D.C. Werneke, and N.K. Lujan, 11 April 2004; AUM 42100, 8, 50.6-176.4, R��o Orinoco, beach and bedrock outcropping, 50 km E of San Fernando de Atabapo, 03.97029��, -067.25506��, N.K. Lujan, D.C. Werneke, M.H. Sabaj, M. Arce, R. Betancur, and T.E. Wesley, 2 March 2005; AUM 42114, 5, 135.6-159.1, R��o Orinoco, 117 km W of La Esmeralda, N.K. Lujan, M. Arce, T.E. Wesley et al., 03.28998��, -066.60004��, 29 March 2005; AUM 42121, 3, 115.0-126.0, R��o Orinoco, 33.9 km E of La Esmeralda, Punto Piaroa, 03.14744��, -065.85381��, N.K. Lujan, M. Arce, T.E. Wesley et al., 28 March 2005; AUM 42164, 1, 195.8, R��o Orinoco, bedrock outcrop, 52.9 km SE of San Antonio, 102 km W of La Esmeralda, 03.10036��, -066.46277��, N.K. Lujan, D.C. Werneke, M.H. Sabaj, O. Le��n, M. Arce, R Betancur, and T.E. Wesley, 4 March 2005; AUM 42220, 1, 136.7, R��o Orinoco, near Puerto Ayacucho on a beach called Playa Bagre, 05.65642��, -067.63103, N.K. Lujan, M. Arce, and T.E. Wesley, 13 April 2005. Diagnosis: Hypostomus rhantos is unique among Hypostomus (except for H. micromaculatus) by having extremely small spots (see especially Fig. 2). Hypostomus rhantos is a member of the H. plecostomus group, but is not a member of the H. cochliodon subgroup (Armbruster, 2004). Hypostomus rhantos can be separated from the H. emarginatus species group by having a dark brown base color (vs. light tan), by having a small buccal papilla (vs. large), and by lacking hypertrophied odontodes on the lateral plates of nuptial males (vs. hypertrophied odontodes present); and from the H. cochliodon species subgroup of the H. plecostomus group by having viliform teeth (vs. spoon-shaped). Hypostomus rhantos can be separated from all other members of the H. plecostomus group (including species of the H. cochliodon subgroup) except H. micromaculatus by having extremely small spots (greater than 15 on the first plate in the dorsal series in H. rhantos vs. five or fewer). Hypostomus rhantos can be separated from H. micromaculatus by having all of the spots round and evenly distributed (vs. spots longitudinally oval and restricted to rows Figs. 1-2 vs. Fig. 4), keels of lateral plates well-developed (vs. weak), a ridge present on the pterotic that is contiguous with the supraorbital ridge (vs. ridge absent, Fig. 3), and by having a fully plated abdomen (vs. abdomen partially plated or naked). In addition, smaller specimens of H. rhantos have spots on the dorsal fin whereas small specimens of H. micromaculatus have the dorsal fin entirely dark. Description: Morphometric data given in Table 1. Largest specimen 195.8 mm SL. Head and nape forming arch from tip of snout to origin of dorsal fin. Body depth decreasing from origin of dorsal fin to dorsal procurrent caudal spines then increasing to caudal fin. A rounded ridge present from anterodorsal corner of orbit, running ventral to nares, and ending slightly anteroventral of anterior nare. Longitudinal ridge of raised bone and slightly larger odontodes present on pterotic-supracleithrum beginning at posterodorsal corner of orbit and contiguous with supraorbital ridge. Space between orbits concave such that supraorbital ridge higher than medial surface of head. Supraoccipital convex medially with slight crest. Nares separated by flap of skin held erect in life. Dorsal, middorsal, median and midventral plate rows complete from head to caudal fin, ventral plate row begins at insertion of pelvic fin and continues to caudal fin. Lateral plates with short, median keels with enlarged, dull odontodes. Keels on first two plates of dorsal row and sometimes first three plates forming line from supraoccipital to posterolateral corner of nuchal plate, not confluent with keel on dorsal plate row beginning on fourth plate. Base of caudal fin covered in elongate, roughly triangular plates. Entire ventral surface of head and body (except region around insertion of pelvic fin) covered in small platelets. Platelets on abdomen increase in number with standard length. Head covered in small plates. Frontal, nasal, sphenotic, infraorbitals, opercle, pterotic-supracleithrum, suprapreopercle, and supraoccipital supporting odontodes. Platelets that cover anteroventral corner of opercle slightly separated from opercle allowing plates to be marginally everted (angle of eversion less than 30��). Dorsal fin moderately long, usually just barely reaching preadipose plate when depressed, consisting of small, V-shaped spinelet, fairly strong spine, and seven rays. Caudal fin forked, lower lobe longer than upper. Pectoral-fin spine strong, extending posteriorly to pelvic-fin rays when depressed ventral to pelvic fin; cleithrum with exposed process dorsal to pectoral-fin rays that tapers posteriorly to point; pectoral fin inserted on same plane as pelvic fin such that spine, when depressed parallel with body, lies on top of and in contact with pelvic fin. Pelvic-fin spine thin, flexible, reaches slightly beyond base of anal fin. Anal fin with relatively strong, unbranched first ray supporting odontodes. Adipose fin consisting of single median, unpaired preadipose plate and a stout, strong, pointed spine; adipose-fin membrane not reaching procurrent caudal-fin spines. Dorsal fin II,7, pectoral fin I,6, pelvic fin I,5, anal fin I,4, caudal fin I,14,I. Jaws weakly angled, dentaries forming angle much greater than 90��. Teeth numerous (28-45, mode 31 in premaxilla, 29-45, mode 31, in dentary, N = 48), bicuspid, median cusp moderately long, lateral cusp about one fourth length of median, stalk moderately long. Median plates 24. Coloration: Light gray to tan when alive, becoming tan when preserved. Body densely covered with tiny spots, head spots even smaller than body spots. Spots present on all fins, generally larger than spots on body, evenly distributed on rays, spines, and membranes. Caudal fin membranes light and spotted anteriorly, fading to dark wash posteriorly. Abdomen lighter than sides, with tiny spots. Occasionally with four dorsal saddles, first below anterior dorsal-fin rays, second below and slightly behind posterior dorsal-fin rays, third below and slightly anterior to adipose-fin spine, and fourth at base of caudal peduncle; all saddles angled anteriorly, saddles one and two combine and continue to base of pelvic fin, third and fourth terminating at middle of midventral plate row. Fin spines usually lighter than rest of body. Spots relatively larger in juveniles. Juveniles with fewer spots distally on all fins, lower half of caudal fin much darker. Range: Currently known from the R��o Ventuari, a tributary of the upper R��o Orinoco, and the mainstem upper Orinoco above Puerto Ayacucho to the R��o Casiquiare in Amazonas, Venezuela (Fig. 5). Ecology: Hypostomus rhantos was collected in loricariid assemblages with an average of 7.2 loricariid species per site (n=16 sites). Habitats from which H. rhantos were collected range from consolidated lateritic rocks in flow, to bedrock cracks in flow, to branches and trunks of trees in slack water. Etymology: Rhantos is Greek for sprinkled, speckled, or spotted and refers to the tiny randomly placed spots of the species. Discussion: Specimens of Hypostomus rhantos were analyzed in Armbruster (2004a) but were incorrectly referred to as H. micromaculatus. Hypostomus rhantos was found to be the sister to H. robinii; however, support for this was very weak (Bremer decay index = 1), and derived from only from two homoplastic characteristics: posteromedial invagination of the fifth ceratobranchial present (character 11 state 1 from Armbruster, 2004) and a reversal to a short levator arcus palatini crest (44-1). This clade was part of a larger clade consisting of the H. cochliodon subgroup, Hypostomus plecostomus, the potentially undescribed Hypostomus similar to H. robinii from the Orinoco, and H. cordovae, with this clade being supported by a reversal to a wide posterior edge to the posterior process of the coracoid (158-0). This clade is also poorly supported with a Bremer decay index of one. Most of the relationships within Hypostomus are poorly resolved and need much further study. Hypostomus rhantos is most similar in coloration to H. micromaculatus from Suriname. In addition to coloration, H. rhantos appears taller and wider than H. micromaculatus; however, we do not have enough specimens available to provide confident measurements of this. There are no species that have been described or that we have examined between the Upper Orinoco and Suriname with a similar color pattern. Given the vast distance between the two species, it would be unlikely that they would be sister species. They are different in the size of the keels (relatively well-developed in H. rhantos and almost absent in H. micromaculatus) and the amount of abdominal plating (fully plated in H. rhantos and absent or nearly so in H. micromaculatus). Although these characteristics change a lot in loricariids, they do suggest when coupled with locality data that the two species may have small spots via convergence., Published as part of Jonathan W. Armbruster, Leigh A. Tansey & Nathan K. Lujan, 2007, Hypostomus rhantos (Siluriformes: Loricariidae), a new species from southern Venezuela., pp. 59-68 in Zootaxa 1553 on pages 60-67

[[Hypostomus micromaculatus]] Paratypes of Hypostomus micromaculatus examined: RMNH 25482, 1; RMNH 25484, 2; 25487, 3., Published as part of Jonathan W. Armbruster, Leigh A. Tansey & Nathan K. Lujan, 2007, Hypostomus rhantos (Siluriformes: Loricariidae), a new species from southern Venezuela., pp. 59-68 in Zootaxa 1553 on page 67

Hypostomus chrysostiktos, a new species of armored catfish of the family Loricariidae, is described. The most remarkable characteristic of the new species, which allows its prompt diagnosis from congeners, is the high number of branched rays in the dorsal fin (10-11). In addition, the new species can be diagnosed from the remaining Loricariidae by the combination of the following characters: slightly evertible cheek plates, four branched anal-fin rays, naked abdomen, and snout almost completely plated. The characters states shared by H. chrysostiktos and the tribe Hypostomini, which indicates it as belonging to that group, are: a hatched-shaped opercle, the anterior process of the pterotic-supracleitrum passing halfway the orbit, a pointed post-cleithral process, and slightly evertible cheek plates. The description of this armored catfish provides more evidence for the high level of endemism in the ichthyofauna of rio Paraguaçu basin, a coastal river of northeastern Brazil. Uma nova espécie de cascudo da família Loricariidae, Hypostomus chrysostiktos, é descrita. A característica mais marcante da nova espécie, que permite diagnosticá-la das congêneres, é o grande número de raios ramificados da nadadeira dorsal (10-11). A nova espécie pode ser ainda diagnosticada dos demais Loricariidae pela combinação dos seguintes caracteres: placas laterais da cabeça levemente eversíveis, quatro raios ramificados na nadadeira anal, abdômen nu, e focinho quase completamente coberto por placas. Os estados de caracteres compartilhados entre H. chrysostiktos e a tribo Hypostomini, os quais indicam que a nova espécie pertence ao grupo, são: opérculo em forma de machado, processo anterior do pterótico-supracleitro passando metade da órbita, processo pós-cleitral afilado, e placas laterais da cabeça levemente eversíveis. A descrição deste cascudo é outro exemplo que evidencia o alto grau de endemismo da ictiofauna da bacia do rio Paraguaçu, uma drenagem costeira do nordeste brasileiro.

The taxonomy of the genus Hypostomus in the upper Rio Parana basin presents some very complex issues. For this reason, an allozyme electrophoresis survey of 10 populations of Hypostomus from the Rio Corumba basin was performed, revealing 25 loci from 14 enzyme systems. Allozyme data revealed diagnostic genetic markers for the four nominal species analyzed (Hypostomus ancistroides, H. iheringi, H. margaritifer, and H. regani) and for six possible undescribed species. The mean expected heterozygosity of the populations ranged from 0.009 in H. iheringi to 0.099 in Hypostomus sp. 4. The genetically most similar populations (I = 0.954) were H. iheringi and Hypostomus sp. 2; the most divergent (D = 0.839) were H. iheringi and H. ancistroides.

Hypostomus sculpodon: MBUCV V 8151, 2 paratypes, 35.53-97.11 mm LS., Published as part of Francisco Provenzano & Nadia Milani, 2006, Cordylancistrus nephelion (Siluriformes, Loricariidae), a new and endangered species of suckermouth armored catfish from the Tuy River, north-central Venezuela., pp. 29-41 in Zootaxa 1116 on page 39

Submitted by Guilherme Lemeszenski (guilherme@nead.unesp.br) on 2013-08-22T18:43:34Z No. of bitstreams: 1 S1679-62252006000200006.pdf: 486704 bytes, checksum: e5cdde36a20331aa48a0cadaa98f4505 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-22T18:43:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 S1679-62252006000200006.pdf: 486704 bytes, checksum: e5cdde36a20331aa48a0cadaa98f4505 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-06-01 Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T18:45:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S1679-62252006000200006.pdf: 486704 bytes, checksum: e5cdde36a20331aa48a0cadaa98f4505 (MD5) S1679-62252006000200006.pdf.txt: 55367 bytes, checksum: 223ec2b503c1fb63240a868f34776e93 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-06-01 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T14:04:10Z No. of bitstreams: 2 S1679-62252006000200006.pdf: 486704 bytes, checksum: e5cdde36a20331aa48a0cadaa98f4505 (MD5) S1679-62252006000200006.pdf.txt: 55367 bytes, checksum: 223ec2b503c1fb63240a868f34776e93 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T14:04:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S1679-62252006000200006.pdf: 486704 bytes, checksum: e5cdde36a20331aa48a0cadaa98f4505 (MD5) S1679-62252006000200006.pdf.txt: 55367 bytes, checksum: 223ec2b503c1fb63240a868f34776e93 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-06-01 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) A ecomorfologia de 14 espécies de peixes residentes em um trecho de corredeiras do curso superior do rio São Francisco, sudeste do Brasil, foi analisada e combinada com dados de comportamento alimentar e dieta, previamente obtidos por nós. Os três principais agrupamentos ecomorfológicos de espécies identificados refletem a ocupação espacial de micro-hábitats da seguinte forma: a) caracídeos nectônicos com corpos comprimidos, olhos laterais e nadadeiras peitorais laterais, com hábitos noturnos e oportunistas alimentares (Astyanax rivularis, Bryconamericus stramineus e Bryconamericus sp.); b) nectobentônicos com corpos fusiformes e nadadeiras peitorais expandidas, que incluem os caracidiíneos predadores de espreita que se alimentam principalmente de larvas aquáticas bentônicas de insetos (Characidium fasciatum e Characidium zebra), parodontídeos pastadores de epilíton (Apareiodon ibitiensis e Parodon hilarii) e bagres especuladores de substratos que se alimentam principalmente de larvas aquáticas de insetos (Cetopsorhamdia iheringi, Imparfinis minutus, Rhamdia quelen e Trichomycterus sp.); c) bentônicos com corpos deprimidos, lábios modificados em discos orais suctorias, olhos dorsais e nadadeiras peitorais amplas, representados pelos cascudos perifitívoros (Hisonotus sp., Harttia sp. e Hypostomus garmani). Correlação entre dieta e morfologia geral não foi significative em nossa análise, a não ser quando o conjunto analisado incluiu apenas as espécies nectônicas e bentônicas, indicando que a ausência de correlação entre esses fatores é mais pronunciada no grupo de espécies nectobentônicas. A constatação do caso ineqüívoco de convergência morfológica entre os Characidiinae e Parodontidae nectobentônicos é um claro exemplo de como a integração da informação filogenética com a ecomorfologia pode identificar objetivamente casos de convergência e divergência adaptativa. Finalmente, a congruência entre os resultados ecomorfológicos com aqueles obtidos independentemente sobre a ecologia das espécies estudadas em seu ambiente natural parece ser uma forte evidência em favor do proposto valor preditivo da hipótese ecomorfológica. The ecomorphology of 14 fish species resident in a headwater riffles area of the São Francisco river, southeastern Brasil, was analyzed and combined with diet and feeding behavior data, previously obtained by us. The three larger species groups formed in the ecomorphological analysis were found to reflect primarily microhabitat occupation in the following manner: a) nektonic characids with compressed bodies, lateral eyes and lateral pectoral fins, with diurnal and opportunistic feeding habits (Astyanax rivularis, Bryconamericus stramineus, and Bryconamericus sp.); b) nektobenthic characiforms and siluriforms with fusiform bodies and expanded pectoral fins, including sit-and-wait characidiins, predators of aquatic insect larvae (Characidium fasciatum and Ch.zebra), as well as the algae grazing parodontids (Apareiodon ibitiensis and Parodon hilarii), and also the heptapterid and trichomycterid catfishes that practice substrate speculation and feed on benthic aquatic insect larvae (Cetopsorhamdia iheringi, Imparfinis minutus, Rhamdia quelen, and Trichomycterus sp.); c) benthic species with depressed bodies, suctorial oral discs, dorsal eyes, and horizontal pectoral fins, represented by the periphytivorous loricariid catfishes (Hisonotus sp., Harttia sp., and Hypostomus garmani). Correlation between diet and general morphology was not significant in our analysis, unless when the analyzed set included only nektonic and benthic species, indicating that the lack of correlation between these factors is most pronounced in the group of nektobenthic species. The unequivocal case of morphological convergence found between the nektobenthic Characidiinae and Parodontidae is a clear example of the integration between phylogenetic information and ecomorphology, and provides a way to objectively identify cases of morphological and adaptive convergence and divergence. Furthermore, the general congruence between the ecomorphological results and the independently obtained ecological data about the analyzed fish species in their natural environment seems to be strong evidence in favor of the proposed predictive capabilities of the ecomorphological hypothesis. Universidade Estadual Paulista IBILCE Departamento de Zoologia e Botânica USP FFCLRP Departamento de Biologia Universidade Estadual Paulista IBILCE Departamento de Zoologia e Botânica

Submitted by Guilherme Lemeszenski (guilherme@nead.unesp.br) on 2013-08-22T18:42:17Z No. of bitstreams: 1 S1519-69842006000100005.pdf: 517087 bytes, checksum: 5f621723efa814a966aa707b3dd9a35c (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-22T18:42:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 S1519-69842006000100005.pdf: 517087 bytes, checksum: 5f621723efa814a966aa707b3dd9a35c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-02-01 Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T19:29:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S1519-69842006000100005.pdf: 517087 bytes, checksum: 5f621723efa814a966aa707b3dd9a35c (MD5) S1519-69842006000100005.pdf.txt: 24932 bytes, checksum: 3c7178650402b277b2b725d02e35b6ce (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-02-01 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T13:59:38Z No. of bitstreams: 2 S1519-69842006000100005.pdf: 517087 bytes, checksum: 5f621723efa814a966aa707b3dd9a35c (MD5) S1519-69842006000100005.pdf.txt: 24932 bytes, checksum: 3c7178650402b277b2b725d02e35b6ce (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T13:59:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S1519-69842006000100005.pdf: 517087 bytes, checksum: 5f621723efa814a966aa707b3dd9a35c (MD5) S1519-69842006000100005.pdf.txt: 24932 bytes, checksum: 3c7178650402b277b2b725d02e35b6ce (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-02-01 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) O propósito deste estudo é investigar se as variações dos parâmetros limnológicos do rio Corumbataí - como uma conseqüência do lançamento de dejetos em suas águas - é responsável por variações na dieta e na captura do cascudo Hypostomus strigaticeps (Regan, 1907). Os indivíduos foram coletados durante dois anos em dois pontos do rio, com características físicas semelhantes, mas sujeitos a diferentes condições limnológicas; as variáveis ambientais (temperatura, pH, oxigênio dissolvido, condutividade elétrica, coliformes totais e coliformes fecais), quando consideradas conjuntamente, variaram significativamente entre os locais. As categorias alimentares encontradas nos tubos digestórios dos cascudos (sedimento, material não identificado, hifas de fungo, diatomáceas, clorófitas e cianófitas) apresentaram ordenamento hierárquico distinto nas amostras provenientes de diferentes pontos do rio. No local mais poluído (ponto B), diatomáceas e clorófitas ocuparam postos mais importantes em relação ao observado na dieta dos indivíduos coletados no ponto mais preservado (ponto A). Este resultado possivelmente esteja relacionado à maior concentração de matéria orgânica observada no ponto B, propiciando condições ambientais favoráveis à proliferação de algas e, conseqüentemente, para um peixe comedor de algas. Contudo, o número de indivíduos capturados no ponto B foi menor, sugerindo que, embora a oferta de alimento seja mais abundante no local mais alterado, as condições limnológicas neste ponto, quando consideradas em seu conjunto, são possivelmente menos benéficas para a sobrevivência da espécie que as condições observadas no ponto A. The purpose of this study is to ascertain whether variations in the limnological parameters of the Corumbataí river resulting from the discharge of a variety of wastes into its waters may be responsible for spatial shifts in the diet and capture of the armored catfish Hypostomus strigaticeps (Regan, 1907). Individuals were collected over a period of two years from two sites with similar physical, albeit distinct limnological characteristics. As a whole, the environmental variables (temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, electrical conductivity, and total coliforms and fecal coliforms) of the two sites were found to vary significantly. The food items found in the guts of these armored catfish (sediments, diatoms, fungi hyphae, chlorophytes, cyanophytes and non-identified material) ranked differently in samples from the two sites. In the more polluted (site B), diatoms and chlorophytes ranked higher in the diet than in that of individuals caught in the more preserved location (site A). This fact may be related to the greater amount of organic material found at site B, which provides favorable environmental conditions for such algae and, consequently, for algivorous fishes. Even so, fewer fish were captured at site B than at site A, suggesting that although food is more abundant in the more polluted site, its limnological conditions appear, on the whole, to be less beneficial than the conditions at site A. Universidade Estadual Paulista Departamento de Zoologia Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul (UEMS) Laboratório de Análise e Monitoramento Ambiental do Gás Natural (GASLAB) Universidade Estadual Paulista Departamento de Zoologia

The genus Hypostomus shows a complex taxonomy due to a wide variation in its morphology and color pattern what difficult the identification of many species. The isozyme electrophoresis technique was employed to analyse Hypostomus albopunctatus, H. hermanni, H. regani and one morphotype of this genus (Hypostomus sp. 1) from the Ivaí river (Paraná State). The study of nine enzyme systems (AAT, ACP, ADH, EST, GCPDH, G3PDH, LDH, MDH and SOD) allowed the score of 14 loci, some of them being diagnostic for Hypostomus sp. 1 (Adh-A and G3pdh-B), H. hermanni (sAat-B and Gcpdh-A), and H. albopunctatus (Est-2), revealing reproductive isolation between them. Except for H. albopunctatus, which showed zero heterozygosity value (He), the analyzed species showed values above the average for fishes (0.051): 0.126 in Hypostomus sp. 1, 0.199 in H. hermanni, and 0.085 in H. regani. The genetic distance values showed a greater proximity between H. albopunctatus and H. regani (D = 0.218), where as Hypostomus sp. 1 and H. hermanni were the most divergent (D = 0.563). Results pointed out that the analyzed populations show a wide interspecific variation of their gene pool. O gênero Hypostomus apresenta uma taxonomia complexa devido a uma ampla variação na morfologia e no padrão de coloração o que dificulta a identificação de muitas espécies. Através da eletroforese de isoenzimas foram analisados Hypostomus albopunctatus, H. hermanni, H. regani e mais um morfótipo deste gênero (Hypostornus sp. 1) do rio Ivai (PR). O estudo de nove sistemas enzimáticos (AAT, ACP, ADH, EST, GCPDH, G3PDH, LDH, MDH e SOD) revelou 14 locos, sendo alguns deles diagnósticos para Hypostomus sp. 1 (Adh-A e G3pdh-B), H. hermanni (sAat-B e Gcpdh e H.i albopunctatus (Est-2), evidenciando um isolamento reprodutivo entre as quatro populações. Com exceção de H. albopunctatus que exibiu um valor de heterozigosidade (He) igual à zero, as espécies analisadas apresentaram valores acima da média para peixes (0,051): 0,126 para Hypostoinus sp. 1, 0,199 para H. hermanni e 0,085 para H. regani. Os valores de distância genética mostraram uma proximidade maior entre H. albopunctatus e H. regani (D = 0,218), enquanto Hypostonius sp. 1 e H. hermanni apresentaram a maior divergência genotípica (D = 0,563). Os resultados indicam que as populações analisadas apresentam uma ampla variação interespecífica da sua constituição genética. viii, 46 f

Hypostomus interruptus (Miranda-Ribeiro) (Fig. 5, 6; Table 2) Plecostomus interruptus Miranda-Ribeiro, 1918:632 (type locality: rio Juqui��. Restricted by Britski, 1969:209 to rio Juqui��, Fazenda Po��o Grande). Gosline, 1945:81 [reference, distribution]. Fowler, 1954:184 [reference, distribution]. Britski, 1969:209 [catalogue, distribution]. Hypostomus interruptus Isbr��cker, 1980:25 [reference, distribution]. Burgess, 1989:431 [reference, distribution]. Isbr��cker, 2001:28 [reference]. Weber, 2003:358 [reference, distribution]. Armbruster, 2004:79 [reference]. Hypostomus cf. affinis (Steindachner, 1877). Bizerril & Lima, 2000:107 [reference]. Hypostomus sp. 1161 Montoya-Burgos, 2003 [biogeography, molecular phylogeny]. Holotype. Brazil. S��o Paulo: MZUSP 2110, 121.0 mm SL; rio Juqui��, Fazenda Po��o Grande, Juqui��; W. J. Moenkhaus, 1898. Other material examined. Brazil. S��o Paulo: - MZUSP 68172, 2, 166.0 - 202.8 mm SL; rio do Queimado, tributary of rio Jacupiranguinha, Parque Estadual do Jacupiranga, approx. 24�� 48' 2,2"S, 48�� 13' 32,0"W, Cajati; Projeta Biota/Fapesp Ribeira, 9 March 2001. - MZUSP 68192, 4, 32.3-46.6 mm SL; MZUSP 68196, 7, 32.4-55.7 mm SL; same data as above. - MZUSP 75463, 7, 41.8 - 140.0 mm SL; ribeir��o Bra��o Bonito, tributary of rio Areado, Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar, N��cleo Pedro de Toledo, approx. 24�� 14' 59"S, 47�� 10' 46"W, Itariri; Projeta Biota/Fapesp Ribeira, 13 September 2001. - MZUSP 75464, 3, 42.7-77.1 mm SL; Ribeir��o Bra��o Bonito, tributary of rio Areado, Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar, N��cleo Pedro de Toledo, approx. 24�� 15' 5,0"S, 47�� 10' 35,0"W, Itariri; Projeta Biota/Fapesp Ribeira, 13 September 2001. - MZUSP 78706, 1, 33.5 mm SL; Ribeir��o Grande creek, Bairro Ribeir��o Grande, Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar, N��cleo Pedro de Toledo, approx. 24�� 14' 7;0"S, 47�� 13' 58,0"W, Pedro de Toledo; Projeta Biota/Fapesp Ribeira, 11 September 2001. - MZUSP 78707, 1, 54.0 mm SL; tributary of rio Itariri, on the road from Manoel da N��brega to Santa Rita, approx. 24�� 12' 37,0"S, 47�� 17' 23,0"W, Pedro de Toledo; Projeta Biota/Fapesp Ribeira, 14 September 2001. - MZUSP 51913, 4 (2), 104.3-108.9 mm SL; rio Saibadela, Saibadela Base Camp of Fazenda Intervales, Sete Barras; S. Buck et al., 4-6 March 1994. - MZUSP 70693, 1, 43.5 mm SL; rio das Criminosas, tributary of rio Catas Altas, Itapirapu�� Paulista, approx. 24 �� 34' 16,7"S, 48�� 10' 22,4"W; Projeto Biota/Fapesp Ribeira, 09 August 2001. - MZUSP 37992, 1, 149.0 mm SL; rio Pardo, tributary of rio Turvo, ��gua do Padre district, Barra do Turvo; O. T. Oyakawa et al., 22 July 1987. - MZUSP 40003, 4, 83.7-96.5 mm SL; riacho Arataca, tributary of rio Jacupiranga, at road Pariquera - A��u to Iguape, Pariquera-A��u; O. T. Oyakawa et al., 28 March 1987. - MZUSP 45410, 1, 117.0 mm SL; rio Pil��es, tributary of rio Ribeira de Iguape, Eldorado; M. Damato, 7 March 1993. - MZUSP 45457, 1, 202.3 mm SL; rio Ribeira de Iguape, close to rio Batatal, Eldorado; M. Damato, 5 March 1993. - MZUSP 51981, 21 (5), 75.9-169.4 mm SL; rio Betari, Serra district, Iporanga; R. Pardini, 16 February 1995. - MZUSP 52636, 2, 116.5-180.5 mm SL; rio Betari, bellow rio ��guas Quentes, ��guas Quentes cave, Serra district, Iporanga; S. Buck et al., 26 January1995. - MZUSP 52639, 3, 141.3-178.0 mm SL; rio Betari, Serra district, Iporanga; S. Buck et al., February 1995. - MZUSP 52455, 1, 124.0 mm SL; rio Ribeira de Iguape, close to rio Batatal, Eldorado; M. Damato, 5 March 1993. - MZUSP 46066, 7, 75.9-120.7 mm SL; rio Betari, Iporanga; R. Pardini, 1993. - MZUSP 50715, 3, 118.5-150.0 mm SL; rio Betari, near of rio Ribeira de Iguape, Iporanga; S. Buck, February 1995. - MZUSP 45168, 1, 168.6 mm SL; rio Batatal, tributary of rio Ribeira de Iguape, Eldorado; M. Damato, 3 March 1993. - MZUSP 55486, 1, 192.5 mm SL; rio Pil��es, tributary of rio Ribeira de Iguape, Iporanga; M. R. Santos & M. Morato, 19 January 1995. - MZUSP 55217, 3, 206.1-226.8 mm SL; rio Pardo, Barra do Turvo; M. R. Santos & C. E. Esp��rito Santo, October 1995. - MZUSP 55214, 5, 172.8-197.2 mm SL; rio Catas Altas, Ribeira; M. R. Santos & M. Morato, 23 January 1995. - MZUSP 55487, 2, 156.5-188.8 mm SL; rio Batatal, Eldorado; M. R. Santos & M. Morato, 17 January 1995. - MZUSP 55482, 2, 155.4-189.2 mm SL; rio Pardo, Barra do Turvo; M. R. Santos & M. Morato, 25 January 1995. - MZUSP 55488, 16, 115.1-223.7 mm SL; waterfalls of rio Palmital, 1000 m above mouth into rio Ribeira de Iguape, Apia��; M. R. Santos & M. Morato, 22 January 1995. Paran��: - MZUSP 25010, 10, (5), 125.3-180.8 mm SL; Capivari-Cachoeira Dam, Campina Grande do Sul; L. C. Freitas, 26 August 1977. - MZUSP 54581, 236.0 mm SL; rio Pardo, Bairro ��gua do Padre on the road Iporanga to Barra do Turvo, Barra do Turvo; O. T. Oyakawa, F. Langeani & V. C. Silva, February 1988. - MZUSP 79558, 49, 21.2- 39.1 mm SL, Arroio Taquaral, tributary of rio A��ungui, Campo Largo, 25�� 24' 50.3" S, 49�� 38' 31.8" W; Projeto Biota/Fapesp Ribeira, 19 May 2002. - MZUSP 79559, 9, 30.5-47.5 mm SL; Arroio 3 Barras, tributary of rio Ponta Grossa, 24�� 50' 14.8"S, 49�� 15' 51.2"W; Cerro Azul; Biota/Fapesp Ribeira, 20 May 2002. Diagnosis. Hypostomus interruptus is distinguished from its congeners inhabiting rio Ribeira de Iguape basin by its oblique dark bands on flanks (versus absence of such bands), comparatively smaller spots over body and fins, more so over anterior portion of head, and spots on region of trunk posterior to dorsal-fin end more conspicuous in smaller specimens (up to 130.0 mm SL), becoming faded or absent in larger specimens (versus color pattern of trunk relatively homogeneous throughout ontogeny). Description. Standard length of examined specimens 32.3 to 236.0 mm SL. Counts and proportional measurements presented in Table 2. Dorsal profile gently raising upwards from snout tip to dorsal-fin origin and gently descending from this point to the end of caudal peduncle. Caudal peduncle roughly oval in cross-section, flattened on ventral portion. Dorsal plates between end of dorsal-fin base and adipose-fin spine flattened. One preadipose plate. Pre-dorsal region of trunk located between pterotic-supracleithrum and vertical through dorsal-fin origin covered by three horizontal series of plates that extends posteriorly to caudal fin. Median series of plates bearing the lateral-line canal. Mid-dorsal series situated above and mid-ventral series situated below median series. Dorsal series of plates starting at dorsal-fin origin. Ventral series of plates starting approximately at midlength of pelvic-fin base extension. Plates of mid-dorsal series not aligned, interrupted by first plate of dorsal series (Fig. 1B). Covering of abdomen ontogenetically variable. Plates restricted to central area of abdomen in specimens up to 95.0 mm SL; in larger specimens abdomen usually covered with minute platelets, leaving a naked area just around the pelvic fin. Plates on dorsal and lateral portion of body relatively smooth in small and median size specimens. Trunk plates of larger specimens with relatively well developed ridges, forming four keels along flanks. Dorsal-most keel located over dorsal series of plates. Keel on mid-dorsal series of plates interrupted, following the alignment of plates. Anterior portion of this keel somewhat continuous with ridge on pterotic-supracleithrum, crossing the middorsal series of plates on pre-dorsal region of trunk, and not aligned to keel of posterior portion of mid-dorsal series. Keel on median series of plates poorly developed. Keel on three dorsal-most horizontal series of plates usually starting at dorsal-fin origin, except by largest specimens examined that have those keels more conspicuous posterior to the vertical through insertion of sixth branched dorsal-fin ray. Mid-ventral keel well developed, more conspicuous on anterior half of trunk. Head somewhat triangular, rounded anteriorly. Dorsal and ventral region of head completely covered with dermal ossifications, except for a small oval naked area on snout tip. Outer face of upper lip covered with small platelets, except small specimens that have most of this region naked (smaller than 100.0 mm SL). Ornamentation of pterotic-supracleithrum similar to the remaining surface of head and with odontodes densely distributed. Dorsal margin of orbit slightly elevated, continuing in a low ridge on pterotic-supracleithrum. Larger specimens with a low ridge on supraoccipital, diverging in two weakly developed separated ridges on predorsal plates. Usually two plates, sometimes one, bordering posterior margin of the supraoccipital bone. Space between orbits almost straight or slightly convex. Eyes large. Mouth wide, rounded. Anterior-most papillae of inner face of lower lip irregular in form, somewhat elongate, followed by roundish papillae decreasing in size posteriorly. Teeth long and bicuspid; medial cusp approximately twice in length of outer cusp and curved inwards. Premaxillary teeth inserted in a relatively straight line; dentary teeth inserted in a concave arch facing mouth cavity; contralateral dentaries forming a relatively wide angle. Maxillary barbels relatively thin, elongated, slightly shorter than eye diameter, and without papillae. Dorsal-fin origin situated on vertical anterior to pelvic-fin origin, approximately on posterior third of pectoral-fin spine. Dorsal fin relatively small; tips of adpressed last two rays ending on second or third plate anterior to adipose-fin spine. Margin of dorsal fin relatively straight. Adipose-fin spine compressed, moderately strong with posterior-most portion curved ventrally in specimens around 150.0 mm SL and straight in smaller specimens. Distal half of pectoral-fin spine of larger specimens covered dorsally with small odontodes slightly curved forward (larger than 110.0 mm SL). Tip of adpressed pectoral fin beyond origin of pelvic fin. Tip of adpressed pelvic-fin spine reaching origin of anal fin in larger specimens and posterior to origin of the last branched ray in small specimens (up to 180.0 mm SL). Basal lamina of first proximal radial of anal fin covered by skin in the majority of specimens examined, except in a few small specimens. Caudal fin margin concave, lower spine slightly longer than upper. Color in alcohol. Dorsal and lateral surface of body with light brown or grayish ground coloration. Relatively small black or dark-brown roundish spots scattered all over dorsal and lateral surface of body, becoming gradually smaller towards anterior portion of head. Spots on region of trunk posterior to dorsal-fin end more conspicuous in smaller specimens (up to 130.0 mm SL), becoming faded or absent in larger specimens. Lateroventral portion of body below mid-ventral series of plates without spots on specimens 150.0 mm SL or larger. Four dark brown inconspicuous oblique bands on flanks, more visible in juveniles; dorsal portion of anterior-most band aligned with base of first three branched dorsal-fin rays; anterodorsal margin of second band aligned with insertion of last one or two dorsal-fin rays; third band located immediately posterior to dorsal-fin end and last band over posterior portion of caudal peduncle. Ventral surface of body pale or yellowish, usually clear except in some juveniles that have the ventral surface scattered with spots similar to those on body. Overall ground coloration of all fins pale to yellowish; recently fixed specimens pale orange. Dark brown or black spots larger than those of body sparsely distributed over fin rays and interradial membranes; pattern of distribution usually forming series when fins erected in specimens 180.0 mm SL or smaller. Caudal-fin spots arranged in irregular vertical series. Ground color of living specimens usually darker than alcohol preserved specimens and pattern of the four oblique bands more conspicuous. Distribution and notes. Hypostomus interruptus is known to occur only in Ribeira de Iguape river basin. Sampling efforts in this region in the last ten years suggests Hypostomus interruptus as the most common Hypostomus in the area. This conclusion involves the high number of individuals collected, high diversity of environments inhabited, and wide geographical distribution of this species (Fig. 5). Hypostomus interruptus was found in relatively large rivers as exemplified by the rivers Ribeira, Pil��es, Catas Altas, Pardo, and also in smaller drainages as Betari, Saibadela, Arataca, a tributary of rio Jacupiranga, and Bra��o Bonito, a tributary of rio S��o Louren��o. The area of occurrence of H. interruptus varies from 165 to 900 m above sea level., Published as part of Osvaldo T. Oyakawa, Alberto Akama & Angela M. Zanata, 2005, Review of the genus Hypostomus Lac��p��de, 1803 from rio Ribeira de Iguape basin, with description of a new species (Pisces, Siluriformes, Loricariidae)., pp. 1-27 in Zootaxa 921 on pages 14-18

Hypostomus macushi New Species (Fig. 1) Holotype: UG/CSBD 11047, Guyana, Rupununi (Region 9), 130.9 mm SL, Ireng River, 6.9 km WSW Karasabai, Takutu River - Negro River drainage, 04.01957��, -059.60170��, 1 November 2002, J.W. Armbruster, M.H. Sabaj, D.C. Werneke, C.L. Allison, M.R. Thomas, C.J. Chin, D. Arjoon, and L. Atkinson. Paratypes: All collections Guyana, Rupununi (Region 9), Takutu River - Negro River drainage: ANSP 180211, 2 specimens, 37.2-99.2, AUM 35553, 3, 36.2-114.9, MCP 35157, 1, 67.3, and UG/CSBD 11048, 1, 86.9, same data as holotype; ANSP 180212, 2, 58.2-77.3, AUM 35540, 3, 50.5-94.5, MCP 35157, 1, 80.1, and UG/CSBD 11049, 2, 42.7-71.3, Yuora River, tributary of the Ireng River, 6.7 km NE Karasabai, 04.05399��, - 059.45450��, 31 October 2002, J.W. Armbruster, M.H. Sabaj, C.L. Allison, M.R. Thomas, C.J. Chin, D. Arjoon, and L. Atkinson; ANSP 180213, 1, 38.9 and AUM 38884, 1, 34.4, Takutu River, 3.77 km SSW Lethem. 03.35500��, -059.83077��, 1 November 2003, J.W. Armbruster, M.H. Sabaj, M. Hardman, D. Arjoon, N.K. Lujan, and L.S. de Souza; and AUM 35544, 1, 34.4, Sauriwau River, 31.2 km NW village of Sand Creek, 03.11432��, - 059.77544��, 4 November 2002, J.W. Armbruster, M.H. Sabaj, D.C. Werneke, C.L. Allison, M.R. Thomas, C.J. Chin, and D. Arjoon; AUM 35548, 1, 34.8. Nontypes: All collections, Guyana, Essequibo River drainage: AUM 35510, 1, 141.5, Rupununi (Region 9), Simoni River, tributary of Rupununi River, 4 sites from 6.6 km SE to 3.2 km W Karanambo, 03.71917��, -059.26121��, 29 October 2002, J.W. Armbruster, M.H. Sabaj, C.L. Allison, M.R. Thomas, and R. Francis; AUM 35534, 1, 30.6, Rupununi (Region 9), Rupununi River, 4.6 km NW Massara, 03.92603��, -059.28037��, 26 October 2002, J.W. Armbruster, M.H. Sabaj, D.C. Werneke, C.L. Allison, M.R. Thomas, C.J. Chin, D. Arjoon, S.M. James, and S. Mario; AUM 35531, 3, 30.0-40.5, Rupununi (Region 9), Rupununi River at Karanambo, 03.75004��, -059.30835��, 29-30 October 2002, J.W. Armbruster, M.H. Sabaj, D.C. Werneke, C.L. Allison, M.R. Thomas, C.J. Chin, and D. Arjoon; and AUM 35548, 1, 34.8, Upper Demerara - Berbice (Region 10), Essequibo River at Kurukupari, east bank, 04.66149��, -058.67519��, 24 October 2002, J.W. Armbruster, M.H. Sabaj, D.C. Werneke, C.L. Allison, M.R. Thomas, C.J. Chin, D. Arjoon, and S.M. James. Diagnosis: Hypostomus macushi can be separated from all other Hypostomus except the species of the H. cochliodon group based on the presence of large, spoon-shaped teeth (vs. viliform teeth and loss of the buccal papilla; and from all members of the H. cochliodon group except H. cochliodon, H. ericae, H. ericius and H. paucipunctatus by the presence of very widely spaced black spots on a light background. Hypostomus macushi can be separated from H. cochliodon by lacking a longitudinal ridge on the pterotic-supracleithrum and a lack of longitudinal dark stripes; from H. ericius by lacking keels formed from sharp odontodes on the lateral plates; from H. ericae and H. paucipunctatus by lacking a buccal papilla; from H. ericae by having spots in the distal dorsal and caudal fins not combining(vs. spots combining to form wavy lines); and from H. paucipunctatus by having medium to large spots (vs. very small spots). Hypostomus macushi can additionally be separated from H. cochliodon, H. ericius, H. oculeus, H. pyrineusi, and H. sculpodon by having seven to eight adipose-caudal plates (vs. nine to 16); and from H. hemicochliodon, H. hondae, H. pagei, H. plecostomoides, H. sculpodon, H. simios and H. soniae by generally having no odontodes on the opercle (zero to 10), vs. having a patch of greater than 10 odontodes on the opercle. Description: Morphometric data given in Table 1. Fairly small for Hypostomus cochliodon group, largest 141.5 mm SL. Body shape deep at origin of the dorsal fin then narrowing posteriorly causing body to appear humped. Body depth increases from snout to tip of supraoccipital at steep angle, angle of body depth increase decreases from tip of supraoccipital to dorsal-fin spinelet. Rounded ridge present from anterodorsal corner of orbit to posterior margin of nares; ridge widest and tallest posteriorly. Longitudinal ridge formed of raised bone and slightly larger odontodes absent on pterotic-supracleithrum beginning at postdorsal corner of orbit. Nuptial body odontodes present. Cheek plates generally support several stout odontodes slightly larger than surrounding odontodes. Rounded ridge present from posterodorsal corner of eye to end of pterotic-supracleithrum. Space between orbits concave such that dorsal rim of orbit raised above medial surface of head. Nares separated by flap of skin held erect in life. Dorsal, supramedian, median, and inframedian plate rows complete from head to caudal fin, ventral plate row begins at insertion of pelvic fin and continues to caudal fin. Lateral plates with very short median keels formed from ridge of bone and enlarged odontodes; keel odontodes not sharp; keels of first three plates of supramedian plate row angled dorsally, confluent with keel of dorsal plate row; keels on first three plates of dorsal row forming angle from tip of supraoccipital to posterolateral corner of nuchal plate, not confluent with keel on dorsal plate row beginning on fourth plate. Base of caudal fin covered in elongate, roughly triangular plates. Entire ventral surface of head and body (including space above pectoral- and pelvic-fin rays) of most adults covered in small platelets, platelets often extending onto base of pectoral- and pelvic-fin rays ventrally; some adults with broad, naked areas around insertions of pelvic-fin spines. Zero to few small platelets present in skin between dorsal fin and lateral plates of adults. Platelets on abdomen and near fins increase in number with standard length. Head covered in small plates. Frontal, nasal, sphenotic, infraorbitals, pterotic-supracleithrum, suprapreopercle, and supraoccipital supporting odontodes. Opercle typically without odontodes, but one to 10 may be present in some individuals. Some odontodes present on posterior margin of preopercle. Platelets that cover anteroventral corner of opercle slightly separated from opercle allowing plates to be marginally everted (angle of eversion less than 30��). Dorsal fin moderately long, usually just barely reaching preadipose plate when depressed, consisting of small, V-shaped spinelet, fairly strong spine, and seven rays. Caudal fin forked, lower lobe longer than upper. Pectoral-fin spine strong, reaches posterior to pelvic-fin rays when depressed ventral to pelvic fin; cleithrum with exposed process dorsal to pectoral-fin rays that tapers posteriorly to point; pectoral fin inserted on same plane as pelvic fin such that spine, when depressed parallel with body, lies on top of and in contact with pelvic fin. Pelvic-fin spine thin, flexible, reaches origin of anal fin when depressed. Anal fin with relatively strong, unbranched first ray that supports odontodes. Adipose fin consisting of single median, unpaired preadipose plate and a stout, strong, pointed spine; adipose-fin membrane not reaching procurrent caudal-fin spines. Dorsal fin II7; pectoral fin I6; pelvic fin I5, anal fin I4, caudal fin I14I. Jaws strongly angled, dentaries forming angle of less than 80��. Teeth few (six to nine in dentary, mode eight, and five to eight in premaxilla, mode six), spoon-shaped. Lateral line plates 26-29; dorsal plates seven to eight; interdorsal plates six to seven; adipose-caudal plates seven to eight. Color light gray to tan when alive, becoming tan when preserved. Body covered with small- to medium-sized spots widely separated from one another, head spots just slightly smaller than body spots. Spots on all fins except anal fin generally larger than spots on body, centered on rays and spines; anal fin with one to two bands or mottled. Caudal fin generally with clear area at base and spots almost fading into a dark wash distally. Abdomen slightly lighter than sides, with fewer spots (spots absent on abdomen in juveniles. Spots relatively larger in juveniles. Juveniles with bands in the dorsal and paired fins, and caudal with a distal clear band that does not extend completely into the lower lobe, preceded by a dark band that extends to the tip of the lower lobe, preceded by a clear area. Juveniles with a dark bar at end of caudal peduncle. Range: Currently known from the middle and lower Rupununi River, the Essequibo River at Kurukupari, and the Takutu and Ireng Rivers (Negro River drainage) along the Guyana-Brazil border (Fig. 2). Ecology: Found among submerged, dead wood in modest to swift flow. The Macushi people collected the holotype and several of the paratypes collected with it by spearing them in fairly deep (2m) water in the Ireng River. Etymology: Named for the Macushi people of the northern Rupununi who provided us with a lot of help and hospitality on our journeys to Southern Guyana, and who collected most of the best specimens in the type series. Treated as a noun in apposition., Published as part of Jonathan W. Armbruster & Lesley S. de Souza, 2005, Hypostomus macushi, a new species of the Hypostomus cochliodon group (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from Guyana., pp. 1-12 in Zootaxa 920 on pages 3-6

Hypostomus punctatus: Brazil. Rio de Janeiro: - MZUSP 80305, 6, 40.3-109.6 mm SL; rio S��o Jo��o, on the road Boqueir��o to Japu��ba., Published as part of Osvaldo T. Oyakawa, Alberto Akama & Angela M. Zanata, 2005, Review of the genus Hypostomus Lac��p��de, 1803 from rio Ribeira de Iguape basin, with description of a new species (Pisces, Siluriformes, Loricariidae)., pp. 1-27 in Zootaxa 921 on page 26

Key to the species of Hypostomus from rio Ribeira de Iguape basin 1. Keels absent or poorly developed; anterior plates of mid-dorsal series longitudinally aligned with those of posterior portion of trunk, not interrupted by the first plate of dorsal series (Fig. 1A); caudal peduncle trapezoid in cross-section; 3 to 5 plates around supraoccipital (Fig. 2)............................................................ Hypostomus agna 1’. Keels well developed; anterior plates of mid-dorsal series not aligned with those of posterior portion of trunk, interrupted by the first plate of dorsal series (Fig. 1B); caudal peduncle ovoid in cross-section; 1 to 2 plates around supraoccipital.....................2 2. Plates on ventral surface of head absent in adults; spots on posterior half of body less conspicuous and more sparsely distributed than on anterior portion of body; spots on fins usually aligned, sometimes forming dark bands (Fig. 4).................. Hypostomus ancistroides 2’. Ventral region of head completely covered with dermal ossifications, except for small naked areas; pattern of distribution of spots on body and fins relatively uniform, never forming dark bands.......................................................................................................3 3. Presence of oblique inconspicuous dark bands on flanks; small spots over body and fins, smaller over head; dorsal fin comparatively smaller (dorsal-fin spine length 21.6 -28.4% SL) (Fig. 6)................................................................. Hypostomus interruptus 3’. Dark bands on flanks absent; well defined large, dark, and roundish spots somewhat homogeneously distributed over body and fins; relatively broad dorsal-fin (dorsal-fin spine length 27.6-34.3% SL) (Fig. 7).................................. Hypostomus tapijara, sp.n.

Hypostomus auroguttatus: Brazil. Minas Gerais: - MZUSP 66206, 1, 116.7 mm SL; rio Gl��ria, tributary of rio Muria��, Muria��. - MZUSP 66205, 2, 161.0 - 220.0 mm SL; rio Gl��ria, tributary of rio Muria��, Muria��. - MZUSP 66207, 2, 194.0-197.0 mm SL; rio Sua��u�� Grande, Pe��anha. - MZUSP 66208, 1, 204.0 mm SL; rio Sua��u�� Grande, S��o Pedro do Sua��u��. Rio de Janeiro: - MZUSP 66213, 1, 188.0 mm SL; rio Para��ba do Sul, Ilha dos Pombos, Carmo. - MZUSP 44512, 1, 79. 0 mm SL; rio Pirapitinga, first bridge on road from Capelinha to Mau��, Bairro da Capelinha, Resende. - MZUSP 45406, 1, 158.0 mm SL; rio Para��ba do Sul, S��o Fid��lis., Published as part of Osvaldo T. Oyakawa, Alberto Akama & Angela M. Zanata, 2005, Review of the genus Hypostomus Lac��p��de, 1803 from rio Ribeira de Iguape basin, with description of a new species (Pisces, Siluriformes, Loricariidae)., pp. 1-27 in Zootaxa 921 on page 25

Hypostomus tapijara sp. n. (Fig. 1B, 7, 8; Table 2) Plecostomus commeosoni (lapsus calami pro commersoni) Miranda-Ribeiro, 1907:188 [reference, distribution]. Plecostomus commersoni. Miranda-Ribeiro, 1908a:4 [reference, distribution]. Miranda-Ribeiro, 1908b: (unnum. pp) [reference, distribution]. Plecostomus commersonni (lapsus calami pro commersoni) Miranda-Ribeiro, 1918:710 [reference, distribution]. Holotype. Brazil. S��o Paulo: MZUSP 55204, 378.3 mm SL; rio Catas Altas, Ribeira; M. R. Santos & C. E. Esp��rito Santo, 14 October 1995. Paratypes. Brazil. S��o Paulo: - MZUSP 55205, 1, 264.2 mm SL; collected with the holotype. - MZUSP 38582, 3, 229.0-325.0 mm SL; rio Pardo, tributary of rio Turvo, ��gua do Padre district, Barra do Turvo; O. T. Oyakawa et al., 5-6 February 1987. - MZUSP 61728, 1, 47.3 mm SL; rio Batatal, tributary of rio Ribeira de Iguape, approx. 24�� 35' 26,3"S, 48�� 16' 23,9"W, Iporanga; Projeto Biota/Fapesp Ribeira, 12 May 2000. - MZUSP 52858, 1, 304.3 mm SL; rio Ribeira de Iguape, Iporanga; S. Buck et al., 20 October1998. - MZUSP 37544, 1, 160.8 mm; Canal do Valo Grande, Canan��ia; Cetesb, MayJuly1984. - MZUSP 24632, 3, 84.1-154.4 mm SL; rio Ribeira de Iguape, Registro; J. Mandelli Jr., 6 April 1978. - MZUSP 3655, 5, 105.4-124.5 mm SL; Iporanga; Vieira & Lima, 1944. - MZUSP 37589, 2, 130.7-163.1 mm SL; rio Ribeira de Iguape, Registro; J. Mandelli Jr., 17 October 1978. - MZUSP 45416, 2, 238.1-304.0 mm; rio Ribeira de Iguape, close to mouth of rio Pil��es and 8 km upstream of rio Batatal, Eldorado; M. Damato, 28 February 1993. - MZUSP 45200, 5, 18.8-40.3 mm SL; tributary of rio Ribeira de Iguape, 8km above rio Batatal, Eldorado; M. Damato, 05 March 1993. - MZUSP 45428, 1, 310.0 mm SL; rio Ribeira de Iguape, close to mouth of rio Pil��es and 8 km upstream of rio Batatal, Eldorado; M. Damato, 1 March 1993. - MZUSP 52857, 2, 284.6-262.2 mm SL; rio Ribeira de Iguape, close to mouth of rio Betari, Eldorado; S. Buck et al., 24 March 1994. - MZUSP 55216, 2, 197.7-239.1 mm SL; rio Pardo, Barra do Turvo; M. R. Santos & C. E. Esp��rito Santo, October 1995. - MZUSP 38652, 1, 24.1 mm SL; creek Pariqueramirim, tributary of rio Ribeira de Iguape, Pariquera-A����; Estagi��rios MZUSP, 29 March 1987. - ANSP 180330, 2, 240.0-333.0 mm SL; rio Pil��es, Iporanga; M. R. Santos & C. E. Esp��rito Santo, 19 January 1995. - MCP 35596, 3, 183.8-267.6 mm SL; rio Juqui��, Juqui��; M. R. Santos & C. E. Esp��rito Santo, 11 October 1995. - MNRJ 27503, 3, 220.0- 268.5 mm SL; rio Pil��es, Iporanga; M. R. Santos & C. E. Esp��rito Santo, 12 October 1995. Non-type material examined: Brazil. S��o Paulo: - MZUSP 55212, 1, 268.0 mm SL; rio Iporanga, Iporanga; M. R. Santos & M. Morato, 17 January 1995. - MZUSP 55213, 10, 148.0-321.0 mm SL; rio Catas Altas, Ribeira; M. R. Santos & M. Morato, 23 January 1995. - MZUSP 55477, 2, 175.2-274.5 mm SL; rio Pardo, Barra do Turvo; M. R. Santos & M. Morato, 25 January 1995. - MZUSP 42800, 4, 174.4-202.0 mm SL; rio Ribeira de Iguape, Ribeira; Expedi����o MZUSP, 8-27 March 1991. - MZUSP 40200, 1, 181.5 mm SL; rio Pardo, Barra do Turvo; SEMA/SUDELPA. - MZUSP 62887, 1, 250,0 mm SL, Rio Uma do Prelado, Esta����o Ecol��gica Jur��ia Itatins, Peru��be; Milena, 26 June, 2000. Diagnosis: Hypostomus tapijara is distinguished from its congeners inhabiting rio Ribeira de Iguape basin by the presence of well defined large, dark, and roundish spots somewhat homogeneously distributed over body and fins, and by its relative broad dorsal fin (interradial membranes wider than other eastern drainage Hypostomus species). In addition, it differs from H. agna by the presence of well-developed keels on lateral plates of body, mid-dorsal series of plates of pre-dorsal region of trunk not aligned to any series of plates posterior to this point, and caudal peduncle ovoid in cross-section. Hypostomus tapijara can be further distinguished from H. interruptus by the absence of dark bands on flanks. Finally, H. tapijara also differs from H. ancistroides by having the ventral region of head completely covered with dermal ossifications. Description: Standard length of examined specimens 18.8 to 378.3 mm SL. Counts and proportional measurements presented in Table 2. Dorsal profile slightly convex, raising abruptly upwards from snout tip to dorsal-fin origin, and gently descending from this point to the end of caudal peduncle. Caudal peduncle roughly oval in cross-section; slightly flattened on ventral portion. Dorsal plates between end of dorsal fin base and adipose fin spine flattened. One preadipose plate. Pre-dorsal region of trunk located between pterotic-supracleithrum and vertical through dorsal-fin origin covered by three horizontal series of plates that extends posteriorly to the caudal fin. Median series of plates bearing the lateral-line canal. Mid-dorsal series situated above and mid-ventral series situated below median series. Dorsal series of plates starting at dorsal-fin origin. Ventral series of plates starting above the insertion of the pelvic-fin. Mid-dorsal series of lateral plates of pre-dorsal region in medium or large specimens not aligned to posterior portion of this series; center of those plates relatively aligned or slightly ventral to dorsal border of plates of the posterior portion of mid-dorsal series, situated posterior to vertical through dorsal-fin origin (Fig. 1B). Specimens of 110.0 mm SL or smaller with mid-dorsal series of plates somewhat aligned throughout its extension. Covering of abdomen ontogenetically variable; completely naked in specimen around 47.0 mm SL; usually covered with minute platelets, leaving a small naked area just around the pelvic fin in larger specimens. Body with four well-developed keels along flanks, except for specimens under 90.0 mm SL that have no keels. Dorsal-most keel situated on dorsal series of plates. Keel on mid-dorsal series of plates interrupted, following the alignment of plates. Anterior portion of this keel somewhat continuous with ridge on pterotic-supracleithrum, crossing mid-dorsal series of plates of pre-dorsal region of trunk, becoming somewhat posterodorsally oriented and not aligned to keel on plates of the posterior portion of mid-dorsal series. Keel on median series of plates well developed along its entire length. Mid-ventral keel originating immediately posterior to cleithrum, more conspicuous on anterior half of trunk. Head triangular, somewhat pointed anteriorly, unless for specimens around 85.0 mm SL or smaller that have anterior profile of head distinctly rounded. Dorsal and ventral region of head completely covered with dermal ossifications, except for a small naked area on snout tip, which is reduced in the larger specimens. Outer face of upper lip covered with small platelets in specimens with 85.0 mm SL or larger. Ornamentation of pteroticsupracleithrum distinct from the remaining surface of head, with odontodes aligned and forming striae. Dorsal margin of orbit elevated, continuing in a low ridge on pterotic-supracleithrum. All examined specimens larger than 85.0 mm SL with a prominent ridge on supraoccipital, diverging in two separated ridges on predorsal plates. Usually one plate (only one specimen with two plates) bordering posterior margin of the supraoccipital bone. Space between orbits slightly convex. Eyes large. Mouth rounded. Anterior-most papillae of inner face of lower lip irregular in form, somewhat elongate, followed by rounded papillae decreasing in size posteriorly. Teeth long and bicuspid; medial cusp approximately twice in length of outer cusp and curved inward. Premaxillary teeth inserted in a relatively straight line; contralateral dentary row of teeth inserted in a relatively acute angle. Maxillary barbels relatively long, slightly shorter than eye diameter, and with papillae near the base of its inner margin. Dorsal-fin origin situated on vertical anterior to pelvic-fin origin, approximately at vertical through midlength of pectoral-fin spine. Dorsal fin relatively large; tips of adpressed last three rays reaching preadipose plate in smaller specimens and ending at third pair of plate before preadipose plate in the largest specimen examined. Margin of dorsal fin convex. Adipose-fin spine compressed, somewhat curved ventrally except in specimens of 47.0 mm SL that have this spine straight. Distal half of pectoral-fin spine of large specimens (around 200.0 mm SL) covered dorsally with well-developed odontodes, slightly curved forward. Tip of adpressed pectoral-fin positioned beyond origin of pelvic fin. Tip of adpressed pelvic-fin spine positioned beyond midlength of anal fin in juveniles and posterior to anal-fin origin in largest specimens examined. Basal lamina of first proximal radial of anal fin in small specimens covered by skin; uncovered in larger specimens. Caudal fin margin concave, lower spine longer than upper. Color in alcohol. Dorsal and lateral surface of body with light brown ground coloration. Ventral surface pale to yellowish. Black or dark-brown roundish spots scattered all over dorsal and lateral surface of body; smaller, close together, and somewhat more irregular in form over head. Spots organized in four horizontal lines on portion of body posterior to dorsal-fin end in most specimens examined (except juveniles); usually one spot in each plate of this region. Somewhat less conspicuous and brownish spots on abdomen, except by clear area from coracoid to posterior margin of lower lip; specimen around 47.0 mm SL without ventral spots. Ventral surface of caudal peduncle in the majority of specimens examined commonly with one central horizontal brown stripe continuing posteriorly from anal fin, bordered by clear areas. Overall ground coloration of all fins light brown, scattered with roundish black or dark-brown spots. Spots on fins slightly larger, darker, and more concentrated than those on body. Dorsal-fin interradial membranes sometimes with two parallel series of spots along ray extension, unless for specimens with 47.0-85.0 mm SL that have fewer spots on dorsal fin, arranged in oblique series. Spots on caudal fin uniformly distributed, not forming series or bands. Distribution and notes. Hypostomus tapijara is the largest loricariid living in Ribeira de Iguape river basin. The species occurs mostly in the channel of the largest rivers in the area, as exemplified by rivers Ribeira de Iguape, Catas Altas, Pardo, and Batatal (Fig. 8). Furthermore, H. tapijara is the only species of Hypostomus to occur in estuarine environment in Ribeira de Iguape basin, close to the area where Ribeira de Iguape river flows into the ocean, in Canan��ia, S��o Paulo. Examination of loricariids deposited at MZUSP revealed that H. tapijara also occurs at the rio Una do Prelado, a coastal river system inside Esta����o Ecol��gica da Jur��ia-Itatins, north of Ribeira de Iguape system. The area of occurrence of H. tapijara varies from 13 m of altitude in Canan��ia to 500 m in the locality of rio Catas Altas, Ribeira. Etymology. From tapijara, the common name of the species among the local people, and which means in Tupi language the one who is sedentary or ancient dweller. A noun in apposition., Published as part of Osvaldo T. Oyakawa, Alberto Akama & Angela M. Zanata, 2005, Review of the genus Hypostomus Lac��p��de, 1803 from rio Ribeira de Iguape basin, with description of a new species (Pisces, Siluriformes, Loricariidae)., pp. 1-27 in Zootaxa 921 on pages 19-23

[[Hypostomus taphorni]] In addition to Hypostomus macushi, H. taphorni was also collected in Guyana (Fig. 2). Interestingly, the only specimens of H. taphorni collected in the Takutu River drainage were collected in the Pirara River. The Pirara River is where the Rupununi River connects to the Takutu River during the rainy season (Lowe-McConnell 1964), and it is possible that H. taphorni has only recently invaded the Takutu River drainage. Specimens of Hypostomus taphorni examined from Guyana: AUM 35509 and AUM 35522, Rupununi (Region 9), Simoni River, tributary of Rupununi River, 4 sites from 6.6 km SE to 3.2 km W Karanambo, 03.71917��, -059.26121��; AUM 35527, Pirara River, Rupununi (Region 9), tributary to Ireng - Takutu Rivers, 3.5 km NNW Pirara, 03.64870��, - 059.68897��; AUM 35528, Rupununi (Region 9), Rupununi River at Karanambo, 03.75004��, -059.30835��; AUM 35533, Rupununi (Region 9), Rupununi River, 4.6 km NW Massara, 03.92603��, -059.28037��; AUM 35543, Rupununi (Region 9), Stream, tributary of Rupununi River, 10.3 km NW Karanambo, 03.80758��, -059.38490��; AUM 35547, Upper Demerara - Berbice (Region 10), Essequibo River at Kurukupari, east bank, 04.66149��, -058.67519��; AUM 35552, Rupununi (Region 9), Hassar Pond and outlet, tributary of Ireng River, 5.4 km SSE Massara, 03.84436��, -059.28584��; AUM 38095, Rupununi (Region 9), Madkauwau Creek, tributary of Kuyuwini - Essequibo Rivers, between Kuyuwini Landing and Parabara, 155 km SSE Lethem, 02.09672��, -059.24346��; AUM 38931, Rupununi (Region 9), Backwater and mainstem of Kuyuwini River, Essequibo River drainage, 19.5 km W mouth of Kuyuwini River. 02.24098��, -058.50093��; AUM 38975, Rupununi (Region 9), Araquai Creek, tributary of Rupununi River, 77.3 km SSE Lethem, 02.76261��, -059.4660��., Published as part of Jonathan W. Armbruster & Lesley S. de Souza, 2005, Hypostomus macushi, a new species of the Hypostomus cochliodon group (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from Guyana., pp. 1-12 in Zootaxa 920 on page 10

[[Hypostomus cochliodon group]] Phylogeny The phylogenetic analysis of the Hypostomus cochliodon group (Armbruster, 2003) was based on few characters, two of which were incorrectly labeled (Character 6 should have referred to the deflection of the preoperculo-hyomandibular crest and not the presence of a notch between the hyomandibula and metapterygoid; and Character 9 should have had State 0 as absent and State 1 as present; text is corrected below). These errors did not alter the phylogeny presented in Armbruster (2003), and the remainder of the text is correct on the distribution of these characters. Character 11 is added below for the presence or absence of a notch between the hyomandibula and metapterygoid. Armbruster (2003) stated that a notch was not present in H. hemicochliodon; and he suggested that it was a synapomorphy for wood specializing members of the H. cochliodon group. However, no specimens of H. sculpodon were available at that time for skeletal analysis. A specimen of H. sculpodon is now available for skeletal analysis (AUM 39476), and it does lack the notch between the metapterygoid and hyomandibula as in the wood-specializing species. Hypostomus sculpodon lacks the spoon-shaped teeth of wood-specializing species, suggesting that the notch was lost prior to the evolution of this group. Species recently described by Hollanda Carvalho and Weber (2004) were not available for analysis. Because of the problems with the character list of Armbruster (2003) and the addition of Character 11, the character list is updated below, and a new character state matrix is provided(Table 2). Character 1: Teeth -0: elongate; 1: intermediate throughout life; 2: spoon-shaped at least in adults. Character 2: Maxilla -0: straight to moderately curved; 1: greatly curved, almost forming right angle. Character 3: Odontodes on opercle -0: 11+; 1: 0-10. Character 4: Longitudinal ridge formed from bone and slightly enlarged odontodes on pterotic-supracleithrum -0: present; 1: absent. Character 5: Nuptial body odontodes -0: absent; 1: present. Character 6: Preoperculo-hyomandibular ridge deflected posterior to the main body of the hyomandibula -0: absent; 1: present. Character 7: Buccal papilla -0: present; 1: absent or extremely small. Character 8: Dentary angle -0: averaging greater than 90��; 1: averaging less than 80��. Character 9: Sharp keel odontodes -0: absent; 1: present. Character 10: Body shape deep and narrow with the head taller than wide -0: absent; 1: present. Character 11: Notch between the hyomandibula and metapterygoid -0: present; 1: absent. Phylogenetic analysis resulted in 12 trees of 14 steps, CI = 0.857 (Fig. 3). The additions of Hypostomus macushi and the skeletal characteristics of H. sculpodon collapsed nearly all of the clades reported in Armbruster (2003). The result is that the current evidence only supports the H. cochliodon group as monophyletic, the wood specializing species as monophyletic, and a sister group relationship of H. ericius and H. oculeus. Skeletal morphology is fairly conserved among the species of the H. cochliodon group, and additional types of characters (such as gene sequences) will be necessary to elucidate the relationships of the species., Published as part of Jonathan W. Armbruster & Lesley S. de Souza, 2005, Hypostomus macushi, a new species of the Hypostomus cochliodon group (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from Guyana., pp. 1-12 in Zootaxa 920 on pages 8-10

[[Genus Hypostomus Lac��p��de]] Discussion Four nominal species of Hypostomus are cited in the literature for rio Ribeira de Iguape basin: Hypostomus agna (Miranda-Ribeiro, 1907), Hypostomus commersonii Valenciennes, 1840, Hypostomus interruptus (Miranda-Ribeiro, 1918), and Hypostomus lacerta (Nichols, 1919). Hypostomus lacerta was recently transferred to the genus Kronichthys by Armbruster & Page (1997). Hypostomus commersonii was described for the La Plata river basin, Uruguay, and to rio S��o Francisco, Brazil. Subsequent authors registered the species in other Brazilian drainages (e.g., rio Para��ba do Sul (Steindachner, 1876; MirandaRibeiro, 1911, 1918), rio Paran�� (Miranda-Ribeiro, 1911), and rio Ribeira de Iguape (Miranda-Ribeiro, 1907, 1908a, b, 1918)), broadening the distribution of H. commersonii. Weber (1986), on the contrary, restricted the area of occurrence of H. commersonii to the La Plata river system and Mazzoni et al. (1994) corroborated the absence of this species in the rio Para��ba do Sul drainage. Similarly, we herein confirm the absence of H. commersonii in the Ribeira de Iguape river system. Our analysis revealed that the loricariids collected in the Ribeira do Iguape basin and previously identified in the literature as H. commersonii, have several distinctive features when compared to the La Plata river form. In fact, this material represents a new species and is described herein as H. tapijara, sp. n. Besides having a relatively distinct overall body form, H. tapijara can be also distinguished from H. commersonii on the basis of several characters including the presence of larger and more numerous dark spots distributed over body and fins, and absence of oblique inconspicuous bands over flanks. These two species can be further distinguished from each other by the relatively higher degree of development of ridges and keels in H. commersonii. As noted in the ���Introduction��� some authors provided regional revisions of the genus Hypostomus. From those revisions, only Mazzoni et al. (1994) examined species from eastern Brazilian basins, recognizing only two valid species for lower portion of rio Para��ba do Sul basin: Hypostomus affinis (Steindachner, 1877) and Hypostomus auroguttatus Kner, 1854, senior synonym of H. luetkeni (Steindachner, 1877) (see Weber, 2003:356). According to Mazzoni et al. (1994) both species are only in the rio Para��ba do Sul or northern Brazilian drainages. Furthermore, those species were not cited in the literature for the rio Ribeira de Iguape basin. Examination of specimens of H. affinis in the present study revealed some similarities in coloration with H. interruptus and H. tapijara. However, H. affinis have body comparatively more elongated than H. interruptus and also have larger and more conspicuous dark spots distributed over body and fins (compare Fig. 6 with fig. 2 of Mazzoni et al., 1994). Hypostomus affinis differs from H. tapijara by the absence of broad dorsal fin and absence of strongly developed keels characteristic of the later species (compare Fig. 7 with fig. 2 of Mazzoni et al, 1994). According to Bizerril (1994), there is another species from rio Para��ba do Sul basin, H. punctatus, which belongs to the H. commersoni group, and can be readily distinguished from H. tapijara by having smaller spots over body and fins, four dark brown inconspicuous oblique bands, absence of a broad dorsal fin and body not so elongated. In the case of Hypostomus auroguttatus, comparisons with species of Hypostomus from rio Ribeira de Iguape basin revealed several similarities with H. agna, mainly related to the body shape, alignment of series of plates in anterior and posterior portion of trunk, absence of keels, and coloration (compare Fig. 2 with fig. 3 of Mazzoni et al, 1994). Although H. agna is endemic to the rio Ribeira de Iguape system (Weber, 2003:355) and H. auroguttatus was never reported in the literature to occur in this river basin, the distinction between the two species based on the examination of the available material of both species is apparently problematic. In fact, taxonomic difficulties involving H. auroguttatus were previously emphasized by Weber (2003:364), under his comments of Hypostomus vermicularis (Eigenmann & Eigenmann). According to the author, H. vermicularis needs a revision, a task beyond the scope of this study. Considering the known geographic distribution of H. auroguttatus, the undoubted presence of H. agna in rio Ribeira de Iguape basin and the limited focus of the present study we defer to propose a synonymization of these two species and maintain H. agna as the species present in the rio Ribeira de Iguape basin. Thus the four species found to occur in rio Ribeira do Iguape basin includes those two previously cited in the literature and confirmed to be present in this study, recognized as H. agna and H. interruptus, one species recorded for the first time in this system that is Hypostomus ancistroides, and the new species H. tapijara., Published as part of Osvaldo T. Oyakawa, Alberto Akama & Angela M. Zanata, 2005, Review of the genus Hypostomus Lac��p��de, 1803 from rio Ribeira de Iguape basin, with description of a new species (Pisces, Siluriformes, Loricariidae)., pp. 1-27 in Zootaxa 921 on pages 23-25

Key to the species of Hypostomus from rio Ribeira de Iguape basin 1. Keels absent or poorly developed; anterior plates of mid-dorsal series longitudinally aligned with those of posterior portion of trunk, not interrupted by the first plate of dorsal series (Fig. 1A); caudal peduncle trapezoid in cross-section; 3 to 5 plates around supraoccipital (Fig. 2)............................................................ Hypostomus agna 1���. Keels well developed; anterior plates of mid-dorsal series not aligned with those of posterior portion of trunk, interrupted by the first plate of dorsal series (Fig. 1B); caudal peduncle ovoid in cross-section; 1 to 2 plates around supraoccipital.....................2 2. Plates on ventral surface of head absent in adults; spots on posterior half of body less conspicuous and more sparsely distributed than on anterior portion of body; spots on fins usually aligned, sometimes forming dark bands (Fig. 4).................. Hypostomus ancistroides 2���. Ventral region of head completely covered with dermal ossifications, except for small naked areas; pattern of distribution of spots on body and fins relatively uniform, never forming dark bands.......................................................................................................3 3. Presence of oblique inconspicuous dark bands on flanks; small spots over body and fins, smaller over head; dorsal fin comparatively smaller (dorsal-fin spine length 21.6 -28.4% SL) (Fig. 6)................................................................. Hypostomus interruptus 3���. Dark bands on flanks absent; well defined large, dark, and roundish spots somewhat homogeneously distributed over body and fins; relatively broad dorsal-fin (dorsal-fin spine length 27.6-34.3% SL) (Fig. 7).................................. Hypostomus tapijara, sp.n., Published as part of Osvaldo T. Oyakawa, Alberto Akama & Angela M. Zanata, 2005, Review of the genus Hypostomus Lac��p��de, 1803 from rio Ribeira de Iguape basin, with description of a new species (Pisces, Siluriformes, Loricariidae)., pp. 1-27 in Zootaxa 921 on page 4

Hypostomus macushi New Species (Fig. 1) Holotype: UG/CSBD 11047, Guyana, Rupununi (Region 9), 130.9 mm SL, Ireng River, 6.9 km WSW Karasabai, Takutu River - Negro River drainage, 04.01957°, -059.60170°, 1 November 2002, J.W. Armbruster, M.H. Sabaj, D.C. Werneke, C.L. Allison, M.R. Thomas, C.J. Chin, D. Arjoon, and L. Atkinson. Paratypes: All collections Guyana, Rupununi (Region 9), Takutu River - Negro River drainage: ANSP 180211, 2 specimens, 37.2-99.2, AUM 35553, 3, 36.2-114.9, MCP 35157, 1, 67.3, and UG/CSBD 11048, 1, 86.9, same data as holotype; ANSP 180212, 2, 58.2-77.3, AUM 35540, 3, 50.5-94.5, MCP 35157, 1, 80.1, and UG/CSBD 11049, 2, 42.7-71.3, Yuora River, tributary of the Ireng River, 6.7 km NE Karasabai, 04.05399°, - 059.45450°, 31 October 2002, J.W. Armbruster, M.H. Sabaj, C.L. Allison, M.R. Thomas, C.J. Chin, D. Arjoon, and L. Atkinson; ANSP 180213, 1, 38.9 and AUM 38884, 1, 34.4, Takutu River, 3.77 km SSW Lethem. 03.35500°, -059.83077°, 1 November 2003, J.W. Armbruster, M.H. Sabaj, M. Hardman, D. Arjoon, N.K. Lujan, and L.S. de Souza; and AUM 35544, 1, 34.4, Sauriwau River, 31.2 km NW village of Sand Creek, 03.11432°, - 059.77544°, 4 November 2002, J.W. Armbruster, M.H. Sabaj, D.C. Werneke, C.L. Allison, M.R. Thomas, C.J. Chin, and D. Arjoon; AUM 35548, 1, 34.8. Nontypes: All collections, Guyana, Essequibo River drainage: AUM 35510, 1, 141.5, Rupununi (Region 9), Simoni River, tributary of Rupununi River, 4 sites from 6.6 km SE to 3.2 km W Karanambo, 03.71917°, -059.26121°, 29 October 2002, J.W. Armbruster, M.H. Sabaj, C.L. Allison, M.R. Thomas, and R. Francis; AUM 35534, 1, 30.6, Rupununi (Region 9), Rupununi River, 4.6 km NW Massara, 03.92603°, -059.28037°, 26 October 2002, J.W. Armbruster, M.H. Sabaj, D.C. Werneke, C.L. Allison, M.R. Thomas, C.J. Chin, D. Arjoon, S.M. James, and S. Mario; AUM 35531, 3, 30.0-40.5, Rupununi (Region 9), Rupununi River at Karanambo, 03.75004°, -059.30835°, 29-30 October 2002, J.W. Armbruster, M.H. Sabaj, D.C. Werneke, C.L. Allison, M.R. Thomas, C.J. Chin, and D. Arjoon; and AUM 35548, 1, 34.8, Upper Demerara - Berbice (Region 10), Essequibo River at Kurukupari, east bank, 04.66149°, -058.67519°, 24 October 2002, J.W. Armbruster, M.H. Sabaj, D.C. Werneke, C.L. Allison, M.R. Thomas, C.J. Chin, D. Arjoon, and S.M. James. Diagnosis: Hypostomus macushi can be separated from all other Hypostomus except the species of the H. cochliodon group based on the presence of large, spoon-shaped teeth (vs. viliform teeth and loss of the buccal papilla; and from all members of the H. cochliodon group except H. cochliodon, H. ericae, H. ericius and H. paucipunctatus by the presence of very widely spaced black spots on a light background. Hypostomus macushi can be separated from H. cochliodon by lacking a longitudinal ridge on the pterotic-supracleithrum and a lack of longitudinal dark stripes; from H. ericius by lacking keels formed from sharp odontodes on the lateral plates; from H. ericae and H. paucipunctatus by lacking a buccal papilla; from H. ericae by having spots in the distal dorsal and caudal fins not combining(vs. spots combining to form wavy lines); and from H. paucipunctatus by having medium to large spots (vs. very small spots). Hypostomus macushi can additionally be separated from H. cochliodon, H. ericius, H. oculeus, H. pyrineusi, and H. sculpodon by having seven to eight adipose-caudal plates (vs. nine to 16); and from H. hemicochliodon, H. hondae, H. pagei, H. plecostomoides, H. sculpodon, H. simios and H. soniae by generally having no odontodes on the opercle (zero to 10), vs. having a patch of greater than 10 odontodes on the opercle. Description: Morphometric data given in Table 1. Fairly small for Hypostomus cochliodon group, largest 141.5 mm SL. Body shape deep at origin of the dorsal fin then narrowing posteriorly causing body to appear humped. Body depth increases from snout to tip of supraoccipital at steep angle, angle of body depth increase decreases from tip of supraoccipital to dorsal-fin spinelet. Rounded ridge present from anterodorsal corner of orbit to posterior margin of nares; ridge widest and tallest posteriorly. Longitudinal ridge formed of raised bone and slightly larger odontodes absent on pterotic-supracleithrum beginning at postdorsal corner of orbit. Nuptial body odontodes present. Cheek plates generally support several stout odontodes slightly larger than surrounding odontodes. Rounded ridge present from posterodorsal corner of eye to end of pterotic-supracleithrum. Space between orbits concave such that dorsal rim of orbit raised above medial surface of head. Nares separated by flap of skin held erect in life. Dorsal, supramedian, median, and inframedian plate rows complete from head to caudal fin, ventral plate row begins at insertion of pelvic fin and continues to caudal fin. Lateral plates with very short median keels formed from ridge of bone and enlarged odontodes; keel odontodes not sharp; keels of first three plates of supramedian plate row angled dorsally, confluent with keel of dorsal plate row; keels on first three plates of dorsal row forming angle from tip of supraoccipital to posterolateral corner of nuchal plate, not confluent with keel on dorsal plate row beginning on fourth plate. Base of caudal fin covered in elongate, roughly triangular plates. Entire ventral surface of head and body (including space above pectoral- and pelvic-fin rays) of most adults covered in small platelets, platelets often extending onto base of pectoral- and pelvic-fin rays ventrally; some adults with broad, naked areas around insertions of pelvic-fin spines. Zero to few small platelets present in skin between dorsal fin and lateral plates of adults. Platelets on abdomen and near fins increase in number with standard length. Head covered in small plates. Frontal, nasal, sphenotic, infraorbitals, pterotic-supracleithrum, suprapreopercle, and supraoccipital supporting odontodes. Opercle typically without odontodes, but one to 10 may be present in some individuals. Some odontodes present on posterior margin of preopercle. Platelets that cover anteroventral corner of opercle slightly separated from opercle allowing plates to be marginally everted (angle of eversion less than 30°). Dorsal fin moderately long, usually just barely reaching preadipose plate when depressed, consisting of small, V-shaped spinelet, fairly strong spine, and seven rays. Caudal fin forked, lower lobe longer than upper. Pectoral-fin spine strong, reaches posterior to pelvic-fin rays when depressed ventral to pelvic fin; cleithrum with exposed process dorsal to pectoral-fin rays that tapers posteriorly to point; pectoral fin inserted on same plane as pelvic fin such that spine, when depressed parallel with body, lies on top of and in contact with pelvic fin. Pelvic-fin spine thin, flexible, reaches origin of anal fin when depressed. Anal fin with relatively strong, unbranched first ray that supports odontodes. Adipose fin consisting of single median, unpaired preadipose plate and a stout, strong, pointed spine; adipose-fin membrane not reaching procurrent caudal-fin spines. Dorsal fin II7; pectoral fin I6; pelvic fin I5, anal fin I4, caudal fin I14I. Jaws strongly angled, dentaries forming angle of less than 80°. Teeth few (six to nine in dentary, mode eight, and five to eight in premaxilla, mode six), spoon-shaped. Lateral line plates 26-29; dorsal plates seven to eight; interdorsal plates six to seven; adipose-caudal plates seven to eight. Color light gray to tan when alive, becoming tan when preserved. Body covered with small- to medium-sized spots widely separated from one another, head spots just slightly smaller than body spots. Spots on all fins except anal fin generally larger than spots on body, centered on rays and spines; anal fin with one to two bands or mottled. Caudal fin generally with clear area at base and spots almost fading into a dark wash distally. Abdomen slightly lighter than sides, with fewer spots (spots absent on abdomen in juveniles. Spots relatively larger in juveniles. Juveniles with bands in the dorsal and paired fins, and caudal with a distal clear band that does not extend completely into the lower lobe, preceded by a dark band that extends to the tip of the lower lobe, preceded by a clear area. Juveniles with a dark bar at end of caudal peduncle. Range: Currently known from the middle and lower Rupununi River, the Essequibo River at Kurukupari, and the Takutu and Ireng Rivers (Negro River drainage) along the Guyana-Brazil border (Fig. 2). Ecology: Found among submerged, dead wood in modest to swift flow. The Macushi people collected the holotype and several of the paratypes collected with it by spearing them in fairly deep (2m) water in the Ireng River. Etymology: Named for the Macushi people of the northern Rupununi who provided us with a lot of help and hospitality on our journeys to Southern Guyana, and who collected most of the best specimens in the type series. Treated as a noun in apposition.

The diagnosis of Phanerothecium Kritsky & Thatcher, 1977 is amended, and Phanerothecioides n. g., Onychogyrodactylus n. g. and Aglaiogyrodactylus n. g., all comprised of oviparous gyrodactylids (Monogenoidea: Polyonchoinea), are proposed to accommodate 11 of the 15 species (14 new to science) herein described and/or reported from loricariid and pimelodid catfishes (Teleostei: Siluriformes) in Brazil: Phanerothecium harrisi Kritsky & Boeger, 1991, P. spinatoides n. sp. and P. deiropedeum n. sp. all from Hypostomus spp.; P. spinulatum n. sp. from Hypostomus cf. regani; Phanerothecioides agostinhoi n. g., n. sp. (type-species) from Hypostomus spp. and Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum; Onychogyrodactylus sudis n. g., n. sp. (type-species) and O. hydaticus n. sp. both from Ancistrus multispinus; Aglaiogyrodactylus forficulatus n. g., n. sp. (type-species) from Kronichthys lacerta; A. pedunculatus n. sp. from Hisonotus sp.; A. guttus n. sp. from Pseudotothyris obtusa; A. salebrosus n. sp., A. conei n. sp. and A. ctenistus n. sp. all from Pareiorhaphis parmula; and A. calamus n. sp. and A. forficuloides n. sp. both from Schizolecis guntheri. Phanerothecioides n. g. is characterised by oviparous forms lacking superficial and deep haptoral bars and pregermarial vitelline follicles, and by having a conspicuous testis in adult specimens, a syncytial prostatic gland, a reduced copulatory sac and vitelline ducts in the form of an inverted ‘U’. Onychogyrodactylus n. g. is differentiated from all other oviparous gyrodactylid genera by its members having a spine-like accessory sclerite enclosed in a separate pouch associated with the terminal male genitalia. Species of Aglaiogyrodactylus n. g. possess H-shaped vitelline ducts and a complex accessory piece and sclerotised or non-sclerotised male copulatory organ enclosed within the copulatory sac.

Hypostomus strigaticeps and two morphotypes of Hypostomus were collected from Ribeirao Maringa, a small tributary of the Rio Pirapo, an effluent of the upper Rio Parana. The three populations were analyzed by allozyme electrophoresis that allowed the scoring of 25 loci from 14 enzyme systems. Heterozygosity values (He) were 0.028 in H. strigaticeps, 0.027 in Hypostomus sp. 1 and zero in Hypostomus sp. 2. Several diagnostic loci and fixed differences were observed for each population at loci Acp-A, Gcdh-A and Mdhp-A. Thus, all populations were genetically distinct, although there were many common alleles. The unbiased genetic identities of Nei (I) were estimated as 0.780 for Hypostomus sp. 1 and H. strigaticeps, 0.357 for H. strigaticeps and Hypostomus sp. 2 and 0.322 for Hypostomus sp. 1 and Hypostomus sp. 2. The data indicate that the two morphotypes are distinct species from Hypostomus strigaticeps.

Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-27T11:21:23Z No. of bitstreams: 0Bitstream added on 2014-05-27T14:39:56Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 2-s2.0-33645722030.pdf: 126590 bytes, checksum: 460c4b111c394b19549f76184de4ce57 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-27T11:21:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2005-07-01 We studied feeding habits of four fish species in two watershed at APA - Área de Proteção Ambiental (Area of Environmental Protection) in São Pedro and Analândia, State of São Paulo, southeastern Brazil. Feeding Preference Degree (FPD) was used to demonstrate the importance of each food item for the species of both basins. Feeding habits of both species of lambari was variable. The allochtonous items such as insects, autochtonous items, and vegetal material were very important, characterizing omnivory. The bagre (Rhamdia quelen) fed mainly on insects at the Jacaré-pepira Basin and also on fishes at the Corumbataí basin. The cascudo Hypostomus strigaticeps ingested autochtonous vegetal material and sediments at both basins. Departamento de Zoologia Institute de Biociências Uníversidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Av. 24-A, 13506-900, Rio Claro, Sao Paulo Departamento de Zoologia Institute de Biociências Uníversidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Av. 24-A, 13506-900, Rio Claro, Sao Paulo

This work describes the relative condition factor of the Hypostomus strigaticeps, Astyanax altiparanae, Astyanax scabripinnis, Astyanax fasciatus, Astyanax sp1., Characidium aff. zebra, Piabina argentea, Hypostomus ancistroides, Hypostomus sp1., Parodon tortuosus, Serrapinus heterodon, and Bryconamericus sp., of the APA of Sao Pedro and Analândia (22° - 23°S and 47°30’ - 48°30’W). The condition factor provides information about the physical state of the animal in the environment. In order to compare different species, the relative condition factor was used. Variations in this factor were correlated with variations through the year and with subsequent alterations in the physiological state of the fishes. The relative condition factor was shown to be efficient in indicating changes in fish condition throughout the year

We studied feeding habits of four fish species in two watershed at APA - Area de Protecao Ambiental (Area of Environmental Protection) in Sao Pedro and Analândia, State of Sao Paulo, southeastern Brazil. Feeding Preference Degree (FPD) was used to demonstrate the importance of each food item for the species of both basins. Feeding habits of both species of “lambari” was variable. The allochtonous items such as insects, autochtonous items, and vegetal material were very important, characterizing omnivory. The “bagre” ( Rhamdia quelen ) fed mainly on insects at the Jacare-pepira Basin and also on fishes at the Corumbatai basin. The “cascudo” Hypostomus strigaticeps ingested autochtonous vegetal material and sediments at both basins

Submitted by Guilherme Lemeszenski (guilherme@nead.unesp.br) on 2013-08-22T18:42:42Z No. of bitstreams: 1 S1676-06032005000300012.pdf: 210835 bytes, checksum: 9bd4235360e031354f30fd1c6e112ae7 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-22T18:42:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 S1676-06032005000300012.pdf: 210835 bytes, checksum: 9bd4235360e031354f30fd1c6e112ae7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-01-01 Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T19:30:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S1676-06032005000300012.pdf: 210835 bytes, checksum: 9bd4235360e031354f30fd1c6e112ae7 (MD5) S1676-06032005000300012.pdf.txt: 28689 bytes, checksum: a37debe334a8127c05319b8e311dd91a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-01-01 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T15:08:17Z No. of bitstreams: 2 S1676-06032005000300012.pdf: 210835 bytes, checksum: 9bd4235360e031354f30fd1c6e112ae7 (MD5) S1676-06032005000300012.pdf.txt: 28689 bytes, checksum: a37debe334a8127c05319b8e311dd91a (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T15:08:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S1676-06032005000300012.pdf: 210835 bytes, checksum: 9bd4235360e031354f30fd1c6e112ae7 (MD5) S1676-06032005000300012.pdf.txt: 28689 bytes, checksum: a37debe334a8127c05319b8e311dd91a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-01-01 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Neste estudo investigamos o uso do hábitat dos cascudos Hypostomus ancistroides e Hypostomus sp. em 21 riachos localizados em uma paisagem dominada por pastagens no sistema do Alto Rio Paraná no Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. A abundância de Hypostomus sp. foi positivamente correlacionada com a extensão de corredeiras e condição da vegetação ripária enquanto que a abundância de H. ancistroides foi negativamente correlacionada com a condição da vegetação ripária. Treze atributos ecomorfológicos, processados em uma análise de componentes principais, mostraram que quando comparada com H. ancistroides, Hypostomus sp. possui abertura bucal mais ampla e corpo mais achatado, sugerindo uma forma de corpo adaptada a ambientes correntosos. Populações mais abundantes de Hypostomus sp. estiveram predominantemente associadas a riachos com boa disponibilidade de corredeiras e boa qualidade ripária, sugerindo que atributos populacionais dessa espécie possam ser posteriormente incorporados à avaliação da integridade biótica dos riachos de nossa região. In this study, habitat use of the armored catfishes Hypostomus ancistroides and Hypostomus sp. was investigated in 21 streams from the Upper Rio Paraná system in São Paulo State, Brazil, a pasture dominated region. The abundance of Hypostomus sp. was positively correlated with the amount of riffles and riparian vegetation condition, whereas H. ancistroides abundance was negatively correlated with riparian vegetation condition. Thirteen ecomorphological attributes analyzed by principal component analysis showed that when compared to H. ancistroides, Hypostomus sp. presented a wider mouth and more flattened body, suggesting an adapted body to faster waters. The most abundant populations of Hypostomus sp. were predominantly associated with good riffle availability and good riparian quality, suggesting that populational features of this species may be incorporated in the stream biotic integrity assessment in that region. Universidade Estadual Paulista Departamento de Zoologia e Botânica Laboratório de Ictiologia Universidade Estadual Paulista Departamento de Zoologia e Botânica Laboratório de Ictiologia

Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-27T11:21:15Z No. of bitstreams: 0Bitstream added on 2014-05-27T14:38:31Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 2-s2.0-26844433904.pdf: 225127 bytes, checksum: cec79242b4f205a4003954fc39970950 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-27T11:21:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2005-01-01 This work describes the relative condition factor of the Hypostomus strigaticeps, Astyanax altiparanae, Astyanax scabripinnis, Astyanax fasciatus, Astyanax sp1., Characidium aff. zebra, Piabina argentea, Hypostomus ancistroides, Hypostomus sp1., Parodon tortuosus, Serrapinus heterodon, and Bryconamericus sp., of the APA of São Pedro and Analândia (22°-23°S and 47°30'-48°30'W). The condition factor provides information about the physical state of the animal in the environment. In order to compare different species, the relative condition factor was used. Variations in this factor were correlated with variations through the year and with subsequent alterations in the physiological state of the fishes. The relative condition factor was shown to be efficient in indicating changes in fish condition throughout the year. Departamento de Zoologia Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Av. 24-A, n. 1515, 13506-900 Rio Claro, São Paulo Departamento de Zoologia Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Av. 24-A, n. 1515, 13506-900 Rio Claro, São Paulo

Pseudancistrus Bleeker 1862 Figs. 1���2 Type Species: Hypostomus barbatus Valenciennes 1840 Synonyms: Lithoxancistrus Isbr��cker, Nijssen, and Cala 1988 Guyanancistrus Isbr��cker 2001 Includes: P. barbatus (Valenciennes 1840) P. brevispinis (Heitmans, Nijssen, and Isbr��cker 1983) P. coquenani (Steindachner 1915) P. depressus (G��nther 1868) P. genisetiger Fowler 1941 P. guentheri (Regan 1904) P. guttatus (Valenciennes 1840), synonym of P. barbatus (see Fisch��Muller 2003) P. longispinis (Heitmans, Nijssen, and Isbr��cker 1983) P. niger (Norman 1926) P. nigrescens Eigenmann 1912 P. orinoco (Isbr��cker, Nijssen and Cala 1988) P. papariae Fowler 1941 P. schomburgkii (G��nther 1864) P. s i d e re u s new species Diagnosis: Pseudancistrus is not diagnosed by any unique characteristics. Characteristics considered as synapomorphies for Pseudancistrus from Armbruster (2004) are: no suture between pterotic��supracleithrum and hyomandibula (34 ��0, reversal), no contact of the hyomandibula with the prootic (35 �� 1), straight, spoon��shaped anterior process of metapterygoid (58 �� 1), nasal bone not much wider than laterosensory canal running through it (105 �� 0), sphenotic not contacting posteriormost infraorbital externally (117 �� 1), and a short ventral ridge on the pelvic basipterygium (172 �� 1, lost in some species). Pseudancistrus can be separated from the Corymbophanini and the Hypostomini by having hypertrophied odontodes on the cheek; from most of the Rhinelepini by having an adipose fin and a dorsal flap of the iris and from Pogonopoma wertheimeri by having few or no plates on the abdomen (vs. abdomen fully plated); and from the Pterygoplichthini by lacking an enlarged, respiratory stomach and by lacking or nearly lacking plates on the abdomen (vs. abdomen fully plated in adults), and from Pterygoplichthys by having seven dorsal��fin rays (vs. nine or more). Within the Ancistrini, Pseudancistrus can be separated from Ancistrus, Dekeyseria, Exastilithoxus, Hopliancistrus, Lasiancistrus, most Lithoxus, Neblinichthys, and Pseudolithoxus by having 4���5 plate rows on the caudal peduncle (vs. 3); from Baryancistrus, Spectracanthicus, and Parancistrus by not having a membranous connection of the posterior end of the dorsal fin with the adipose fin; from some Hemiancistrus, Hypancistrus, Panaque, and Peckoltia by having 10 + odontodes on the opercle (vs. usually 0, but up to 10, odontodes); from Acanthicus, Leporacanthicus, Megalancistrus, and Pseudacanthicus by lacking hypertrophied keel odontodes on the lateral plates; from Ancistrus and Chaetostoma by having plates on the edge of the snout; and from Chaetostoma, Cordylancistrus, Dolichancistrus, and Leptoancistrus by having the spinelet and the nuchal plate of the dorsal fin supporting odontodes (vs. skin covering the spinelet and nuchal plate in all but adult male Dolichancistrus). Pseudancistrus can be separated from the Neopleostominae, Hemipsilichthys, and most of the Hypoptopomatinae by having a V ��shaped dorsal��fin spinelet (vs. dorsal��fin spinelet rectangular or absent); from all of the Hyopotopomatinae by lacking odontodes on the ventral surface of the pectoral girdle; from the Loricariinae by having four or five rows of plates on the caudal peduncle (vs. three) and by having an adipose fin; and from Delturus and Hemipsilichthys (a new subfamily; Armbruster 2004) by having a single (rarely two) median, preadipose plates (vs. three or more). Description: Member of subfamily Hypostominae, tribe Ancistrini as diagnosed by Armbruster (2004). Small to large loricariids. Ventral surface from anus to head largely naked in adults. Lateral plates unkeeled except ventral plate bent to form keel��like ridge on caudal peduncle, inframedian plate row bent from pectoral��spine insertion to above pelvic fin forming ridge, and dorsal plate row bent, forming ridge from insertion of dorsal��fin spine to posterior end of adipose��fin spine (ridges on either side converging at posterior end of adipose��fin spine). Cheek plates with numerous hypertrophied odontodes, longest odontode reaching almost to posterior edge of cleithral process; cheek odontodes and supporting plates evertible at an angle greater than 75 �� from head primitively although advanced species may not have evertible cheek plates, 15���60 evertible cheek odontodes. Frontal, infraorbitals, nasal, opercle, preopercle (in some species), pterotic��supracleithrum, and suprapreopercle supporting odontodes. Caudal fin emarginate to forked, lower lobe longer than upper. Lower surface flat. Head moderate in length with horizontal distance between anterior of eye and tip of snout long. Head dorsoventrally flattened. Body depth increasing slowly, in broad arc from tip of snout to insertion of dorsal fin. Body depth decreases very little to dorsal procurrent caudal��fin spines; body depth increases slightly from posterior adipose��fin insertion to insertion of upper caudal��fin spine. Dorsal surface of head between eyes moderately concave. Supraoccipital crest not raised, posterior edge of supraoccipital rounded. Eye large (Table 1) with well��developed dorsal flap of iris. Gill opening restricted. Dorsal��fin spine short (table 1); dorsal fin reaching posterior edge of preadipose plate when depressed in all species except Pseudancistrus sidereus where the dorsal fin does not reach preadipose plate. Depressed pectoral��fin spine reaching beyond base of pelvic��fin rays; depressed pelvic��fin spine typically reaching anterior insertion of anal fin (sometimes slightly beyond). Dorsal fin II 7, caudal fin I 14 I, anal fin I 4���5, pectoral fin I 6, pelvic fin I 5. Lips papillose, forming oval disk about as wide as head. Maxillary barbel short, thin, and pointed. Buccal papilla short, narrow. Teeth long, thin with pointed cusps, lateral cusp about half length of medial cusp, 45���89 dentary teeth, 38���94 premaxillary teeth. Color: Generally dark gray, lighter on abdomen. Some species with light spots or blotches on the sides. Some species with the body mottled gray or brown. Fins generally colored as sides, but some species with bands in the caudal fin, or with orange to red edging on the dorsal and/or caudal fins. Sexual Dimorphism: Most species with hypertrophied odontodes along the snout in both males and females, but males generally with longer snout odontodes. Pseudancistrus sidereus may have hypertrophied odontodes on the lateral plates (see description below). Some specimens with hypertrophied odontodes on tip of pectoral spine, but it is unknown if these are dimorphic. Ecology: Found in swift flow among gravel, cobble, and boulders. Range: Found around the Guyana Shield in the Guyanas, Venezuela, and Brazil. Also found in northeastern Brazil in the Rio Jaguaribe and Rio Grande do Norte., Published as part of Armbruster, Jonathan W., 2004, Pseudancistrus sidereus, a new species from southern Venezuela (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) with a redescription of Pseudancistrus, pp. 1-15 in Zootaxa 628 on pages 5-8, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.158521, {"references":["Bleeker, P. (1862) Atlas ichthyologique des Indes Orientales Neerlandaises, publie sous les auspices du Gouvernement colonial neerlandais. Tome II. Siluroides, Chacoides et Heterobranchoides. Amsterdam. Atlas Ichthyologique des Indes Orientales Nederlandaises 2, 1 - 112, Pls. 49 - 101.","Isbrucker, I. J. H., Nijssen, H., & Cala, P. (1988) Lithoxancistrus orinoco, nouveau genre et espece de poisson-chat cuirasse du Rio Orinoco en Colombie (Pisces, Siluriformes, Loricariidae). Revue francaise d'Aquariologie Herpetologie, 15, 13 - 16.","Heitmans, W. R. B., Nijssen, H. & Isbrucker, I. J. H. (1983) The mailed catfish genus Lasiancistrus Regan 1904, from French Guiana and Surinam, with descriptions of two new species (Pisces, Siluriformes, Loricariidae). Bijdragen Tot De Dierkunde, 53, 33 - 48.","Fisch-Muller, S. (2003) Subfamily Ancistrinae. In: Reis, R. E., Kullander, S. O. & Ferraris, C. J. Jr. (ED) Check List of the Freshwater Fishes of South and Central America, EDIPUCRS, Porto Alegre, 373 - 400.","Gunther, A. (1864) Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum. Catalogue of the Physostomi, containing the families Siluridae, Characinidae, Haplochitonidae, Sternoptychidae, Scopelidae, Stomiatidae in the collection of the British Museum. Catalogue of Fishes, 5, i - xxii + 1 - 455.","Armbruster, J. W. (2004) Phylogenetic relationships of the suckermouth armored catfishes (Loricariidae) with emphasis on the Hypostominae and the Ancistrinae. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 141, 1 - 80."]}

Pseudancistrus sidereus is described from two collections of specimens from Amazonas, Venezuela. Pseudancistrus sidereus differs from all other members of Pseudancistrus based on the presence of a unique keel on the caudal peduncle formed from the concave dorsal sections of the plates in the ventral series, light spots on the body (these may be yellow in life) centered on the body plates and the absence of the characteristics of the more derived members of Pseudancistrus such as hypertrophied odontodes along the snout in males and females and the loss of evertibility of the cheek plates. Pseudancistrus includes Lithoxancistrus and Guyanancistrus and is diagnosed by the following synapomorphies: no suture between pterotic-supracleithrum and hyomandibula, no contact of the hyomandibula with the prootic, straight, spoon-shaped anterior process of metapterygoid, nasal bone not much wider than laterosensory canal running through it, sphenotic not contacting posteriormost infraorbital externally, and a short ventral ridge on the pelvic basipterygium (lost in some species). Two species formerly assigned to Guyanancistrus are placed in different genera. Hypostomus guacharote is placed in Lasiancistrus and Chaetostomus trinitatis is placed in Ancistrus.Se describe Pseudancistrus sidereus, con base en dos colectas de espec menes del Amazonas venezolano. Pseudancistrus sidereus difiere de los otros miembros del g nero Pseudancistrus por la presencia de una quilla nica en el ped nculo caudal formada a partir de las secciones c ncavas dorsales de las placas de la serie ventral, puntos blancos en el cuerpo (probablemente amarillos en vida) centrados en las placas corporales y la ausencia de ciertas caracter sticas presentes en los miembros m s derivados de Pseudancistrus, como odontodos hiperatrofiados a lo largo del rostro en machos y hembras y la perdida de evertibilidad de las placas de la mejilla. Pseudancistrus incluye a Lithoxancistrus y Guyanancistrus y se diagnostica por las siguientes sinapomorf as: sutura entre el pter tico-supracleitro y la hiomand bula ausente, hiomand bula y pro tico sin contacto, proceso anterior del metapterigoides recto y en forma de cuchara, hueso nasal apenas m s amplio que el canal laterosensorial que corre a trav s del mismo, esfen tico sin contacto externo

The large catfishes, genus Hypostomus Lacépède, are common species in almost all freshwater environments of South America. The behavior of specimens from the species Hypostomus alatus, Hypostomus francisci, Hypostomus cf. wuchereri, and Hypostomus sp., from the region downstream from the Xingó Hydroelectric Power Dam, located in Canindé do São Francisco on the Rio São Francisco, were observed. Morphological characters collected from preserved specimens were also studied in the laboratory, in order to shed light on interactions between those fishes and the river bottom. In addition, the formulation of Gatz (1979) was applied to better explain the environmental interactions of Hypostomus species. This study revealed that the fishes utilize their suckers, through a mouth equipped with an oral disk, as well as the pectoral, pelvic, and caudal fins areas, to interact with the rocky river-bottom. The comb-toothed inferior mouth of the Hypostomus showed itself able to grasp green algae on the river bottom. With the help of the oral disk and sucker mouth, which anchor the fishes, in conjunction with the arched design of pectoral and pelvic fin spines, they are also able to remain upright while exploring this substratum. In addition, their large, concave caudal-fin is associated with fast locomotion over short distances. This combination of characteristics allow these fish to live on the bottom of large South American rivers. Os "cascudos" do gênero Hypostomus são comuns em todos os ambientes de água doce da América do Sul. O comportamento de peixes pertencentes a quatro espécies desse gênero, Hypostomus alatus, Hypostomus francisci, Hypostomus cf. wuchereri e Hypostomus sp., foi observado. A morfologia externa também foi estudada em espécimes preservados em coleção procedentes da localidade de Canindé do São Francisco, em regiões a jusante da usina hidroelétrica de Xingó, Estado de Sergipe. Foram estudados caracteres anatômicos e o protocolo de equações descritas por Gatz (1979) foi utilizado para explicar algumas das interações dos peixes com o ambiente bentônico do rio. Os resultados revelaram que os peixes se utilizam da região bucal através do disco oral que produz forte ação suctória e das nadadeiras pares para se equilibrarem no fundo rochoso do rio São Francisco. Descreve-se ainda a ação dos espinhos das nadadeiras peitorais e pélvicas em arco, que permitem aos peixes se ancorarem horizontalmente sobre o fundo do rio. A nadadeira caudal tem formato entalhado, promovendo locomoção rápida na coluna de água. É ainda discutida a ação dos dentes móveis e em forma de pente, que atuam na raspagem de algas que crescem sobre as rochas do fundo. A atuação desses caracteres de maneira associada sugere que as espécies do gênero Hypostomus devem habitar e interagir com o ambiente bentônico dos rios maiores da América do Sul.

A phylogenetic analysis of nearly all genera of the Hypostominae and the Ancistrinae is provided based on osteology, external anatomy, and digestive tract anatomy. The results suggest that the Hypostominae is a paraphyletic assemblage. Delturus and Upsilodus form a monophyletic group sister to all other loricariids. Hemipsilichthys, Isbrueckerichthys, Kronichthys, and Pareiorhina form a monophyletic group with Neoplecostomus and the Hypoptopomatinae and are transferred to the Neoplecostominae. The remainder of the Hypostominae is made paraphyletic by the continuing recognition of the Ancistrinae. Ancistrinae is returned to the Hypostominae and recognized as a tribe, Ancistrini. In addition, four new tribes (Corymbophanini, Hypostomini, Pterygoplichthini, and Rhinelepini) are described. Hypostomus is also paraphyletic, the bulk of it forming a monophyletic clade with Aphanotorulus, Cochliodon, and Isorineloricaria. All of the potential monophyletic groups within Hypostomus grade into one another; therefore, Aphanotorulus, Cochliodon, and Isorineloricaria are placed in the synonymy of Hypostomus. Pterygoplichthys and Glyptoperichthys are also polyphyletic, and Liposarcus and Glyptoperichthys are recognized as synonyms of Pterygoplichthys. Sister to Pterygoplichthys is the Hemiancistrus annectens group (including Hypostomus panamensis) which represents an undescribed genus. The phylogeny presented is compared with previous hypotheses. © 2004 The Linnean Society of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2004, 141, 1−80.

Hypostomus sculpodon new species (Fig. 21) Holotype: VENEZUELA, Amazonas, R��o Casiquiare, R��o Negro dr. Departmento R��o Negro, at Piedra Carguana (at second camp, left descending bank of river in portion of river between mouths of R��o Siapa and R��o Pasimoni), 01��58.611���N, 66��32.359���W, MCNG 37042, 1, (239.7 mm SL). Paratypes: VENEZUELA. Amazonas: Ca��o Cascacadura, R��o Orinoco dr. 7 km E of San Fernando de Atabapo, MBUCV V-8151, 2, (85.8-93.0). R��o Casiquiare, R��o Negro dr. Departmento Casiquiare, lake adjacent to area approximately 15 river miles above mouth, of R��o Casiquiare, 01��58���N, 66��55���W, MCNG 12148, 1, (166.8). R��o Casiquiare, R��o Negro dr. Departmento R��o Negro, 25 km from confluence with R��o Negro, MCNG 37031, 1, (229.4), Paratype. Diagnosis: Hypostomus sculpodon differs from all other members of the H. cochliodon group except H. hemicochliodon in the presence of a buccal papilla and intermediately developed teeth (Fig. 1B; juvenile H.cochliodon and H. taphorni occasionally also have intermediate teeth). Hypostomus sculpodon differs from H. hemicochliodon in coloration(brownish-red with widely spaced spots vs. dark brown with closely spaced spots), by having a smaller dorsal-anal length to anal-fin length ratio (average = 79.2 �� 7.6%, 69.6-89.7% vs. average = 111.1 �� 8.4%, 92.5-132.6%), and almost completely by having a smaller interorbital width/HL ratio (average = 51.4 �� 3.1%, 38.5-45.4% vs. average = 49.9 �� 2.7%, 44.1-55.6%). Description: See description of the Hypostomus cochliodon group for more details. Morphometric data given in Table 5. Color red-brown. Body and fins well spotted, spots widely spaced. Spots on head and anterior portion of body (to about anterior third of dorsal fin) medium-sized, then shifting abruptly to large spots on posterior part of body. Spots on posterior part of body not progressively increasing in size, generally longitudinally ovoid. Abdomen significantly lighter than sides with spots large. Juveniles colored similarly to adults, but all spots of about the same size (except small spots at anterior margin of head), and abdomen much lighter with spots faint or absent. Dorsal fin fairly large, usually reaching preadipose plate when depressed. Pectoral-fin spine, when depressed ventral to pelvic fin, reaching 2-3 plates beyond pelvic-fin rays. Tip of pectoral-fin spine of nuptial males with stout, recurved, hypertrophied odontodes. Keels strong with sharp odontodes. Orbits forming ridge distinctly raised above medial surface of head; ridges of dorsal and lateral aspect of head well-developed, particularly supraoccipital crest. Longitudinal ridge formed of raised bone and slightly larger odontodes present and very well developed on pterotic-supracleithrum beginning at postdorsal corner of orbit. Opercle broadly exposed, always supporting much more than 10 odontodes. Nuptial body odontodes absent (Fig. 2A). Plates in skin anterior to dorsal-fin spine absent or few (Fig. 6A; Table 7). Head and body not particularly deep, body more sleek than other members of the H. cochliodon group. Each jaw with 12-19 teeth (mode = 14), teeth intermediate in size (Fig. 1B). Average angle between dentaries 67�� (SD = 11��; range: 56��-83��; N=5). Lateral line plates 30; dorsal plates 9-10; interdorsal plates 7-8; adipose caudal plates 9. Range: Found in the upper R��o Negro and upper R��o Orinoco basins of Venezuela (Fig. 11). Hypostomus sculpodon is sympatric with H. hemicochliodon. Etymology: From the Latin, sculpo, meaning to carve, cut, grave, or chisel in stone, brass, or wood and from the Greek, odon, for tooth in reference to the ability of the species to chisel wood with the teeth., Published as part of Jonathan W. Armbruster, 2003, The species of the Hypostomus cochliodon group (Siluriformes: Loricariidae)., pp. 1-60 in Zootaxa 249 on pages 49-51

Hypostomus pagei new species (Figs. 14B, 18) Holotype: VENEZUELA, Yaracuy, R��o Tupe, R��o Aroa dr. ca. 12 km N Aroa on Highway 3, 10��30���31���N, 68��52���55���W, MCNG 24696, 1, (158.6 mm SL). Paratypes: VENEZUELA. Falc��n: Ca��o El 26, R��o Aroa dr. 4 km N Palma Sola, 10��36���48���N, 68��33���46���W, USNM 363172, 1, (84.0)and MCNG 32097, 1. R��o Aroa, Caribbean Sea dr. 8 km W Boca de Aroa, 10��39���53���N, 68��22���15���W, INHS 34946, 1, (37.4). R��o Aroa, Caribbean Sea dr. Palma Sola, 10��35���58���N, 68��33���03���W, INHS 34952, 4, (18.7-24.7). Yaracuy: Ca��o Caripal, R��o Aroa dr. 13 km SE Yumare, 10��33���42���N, 68��37���37���W, INHS 34921, 1, (91.8). Same data as holotype, AUM 30833, 2, (32.6-65.7), INHS 60098, 9, 1 cs, (66.4-73.0), MCNG 43794, 5, (19.6-64.8). R��o Yumare, R��o Aroa dr. 7 km NW Yumare, 10��38���N, 68��43���W, INHS 60110, 1, (156.7). Nontype material: VENEZUELA. Lara: R��o Curarigua, R��o Tucuyo dr. Paso San Antonio, pozo de la Iguana near Curarigua, MBUCV V-18450, 4, (83.4-187.7). R��o Curarigua, R��o Tucuyo dr. Puente Torres at bridge, INHS 28867, 1, (172.5). Yaracuy: R��o Yurubi, R��o Yaracuy dr. ca. entrance to Guayabito, 10��29���08���N, 68��39���40���W, MCNG 27617, 1, (88.0). Tributary, R��o Yaracuy dr. E Marin, INHS 28902, 2, (84.9-91.8). Diagnosis: Hypostomus pagei differs from most other members of the H. cochliodon group mainly in coloration: a light, gray-brown with the spots considerably faded or absent (vs. a deep, dark brown with the spots well-developed). Juvenile H. pagei additionally have the caudal fin darkest along both spines and at the base, clear medially (Fig. 14B), a color pattern not found in any other members of the H. cochliodon group. Hypostomus pagei is most similar to H. hondae and H. plecostomoides. Hypostomus pagei differs from H. hondae and H. plecostomoides by the general absence of spots on the caudal fin and/or caudal-fin spines (H. pagei may have some very faint spots on the caudal-fin spines; some H. plecostomoides lack spots on the caudal-fin spines, but the spines are almost black instead of light gray-brown) and by having shorter pectoral-fin spines (reaching 0-1 plates beyond pelvic fin when depressed below the pelvic fin vs. 2-3 plates with the exception of one specimen of H. pagei that has pectoral-fin spines that reach two plates beyond the pelvic fin and the one specimen of H. plecostomoides examined from the Lago Valencia drainage that has pectoral-fin spines that do not reach beyond the pelvic fin). Description: See description of the Hypostomus cochliodon group for more details. Morphometric data given in Table 4. Color gray-brown. Spots, if present, usually very faint and restricted to paired fins, dorsal fin, head, anterior part of body and/or abdomen. Spots particularly faint in adults. Caudal fin darkest distomedially. Spots absent from entire caudal fin in adults. Juveniles with faint spots on caudal-fin spines and dark brown along spines and base (Fig. 14B). Caudal fin coloration darker than body color in juveniles, lightens ontogenetically until equal to body color. Juveniles typically slightly darker overall than adults. Dorsal fin short, falling short of preadipose plate. Depressed pectoral-fin spine ventral to pelvic fin reaches beyond bases of pelvic-fin rays, but to a lesser extent than in other species of the H. cochliodon group (0-1 plate vs. 2-3 plates in most other specimens of the H. cochliodon group). Keels weak, almost absent. Orbits forming slight ridge slightly raised above medial surface of head; ridges of dorsal and lateral aspect of head fairly smooth. Longitudinal ridge formed of raised bone and slightly larger odontodes absent on pterotic-supracleithrum beginning at postdorsal corner of orbit. Opercle usually broadly exposed, always supporting much more than ten odontodes. Plates in skin anterior to dorsal-fin spine absent or few (Fig. 6A; Table 7). Each jaw with 7-17 teeth (mode = 11), teeth large and spoon-shaped. Average angle between dentaries 63�� (SD = 5��; range: 53��-73��; N=14). Lateral line plates 27-29; dorsal plates 8-9; interdorsal plates 6-8; adipose caudal plates 9-10. Range: Found in northwestern Venezuela in the R��o Aroa, R��o Tocuyo, and R��o Yaracuy basins, short rivers that drain directly into Caribbean Sea (Fig. 11). Hypostomus pagei is allopatric to all other species of the H. cochliodon group. Etymology: Named for Dr. Lawrence M. Page for his help and guidance during my career, and to honor the fact that he helped to collect a majority of the specimens of this species., Published as part of Jonathan W. Armbruster, 2003, The species of the Hypostomus cochliodon group (Siluriformes: Loricariidae)., pp. 1-60 in Zootaxa 249 on pages 39-41

Hypostomus taphorni (Lilyestrom 1984) Fig. 22 Cochliodon taphorni Lilyestrom 1984:43, figs. 8-9. Material examined: VENEZUELA. Bolivar: R��o Botanmo, R��o Cuyuni dr. on the road to Bochinche, 07��25���N, 61��11���W, MCNG 8048, 1, (184.8, holotype), MCNG 8049, 1, (76.2, paratype). Ca��o Negro, R��o Cuyuni dr. ca��o a little above Isla de Anacoco, 06��47���N, 61��12���W, MCNG 1452, 1, (181.7, paratype). Ca��o, R��o Cuyuni dr. Highway 1, 20 river km above km 88 of El Dorado - Santa Elena road, MBUCV V-16491, 1, (151.6). Ca��o Negro, R��o Cuyuni dr. primary tributary of the R��o Cuyuni above Isla Anacoco, 06��44���N, 61��09���W, MCNG 928. Ca��o Quebrada Clara, R��o Cuyuni dr. at the moth of Quebrada Clara at Anacoco, cerca the confluence with the R��o Cuyuni, approx. 1 km up, 06��47���N, 61��10���W, MCNG 16901, 1, (149.1). Ca��o Quebrada Clara, R��o Cuyuni dr. below bridge cerca isla Anacoco, 06��42���N, 61��09���W, MCNG 16450, 1, (83.5). R��o Corumo, R��o Botanmo - R��o Cuyuni dr. 10 km E Tumeremo on road from Tumeremo to Bochinche (just after Fort Terembay), 07��25���00���N, 61��28���00���W, ANSP 168195, 7, 2 cs, (120.4-158.7), MBUCV V-26824, 9, 2 cs, (115.9-197.1), INHS 31768, MCNG 29566, 1, (72.3), and MCNG 16038, 1, (80.8). R��o Cuyuni, R��o Essequibo dr. 10 km W km 88 of El Dorado - Santa Elena road, MBUCV V-16601, 1, (130.4). R��o Cuyuni, R��o Essequibo dr. cerca de la Chalana de Anacoco, 06��43���N, 61��09���W, MCNG 11066, 1, (228.0). R��o Cuyuni, R��o Essequibo dr. near Isla Anacoco, MCNG 7535, 1, (219.2). R��o Yuruari, R��o Cuyuni dr. just E El Manteco, INHS 31600, 1, (87.2). Diagnosis: Hypostomus taphorni can be distinguished from all other members of the H. cochliodon group by the combination of having a bicolored caudal fin (light above, dark below) and small spots on the abdomen. Some specimens tentatively identified as H. plecostomoides from northern Bolivar State, Venezuela, have a bicolored caudal fin, but have medium to large spots on the abdomen (See Comments in H. plecostomoides). Description: See Hypostomus cochliodon group description for more details. Morphometric data given in Table 6. Body typically almost entirely dark brown with medium to large spots present. Spots on head fairly small when compared to H. plecostomoides, fading posteriorly and absent on caudal peduncle. Spots on abdomen very small (Fig. 22). Caudal fin bicolored, upper lobe tan and without spots, lower lobe black. Color in juveniles as in adults, but spots comparatively larger with spots on abdomen very light or absent. Dorsal fin short, rarely reaching preadipose plate when depressed. Depressed pectoralfin spine ventral to pelvic fin reaches 2-3 plates beyond pelvic-fin rays. Tip of pectoral-fin spine of nuptial males with stout, recurved, hypertrophied odontodes. Keels weak to moderately developed. Orbits forming ridge moderately raised above medial surface of head; ridges of dorsal and lateral aspect of head fairly well-developed. Longitudinal ridge on pterotic-supracleithrum beginning at posterodorsal corner of eye formed from raised bone and slightly larger odontodes absent. Opercle supporting up to 10 odontodes in juveniles; number of odontodes on the opercle decreases with age and many adults have no odontodes on the opercle. Nuptial body odontodes present (Fig. 2B). Plates in skin anterior to dorsal-fin spine absent or few (Fig. 6A; Table 7). Each jaw with 6-12 teeth (mode = 10), teeth large and spoon-shaped. Average angle between dentaries 56�� (SD = 7��; range: 44��-66��; N=13). Lateral line plates 27-29; dorsal plates 8-9; interdorsal plates 6-8; adipose caudal plates 8-10. Range: From the R��o Cuyuni drainage of Venezuela (Fig. 11). Recent collecting in Guyana suggests that H. taphorni is limited to the Cuyuni drainage and replaced by two undescribed species in the rest of the Essequibo river drainage. Hypostomus taphorni is allopatric to all other members of the H. cochliodon group (see Comments on page 43)., Published as part of Jonathan W. Armbruster, 2003, The species of the Hypostomus cochliodon group (Siluriformes: Loricariidae)., pp. 1-60 in Zootaxa 249 on pages 52-54

Hypostomus plecostomoides Eigenmann 1922 (Fig. 19) Hypostomus plecostomoides Eigenmann 1922: 225-226. Holotype is lost. Material examined: COLOMBIA. Meta: Ca��o Rico, R��o Meta dr. at Brasilia, ca. 03��59���N, 73��08���W, ANSP 133235, 2, 1 cs, (83.6-98.8). Quebrada Venturosa, R��o Meta dr. between La Balsa and Puerto Lopez, ca. 04��05���N, 72��58���W, ANSP 133365, 1, (94.4). R��o Negrito, R��o Meta dr. downstream of bridge at La Balsa, ca. 04��04���N, 73��04���W, ANSP131658, 1, (101.7). VENEZUELA. Anzoategui Atapirire, R��o Orinoco dr. Atapirire road, Manasma, MBUCV V-16944, 1, (97.2). R��o Moquete, R��o Orinoco dr. Paso bajito, MBUCV V-16922, 1, (167.0). R��o Tigre, Ca��o Manamo dr. near El Tigre, 08��55���38���N, 64��11���11���W, INHS 31412, 2, (69.4-105.8). Apure: ca��o, R��o Apure dr. 07��16���26���N, 71��05���20���W, INHS 28385, 2, (113.1-113.2). Ca��o Las Mercedes, R��o Apure dr. dique via Apurito, cerca San Fernando de Apure-Biruaca, 07��51���30���N, 67��22���30���W, MCNG 13923, 1, (173.4). Ca��o Maporal, R��o Apure dr. at the metal bridge near the Module (a field station of UNELLEZ), 07��25���30���N, 69��35���40���W, MCNG 9134, 1, (222.7). R��o Apure, R��o Orinoco dr. side channel along dike opposite municipal slaughter house, 07��35���N, 67��29���W, USNM 258264, 2, (136.1-193.8). R��o Aruaca, R��o Apure dr. in floodplain, paso Aruaca, 07��26���55���N, 68��26���00���W, MCNG 20655, 1, (142.8). Aragua: R��o Bue, Lago Valencia dr. Maracay, CAS 12694, 1, (218.8). Barinas: Ca��o Arenosa, R��o La Yuca - R��o Masparro dr. 14 km N Barinas, 08��46���14���N, 70��15���30���W, INHS 31837, 3, 1 cs, (105.6- 119.4). Ca��o Capa, R��o Masparro - R��o Apure dr. 2 mi E El Tombor, 08��21���35���N, 69��46���07���W, INHS 35487. Ca��o Guanaparo, R��o Apure dr. N of Apurito, 08��07���40���N, 68��20���40���W, MCNG 13025, 1, (183.2). Ca��o Hondo, R��o Apure dr. Agua Negra, INHS 30000, 3, 1 cs, (112.7-218.4). R��o Chiri Chiri, R��o Apure dr. 0.5 km above mouth, 07��39���40���N, 71��29���01���W, MCNG 10572, 1, (169.5). R��o Mitado-seco, R��o Apure dr. USNM 194210, 1, (205.4). R��o Santa Barbara, R��o Apure dr. at bridge on Barinas to San Cristobal road, km 504, 07��50���10���N, 71��11���00���W, MCNG 11720, 1, (153.8). R��o Santo Domingo, R��o Apure dr. in Torunos, Hacienda La Isla, 08��30���32���N, 70��05���03���W, INHS 28710, 1, (87.1). Tributary of R��o Suripa - R��o Apure dr. 36 km NE La Pedrera on route 5, INHS 28284, 1, (106.4). Tributary of R��o Caipe, R��o Apure dr. 6 km NE Torunos, INHS 28744, 2 cs. Bolivar: Ca��o Brande, R��o Orinoco dr. Ciudad Bolivar, 08��14���50���N, 63��15���55���W, ANSP 166889, 1, (211.9). Ca��o Caiman, R��o Orinoco dr. at crossing of Caicara to Puerto Ayacucho highway 191, 2 km W of Ciudad Bolivar to Caicara highway, ANSP 162345, 1, (211.1)and MBUCV V-16855, 1, (192.0). Ca��o Garrap��ta, R��o Orinoco dr. at bridge between R��o Paguaza and Villacoa, 06��19���20���N, 67��07���00���W, MCNG 11176, 1, (125.4). Ca��o Tabara, R��o Nichare - R��o Orinoco dr. 3 km above mouth with R��o Nichare, 06��22���N, 64��58���W, MCNG 22931, 1, (188.6). Isolated lagoon, R��o Orinoco dr. 200 yards N of Jubillal, 06��57���N, 64��50���W, ANSP141559, 1, (131.5). Salto Icutu, R��o Orinoco dr. Cedeno district, in front of camp, 05��53���N, 64��51���W, MCNG 21160, 1, (199.8). Cojedes: R��o Camoruco, R��o Cojedes - R��o Portuguesa dr. about 10 km NW Libertad, INHS 29061, 1, (110.1). R��o Tinaco, R��o Portuguesa dr. El Baul, INHS 59831, 1, (116.4). Guarico: R��o Guarico, R��o Orinoco dr. at Flores Morada���s ranch, ca. 3-4 km E of road from Calabozo to San Fernando, USNM260217, 1, (109.6). R��o Guariquito, R��o Orinoco dr. in front of Medana de Gomez, MCNG 32975, 1, (188.8). R��o San Bartolo, R��o Orinoco dr. Parque Nacional Aguaro-Guariquito, Aguas Muertes, 08��04���40���N, 66��40���00���W, MCNG 15027, 1, (140.5). R��o San Bartolo, R��o Orinoco dr. Parque Nacional Aguaro-Guariquito, Aguas Muertes, 08��06���30���N, 66��40���19���W, INHS 34862, 2, (175.7- 187.1)and MCNG 31701, 2, (149.0-248.5). R��o San Bartolo, R��o Orinoco dr. Parque Nacional Aguaro-Guariquito, Aguas Muertes in the Payares, 08��08���01���N, 66��40���53���W, MCNG 31792, 1, (230.9). R��o San Jose, R��o Guariquito - R��o Orinoco dr. Parque Nacional Aguaro-Guariquito, 08��28���55���N, 66��53���19���W, INHS 34614, 1, (107.1). Miranda: R��o Cuira, R��o Tuy dr. FMNH 84616, 1, (69.7)and MBUCV V-3756, 1, (140.1). R��o Tuy, Caribbean Sea dr. in pool isolated from main stream near Ocumaro de Tuy, MBUCV V-3701, 10, (96.4-103.2). Monagas: R��o Amana, R��o Guanipa dr. 7 km NNW Santa Barbara, INHS 31263, 1, 2 cs, (139.7)and MCNG 29159, 1, (124.4). R��o Amana, R��o Guanipa dr. Las Ca��itas near El Tefero, MBUCV V-6755, 1, (107.2). R��o de Oro, R��o Guarapiche - R��o San Juan dr. 4 km SW Jusepin, INHS 31448, 1 cs. R��o Guanipa, Caribbean Sea dr. Highway5 bridge, 09��22���06���N, 63��46���47���W, INHS 31365, 3, 2 cs, (79.2-96.6). R��o Guarapiche, R��o Orinoco dr. Caicara, USNM 163168, 1, (102.9). Portuguesa: Ca��o El Mamon, R��o Portuguesa dr. 9 km SE of highway 5 on the road to La Quebrada, 09��07���20���N, 69��31���20���W, MCNG 12648, 2, (171.2-185.2). Ca��o Iguecito, R��o Portuguesa dr. on the road to Moritas, 08��38���00���N, 69��29���56���W, MCNG 30207, 1, (107.2). Ca��o Igues, R��o Portuguesa dr. 2 km from bridge at Papl��n, 08��38���15���N, 69��59���45���W, MCNG 30163, 1, (164.8). Ca��o Igues, R��o Portuguesa dr. La Capilla, INHS 31966, 1, (97.4). Ca��o Maraca, Ca��o Igues - R��o Portuguesa dr. on road from Guanare to Guanarito at 60 km marker, 08��49���34���N, 69��20���45���W, INHS 35667, 2, (103.7-182.6), MCNG 15696, 1, (131.0), MCNG 8603, 2, (158.6-183.5), and MCNG 27275, 1, (135.7). R��o Guanare, R��o Portuguesa dr. Guanarito, INHS 31991, 1, (82.3). R��o Guanare, R��o Portuguesa dr. on S side in Finca Merecure, approximately 45 min from Guanare on the road to Las Moritas, MCNG 33951, 1, (191.66). R��o Orape, R��o Portuguesa dr. 45 km E of San Rafael de Onoto, 09��43���40���N, 68��30���10���W, MCNG 18716, 1, (108.0). Tachira: R��o Teteo, R��o Apure dr. on road to El Nula, 07��28���40���N, 71��55���40���W, MCNG 8086, 2, (122.3-154.0). Tributary to R��o Doradas, R��o Apure dr. La Pedrera, INHS 28153, 1, (87.2). Diagnosis: Hypostomus plecostomoides is the most difficult species of the H. cochliodon group to identify as it is without any known synapomorphies. The most similar species are H. hondae, H. pagei, and H. taphorni. Hypostomus plecostomoides differs from H. pagei by having spots on the caudal-fin spines (except in very melanistic specimens), by having darker overall coloration, a different juvenile coloration (Fig. 14A vs. Fig. 14B; see description of H. pagei), and by generally having the pectoral-fin spines reaching 2-3 plates beyond the pelvic fin when depressed ventral to the pelvic fin (vs. 0-1; one specimen of H. pagei has the pectoral fin reaching two plates beyond the pelvic fin, and the single specimen of H. plecostomoides examined from the Lago Valencia drainage has the pectoral fin not extended beyond the pelvic fin); from H. hondae by having a lower number of plates in the skin around the dorsal-fin spine (Fig. 6A; Table 7); and from H. taphorni by lacking a bicolored caudal fin and by having no or medium to large spots on the abdomen (vs. small spots; Fig. 22; see Comments). Hypostomus plecostomoides can be distinguished from H. cochliodon by having a different color pattern (lacking a dorsal stripe and generally being well-spotted), from H. ericius and H. oculeus by lacking sharp keels, and from H. ericius, H. oculeus, and H. pyrineusi by having greater than 10 odontodes on the opercle. Description: See Hypostomus cochliodon group description for more details. Morphometric data given in Table 4. Hypostomus plecostomoides is variable in coloration. Typically, body almost entirely dark brown with medium to large spots usually present. Spots on head fairly large compared to H. hondae, H. pagei, and H. taphorni. Spots increasing in size but fading posteriorly, spots absent on caudal peduncle (Figs. 21). Spots on abdomen typically large, but some specimens with medium-sized spots, spots never as small as in H. taphorni (Fig. 22). Spots occasionally entirely absent and entire fish dark brown (almost black). Caudal fin may be entirely spotted, but caudal-fin membrane and rays typically black or black distally and light proximally. Caudal-fin spines typically spotted although some specimens with entirely black spines; caudal fin not bicolored. Specimens from particularly muddy streams gray-brown, but not to extent seen in H. pagei. Abdomen colored as sides, sometimes slightly lighter; adults almost always with welldeveloped spots on abdomen. Color in juveniles as in adults, but spots comparatively larger and abdomen generally white and unspotted. Dorsal fin short, rarely reaching preadipose plate when depressed. Depressed pectoralfin spine ventral to pelvic fin reaches 2-3 plates beyond pelvic-fin rays (only one specimen reached just to posterior edge of pelvic fin). Tip of pectoral-fin spine of nuptial males with stout, recurved, hypertrophied odontodes. Keels weak to moderately developed. Orbits forming moderate ridge slightly raised above medial surface of head; ridges of dorsal and lateral aspect of head fairly well-developed. Longitudinal ridge on pterotic-supracleithrum beginning at posterodorsal corner of eye formed from raised bone and slightly larger odontodes absent. Opercle always supporting much more than ten odontodes. Nuptial body odontodes absent (Fig. 2A). Plates in skin anterior to dorsal-fin spine absent or few (Fig. 6A; Table 7). Each jaw with 5-16 teeth (mode = 9), teeth large and spoon-shaped. Average angle between dentaries 57�� (SD = 10��; range: 41��-82��; N=30). Lateral line plates 27-30; dorsal plates 7-9; interdorsal plates 6-8; adipose caudal plates 8-11. Range: Found in the R��o Orinoco basin of Colombia and Venezuela, and the R��o Tuy and Lago Valencia drainages of Venezuela (Fig. 11). Hypostomus plecostomoides is allopatric to all other species of the H. cochliodon group (see Comments). Comments: Specimens most appropriately identified as Hypostomus plecostomoides from the Orinoco drainage in northwestern Bolivar state, Venezuela (ANSP 162345, MBUCV V-16855, MCNG 11176, and MCNG 22931), may provide evidence for intergradation between H. plecostomoides and H. taphorni. Some specimens from this region have the bicolored caudal fin diagnostic for H. taphorni, and few or no odontodes on the opercle and relatively smaller spots on the head than typical in H. plecostomoides. However, the specimens lack the second synapomorphy for H. taphorni, small spots on the abdomen. Alternatively, it is possible that these specimens represent an undescribed species. Additional specimens will have to be examined before the status of the members of the H. cochliodon group from northern Bolivar state can be assessed. For the purposes of this study, specimens from northern Bolivar were excluded from the description above and from Table 4., Published as part of Jonathan W. Armbruster, 2003, The species of the Hypostomus cochliodon group (Siluriformes: Loricariidae)., pp. 1-60 in Zootaxa 249 on pages 42-45

Hypostomus hemicochliodon new species (Fig. 12) Holotype: PERU. R��o Nanay, R��o Amazonas dr. at Pampa Chica, 4.54 km from Iquitos center, 269�� bearing, 03��45���07���S, 73��16���59���W, MUSM 17442, 1, (126.2 mm SL). Paratypes: PERU. Amazonas, R��o Mara��on dr. 500 m upstream from Caterpiza, LACM 42013-4, 1, (87.8). R��o Mara��on dr. Caterpiza, LACM 41886-2, 1, (100.3)and LACM 41893-4, Amazonas, Quebrada, R��o Santiago - R��o Mara��on dr. quebrada enters R��o Santiago from east, 2/3 length of island downstream of La Poza, LACM 39862-5, 1, (80.1). Quebrada Kayamasa, R��o Mara��on dr. 40 km upstream from Caterpiza, LACM 41853-3, 1, (206.9). Quebrada Pastazilla, R��o Santiago - R��o Mara��on dr. LACM 39947-5, 2, (109.7-118.9)and LACM 39937-6, 1, (162.6). R��o Santiago, R��o Mara��on dr. at La Poza, FMNH 97010, 1, (115.1)and LACM 41729-34, 1, (91.3). Loreto, Ca��o Sacarito, R��o Orosa - R��o Amazonas dr. about 35 min by boat upstream from mouth of Tonche Ca��o, 67.1 mi ENE Iquitos, 03��36���50���S, 72��16���55���W, INHS 39690, 1, (84.6), AUM 28907, 1 (82.8). R��o Itaya, R��o Amazonas dr. approx. 10 km S Santa Clara, INHS 36878, 1, 1 cs, (99.8)and SIUC 36690, 1, (93.8). R��o Itaya, R��o Amazonas dr. ca. 4-5 km upstream from Iquitos (Bel��m) above and below mouth of Quebrada Manzana, 03��47���71���S, 73��17���29���W, INHS 39962, 1, (100.5). R��o Itaya, R��o Amazonas dr. near Iquitos, AMNH 218019, 1, (82.1). R��o Nanay, R��o Amazonas dr. at Pampa Chica, 4.54 km from Iquitos center, 269��bearing, 03��45���07���S, 73��16���59���W, INHS 50131, 2, 1 cs, (80.6- 107.8). Nontype material: BRAZIL. Mato Grosso, Rio Juruena, Rio Tapajos dr. upper Rio Juruena, USNM 199225, 1, (119.3). Rio Xingu, Rio Amazonas dr. S��o Felix, USNM 207509, 1, (82.7). ECUADOR: Napo, R��o Jivino, R��o Napo dr. lower 4 km (mostly) to 0.6 km upstream from mouth (most between the two ports of Limoncocha), 00��24���36���S, 76��39���00���W, FMNH 106021, 1, (105.3). R��o Shushufindi, R��o Aguarico dr. lower reaches, about 2 km from mouth in R��o Aquarico, 00��17���30���S, 76��25���36���W, FMNH 106025, 2, (141.5-157.9). Tributary, R��o Payamino dr. few km upstream from San Jose de Payamino, 00��20���12���S, 77��18���W, FMNH 106024, 1, (158.0). Tributary, R��o San Miguel dr. km 50, 4.5 km S of Tipischa, FMNH 106022, 1, (208.7). Tributary, R��o Churuyacu - R��o Payamino dr. Tiuyacu, first tributary of R��o Churuyacu upstream from mouth in R��o Payamino and near mouth of R��o Churuyacu, 00��29���30���S, 77��18���W, FMNH 106023, 3, (112.6-197.2). R��o Corrientes, R��o Napo dr. eastern Ecuador, FMNH 92633, 3, 1 cs, (78.6- 89.8). VENEZUELA. Amazonas, Ca��o Jenita, R��o Ocamo dr. Oramo department, in an old meander 1 km river km above the R��o Ocamo, 02��46���N, 64��54���W, MCNG 24332, 1, (142.3). Laguna Pac��n, R��o Orinoco dr. in pools behind beach along R��o Ventuari about 0.5 hr above mouth, MBUCV V-23092, 1, (165.2). R��o Cataniapo, R��o Orinoco dr. in Las Palvas, MBUCV V-24501 (none measured). R��o Mavaca, R��o Orinoco dr. river above camp base, MBUCV V-19239, 1, (186.1). R��o Siapa, Rio Casiquiare - R��o Negro dr. Departmento R��o Negro, at campsite near Laguna Cumicapi between R��o Emoni and R��o Manipitare, MCNG 37041, 1, (100.3). R��o Siapa, R��o Casiquiare dr. near and downstream of confluence with R��o Manipitare, 01��54���06���N, 65��57���05���W, MCNG 37032, 1, (199.5). Diagnosis: Hypostomus hemicochliodon differs from all other members of the H. cochliodon group except H. sculpodon by the presence of a medium-sized buccal papilla (condition intermediate between those shown in figures 4A and 4B), intermediately developed teeth (Fig. 1B; juvenile H. cochliodon also occasionally have intermediate teeth), and a large patch of odontodes on the opercle. Hypostomus hemicochliodon differs from H. sculpodon by coloration (dark brown with closely spaced spots vs. brownish-red with widely spaced spots), by having a greater dorsal-anal length to anal-fin length ratio (average= 111.1 �� 8.4%, 92.5-132.6% vs. average = 79.2 �� 7.6%, 69.6-89.7%), and almost completely by having a larger interorbital width/HL ratio (average = 49.9 �� 2.7%, 44.1- 55.6% vs. average = 51.4 �� 3.1%, 38.5-45.4%). Description: See description of the Hypostomus cochliodon group for more details. Morphometric data given in Table 2. Color brown with medium to large spots. Spots become larger posteriorly, often coalescing on caudal peduncle to form large, longitudinally oval dashes or stripes. Some adults with spots on body absent. Spots on abdomen variable; fairly large specimens often have few or no spots on the abdomen; abdomen often significantly lighter than sides, almost white. Four faint dorsal saddles often present: first below anterior rays of dorsal fin, second below posterior rays of and slightly posterior to dorsal fin, third slightly anterior to and ventral to adipose fin, and fourth at base of caudal fin. One captive Hypostomus hemicochliodon demonstrated well-developed ability to change color, particularly ability to lighten coloration of abdomen and intensify lateral spots or dorsal saddles (either spots or the saddles dominant, but never both dark at same time). Dorsal fin fairly short, usually falls short of preadipose plate when depressed. Depressed pectoral-fin spine ventral to pelvic fin reaches 2-3 plates beyond bases of pelvic-fin rays. Tip of pectoral-fin spine of nuptial males with stout, recurved, hypertrophied odontodes. Keels strong, sharp. Orbit forming ridge distinctly raised above medial surface of head; ridges of dorsal and lateral aspect of head well-developed. Longitudinal ridge formed of raised bone and slightly larger odontodes present on pterotic-supracleithrum beginning at postdorsal corner of orbit. Opercle broadly exposed, always supporting much more than ten odontodes. Nuptial body odontodes absent (Fig. 2A). Plates in skin anterior to dorsal-fin spine absent or few (Fig. 6A; Table 7). Each jaw with 7-23 teeth (mode = 15), teeth of intermediate size (Fig. 1B). Average angle between dentaries 63�� (SD = 7��; range: 45��-75��; N=23). Lateral line plates 28-30; dorsal plates 8-9; interdorsal plates 6-8; adipose caudal plates 8-10. Range: Has a wide range across central South America in the R��os Mara��on, Itaya, Nanay, Napo, and Orosa of the upper R��o Amazonas of Peru, the R��o Napo drainage of the Upper R��o Amazonas drainage of Ecuador, the Rios Tapajos and Xingu of the lower Rio Amazonas drainage of Brazil, and the upper R��o Negro drainage (middle R��o Amazonas drainage) and upper R��o Orinoco drainage of Venezuela. (Fig. 8). Hypostomus hemicochliodon is sympatric with H. ericius, H. oculeus, H. pyrineusi, and H. sculpodon. Etymology: From the Latin, hemi, for half, the Latin, coclea (coch-), for spoon, and the Greek, odon, for tooth in reference to the fact that the teeth are about half as spoonshaped as those of wood-specializing members of the Hypostomus cochliodon group., Published as part of Jonathan W. Armbruster, 2003, The species of the Hypostomus cochliodon group (Siluriformes: Loricariidae)., pp. 1-60 in Zootaxa 249 on pages 29-31

Hypostomus hondae (Regan 1912) (Figs. 13, 14A) Plecostomus hondae Regan 1912: 666, pl. 76 Fig. 4. Hypostomus pospisili Schultz 1944: 312-313, pl. 11 C-D. Material examined: COLOMBIA. R��o Sinu dr. Lorica, CAS 149472, 1, 1 cs, (81.7). Probably R��o Sin��, Lorica, CAS 6417, 1, (177.0). Atrato: Quibdo market, STRI 1530, 1, (207.9)and STRI 1531, 1, (205.9). Caldas: R��o Samana La Miel, R��o Magdalena dr. at or near junction of R��o Samana La Miel near La Dorada, CAS 150373, 1, (104.7). Santander: ca��o Tigre, R��o Sogamosa - R��o Magdalena dr. SIUC 34909, 1, (119.0). Sucre: Pozo del Chorro, Sinclejo, CAS 149472, 4, (81.7-107.4)and USNM 175305, 2, (79.5-102.1). Tolima: Honda, Colombia, BMNH 1909.7.23.43 (60.8, holotype)and BMNH 1909.7.23.44 (58.4, paratype). VENEZUELA. Merida: R��o Escalante, Lago Maracaibo dr. at bridge of highway 1, 08��31���N, 71��47���W, MCNG 24843, 3, (75.0-81.4)and INHS 59864. Tributary, R��o Gavilan - Lago Maracaibo dr. 3 km E Capazon, 08��49���75���N, 71��25���61���W, INHS 59881. Zulia: Maracaibo Expedition, MBUCV V-23883, 3, (92.5- 110.5). Ca��o La Playa, Lago Maracaibo dr. Hacienda San Jose, MCNG 33504, 1, (85.5). Lagunas de Tule, R��o Cachiri dr. MCNG 7487, 1, (226.6). R��o Cachiri, Lago Maracaibo dr. MCNG 7419, 1, (92.6). R��o Cachiri, Lago Maracaibo dr. at Santa Marta bridge, MCNG 33526, 1, (119.8). R��o Catatumbo, Lago Maracaibo dr. at bridge on road to Machiques, MBUCV V-18491, 1, (81.0). R��o Machango, Lago Maracaibo dr. 20 km above bridge, S Of Lagunillas, UMMZ 142488, 1, (57.4, paratype H. pospisili). R��o Negro, R��o Santa Ana - Lago Maracaibo dr. 12 km S Machiques on road to Tucuco, INHS 59945. R��o Negro, R��o Santa Ana - Lago Maracaibo dr. Bridge ca. 8 km SW Alturnitas, 09��41���30���N, 72��25���47���W, INHS 35436, 1, (130.7). R��o Palmar, Lago Maracaibo dr. in Hacienda el Milagro NW of the village of Rosario, MBUCV V-18206, 2, (153.2-188.0). R��o Palmar, Lago Maracaibo dr. Sierra de Perija, NW Lago Maracaibo, Hacienda el Milagro, MBUCV V-18411, 1, (168.6). R��o Santa Rosa, R��o Santa Ana - Lago Maracaibo dr. Highway 6 bridge, 09��39���06���N, 72��35���00���W, INHS 35466, 1, (75.9). R��o Yasa, Lago Maracaibo dr. 5 km S Machiques, INHS 60463, 1, 1 cs, (102.2)and MCNG 25011, 1, (82.0). R��o Zulia, Lago Maracaibo dr. MCNG 7486, 1, (237.9). Zulia, Tul�� Reservoir, Lago Maracaibo dr. lagoon, 10��53���N, 71��12���W, MCNG 746. Diagnosis: Most Hypostomus hondae can be distinguished from all other members of the H. cochliodon group by the presence of more plates in the skin between the dorsal fin and the lateral plates anterior of the dorsal-fin spine (Fig. 6B; Table 7; some Colombian specimens do not have a large number of plates around the dorsal fin). The number of plates in this area depends on the size of the fish, some very small specimens lack plates in this region, but most small specimens have at least one or more isolated odontodes present. Hypostomus hondae is most similar to H. pagei and H. plecostomoides. Hypostomus hondae further differs from H. pagei by having spots on the caudal-fin spines (except in very melanistic specimens), by having darker coloration, a different juvenile coloration (Fig. 14A vs. Fig. 14B; see description of H. pagei), and by having the pectoral-fin spine reach 2-3 plates beyond the pelvic fin when depressed ventral to the pelvic fin (vs. 0-1). No additional characters can distinguish H. hondae from H. plecostomoides. Description: See Hypostomus cochliodon group description for more details. Morphometric data given in Table 2. Body dark brown with round spots present almost everywhere; most specimens with spots fading posteriorly with none present on caudal peduncle. Size of spots on body from medium to large, size increases posteriorly. Some specimens (particularly juveniles) with four dorsal saddles visible: first below anterior rays of dorsal fin, second below posterior rays of dorsal fin and slightly posterior to dorsal fin, third below adipose fin and slightly anterior to adipose fin, and fourth at base of caudal fin; dark bar also present between the eyes. Caudal fin always with spots except in strongly melanistic specimens in which caudal fin appears almost black. Caudal fin often lighter basally than distally. Abdomen slightly lighter than sides in adults; in juveniles, abdomen much lighter than sides and spots may be faint or absent. Dorsal fin usually short, when depressed in most specimens, not reaching preadipose plate. Depressed pectoral-fin spine ventral to pelvic fin reaches 2-3 plates beyond pelvicfin rays. Tip of pectoral-fin spine of nuptial males with stout, recurved, hypertrophied odontodes. Keels weak to moderately developed. Orbit forming ridge distinctly raised above medial surface of head; ridges of dorsal and lateral aspect of head well-developed. Longitudinal ridge on pterotic-supracleithrum beginning at posterodorsal corner of eye formed from raised bone and slightly larger odontodes absent. Opercle distinctly exposed, always supporting much more than ten odontodes. Nuptial body odontodes absent (Fig. 2A). Plates in skin anterior to dorsal-fin spine almost always present and more numerous than in comparatively-sized specimens of other species of the H. cochliodon group (Fig. 6B; Table 7). Most specimens less than 70 mm SL with at least one or two free odontodes in skin anterior to dorsal-fin spine; some Colombian specimens lack this characteristic. Each jaw with 8-22 teeth (mode = 11), teeth almost always large and spoon-shaped, some individuals with smaller, more numerous teeth. Average angle between dentaries 65�� (SD = 8��; range: 48��-86��; N=27). Lateral line plates 27-29; dorsal plates 8-10; interdorsal plates 6-8; adipose caudal plates 8-10. Range: Lago Maracaibo drainage of Colombia and Venezuela, and the R��o Magdalena, R��o Sin��, and R��o Atrato drainages of Colombia (Fig. 11). Hypostomus hondae is allopatric to all other species of the H. cochliodon group., Published as part of Jonathan W. Armbruster, 2003, The species of the Hypostomus cochliodon group (Siluriformes: Loricariidae)., pp. 1-60 in Zootaxa 249 on pages 32-35

Hypostomus pyrineusi Miranda-Ribeiro 1920 (Fig. 20) Hypostomus pyrineusi Miranda-Ribeiro 1920: 9, pls. 3-4. Material examined: BOLIVIA. Beni:, R��o Curiraba, R��o Madeira dr. Campamento Trapiche, USNM 305281, 1, (119.8). R��o Itenez, R��o Beni - R��o Madeira dr. 5 km S Costa Marques, Brasil, 1 km above mouth of R��o Baures, AMNH 39941, 1, (210.1). R��o Itenez, R��o Beni dr. 9 km SE of Costa Marques, Brasil, UMMZ 204399, 5, (139.9-226.7). R��o Itenez, R��o Beni - R��o Madeira dr. opposite Costa Marques, Brasil, AMNH 39758, 2, (92.0-213.4). R��o Itenez, R��o Beni - R��o Madeira dr. playa pond, 9 km SE Costa Marques, Brasil, AMNH 40108 (none measured). R��o Maniqui, R��o Marmore - R��o Madeira dr. San Borja, INHS 36995, 2, (162.7-176.0). BRAZIL. Acre: Rio Macauhan, Rio Yaco - Rio Purus dr. vicinity of Rio Macauhan, USNM 94653, 1, (122.5). Rio Macaua, Rio Iaco dr. near Sena Madueira, 09��20���S, 68��45���W, AMNH 12599, 1, (113.5). Amazonas: Rio Jamari, MNRJ 863, 1, (204.0), Holotype: ECUADOR. Napo: R��o Catapino, R��o Corrientes - R��o Napo dr. MCNG 9724, 1, (174.8). R��o Pucuno, Rio Suno - Rio Napo dr. 00��47���S, 77��16���W, USNM 177222, 1, (71.3). R��o Lushian, R��o Misahuali dr. at bridge E of Rucullacta, 00��54���42���S, 77��48���48���W, CAS 106013. Shansho Ca��o, USNM 124875, 1, (100.5). PERU. Amazonas: R��o Mara��on dr. 1 km upstream from Caterpiza, LACM 42005-13, 2, (84.1-89.5)and LACM 42003-8, 2, (150.6-174.3). R��o Mara��on dr. 100 m downstream from Caterpiza, LACM 41996-9, 1, (137.1)and LACM 41972-3, 1, (140.9). R��o Mara��on dr. 300 m upstream from Caterpiza, LACM 41813-1, 1, (207.7). R��o Mara��on dr. 500 m upstream from Caterpiza, LACM 41992-7, 4, 1 cs, (162.4-190.1)and LACM 42010-8, 1, (108.0). R��o Mara��on dr. 800 m upstream from Caterpiza, LACM 41834-1, 1, (131.2). R��o Mara��on dr. Caterpiza, LACM 41873-7, 1, (180.7), LACM 41882-4, 1, (180.9), LACM 41884-1, 1, (198.9), LACM 41887-5, 1, (160.3), LACM 42009-10, 1, (133.9-164.9), LACM 41898-2, 1, (140.0), LACM 41893-9, 2, 1 cs, (152.8-163.2), LACM 42115-8, 1, (104.7), LACM 41895-6, 1, (152.8-163.2), and LACM 42116-4, 1, (93.0). Quebrada Kayamasa, R��o Mara��on dr. 40 km upstream from Caterpiza, FMNH 97016, 1, (140.9), LACM 41872-4, 2, (150.9-187.7), LACM 41846-4, 1, (199.7), LACM 41852-1, 1, (173.6), and LACM 41853-4, 2, (136.7-156.4). Quebrada Pastazilla, R��o Santiago - R��o Mara��on dr. LACM 39947-8, 2, (208.5-215.1). Quebrada Yutupiza, R��o Mara��on dr. LACM 36337-10, 1, (159.4). R��o Cenepa, R��o Mara��on dr. near San Antonio, LACM 39638-3, 3, 1 cs, (94.2-202.8). R��o Huampani, R��o Mara��on dr. Maja Quebrada, LACM 36359-2, 1, (228.0). R��o Mara��on, R��o Amazonas dr. at and across from Sta. Maria de Nieva and confluence of R��o Nieva, FMNH 97017, 2, (110.6-131.9). R��o Santiago, R��o Mara��on dr. at La Poza, LACM 41724-17, 1, (131.5), LACM 41723-10, 1, (130.5), LACM 41729-39, 1, (147.7), LACM 41730-11, 1, (128.8), LACM 39883-11, 3, 1 cs, (137.9-170.8). Huanaco:, R��o Huallaga, R��o Ucayali dr. at Tingo Maria, CAS 56754, 2, 1 cs, (79.6-86.1)and CAS 95117, 2, 1 cs, (69.7-160.5). R��o Rondos, R��o Monzon dr. vicinity of Tingo Maria, just above new bridge site, ANSP 38873 (none measured). Loreto: R��o Amazonas, Atlantic Ocean dr. INHS 39358 (none measured). R��o Amazonas, Atlantic Ocean dr. 21.1 mi NE Iquitos bearing 22��, 03��30���30���S, 73��03���28���W, INHS 39122 (65.2). R��o Amazonas, Atlantic Ocean dr. at Pueblo Gallito, INHS 36939, 1, (80.3). R��o Itaya, R��o Amazonas dr. approx. 10 km S Santa Clara, INHS 36877, 1, (94.8). R��o Nanay, R��o Amazonas dr. well above Morona cocha, ANSP 38874 (none measured). R��o Napo, R��o Amazonas dr. at Mazan, INHS 36565 (none measured). Madre de Dios:, Ca��o Pachija, R��o Madre de Dios dr. Manu National Park, Pakitza, from mouth to 7 km upstream, USNM 319601, (81.2). Ca��o Picaflor, R��o Madre de Dios dr. Pakitza, Ca��a Brava Trail #19, USNM 319353, 1, (114.1). Tributary, R��o Tambopata - R��o Madre de Dios dr. stream enters R��o Tambopata from S bank approximately 500 m downstream of Explorer���s Inn boat landing, 12��49���35���S, 69��17���30���W, USNM 264049, 1, (178.5). Tributary to R��o Madre de Dios, on S side about 10 km downstream of junction of R��o Tambopata and R��o Madre de Dios, 12��30���S, 69��10���W, USNM 263911, 1, (130.1). Tributary, R��o Tambopata - R��o Madre de Dios dr. second stream entering R��o Tambopata on SW shore upstream of mouth of R��o La Torre, 12��49���40���S, 69��18���W, USNM 264050, 2, (143.0-202.6). Diagnosis: Hypostomus pyrineusi is distinguished from most members of the H. cochliodon group except some H. cochliodon, H. levis, H. ericius, H. oculeus, and H. taphorni by having 0-10 (usually 0; Fig. 2B) odontodes on the opercle (vs. 11 or more). Hypostomus pyrineusi further differs from H. hemicochliodon and H. sculpodon by lacking a ridge on the pterotic-supracleithrum (Fig. 5B), by the presence of large, spoonshaped teeth (vs. teeth intermediate; Fig. 1C vs. B), and a lack of a buccal papilla; from H. ericius, H. hemicochliodon, H. oculeus, and H. sculpodon by lacking strong, sharp keels on the lateral plates; from H. levis by having an adipose fin; from H. cochliodon by having the spots more numerous and close-set on the body (vs. spots absent or widely spaced); and from H. taphorni by having pigmentation on the lobes of the caudal fin equally distributed (vs. lower lobe darker than upper). Description: See Hypostomus cochliodon group description for more details. Morphometric data given in Table 5. Body typically almost entirely dark brown with medium to large spots present. Spots on head fairly large when compared to those of H. hondae, H. pagei, and H. taphorni. Spots increasing in size and fading posteriorly, absent on caudal peduncle. Spots on abdomen typically large, some specimens with medium-sized spots, spots never as small as in H. taphorni; (Fig. 22). Spots occasionally absent and entire fish dark brown (almost black). Caudal fin may be entirely spotted, but caudal-fin membranes and rays typically black or black distally and light proximally; caudal-fin spines typically spotted although some specimens with entirely black caudal-fin spines; caudal fin not bicolored. Abdomen colored as sides, sometimes slightly lighter. Color in juveniles as in adults, but spots comparatively larger and abdomen generally white and unspotted. Dorsal fin short, rarely reaching preadipose plate when depressed. Depressed pectoralfin spine ventral to pelvic fin reaches 2-3 plates beyond pelvic-fin rays. Tip of pectoral-fin spine of nuptial males with stout, recurved, hypertrophied odontodes. Keels weak to moderately developed. Orbits forming moderate ridge slightly raised above medial surface of head; ridges of dorsal and lateral aspect of head fairly well-developed. Longitudinal ridge on pterotic-supracleithrum beginning at posterodorsal corner of eye formed from raised bone and slightly larger odontodes absent. Opercle usually supporting no odontodes, but occasionally one to three odontodes are present. Nuptial body odontodes present (Fig. 2B). Plates in skin anterior to dorsal-fin spine absent or few (Fig. 6A; Table 7). Each jaw with 5-14 teeth (mode = 8), teeth large and spoon-shaped. Average angle between dentaries 55�� (SD = 7��; range: 43��-69��, N=30). Lateral line plates 26-31; dorsal plates 8-9; interdorsal plates 4-7; adipose caudal plates 9-16. Range: Found in the R��o Madeira drainage of Bolivia and Brazil, the R��os Napo, Ucayali, Mara��on and upper R��o Amazonas drainage of Peru, and the R��o Napo drainage of Ecuador, (Fig. 8). Hypostomus pyrineusi is sympatric with H. ericius, H. hemicochliodon, and H. oculeus and is potentially sympatric with H. levis., Published as part of Jonathan W. Armbruster, 2003, The species of the Hypostomus cochliodon group (Siluriformes: Loricariidae)., pp. 1-60 in Zootaxa 249 on pages 46-49

[[Hypostomus cochliodon Group]] Discussion Delimiting the species of the Hypostomus cochliodon group is made difficult by the fact that the species vary little in morphometrics or meristics, and the species have a well developed ability to alter color pattern. However, the species can be divided into four groups and from those groups it is possible to distinguish the species. The four groups are the intermediate group (H. hemicochliodon and H. sculpodon), H. cochliodon with a unique color pattern, the odontodeless opercle group (H. ericius, H. levis, H. oculeus, H. pyrineusi, and H. taphorni), and an undifferentiated northern group (H. hondae, H. pagei, and H. plecostomoides). The odontodeless opercle group can be further subdivided into a highly keeled group (H. ericius and H. oculeus) and a weakly to non-keeled group (H. levis, H. pyrineusi, and H. taphorni). Once in these groups, it is fairly simple to separate the species. Principal components analysis is provided for each of the groups although H. levis is excluded from the analysis because it lacks many of the measurements because of its absence of an adipose fin. The PCA of the intermediate group showed a 100% separation of the species on principal component 2 (Fig. 10A). PC2 is most strongly and negatively effected by dorsal-anal length and anal-fin width and most strongly and positively effected by anal-fin length and folded dorsal-fin length. A ratio of dorsal-anal length to anal-fin length completely separates the two species from one another: average = 111.1 �� 8.4%, 92.5-132.6% in Hypostomus hemicochliodon and average = 79.2 �� 7.6%, 69.6-89.7% in H. sculpodon). The PCA of the odontodeless groups showed two trends, a complete or almost complete separation of H. taphorni from H. ericius, H. oculeus, and H. pyrineusi and a complete separation of H. ericius and H. oculeus on a graph of PC2 vs. PC3 (Fig. 10B). PC2 is most strongly and negatively effected by adipose-caudal length and mouth width and most strongly and positively effected by interdorsal length, eye-nare length and orbit length. PC3 is most strongly and negatively effected by base of anal-fin length, anal-fin length, and adipose-spine length and most strongly and positively effected by interdorsal length, adipose-caudal length, and postanal length. Although there is no morphometric evidence suggesting that H. ericius and H. oculeus are distinct from H. pyrineusi there are morphological differences (well-developed keels in H. ericius and H. oculeus vs. no or weak keels in H. pyrineusi). The PCA of the northern group showed some general trends separating H. hondae and H. pagei from H. plecostomoides and a complete separation of H. hondae from H. pagei on PC2 vs. PC3 (Fig. 10C). PC2 is most strongly and negatively effected by eye-nare length and interorbital width and most strongly and positively effected by anal-fin length and interdorsal length. PC3 is most strongly and negatively effected by anal-fin length and folded dorsal-fin length and most strongly and positively effected by adipose-caudal length and interdorsal length. For the most part, the species of the Hypostomus cochliodon group are allopatric (Figs. 8, 11, 17). It is only in the Amazon basin that several species coexist. Panaque, the other wood-eating genus of loricariid catfishes, also reaches its peak of diversity in the Amazon basin (Schaefer & Stewart 1993; Schaefer & Stewart 2002). In the upper R��o Mara��on drainage of Peru, there are at least nine species of wood-eaters: H. ericius, H. hemicochliodon, H. oculeus, H. pyrineusi, P. albopunctatus, P. dentex, P. gnomus, P. nocturnus, and probably at least one species of the P. nigrolineatus clade (distributions based on this study and Schaefer & Stewart 1993). How these species subdivide the wood-eating niche is unknown, and ecological studies on wood-eating by fishes in the upper R��o Mara��on would represent a very interesting study. Weber and Montoya-Burgos (2002) recently described Hypostomus fonchii and suggested that the species was derived from the H. cochliodon group. The teeth described for H. fonchii are elongate and unicuspid and it is suggested that the unicuspid teeth represent a synapomorphy for H. fonchii and the H. cochliodon group. This is problematic in that I have not observed truly unicuspid teeth in any members of the H. cochliodon group. In all specimens of the H. cochliodon group that I have examined, the medial cusp remains present, but is generally fused with the lateral cusp. The mesial cusp remains visible as a slightly darker, thicker ridge on the medial side of the tooth. I have not examined any specimens of H. fonchii, and I cannot determine whether or not this is the case with this species. The only truly unicuspid teeth that have been reported for the Hypostominae are the teeth found in nuptial male Aphanotorulus (Armbruster & Page 1996). I do not consider H. fonchii as a member of the H. cochliodon group as its body shape is that of a generalized, fast-water dwelling Hypostomus and not the derived shape of H. cochliodon. Exact placement of H. fonchii awaits an analysis of its diet, osteology, and external anatomy for the synapomorphies of the H. cochliodon group. Recent expeditions into poorly collected regions where no members of the Hypostomus cochliodon group have been reported from in the past are finding more species of the H. cochliodon group. Two undescribed species are now known from the Essequibo and Takutu River drainages of Guyana (pers. obs.) and one species from the Rio Tocantins in Brazil (Reis, pers. comm.). These species and a revised key will be presented in future publications. Phylogeny Character 1: Teeth - 0: elongate (Fig. 1A); 1: intermediate throughout life (Fig. 1B); 2: spoon-shaped at least in adults (Fig. 1C). Character 2: Maxilla - 0: straight to moderately curved (Fig. 3A); 1: greatly curved, almost forming right angle (Fig. 3B). Character 3: Odontodes on opercle - 0: 11+ (Fig. 2A); 1: 0-10 (Fig. 2B). Character 4: Longitudinal ridge formed from bone and slightly enlarged odontodes on pterotic-supracleithrum - 0: present (Fig. 5A); 1: absent (Fig. 5B). Character 5: Nuptial body odontodes - 0: absent (Fig. 2A); 1: present (Fig. 2B). Character 6: Notch between the hyomandibula and metapterygoid - 0: present (Fig. 3A); 1: absent (Fig. 3B). Character 7: Buccal papilla - 0: present (Fig. 4A); 1: absent or extremely small (Fig. 4B). Character 8: Dentary angle - 0: averaging greater than 90��; 1: averaging less than 80��. Character 9: Sharp keel odontodes - 0: present; 1: absent. Character 10: Body shape deep and narrow with the head taller than wide - 0: absent; 1: present. Very few morphological characters are useful in elucidating the relationships of the species of the Hypostomus cochliodon group. Based on the ten characters found, a phylogeny is produced for the species of the H. cochliodon group (Fig. 23). The single tree found has 12 steps and CI = 1.00. Character state data is in Table 8. No skeletal material is available for H. sculpodon or H. ericius; however, external evidence does provide information as to the potential relationships of these species with other members of the H. cochliodon group. Considering there are so few characters available for analysis, the phylogeny should be considered tentative. Also providing support for the basal position of Hypostomus hemicochliodon and H. sculpodon is diet. In all of the specimens of the H. cochliodon group examined, almost the entire intestine is filled with small wood chips suggesting that the fishes consume little other than wood. In H. hemicochliodon and H. sculpodon the intestine mostly contains wood, but other organic matter makes up a major portion of the diet (not greater than 50%). It is apparent that H. hemicochliodon and H. sculpodon are wood eaters but not wood specialists., Published as part of Jonathan W. Armbruster, 2003, The species of the Hypostomus cochliodon group (Siluriformes: Loricariidae)., pp. 1-60 in Zootaxa 249 on pages 54-57

Hypostomus ericius new species (Fig. 9) Holotype: PERU. Amazonas: R��o Mara��on dr. 1 km upstream from Caterpiza, MUSM 17441, 1, (186.8 mm SL). Paratypes: PERU. Amazonas: R��o Mara��on dr. 1 km upstream from Caterpiza, MUSM 17441, 1, (186.8). R��o Mara��on dr. 200 m downstream from Caterpiza, LACM 42004-9, 1, (148.3). R��o Mara��on dr. Caterpiza, LACM 41893-6, 1, (80.5)and USNM 357392, 1, (93.6). Quebrada Pastazilla, R��o Santiago - R��o Mara��on dr. LACM 39947-7, 1, (120.9). Loreto: R��o Amazonas dr. Iquitos, AMNH 218035, 1, (85.1). R��o Itaya, R��o Amazonas dr. approx. 10 km S Santa Clara, INHS 36876, 1, (80.1). R��o Itaya, R��o Amazonas dr. upriver of Bel��m, approx. 4.5 km, Loreto, Peru, 3��47.71'S, 73��17.29'W, SIUC 29195, 1, (94.8). R��o Nanay, R��o Amazonas dr. sand beach on right bank, 0.25 mi below and across river from Nina Rumi, 03��44���S, 73��20���W, ANSP 176149, 1, (104.5). Diagnosis: Hypostomus ericius can be separated from all other members of the H. cochliodon group by coloration: light tan-gray with well-separated spots and no stripes. In addition, H. ericius differs from H. hemicochliodon by a lack of a buccal papilla and from H. pyrineusi by the presence of strong, sharp keels on the lateral plates. Hypostomus ericius is most similar to H. oculeus from which it differs mainly in coloration and morphometrics(Fig. 10B). Description: See Hypostomus cochliodon group description for more details. Morphometric data given in Table 1. Coloration generally tan-gray with large, widely-spaced spots. Spots present over entire body and becoming larger posteriorly. Caudal-fin membrane and rays often with black wash distally, and lighter area proximally instead of being spotted. Spots on fin spines and rays occasionally large. Spots less pronounced in juveniles, spots may be absent on abdomen. Juveniles with four faint dorsal saddles: first below anterior rays of dorsal fin, second below posterior rays of dorsal fin and slightly posterior to dorsal fin, third slightly anterior to and ventral to adipose fin, and fourth at base of caudal fin. Dorsal fin moderately long, usually just barely reaching preadipose plate when depressed. Depressed pectoral-fin spine ventral to pelvic fin reaches beyond bases of pelvic-fin rays. Pectoral-fin spine supporting numerous stout, recurved, hypertrophied odontodes in nuptial males. Keels sharp, very strongly developed. Orbits forming ridge distinctly raised above medial surface of head; ridges of dorsal and lateral aspect of head well-developed. Longitudinal ridge formed of raised bone and slightly larger odontodes absent on pterotic-supracleithrum beginning at postdorsal corner of orbit. Opercle usually not supporting odontodes, but sometimes up to 10 odontodes may be present on opercle (Fig. 2B). Nuptial body odontodes present (Fig. 2B). Plates in skin anterior to dorsal-fin spine usually absent or not numerous (Fig. 6A; Table 7). Cheek plates generally support several stout odontodes slightly larger than surrounding odontodes. Head appears wider and taller than in other species of Hypostomus. Each jaw with 5-9 teeth (mode = 7), teeth large and spoon-shaped. Average angle between dentaries 53�� (SD = 9��; range: 40��-69��; N=7). Lateral line plates 27-28; dorsal plates 7-9; interdorsal plates 5-7; adipose caudal plates 9-10. Range: Currently known from the R��os Mara��on, Itaya, and Nanay of the Upper R��o Amazonas drainage of Peru (Fig. 11). Hypostomus ericius is sympatric with H. hemicochliodon, H. oculeus, and H. pyrineusi. Etymology: From the Latin, ericius, for hedgehog in reference to the many sharp odontodes on the keels., Published as part of Jonathan W. Armbruster, 2003, The species of the Hypostomus cochliodon group (Siluriformes: Loricariidae)., pp. 1-60 in Zootaxa 249 on pages 25-28

Hypostomus oculeus (Fowler 1943) (Fig. 16) Panaque oculeus Fowler 1943: 256-258, figs. 48-51. Material examined: AQUARIUM SPECIMEN: AUM 16090, 1 cs. COLOMBIA. Caqueta: R��o Orteguasa - R��o Amazonas dr. Florencia, Caqueta, ANSP 70518, 1, (140.5), Holotype, ANSP 70519, 2, (91.8-126.3), Paratypes, and USNM 100773, 1, (143.9). ECUADOR. State unknown: Quebrada, R��o Jivino - R��o Napo dr. ANSP 120350, 1, (163.6). R��o Catapino, R��o Corrientes - R��o Napo dr. MCNG 9724, 2, (145.8-161.3). R��o Catapino, R��o Corrientes - R��o Napo dr. Panayaco, MCNG 9725, 2, (149.1-190.6). Napo: R��o Aguarico, R��o Napo dr. at campamento Guarmo CEPE, 00��01���S, 76��37���30���W, FMNH 106015, 1, (129.35). R��o Due, R��o Aguarico dr. at site of bridge under construction 8.8 km SW Lumbaqui by road and 0.4 km N of the road, 00��00���12���S, 77��23���48���W, FMNH 106014, 1, (90.8). R��o Lushanta, R��o Napo dr. 4 km E Archidona, AUM 28229, 3, 3 cs, (3). R��o Lushian, R��o Napo dr. 2 km N Archidona, AUM 28221, 1, 2 cs, (1). R��o Lushian, R��o Napo dr. 3 km N Archidona, AUM 28342, 2, (211.9-216.9). R��o Pano, R��o Napo dr. 5.5 km NW Tena, elev. 550 m, AUM 28216, 2, (82.9-100.1). Tributary, R��o Payamino dr. few km upstream from San Jose de Payamino, 00��20���12���S, 77��18���W, FMNH 106016, 3, (152.2-185.4). PERU. Amazonas: R��o Mara��on dr. Caterpiza, LACM 41873-5, 1, (175.7). R��o Cenepa, R��o Mara��on dr. near R��o Tujushiku, LACM 39647-2, 2, (161.4-167.6). R��o Santiago, R��o Mara��on dr. at La Poza, LACM 41724-16, 1, (112.3). Diagnosis: Hypostomus oculeus can be distinguished from all other members of the H. cochliodon group except H. ericius, H. hemicochliodon, and H. sculpodon by having well developed keels. Hypostomus oculeus differs from H. hemicochliodon and H. sculpodon by a lack of a buccal papilla, by having 0-10 odontodes on the opercle (versus more than 10), and the presence of nuptial body odontodes (Fig. 2B); and from H. ericius by being dark brown with closely-placed spots (vs. tan to gray with widely separated spots) and by the following ratios: anal-fin length/SL (10.8-13.9% vs. 13.4-17.0%) and interorbital width/head length (42.4-50.2% vs. 50.5-56.6%). Description: See Hypostomus cochliodon group description for more details. Morphometric data given in Table 3. Body almost entirely dark brown with medium to large spots present. Spots increasing in size posteriorly and almost coalescing to form stripes on caudal peduncle. Spots on abdomen large, often confluent with one another and forming crescents and rings. Abdomen slightly lighter than sides, particularly in juveniles. Individuals below 100 mm SL often entirely dark brown except for faint spots on dorsal and paired fins and with lighter abdomen. Dorsal fin occasionally large, reaching beyond adipose fin when depressed, but dorsal fin generally reaching preadipose plate or slightly beyond when depressed. Pectoral-fin spine when depressed ventral to pelvic fin reaches beyond bases of pelvic-fin rays. Pectoral-fin spine supporting numerous stout, recurved, hypertrophied odontodes in nuptial males. Keels sharp, strongly developed. Orbits forming ridge distinctly raised above medial surface of head; ridges of dorsal and lateral aspect of head well-developed. Longitudinal ridge on pterotic-supracleithrum beginning at posterodorsal corner of eye formed from raised bone and slightly larger odontodes absent. Opercle usually not supporting odontodes, but one to ten odontodes may be present, and odontodes on opercle more numerous in juveniles. Nuptial body odontodes present (Fig. 2B). Platelets in skin anterior to dorsalfin spine usually absent or not numerous (Fig. 6A; Table 7). Each jaw with 7-18 teeth (mode = 8), teeth large and spoon-shaped. Average angle between dentaries 65�� (SD = 10��; range: 48��-89��; N=23). Lateral line plates 27-30; dorsal plates 7-9; interdorsal plates 5-7; adipose caudal plates 9-11. Range: Found in the Rio Mara��on drainage of Peru, the R��o Napo drainage of Ecuador, and the R��o Orteguasa drainage of Colombia, all tributaries of the Upper R��o Amazonas drainage (Fig. 17). Hypostomus oculeus is sympatric with H. ericius, H. hemicochliodon, and H. pyrineusi., Published as part of Jonathan W. Armbruster, 2003, The species of the Hypostomus cochliodon group (Siluriformes: Loricariidae)., pp. 1-60 in Zootaxa 249 on pages 36-38

Hypostomus cochliodon Kner 1853 (Fig. 7) Hypostomus cochliodon Kner 1853: 265-267, pl. 2 fig. 1. Hypostomus hypostomus Heckel, in Kner 1853: 265 (name published in synonymy of Hypostomus cochliodon). Loricaria melanoptera Natterer, in Kner 1853: 265 (name published in synonymy of Hypostomus cochliodon) Material examined: UNKNOWN LOCALITY. AMNH 97884, 2, (80.9-155.5). BRAZIL. Mato Grosso: Rio Cujaba, NMW 46277, 1 (152.9, lectotype)and NMW 44101 (179.3, paralectotype). Near Cuiab��, AMNH 97880, 9, 1 cs, (68.9-124.2). Arroio, Rio do Bugre - Rio Jauru - Rio Paraguai dr. at km 165 on Estrada Porto Esperidi��o /Pontes e Lacerda (BR 174), ca 48 km de Esperidi��o, USNM 326357, 4, 1 cs, (75.8-143.6). Arroio Cruzando, Rio Paraguai dr. on estrada Tangara da serra 1, Barra do Bugres, near nova Olimpia, USNM 326319, 2, 1 cs, (70.5-96.6). PARAGUAY. Alto Paraguay: Arroyo Ytyguazu, R��o Paraguay dr. Primavera, Caacupe, ANSP 124105, 1, (111.4). R��o Apa, R��o Paraguay dr. ca 0.5 km upstream (=east) of bridge between Brazil and Paraguay in Bella Vista, 22��06���30���S, 56��30���W, UMMZ 206797, 6, (122.6-211.38). Amambay: R��o Aquidaban, R��o Paraguay dr. at Paso Horqueta, ca 24 km NNW of Loreto, 23��03���48���S, 57��23���W, UMMZ 207821, 1, (151.4). R��o Aquidaban, R��o Paraguay dr. in Parque Nacional Cerro Cora ca 32 km WSW of Pedro Juan Caballero, 22��38���12���S, 56��03���W, UMMZ 206767, 1, (130.0). R��o Aquidaban, R��o Paraguay dr. Parque Nacional Cerro Cora, USNM 232310, 1, (131.1), USNM 232312, 2, (119.4-164.4), and USNM 232311, 1, (146.7). Canendiyu: R��o Jejui, Rio JejuiGuazu - R��o Paraguay dr. ca. 41 km N Curuquaty and 2 km S Ygantini, 24��08���12���S, 55��37���W, UMMZ 206338, 3, 3 cs, (142.2-168). Concepc��on: R��o Ypan��, R��o Paraguay dr. at ferry crossing, ca 2.0 km S by dirt road to Belen (which is ca 18 km ESE Concepcion), 23��29���30���S, 57��15���W, UMMZ 207988, 5, 2 cs, (80.3-113.1)and UMMZ 207989, 3, (66.1-76.3). Cordillera: R��o La Plata dr. 1.6 km by road S of Tobati, UMMZ 203865, 1, (140.8). Arroyo Tobati, R��o Paraguay dr. small river ca. 0.3 km E of dirt road, 1.6 km S of Tobati, 25��18���30���S, 57��04���W, UMMZ 205771, 1, (151.6)and UMMZ 205770, 1, (148.0). Arroyo Tobati, R��o Piribebuy - R��o Paraguay dr. ca 0.1 km east of Tobati, 25��16���14���S, 57��03���W, UMMZ 205809, 1, (106.5). Arroyo Yaguary-Guaz��, R��o Aquidaban dr. at bridge on dirt highway (Route #5) ca 26.1 km NE of junction with Route#, ca 68 km WSW of Pedro Juan Caballero, 27��47���24���S, 56��21���W, UMMZ 206691, 1, 147.0). Paraguari: R��o Tebicuary dr. Salto de Pirareta, ca. 400 m below falls, 5.8 km S. of Piribebuy and 10 km W on dirt road, UMMZ 205673, 3, (112.4-170.5). San Pedro: R��o Ypan��, R��o Paraguay dr. on S bank at bridge on dirt highway, 52.7 km S of jct. with highway #5 at Yby-Yau, 23��27���18���S, 56��31���W, UMMZ 208023, 1, (164.0)and UMMZ 208024, 2, (94.9-120.1). Villa Hays: no exact locality, FMNH 59735, 1, (151.7). Diagnosis: Hypostomus cochliodon can be distinguished from all other members of the H. cochliodon group by its almost entirely brown coloration with ventral half of dorsal plate row and dorsal half of supramedian plate row slightly lighter than lower rows forming a tan stripe, and spots, when present, small and widely placed (vs. spots usually welldeveloped and closely placed). Unlike most other members of the H. cochliodon group, H. cochliodon can also be entirely dark brown with no spots anywhere on the body (other members of the H. cochliodon group may be very dark, but will retain spots on fins or the abdomen). Description: See Hypostomus cochliodon group description for more details. Morphometric data given in Table 1. Color normally almost entirely dark brown with wide, tan stripes dorsally and ventrally. Tan dorsal stripe on ventral half of dorsal plate row and dorsal half of supramedian plate row; stripe sometimes crossed by dark saddles or with dark spots anteriorly. Tan ventral stripe on ventral half of inframedian plate row and entire ventral plate row. Dorsal stripe forks on nape with one branch continuing straight to eye and other branch ending at posterior tip of supraoccipital. Tan wedge occasionally present at base of supraoccipital crest. Dorsal surface of snout light or mottled. Spots on body often absent, but sometimes present on any part of the body, well separated from one another. Abdomen colored as sides, but usually slightly lighter. Color entirely dark brown without spots in some individuals. Dorsal fin usually short, not reaching preadipose plate when depressed in most specimens. Depressed pectoral-fin spine ventral to pelvic fin reaches beyond bases of pelvic-fin rays. Tip of pectoral-fin spine of nuptial males with stout, recurved, hypertrophied odontodes. Keels moderate to well-developed; keel odontodes occasionally sharp. Orbits forming ridge distinctly raised above medial surface of head; ridges of dorsal and lateral aspect of head well-developed. Longitudinal ridge on pterotic-supracleithrum beginning at posterodorsal corner of eye formed from raised bone and slightly larger odontodes present. Opercle usually supporting much more than 10 odontodes; in some specimens the opercle does not support odontodes (see Comments). Nuptial body odontodes present (Fig. 2B). Plates in skin anterior to dorsal-fin spines few or absent (Fig. 6A; Table 7). Each jaw with 6-27 teeth (mode = 12). Size of teeth variable (see Comments). Average angle between dentaries 68�� (SD = 14��; range: 42��-99��; N=30). Lateral line plates 26-30; dorsal plates 7-8; interdorsal plates 5-7; adipose caudal plates 9-11. Range: The upper 2/3 of the R��o Paraguay basin of Brazil and Paraguay (Fig. 8). Hypostomus cochliodon is allopatric to all other species of the H. cochliodon group. Comments: The smallest juveniles often have teeth very similar to algivorous-detritivorous species of Hypostomus. As Hypostomus cochliodon grow, the teeth apparently are replaced by successively larger, more spoon-shaped teeth, and tooth number decreases. Hypostomus cochliodon is variable in color pattern, size of keels, and number of odontodes on the opercle (0 to 30). The variation in number of odontodes may indicate that H. cochliodon as presently delimited may represent more than one species; however, the variation in opercular odontode number does not appear to be correlated with variation in other characteristics., Published as part of Jonathan W. Armbruster, 2003, The species of the Hypostomus cochliodon group (Siluriformes: Loricariidae)., pp. 1-60 in Zootaxa 249 on pages 21-25

Hypostomus cochliodon Group Diagnosis: The Hypostomus cochliodon group is diagnosed by the following characteristics, none of which is unique among loricariids: dentary angle averaging less than 80�� and the preoperculo-hyomandibular ridge deflected posterior to the main body of the hyomandibula (Armbruster, in press). Wood-specializing members of the H. cochliodon group are additionally diagnosed by the following characteristics, none of which are unique among loricariids: the presence of large spoon-shaped teeth (Fig. 1C), the hyomandibula and metapterygoid sutured to their dorsal margins vs. not sutured dorsally with a notch between the two bones (Fig. 3B), the presence of a highly curved maxilla (Fig. 3B), and loss of the buccal papilla (Fig. 4B). The Hypostomus cochliodon group can be distinguished from most other loricariids by the combination of highly angled jaws and usually less than 20 teeth per jaw ramus (occasional specimens of H. cochliodon, H. hondae, and H. hemicochliodon have been observed with counts of up to 27 teeth). Among the Hypostominae, the H. cochliodon group differs from Pterygoplichthys by having seven dorsal-fin rays (vs. nine or more); from Pogonopoma, Pseudorinelepis, and Rhinelepis by having the dorsal flap of the iris present (vs. flap absent; Armbruster 1998) and by having four anal fin rays (vs. five); from Corymbophanes, by having 0-2 median, unpaired plates posterior to the dorsal fin (vs. 3 or more); from most of the Ancistrini by not being able to evert the cheek plates any greater than 30�� (vs. 75��-90��); from Spectracanthicus (Ancistrini) by having the dorsal fin separate from the adipose fin (vs. contacting adipose-fin spine) and by having plates on the abdomen in adults; and from Pseudancistrus (Ancistrini) by lacking hypertrophied odontodes on the cheek and snout margin and by having plates on the abdomen in adults. Hypostomus microstomus Weber shares with the H. cochliodon group highly angled jaws and a low number of large teeth (Weber 1987); however, the teeth of H. microstomus are not spoon-shaped or tending towards being spoon-shaped. In addition, H. microstomus is dark gray to black with light spots versus brown with dark spots as in the H. cochliodon group. Some Hypostomus such as H. plecostomus are variable in the angle between the dentaries. Some specimens of H. plecostomus, for example, have a dentary angle less than 80��. They differ from the H. cochliodon group by having greater than 20 teeth per ramus. Species similar to H. plecostomus also tend to have the head as wide or wider than tall while species of the H. cochliodon group tend to have the head taller than wider. Description: Fairly large loricariids, reaching 300 mm SL. Color typically dark brown with spots generally developed over most surfaces. Most species observed have a well developed ability to alter color according to substrate. Body shape in all except Hypostomus sculpodon deep at origin of the dorsal fin (appearing deeper than in other Hypostomus) then narrowing posteriorly more quickly than in Hypostomus causing body to appear humped. Body of H. sculpodon not as deep. Body depth increases from snout to tip of supraoccipital at steep angle, angle of body depth increase decreases from tip of supraoccipital to dorsal-fin spinelet. Rounded ridge present from anterodorsal corner of orbit to posterior margin of nares; ridge widest and tallest posteriorly. Rounded ridge present from posterodorsal corner of eye to end of pterotic-supracleithrum (additional, sharp ridge of bone and moderately enlarged odontodes present on pterotic-supracleithrum in H. cochliodon, H. hemicochliodon, and H. sculpodon). Space between orbits concave such that dorsal rim of orbit raised above medial surface of head. Nares separated by flap of skin held erect in life. Dorsal, supramedian, median, and inframedian plate rows complete from head to caudal fin, ventral plate row begins at insertion of pelvic fin and continues to caudal fin. Lateral plates usually with median keels formed from ridge of bone and enlarged odontodes; height of keels vary from absent to tall with odontodes very sharp; keels may be present or absent on any row of lateral plates; keels of first three plates of supramedian plate row angled dorsally, often confluent with keel of dorsal plate row; keels on first three plates of dorsal row forming angle from tip of supraoccipital to posterolateral corner of nuchal plate, not confluent with keel on dorsal plate row beginning on fourth plate. Base of caudal fin covered in elongate, roughly triangular plates. Entire ventral surface of head and body (including space above pectoral- and pelvic-fin rays) of adults covered in small platelets, platelets often extending onto base of pectoral- and pelvic-fin rays ventrally. Small platelets usually present in skin between dorsal fin and lateral plates of adults. Platelets on abdomen and near fins increase in number with standard length. Head covered in small plates. Frontal, nasal, sphenotic, infraorbitals, pterotic-supracleithrum, suprapreopercle, and supraoccipital supporting odontodes. Opercle supports odontodes in some species. Some odontodes present on posterior margin of preopercle. Platelets that cover anteroventral corner of opercle slightly separated from opercle allowing plates to be marginally everted (angle of eversion less than 30��). Dorsal fin consisting of small, v-shaped spinelet, fairly strong spine, and seven rays. Caudal fin strongly forked, lower lobe longer than upper. Pectoral-fin spine strong, generally reaches posterior to pelvic-fin rays when depressed ventral to pelvic fin; cleithrum with exposed process dorsal to pectoral-fin rays that tapers posteriorly to point; pectoralfin inserted on same plane as pelvic fin such that spine, when depressed parallel with body, lies on top of and in contact with pelvic fin. Pelvic-fin spine thin, flexible, generally reaches beyond base of anal fin. Anal fin with relatively strong, unbranched first ray that supports odontodes. Adipose fin (when present) consisting of single median, unpaired preadipose plate and a stout, strong, pointed spine; adipose-fin membrane generally extending to anterior-most procurrent caudal-fin spine or just anterior to procurrent caudal-fin spines. Dorsal fin II7; pectoral fin I6; pelvic fin I5, anal fin I4, caudal fin I14I. Jaws strongly angled, dentaries typically forming angle of less than 80��. Teeth few (5- 27, mode = 10), generally shorter and wider than most Hypostomus (Fig. 1B-C); teeth of most species spoon-shaped (Fig. 1C). Range: From the Amazon, Aroa, Atrato, Essequibo, La Plata, Magdalena, Orinoco, Sinu, Tocuyo, Tuy, and Yaracuy river drainages and the Lake Maracaibo drainage. Ecology: Individuals of the Hypostomus cochliodon group are most typically collected in slow-flowing, small- to medium-sized rivers, although they may also be collected in piedmont streams. They are typically associated with submerged logs in the flowing portions of the streams. Key to the species of the Hypostomus cochliodon group 1 Adipose fin absent........................ Hypostomus levis (Upper R��o Madeira in Bolivia) - Adipose fin present.................................................................................................... 2 2 Opercle supporting few or no odontodes (0-10; Fig. 2B).......................................... 3 - Opercle supporting a large patch of odontodes (11+; Fig. 2A).................................. 7 3 Body typically with wide tan dorsal stripe formed on the ventral half of the plates in dorsal row and dorsal half of plates in supramedian row, spots, if present, few, or body entirely dark brown without spots....... Hypostomus cochliodon (R��o Paraguay) - Body without stripes or never entirely dark brown (spots always present)............... 4 4 Keels weak or absent.......................... Hypostomus pyrineusi (Upper R��o Amazonas) - Keels well-developed................................................................................................. 5 5 Caudal fin bicolored with dorsal lobe light, ventral lobe dark; caudal fin without spots on ventral lobe except on caudal-fin spines. Adult males without modified odontodes on lateral plates (Fig. 2A)............... Hypostomus taphorni (Cuyuni River) - Caudal fin with dorsal and ventral lobes similarly colored; caudal fin with spots at least on ventral lobe. Adultmales with modified odontodes on lateralplates (Fig. 2B)........................................................................................................................................ 6 6 Color tan or gray with dark spots widely spaced (Fig. 9)............................................................................................... Hypostomus ericius (Upper R��o Amazonas of Peru) - Color dark brown with dark spots closely spaced (Fig. 16)................................................... Hypostomus oculeus (Upper R��o Amazonas of Peru, Colombia, and Ecuador) 7 Body typically with wide tan dorsal stripe formed on the ventral half of the plates in dorsal row and dorsal half of plates in supramedian row, spots, if present, few, or body entirely dark brown without spots. Adult males with modified odontodes on the lateral plates (Fig. 2B). Located only in the R��o de La Plata drainage)....................................................................................... Hypostomus cochliodon (R��o Paraguay) - Body without stripes or never entirely dark brown, spots always present. Adult males without modified odontodes on the lateral plates (Fig. 2A). R��o Amazonas drainage and drainages north of R��o Amazonas........................................................ 8 8 Buccal papilla tiny or absent (Fig. 3B). Teeth wide with short stalk and with distinctly spoon-shaped cusp (Fig. 1C). Ridge absent on pterotic-supracleithrum (Fig. 5B)............................................................................................................................. 9 - Buccal papilla medium to large (Fig. 3A). Teeth narrow with long stalk and not with distinctly spoon-shaped cusp (Fig. 1B). Ridge present on pterotic-supracleithrum (Fig. 5A)................................................................................................................... 12 9 Caudal fin strongly bicolored with dorsal lobe light, ventral lobe dark. Spots on abdomen very small (Fig. 22).......................... Hypostomus taphorni (Cuyuni River) - Caudal fin not strongly bicolored with either dorsal lobe light at the base and dark at the tip and ventral lobe dark, or entire fin light, or entire fin with spots that form vertical bands. Spots on abdomen small to large, but never as shown in figure 22...... 10 10 Caudal-fin spines lightly colored, generally without spots although juveniles occasionally have some faint spots. R��os Aroa, Tucuyo, and Yaracuy................................................................................. Hypostomus pagei (r��os Aroa, Tucuyo, and Yaracuy) - Caudal-fin spines darkly colored, almost black or with spots. R��os Orinoco and Tuy and Lago Maracaibo drainages and west of Andes.................................................. 11 11 Relatively small number of plates in skin between dorsal-fin spine and spinelet and lateral plates (number of plates depends on SL, see Fig. 6A; Table 7)......................................................................................... Hypostomus plecostomoides (R��o Orinoco) - Tends to have relatively large number of plates in skin between dorsal-fin spine and spinelet and lateral plates (number of plates depends on SL, see Fig. 6B; Table 7; some specimens from the Rio Atrato lack this trait)............................................................... Hypostomus hondae (r��os Atrato, Magdalena, and Sinu and Lago Maracaibo) 12 Spots on body, if present, not widely-spaced, body color dark brown to black. Buccal papilla small. Dorsal-anal length to anal-fin length ratio 92.5-132.6% (average = 111.1 �� 8.4%). Interorbital width/HL ratio 44.1-55.6% (average = 49.9 �� 2.7%)............................................................................................... Hypostomus hemicochliodon (R��os Amazonas, Negro, Tapajos, and Xingu and upper R��o Orinoco) - Spots on body widely-spaced, body color reddish brown. Buccal papilla very large. Dorsal-anal length to anal-fin length ratio 69.6-89.7% (average = 79.2 �� 7.6%). Interorbital width/HL ratio 38.5-45.4% (average = 51.4 �� 3.1%)............................................................................ Hypostomus sculpodon (upper r��os Negro and Orinoco), Published as part of Jonathan W. Armbruster, 2003, The species of the Hypostomus cochliodon group (Siluriformes: Loricariidae)., pp. 1-60 in Zootaxa 249 on pages 13-21

There is no agreement among authors that study fish condition by the allometric method (K=W/Lb) with regard to the best procedure for b coefficient calculation. Some authors use a constant coefficient for all sub-samples (seasons of the year, for instance), whilst others calculate b value for each sub-sample. To demonstrate which of these methods fits better, this study verified that the use of one b value for each sub-sample leads to distortion of Condition Factor values. Comparing the two tested methods, it may be concluded that the method which calculates b coefficient from groupings of all individuals and uses b as a constant value for all sub-samples is the most convenient method to study fish condition. Dentre os trabalhos que objetivam o estudo da condição de peixes com o uso do método alométrico (K=W/Lb), não há um consenso sobre o procedimento mais adequado para o cálculo do coeficiente b, pois alguns autores utilizam um coeficiente constante para todas as sub-amostras (estações do ano, por exemplo), enquanto outros calculam um valor de b para cada sub-amostra. Com a intenção de demonstrar qual desses procedimentos é mais adequado, este trabalho verificou-se que a utilização de um valor de b para cada sub-amostra provoca distorções nos valores do Fator de Condição. Conclui-se, então, que o método que calcula o coeficiente b a partir do agrupamento de todos os indivíduos e o utiliza com um valor constante para todas as sub-amostras é, dentre os dois procedimentos testados, o mais adequado para estudo da condição de peixes.

SUMMARY The dilated, round pupils of a species of suckermouth armoured catfish(Liposarcus pardalis) constrict slowly on illumination (over 35-40 min) to form crescent-shaped apertures. Ray tracing of He—Ne laser beams shows that the lenses of a related species (Pterygoplichthys etentaculus), which also has a crescent-shaped pupil, are well corrected for longitudinal spherical aberration, suggesting that the primary purpose of the irregular pupil in armoured catfish is not to correct such aberration. It is suggested that the iris operculum may serve to camouflage the pupil of these substrate-dwelling species. An examination of the catfish retina shows the photoreceptors to be exclusively single cones interspersed with elongate rods and demonstrates the presence of multiple optic nerve head papillae. Two areas of high ganglion cell density, each side of a vertically oriented falciform process, provide increased spatial resolving power along the axes examining the substrate in front of and behind the animal.