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The brain forms certain deliberative decisions following normative principles related to how sensory observations are weighed and accumulated over time. Previously we showed that these principles can account for how people adapt their decisions to the temporal dynamics of the observations (Glaze et al., 2015). Here we show that this adaptability extends to accounting for correlations in the observations, which can have a dramatic impact on the weight of evidence provided by those observations. We tested online human participants on a novel visual-discrimination task with pairwise-correlated observations. With minimal training, the participants adapted to uncued, trial-by-trial changes in the correlations and produced decisions based on an approximately normative weighting and accumulation of evidence. The results highlight the robustness of our brain's ability to process sensory observations with respect to not just their physical features but also the weight of evidence they provide for a given decision.

Nurses' attitudes toward information security can influence the hospital's information resources management and development. This study investigated the relationships between nurses' information security policy compliance, information competence, and information security attitudes, which are factors that influence information security behavior. Data were collected during September 2020. The participants were 200 clinical nurses from a general hospital in Korea. The self-reported questionnaire included questions on nurses' general characteristics, information security policy compliance, information competence, and information security attitudes. Information security policy compliance ( r = 0.554, P < .001) and information competence ( r = 0.614, P < .001) were positively associated with information security attitudes. Predictors of nurses' information security attitudes were information competence ( β = .439), information security policy compliance ( β = .343), prior information security-related education ( β = .113), and job position (nurse manager; β = .101). Implications for practice include the need for strategies to develop information security policy compliance and information competence to improve information security behavior, including different approaches tailored to nurses' job positions and previous information security education., (Copyright © 2022 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: This study aimed to examine whether and to what degree the suicide risk of psychiatric patients is associated with psychiatric and non-psychiatric health service utilization., Methods: We selected incident psychiatric patients, including schizophrenia, bipolar disorders, borderline personality disorder, depressive disorders, other affective disorders, and post-traumatic stress disorder patients, in 2007-2010 and followed them up until 2017 based on the data linkage between the Korean National Health Insurance and National Death Registry. We analyzed the time-dependent association between suicide and four types of health service (psychiatric vs. non-psychiatric and outpatient vs. inpatient) utilization using a time-dependent Cox regression., Results: The suicide risk of psychiatric patients was significantly increased with recent psychiatric and non-psychiatric admission and psychiatric outpatient visits. The adjusted suicide hazard ratios for recent outpatient visits were similar to or even higher than those for recent psychiatric admission. The adjusted suicide hazard ratios of schizophrenia patients for psychiatric admission, psychiatric outpatient visits, and non-psychiatric admission within the recent 6 months were 2.34 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.12-2.58, p  < 0.001), 2.96 (95% CI: 2.65-3.30, p  < 0.001), and 1.55 (95% CI: 1.39-1.74, p  < 0.001), respectively. Suicide risk was not associated with recent non-psychiatric outpatient visits in patients, except for the depressive disorders group showing a negative association., Conclusion: Our results highlight the priority of suicide prevention for psychiatric patients in the clinical setting. Additionally, our results warrant the precaution against increased suicide risk of psychiatric patients after psychiatric and non-psychiatric discharge., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Lee, Lee, Lim, Park, Ki and Kang.)

Vocal cord disorder is one of the important health problems, especially in noisy industrial sites where excessive voice is required. A convenient and reliable communication method is required in a noisy environment to prevent the related disorders. However, the signal sensitivity of previous neck microphones is still insufficient to accurately convey the voice. In this study, we developed a skin-attachable neck microphone with a lightweight and flexible form factor. Also, we optimized the attachment position and covering pressure to maximize the signal sensitivity. As a result, we obtained the optimal position near the thyroid cartilage and confirmed that the signal sensitivity is the highest when the covering pressure is approximately 4 mmHg.Clinical Relevance- People can measure the voice status using a wearable neck microphone at the optimal position and covering pressure. It provides a solution to keep the vocal cords in good health even in a noisy environment.

The concept of information security in nursing can improve the basic understanding of security issues in nursing. This study aimed to report on information security in nursing that considers the technical, physical, and administrative aspects of information. We used a hybrid model to analyze the concept and conducted on-site interviews. The analysis revealed 7 attributes: physical aspect: environmental control, facility stability; technical aspect: information accessibility, taking advantage of features; and administrative aspect: systematicity of work, execution of education, professional responsibility. Our model could help identify the physical, technical, and administrative attributes and definitions of information security in nursing., (Copyright © 2020 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

The enzymatic properties of NADH:quinone oxidoreductase were examined in Triton X-100 extracts of Bacillus cereus membranes by using the artificial electron acceptors ubiquinone-1 and menadione. Membranes were prepared from B. cereus KCTC 3674 grown aerobically on a complex medium and oxidized with NADH exclusively, whereas deamino-NADH was determined to be poorly oxidized. The NADH oxidase activity was lost completely by solubilization of the membranes with Triton X-100. However, by using the artificial electron acceptors ubiquinone-1 and menadione, NADH oxidation could be observed. The activities of NADH:ubiquinone-1 and NADH:menadione oxidoreductase were enhanced approximately 8-fold and 4-fold, respectively, from the Triton X-100 extracted membranes. The maximum activity of FAD-dependent NADH:ubiquinone-1 oxidoreductase was obtained at about pH 6.0 in the presence of 0.1M NaCl, while the maximum activity of FAD-dependent NADH:menadione oxidoreductase was obtained at about pH 8.0 in the presence of 0.1 M NaCl. The activities of the NADH:ubiquinone-1 and NADH:menadione oxidoreductase were very resistant to such respiratory chain inhibitors as rotenone, capsaicin, and AgNO(3), whereas these activities were sensitive to 2-heptyl-4-hydroxyquinoline-N-oxide (HQNO). Based on these results, we suggest that the aerobic respiratory chain-linked NADH oxidase system of B. cereus KCTC 3674 possesses an HQNO-sensitive NADH:quinone oxidoreductase that lacks an energy coupling site containing FAD as a cofactor.