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Considering new trends in global politics, the Islamic Republic of Pakistan appreciates the peaceful rise of the Peoples Republic of China. The well-established Pak-China camaraderie entered the 21st century with the new hopes of exploring innovative economic opportunities. The paper examines this relationship based on the interest of both the countries to be vigilant of the emerging regional and global scenario and to come up with appropriate economic and security strategy to meet their common challenges. The prospects of Pak-China relations reveal its significant impact on the global politics in future. This article spotlights the adjustments and the new areas of cooperation, which China and Pakistan explored in their relations. Keeping in mind the belligerent neighbour of Pakistan i.e., India and China's relationship with India and the US, from the perspective of neorealist school of thought this paper explores the nature of bilateral partnership in the anarchic order of the 21st century and two-pronged promising approach of Pakistan and China. It also seeks to understand whether coordination between the two countries to assure their economic prosperity and security in the 21st century will help in achieving their national interest or not. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pak-Afghan relations in post-Taliban era are a narration of mistrust and a display of the Prisoner's Dilemma. Despite Pakistan's efforts to maintain good neighbourly relations, it is being blamed for chaotic situation in Afghanistan, providing safe havens for miscreants in FATA, sponsoring terrorism and suicide bombing in the latter. On the other hand, Pakistan is also suspicious of Afghanistan's India-centric policies, which results in insurgency and unrest in FATA, Balochistan and different parts of the country. Despite several commonalities and both being allies in the war against terrorism, the trust gap however is so broad that both the countries cannot decipher their disagreements bilaterally. Resultantly, both have become a recipe of never ending violence and allowing regional powers to interfere in their affairs and exploit the situation to their own advantage. Pak-Afghan relations cannot afford mistrust and hostility, which has repeatedly caused negative repercussions on their relations. The paper employs Prisoner's Dilemma approach to examine the nature of Pak-Afghan relations and draw a conclusion for trust building via its repeated reciprocal strategies. In addition, the theoretical framework explains that reciprocal strategies, if adopted, will enable Pakistan and Afghanistan to break Prisoner's Dilemma, sustain trust and convert their limited cooperation into full cooperation based on mutual trust. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Religion and religious issues have increasingly moved into political and public life around the globe. Instead of using religion as a tool for promoting peace, it has been manipulated for political and economic purposes. Confrontational religious issues are creating an environment of intolerance that leads to conflicts among civilisations. The contemporary debates about the clash between Islam and the Christian West demands comprehension of the deeply divergent values between both the civilisations. While it is mostly discussed that the Islamic world does not share the liberal values or the electoral democracies present in the Western world, the political reforms initiated in Islamic world exemplified in Turkey, Indonesia and many other parts of South Asia are often ignored. Moreover, the policies and wars and the role of the West in Muslim countries like Afghanistan, Iraq, Libya, Syria, Yemen and many others and the reaction to it clearly illustrate the fault lines between the Islamic and Western societies. The question, however, remains whether a clash between the two worlds is inevitable or not. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent decades, the intricate landscape of mental health challenges has become a focal point of global concern, with particular urgency in Low- and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs). This manuscript delves into the multidimensional tapestry of mental health issues prevalent in these regions, offering an intercontinental analysis that seeks to unravel the contributing factors and proposes strategies for improvement. Through a meticulous examination of diverse sociocultural, economic, and healthcare-related variables, this study aims to provide a comprehensive understandingof the complex dynamics shaping mental health crises in LMICs. Through an intercontinental lens, our analysis aims to transcend geographical boundaries, examining the commonalities and distinctions inherent in the mental health landscapes of LMICs. This inquiry is driven by a dual commitment: to comprehensively understand the determinants of mental health challenges and to identify instructive approaches that can serve as foundations for targeted interventions. In navigating this intellectual terrain, our study not only strives to contribute to the academic discourse on global mental health but also aspires to inform policy and practice, fostering a nuanced understanding of mental health dynamics and cultivating evidence-based strategies to ameliorate the burden faced by individuals in LMICs. By synthesizing current research, empirical data, and theoretical frameworks, our exploration not only illuminates the challenges but also endeavors to identify instructive approaches for mitigating the impact of mental health issues in resource-constrained settings. The confluence of factors influencing mental health in LMICs demands an interdisciplinary lens, and this manuscript endeavors to navigate this intricate terrain with rigor and precision. . This article exposes the significant gap in mental health services, attributing this disparity to limited public funding, insufficient allocation for children and adolescents, and an inadequate distribution of funds in mental health infrastructure. The scarcity of mental health workers, particularly in primary healthcare settings, further exacerbates the problem. The contributing factors to mental health crises in LMICs include ineffective legislation, leadership, and national health policies, as well as cultural beliefs and stereotypes. The lack of a mental health information system further hampers meaningful progress in these regions. There is a need for a comprehensive mental health system that considers cultural, social, and economic factors unique to LMICs. To address the challenges faced by LMICs, the article suggests strategies, including legislative reforms, policy development, public education to reduce stigma, and promotion of evidence-based interventions. By drawing on existing principles and considerations, the authors provide a specific system of mental health services grounded in community-based care and "mental health-in-allpolicies" approach which advocates for rational investment allocations, considering social determinants, prevalence data, and the humane treatment of individuals with mental health issues in these regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The demand for semiconductor indium oxide (In 2 O 3 ) nanocrystals is increasing because of their diverse applications, including in biomedicine. However, there is a scarcity of studies on the biological interaction of indium oxide nanocrystals. Here, we explored the underlying mechanisms of toxicity induced by indium oxide nanocubes in human lung epithelial (A549) cells. Prepared indium oxide nanocubes were crystalline with an average size of 21 nm. Biointeraction studies have shown that indium oxide nanocubes induce cell viability reduction and cell membrane damage in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Indium oxide nanocubes were also found to induce reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, glutathione depletion and lower activity of superoxide oxide dismutase. Further, indium oxide nanocubes induced a mitochondrial membrane potential loss and altered the mRNA expression levels of apoptotic genes (p53, bax, bcl-2, CASP3 & CASP9). The activities of apoptotic enzymes (caspase-3 and −9) were also higher in indium oxide nanocube-treated cells. Finally, we observed that the cytotoxicity and apoptosis induction of indium oxide nanocubes were efficiently prevented by N-acetyl-cysteine. We believe that this is the first report suggesting that indium oxide nanocubes induce toxicity in lung cells via ROS generation and oxidative stress. This study warrants future research on the toxicity mechanisms of indium oxide nanoparticles in animal models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cobalt iron oxide (CoFe 2 O 4 ) nanoparticles (CIO NPs) have been one of the most widely explored magnetic NPs because of their excellent chemical stability, mechanical hardness and heat generating potential. However, there is limited information concerning the interaction of CIO NPs with biological systems. In this study, we investigated the reactive oxygen species (ROS) mediated cytotoxicity and apoptotic response of CIO NPs in human liver cells (HepG2). Diameter of crystalline CIO NPs was found to be 23 nm with a band gap of 1.97 eV. CIO NPs induced cell viability reduction and membrane damage, and degree of induction was dose- and time-dependent. CIO NPs were also found to induce oxidative stress revealed by induction of ROS, depletion of glutathione and lower activity of superoxide dismutase enzyme. Real-time PCR data has shown that mRNA level of tumor suppressor gene p53 and apoptotic genes (bax, CASP3 and CASP9) were higher, while the expression level of anti-apoptotic gene bcl-2 was lower in cells following exposure to CIO NPs. Activity of caspase-3 and caspase-9 enzymes was also higher in CIO NPs exposed cells. Furthermore, co-exposure of N-acetyl-cysteine (ROS scavenger) efficiently abrogated the modulation of apoptotic genes along with the prevention of cytotoxicity caused by CIO NPs. Overall, we observed that CIO NPs induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis in HepG2 cells through ROS via p53 pathway. This study suggests that toxicity mechanisms of CIO NPs should be further investigated in animal models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To correlate stress and self-esteem in undergraduate medical students with acne. Place and duration Multicenter cross-sectional study. Medical Students from Army Medical College, Rawalpindi, CMH Lahore Medical College, Rawalpindi Medical University, Sargodha Medical College and Karachi Institute of Medical Sciences were enrolled, for a duration of six months, from November 2021 to May 2022. Methods The study was conducted on 136 medical students fulfilling inclusion and exclusion criteria by non-probability, consecutive sampling technique. Self-esteem was analyzed by validated tool of Rosenberg Self-esteem scale (RSES), Acne disability was measured by Cardiff Acne Disability Index (CADI) and Stress levels were determined by Self Perceived stress scale (PSS-4). Data was analyzed by SPSS-25. Results Total of 136 medical students participated in the study. There were 80 (58.8%) females and 56 (41.2%) males. The mean age was 20.2±1.57 years. Fifty-Five students had mild, 36 moderate, 45 had severe acne. The mean Cardiff Acne Disability Index score was 5.76±2.593, range 0-12). Seventy-six students (55.07%) had a low, 50 (36.2%) had medium and 10 (7.24%) had high disability index to acne vulgaris. Mean Rosenberg self-esteem scale was 10.01±3.211 (range 0-27). Stress level secondary to acne was recorded as high in 32.1% of the medical students, moderate in 36.2% and low in 28.3%. Perceived stress scale (PSS)-4 in undergraduates had Mean PSS score of 7.3456 (±2.8854, Range 0-16). There was significant (p<0.007) association between Cardiff acne disability index and perceived stress scale among medical students. Cardiff acne disability index is significantly associated with self-esteem (p<0.001). Conclusion Rosenberg self -esteem scale and Cardiff Acne Disability Index demonstrated significant correlation between stress and acne and its impact on self -esteem levels. Health Care givers need to recognize impact of acne on self-esteem while devising management strategies and counseling sessions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sudan dyes were investigated in branded and non-branded spices, commonly available in the markets of Karachi, Pakistan. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with a variable wavelength detector (VWD) was applied to determine Sudan dyes I-IV. The non-branded samples had higher concentrations of Sudan dyes than the maximum limits of 0.1 mg/kg. The highest concentration of Sudan dye (I) was found in turmeric powder (8460 mg/kg) and the lowest concentration (1.50 mg/kg) of Sudan (IV) in Chaat Masala. This indicates that the use of non-branded spices is not safe, whereas no Sudan dye was found in the branded spice samples. Further studies regarding the higher carcinogenic risk posed by Sudan dye adulterated spices in Pakistan is strongly advised. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Present study is engrossed in identification of phyto-constituents from aerial part extracts of Tamarix gallica and appraisal of its anti-oxidant, anti-diabetic and anti-inflammatory potential based upon its folktale use. The methanol and n-hexane fractions of aerial parts were analysed using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) respectively. Inhibitory concentration (IC50) showed better results in case of methanolic extract for both in antioxidant (IC50= 15.47 µg/mL) and alpha amylase (IC50=18.75 µg/mL) assays. Significantly higher quantities of phenolic and flavonoid contents were present in methanolic extract. A significant correlation was found to be existed between these contents and IC50 of antioxidant assay. Alloxan induced hyperglycaemia declined along with improvement in lipid profile, C-reactive proteins (CRP), liver function tests (LFTs) and renal function tests (RFTs). Methanolic fraction (500 mg/kg) was also related to significant reduction in levels of inflammatory markers i.e. tumour necrosis factor-alpha, TNF- α (1.28 ± 0.13 g/L) and interleukin-6, IL-6 (98 ± 10.4 pg/L) as observed in diabetic rats. Based upon the above findings, the study suggests that methanolic fraction from aerial parts of the T. gallica has better anti-diabetic profile which might be attributed to its alpha amylase, anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • 2D Ti 3 C 2 T x MXene exhibited significant antibacterial activity against 11 bacterial strains. • Antifungal property of Ti 3 C 2 T x was also observed in 5 fungal pathogens. • B. subtilis and E. coli (bacteria), and E. floccosum (fungus) were most sensitive against Ti 3 C 2 T x. • Anticancer performance of Ti 3 C 2 T x against A549 and MCF7 cancer cells was noticed. • Notably, Ti 3 C 2 T x displayed good biocompatibility towards normal cells. Here, we explored the antimicrobial and anticancer potential of two-dimensional titanium carbide (Ti 3 C 2 T x) MXene. Several gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli , Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Klebsiella pneumonia , Enterococcus faecalis , Shigella flexneri , Salmonella typhimurium , and Proteus vulgaris), gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus subtilis , Staphylococcus epidermidis , Staphylococcus aureus , and Enterococcus faecalis), and fungi (Candida albicans , Candida krusei , Candida parapsilosis , Candida acuminatus , and Epidermophyton floccosum) were examined for antimicrobial activity of Ti 3 C 2 T x. Anticancer activity of Ti 3 C 2 T x was determined in human lung (A549) and breast (MCF7) cancer cells along with their normal counterparts (IMR90 and MCF10A). Results demonstrated that Ti 3 C 2 T x exhibits significant antimicrobial activity against all selected microbes. In bacteria, B. subtilis and E. coli were most sensitive while S. epidermidis was least sensitive against Ti 3 C 2 T x. Among fungi, E. floccosum was most vulnerable while C. Candida krusei was least vulnerable toward Ti 3 C 2 T x exposure. Moreover, Ti 3 C 2 T x exhibited dose-dependent cytotoxicity in both types of cancer (A549 and MCF7) cells. Importantly, Ti 3 C 2 T x did not cause cytotoxicity to normal cells (IMR90 and MCF10A). This study warrants further research on the application of 2D Ti 3 C 2 T x nanosheets in medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The pharmacokinetics of valproic acid have been evaluated in a variety of populations however, the comparison in two different populations was yet to be reported. This study is aimed to compare the pharmacokinetics of valproic acid in Pakistani and South Korean patients. Method: The therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) data of valproic acid from 92 Pakistani patients with 218 samples was combined with the data of 99 South Korean patients with 335 samples in order to form a pooled dataset of 191 patients with 553 samples. Population pharmacokinetic model was developed on NONMEM® software by using first order conditional estimation method for estimation of pharmacokinetic parameters. The influence of different covariates including ethnicity was evaluated the stepwise covariate modelling. The final model was evaluated for predictive performance and robustness by using goodness of fit plots and bootstrap analysis respectively. Results: The data was better described by one compartment model with first order elimination. The value for clearance (CL) of valproic in pooled data was 0.931 L/h with 43.4% interindividual variability (IIV) while volume of distribution (Vd) was 16.6 L with 22.3% IIV. In covariate analysis, ethnicity and body weight were significant covariates for CL while body weight was also significant for Vd. Conclusion: A significant difference in CL of valproic acid among Pakistani and South Korean patients was observed. The model can be used for the dose tailoring of valproic acid based on ethnicity and body weight of Pakistani and South Korean patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Metered-dose inhalers are the most widely prescribed and dispensed inhaler devices worldwide for the management of asthma. The present study aimed to access the impact of educational intervention on the competency of community pharmacists of Islamabad, Pakistan regarding the pressurized metered-dose inhaler (MDI) technique. Materials and Methods: The intervention involved educating pharmacists practically through placebo inhalers and theoretically through literature brochures; based upon the "National Asthma Education and Preventive Program" inhaler technique. A total of 100 pharmacists were recruited from the rural and urban sectors of Islamabad. A covert simulated patient approach was used to evaluate the inhaler technique of pharmacists. Type of pharmacy, education status of pharmacists and the influence of already received training on the use of inhaler devices were the factors that demonstrated a significant positive association with the competency of pharmacists. Results: McNemar test was applied for pre and post-intervention intragroup comparisons to further access categorical variables. A p-values <0.05 were considered statistically significant. The competency of pharmacists increased significantly from 24% before intervention to 33% after intervention (p<0.001). Conclusion: Originally, the inhaler technique competency of the majority of pharmacy professionals was observed to be inappropriate. However, the educational intervention proved to be effective in substantially enhancing the skill of community pharmacists regarding the MDI technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The synthesis and X-ray characterization of 1-(2-(3-(4-bromophenyl)-5-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-4-methylthiazol-5-yl)ethanone (7), ethyl 2-(5-(4-bromophenyl)-3-(4-chlorophenyl)-4,5-dihydropyrazol-1-yl)thiazole-4-carboxylate (8) and 2-(5-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-N′-(2-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylidene)thiazole-4-carbohydrazide (10) are described in this manuscript. The structure-directing role of a variety of noncovalent interactions has been analyzed energetically using DFT calculations and Hirshfeld surface analysis. Moreover, the existence and importance of halogen and chalcogen bonding interactions have been analyzed by using the quantum theory of atoms in molecules and the noncovalent interaction index (NCIplot). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we report significant recycled efficiency of nickel molybdenum oxide (NMO) nanorods for multi-functional catalytic activities in photo-catalysis, electrochemical glucose sensing and asymmetric supercapacitors. Initially, we have used NMO nanorods as the photo-catalysts for organic dye degradation reactions using visible light source. The NMO nanorods show momentous photocatalytic activity in degradation of organic dye (~90% in 160 min) and also exhibit excellent regeneration efficiency. Consequently, the photo-catalysts were recovered via batch experiments for further use in other applications including electrochemical glucose sensing and asymmetric supercapacitors. Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) and electron microscopic experiments were conducted before and after photo-catalysis for the materials stability. The recovered NMO nanorods show significant electrochemical detection of glucose in 0.1 M KOH. Moreover, the recovered NMO nanorods show promising nature for supercapacitors. The specific capacitance of recovered NMO nanorods was found to be ~660 F/g at 2 mV/s in 5 M KOH. Charge-discharge and stability of the electrodes were also studied for the commercial purpose. Nickel molybdenum oxide (NMO) nanorods show excellent recycled and reusable efficiency in multi-functional catalytic activities. Unlabelled Image • Excellent recycled and reusable efficiencies of nickel molybdenum oxide (NMO) nanorods • Fast photo-catalytic degradation of organic dye and excellent regeneration efficiency of NMO nanorods • Recovered NMO nanorods reveal significant efficiency in glucose sensing and supercapacitors. • Recovered NMO nanorods exhibit high specific capacitance of ~660 F/g at 2 mV/s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerous applications of reduced graphene oxide (RGO) and pervasive cadmium (Cd) have led concern about their co-exposure to the environment and human. We studied the combined effects of RGO and Cd in human liver (HepG2) cells. Initially, we found that RGO (up to 50 μg/ml) did not harm to HepG2 cells while Cd induced dose-dependent (1–10 μg/ml) cytotoxicity. Exciting observations were that a non-cytotoxic concentration of RGO (25 μg/ml) effectively mitigates the toxic effects of Cd (2 μg/ml) such as cell viability reduction, lactate dehydrogenase release, and irregular cell morphology. Cd-induced cell cycle arrest, induction of caspases (3 and 9) enzymes activity, and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential were also significantly alleviated by RGO co-exposure. Moreover, generation of pro-oxidants (reactive oxygen species and hydrogen peroxide levels) and depletion of antioxidants (glutathione level and superoxide dismutase activity) due to Cd exposure was effectively attenuated by RGO co-exposure. Mitigating effect of RGO could be due to strong adsorption of Cd on the large surface area of RGO sheets, which decrease the cellular uptake and bioavailability of Cd for HepG2 cells. This study warrants future research on potential mechanisms of mitigating effects of RGO against Cd-induced toxicity in animal models. • Combined effects of RGO and Cd was investigated in HepG2 cells. • RGO alone were not toxic whereas Cd alone induced toxicity in HepG2 cells. • In co-exposure group, RGO effectively mitigates Cd-induced cytotoxicity & apoptosis. • In co-exposure group, RGO significantly attenuates Cd-induced oxidative stress. • Toxicity of Cd was alleviated due to its strong adsorption on RGO surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Double perovskite La 2 MnNiO 6 nanoparticles (approximately 30 nm in diameter) were synthesized using a modified sol-gel method followed by a firing process and used as promising electrode materials for oxygen evolution reactions (OERs). The phase purity of the nanoparticles was verified using X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy measurements. La 2 MnNiO 6 nanoparticles crystallize in a monoclinic structure (P 2 1 / n space group) with refined lattice parameters of a = 5.461(5) Å, b = 5.512(3) Å, c = 7.760(5) Å, and β = 90.10(2)°. The elemental composition, particle size, size distribution, and surface area of the La 2 MnNiO 6 nanoparticles were also investigated. La 2 MnNiO 6 nanoparticles are ferromagnetic in nature and exhibit hysteresis with a saturation magnetization value of approximately 9 emu/g. La 2 MnNiO 6 nanoparticles exhibit highly efficient electro-catalytic activity for OERs with a low onset over-potential (approximately 65 mV) and low Tafel slope values (120 mV/dec) in alkaline media. The over-potential of La 2 MnNiO 6 nanoparticles at a current density of 10 mA/cm2 is in good agreement with the reported over-potential (ƞ 10) of double perovskites, commercial Pt/C and IrO 2 electro-catalysts for promoting OERs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The present work highlights a positive correlation between presence of methicillin resistant genes (mecA) and SCC mec I-V among Staphylococcus aureus strains and in vitro biofilm forming ability and in vitro antibiotic sensitivity assay. • The study observes a higher occurrence of biofilm forming ability among methicillin resistance strains of S. aureus which augments their pathogenicity. • MRSA have emerged as serious threat to animal and human welfare worldwide owing to their association with serious infections and the biofilms formation. Biofilms, an assemblage of microbial cells irreversibly associated with a surface and enclosed in a matrix of polysaccharide material pose serious health challenges, resulting in high economic losses. The emergence of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) infections and ability to form biofilms in dairy animals is of emerging concern for livestock and public health owing to their association with serious infections. The present study was undertaken to examine the presence of methicillin resistance genes among the biofilm forming Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from cases of acute and subacute bovine mastitis. A total of 150 mastitic milk samples referred to Veterinary Clinical Complex, Shuhama (Aulesteng) SKUAST-K were screened in present study. The methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates were also screened for in vitro biofilm forming ability. A total of 80 (53.33%) S. aureus isolates were recovered from cases of bovine mastitis of which 20 (25%) were methicillin (mec A) gene positive. Of the 20 mec A positive isolates, 20% were positive for SCC mec I, 35% for SCCm ec IV and 45% for SC Cmec V subtypes. In vitro antibiotic sensitivity testing of MRSA revealed complete resistance towards methicillin and other pencillin group of antibiotics. A significant correlation was observed between in vitro biofilm formation and presence of methicillin resistance gene in S aureus isolates recovered from acute and subacute mastitis. The Staphylococcus aureus isolates positive for methicillin resistance gene (mec A) were either strong or moderate biofilm formers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract In this paper, titanium dioxide (TiO 2) thin films, deposited on single crystal Si (111) substrates under different temperature conditions by Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD), have been systematically studied by X-ray diffraction, photoluminescence spectroscopy and spectroscopic ellipsometry methods. X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the prepared films have a polycrystalline brookite phase over a growth temperature range of (150–300 °C). Increasing the growth temperature resulted in systematic increase of texturing the polycrystalline grains along the (200) direction, with the film at 300 °C having the highest textur along the (200) direction. This was accompanied by improved photoluminescence of the TiO 2 films with the increasing the growth temperature. The improved crystallinity at higher temperatures was also reflected by higher refractive indices, which were deduced from spectroscopic ellipsometry measurements carried out on the grown films. Highlights • TiO 2 thin films with brookite phase successfully deposited on Si(111) using ALD. • Correlated Structural and optical properties perceived and studied. • Reduction of refractive index observed for films with ultra-small thicknesses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO 2 NPs) has been reported for multi-enzyme mimetic activities like that of superoxide dismutase and catalase. Here, we report glutathione (GSH) replenishing response by CeO 2 NPs in human breast (MCF-7) and fibrosarcoma (HT-1080) cells. CeO 2 NPs were found to be mostly cuboidal in shape with average diameter of 25 nm. Effects on cell viability, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and mitochondrial outer membrane potential (MOMP) suggested CeO 2 NPs to be reasonably non-cytotoxic. Data on membrane damage and lipid peroxidation correlated well with the cell viability results suggesting NPs of CeO 2 to be biocompatible. Interestingly, CeO 2 NPs significantly increased intracellular GSH in cells challenged with oxidants. Replenishment of depleted GSH in oxidatively challenged cells was comparable with the GSH restoring potential of known antioxidant N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), a precursor of GSH. Like NAC, CeO 2 NPs significantly replenished depleted GSH in both cell types challenged with hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) and zinc oxide (ZnO) NPs. Moreover, CeO 2 NPs treated cells were significantly protected from cytotoxicity caused by H 2 O 2 and ZnO NPs. Our findings, therefore, suggest CeO 2 NPs as a potential antioxidant rather than a toxic material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Efficacy of medetomidine HCl (Med-HCl) as sedative/analgesic alone and in combination with ketamine HCl (Ket-HCl) was clinically evaluated during ovariohysterectomy in cats. Clinically healthy cats (n=60) divided randomly into groups A, B and C (n=20 each). Cats in groups were administered normal saline (control), Med-HCl alone and combination of Med-HCl and Ket-HCl respectively. It was observed that body temperature, pulse and respiratory rates tend to decrease overall in treated cats compared to control. In group C, the onset of anesthesia was significantly shorter (P<0.05) whereas duration of recumbency and recovery prolonged in relation to other groups, suggesting superior efficacy of the combination. The analgesia and sedation scores at 15, 30 45 and 60 minutes post administration indicated significantly better efficacy of Med-HCl and Ket-HCl combination. The effects of the anesthetic drugs on liver enzymes (serum alkaline phosphatase and alanine aminotransferase) and kidney functions (urea, creatinine and uric acid) were non-significant showing no harmful effects on liver and kidney functions. Significant increase in the creatinine values were seen in group C. Hematological parameters such as uric acid, hemoglobin, total leukocyte count, differential leukocyte count showed non-significant changes in groups B and C as compared to control, group A. No untoward effects of Ket-HCl were appeared on use in combination with medetomidine. It was concluded that combination of medetomidine with ketamine is safe and effective anesthesia for feline surgical interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The efficacy of medetomidine HCl as epidural anesthetic was experimentally assessed in 24 healthy buffalo calves of either sex and body weights ranging from 65-85 kg. The animals were randomly divided into 6 groups A1, A2, A3, A4, B and C (n=4). Medetomidine HCl was used at four different doses 15, 30, 45 and 60 µg/kg BW, respectively in first four groups. Group B animals were administered with lignocaine HCl 2% and normal saline (3mL) was administered epidurally in Group C (control). The onset and duration of analgesia were evaluated after every 15 min, using the pin prick and pinch tests. The onset of skin analgesia was dose dependent, higher and rapid with increase in dose and was earlier in animals of group A than B. Significant change in the duration of analgesia was observed till 40 min post injection (P<0.05). The recovery pattern showed a similar trend. The sedation score showed a significant dose dependent effect, becoming more pronounced as the dose of medetomidine HCl was increased in subgroups A1, A2, A3 and A4, respectively. Group B animals showed very mild sedation, while in group C, no sedation was observed at any stage. Thus it was concluded that despite early induction and longer duration of analgesia, medetomidine HCl at these doses is suitable for standing surgeries of hindquarters in buffalo calves. There was ideal onset and duration of analgesia and there was optimal sedation due to effective absorption of drug from injection site. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of phosphors with efficient narrow-band and tunable emission in the entire visible region is an important issue in solid-state-lighting and backlighting displays related to energy saving and environmentally friendly technology. To modify the emission color and to maximize the luminescence characteristics, oxides and nitrides as well as various cation substitutions are often used. Nonetheless, the existing mechanisms do not satisfactorily describe the above characteristics. The factors which define the luminescence features are the centroid shift, Stokes shift, crystal field splitting, and bandwidth. This study comprehensively describes these characteristics, along with the role of cation substitutions in UCr 4 C 4 type compounds. To efficiently control the factors that govern the luminescence characteristics, several structural strategies are proposed, including (1) chemical composition and crystal structure modifications, (2) alteration of an appropriate activator crystallographic site, and (3) control of the crystalline phase transition. White LEDs manufacturing and state-of-the-art applications, including wide color gamut display and full-spectrum solid-state lighting, along with near-infrared technology are thoroughly discussed. Challenges and potential prospects are also suggested. The ultimate aim of this paper is to contribute to the effort for producing novel materials which will be suitable for the next-generation of phosphors that can be used in various emerging energy applications. [Display omitted] • Solid state lighting and backlighting displays an energy saving and environmental friendly technology. • Factors dominating the luminescence features are the centroid shift, Stokes shift, crystal field splitting and bandwidth. • UCr 4 C 4 type phosphors for Wide color gamut display and full spectrum solid state lighting. • Mineral inspired prototype structure evaluation and new phase preparation. • Phosphors converted LEDs to highly efficient white light source and backlighting for displays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, an ultrafast, sensor has been developed for trace-level detection of Ammonia (NH 3) gas using hexagonal-shaped ZnO nanoparticles (NPs). The ZnO NPs were grown by low-cost eco-friendly green synthesis process and characterized by various techniques. The electron microscopic images reveal the synthesis of uniform, highly dense and hexagonal-shaped ZnO NPs. The UV–Vis spectra illustrate a band gap of 3.89eV. XRD, XPS and Raman studies explain the high-quality hexagonal wurtzite-structure of ZnO NPs showing presence of electronic/chemical states of ions. The NH 3 gas sensing properties of ZnO NPs were evaluated at different concentrations. The sensor exhibited an excellent response value of 2.5 at 5 ppm NH 3 wherein quick response time was 5 s and fastest recovery time was 8 s. The sensing results could be attributed to the optimum number of oxygen species and active sites which are responsible for enhanced performance of the developed ZnO NPs based sensor. • Hexagonal shaped ZnO nanoparticles were synthesized using environmentall friendly, simple and cost-effective green synthesis process. • The fabricated sensor exhibits a trace-level detection of 0.5 (500 ppb), 1, 2, 5 and 10 ppm, at Room temperature (∼80oC) with ultra-fast response (5 sec) and recovery time (8 sec). • An excellent sensor response ∼2.5 with 5 ppm concentration has been reported. • Sensor response time is very quick (5sec) and recovery time is 8 sec at 5 ppm and low temperature. • Stable, excellent repeatability and selectivity for NH3 gas which is essentially required for mass scale production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Halide perovskites have swiftly been elevated to a subject worthy of serious and extensive research. • These materials display outstanding properties, due to their direct and tunable band-gap. • Structural development with band gap engineering and PL tuning of lead-free perovskite (NCs). • Excitonic luminescence enhancement with highly stable and nontoxic halide perovskite NCs. • Color and the photoluminescence emission tuning ability with efficient energy transfer. Halide perovskites have swiftly been elevated to a subject worthy of serious and extensive research. They are unequivocally an unprecedented class of semiconductors with a broad range of optoelectronic applications. These materials display outstanding properties, which are the results of their direct and tunable band gap, high electron/hole mobility, strong light-absorption coefficient, and high defect tolerance coupled with low non-radiative recombination rates. Their preparation is also extremely easy and compatible with room-temperature deposition processes. Nonetheless, the toxic nature of lead (Pb and its ions) and the poor stability against moisture, limit their mass production and commercialization. This article thoroughly reviews the recent investigations undertaken to solve these thorny problems by focusing mainly on the structural development and the photoluminescence tuning ability of lead-free perovskite nanocrystals (NCs). In the light of the principles related to crystal chemistry, we present the development of perovskite NCs from mineral prototypes, which leads to a variety of multi component Pb2+-free perovskite type compounds. Then, assuming that the ultimate goal is the production of a single-component white-light emission device, we shed light on the development of broadly tunable Pb2+-free perovskite NCs with intrinsic emission as well as extrinsic emission achieved by doping with various ions, and on the corresponding energy transfer (ET) mechanism, which governs the color and the photoluminescence emission tuning ability. The present review aims to assist the research which deals with the discovery of new highly stable, nontoxic perovskite NCs, following a strategy associated with excitonic luminescence enhancement, in conjunction with a comprehensive understanding of the role of energy transfer phenomenon, whereby efficient tuning ability is achieved by various dopants [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Ca 2 YTaO 6 an intrinsic broad band blue emission originated from the TaO 6 group. • The crystal structure, and the electronic characteristics were detailed investigated. • The blue emission was efficiently tuned to cyan, red and white. • Efficient energy transfer observed intrinsic blue emission to Bi3+ and Eu3+ ions. [Display omitted] Novel tunable-color emitting phosphors with double perovskite structure un-doped, single and co-doped with Bi3+/Eu3+ ions were successfully synthesized by the high-temperature solid state reaction method. The crystal structure, band-gap, and electronic structure were investigated by using computational methods. The morphology and phase composition were obtained with scanning electron microscopy and powder x-ray diffraction. The un-doped Ca 2 YTaO 6 phosphors shows an intensive intrinsic emission centered at 424 nm under 315 nm UV light excitation. The obtained intense blue emission (424 nm) was efficiently tuned to cyan, red and white light with doping of Bi3+ and Eu3+ as a result of energy transfer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cerium (Ce) doped SnO 2 /g-C 3 N 4 composites were synthesized by a facile hydrothermal method. The obtained Ce doped SnO 2 /g-C 3 N 4 composites were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), UV–visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis), scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive spectra (EDS), elemental mapping and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). An electrode made of Ce doped SnO 2 /g-C 3 N 4 exhibited a maximum specific capacitance of 274 F/g at 1 A/g current density. The supercapacitor device fabricated by using Ce-SnO 2 /g-C 3 N 4 //Activated Carbon as electrodes has showed an energy and power densities of 39.3 W h kg−1 and 7425 W kg−1. The asymmetric device gives the retention of 84.2% after completing 5000 cycles. When the same, Ce-SnO 2 /g-C 3 N 4 , composite is used as a photo-catalyst for reduction of methylene blue dye under visible light irradiation, exhibits a higher degradation efficiency of 98% which is higher efficiency compared to all other synthesized samples. • The Ce-SnO 2 @g-C 3 N 4 composites were synthesized using facile hydrothermal method. • An ASC device shows a maximum energy and power densities of 39.3 W h kg−1 and 7425 W kg−1. • The device reveals the cycling stability of 84.2% after 5000 charge-discharge cycles. • The Ce-SnO 2 @g-C 3 N 4 composite reaches the high efficiency of (98%) using methylene blue dye. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]