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To study the cadmium (Cd)-accumulation characteristics of the post-grafting generation of Cyphomandra betacea (Cav.) Sendt., the seeds of C. betacea grafted on Solanum nigrum L., tomato, and eggplant rootstocks were collected and planted in Cd-contaminated soil. Compared with seeds of ungrafted seedlings, the S. nigrum rootstock increased the shoot biomass of the post-grafting generation of C. betacea seedlings, while eggplant and tomato rootstocks decreased or had no significant effects. Only the S. nigrum rootstock increased the chlorophyll a content, net photosynthetic rate, and stomatal conductance of the post-grafting generation of C. betacea seedlings, while the other rootstocks decreased or had no significant effects on these photosynthetic parameters. The S. nigrum rootstock enhanced the superoxide dismutase and catalase activities, and soluble protein content, of the post-grafting generation of C. betacea seedlings, while the other rootstocks reduced or had no significant effects on these parameters. The three rootstocks decreased the Cd contents in different organs of the post-grafting generation of C. betacea seedlings, and the order of treatments was ungrafted > tomato rootstock > eggplant rootstock > S. nigrum rootstock. Therefore, S. nigrum was the best rootstock to promote the growth and decrease the Cd contents in post-grafting generation of C. betacea, and this can benefit C. betacea production in Cd-contaminated areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A pot experiment was conducted to study the effects of different rootstocks on the cadmium (Cd) accumulation characteristics of the post-grafting generations of Cd-hyperaccumulator Galinsoga parviflora plants. Five treatments, ungrafted and G. parviflora seedlings grafted on the rootstocks of Kalimeris indica, Senecio scandens, Conyza canadensis, and Artemisia sieversiana, were utilized. The four rootstock grafts decreased the shoot biomass of the G. parviflora post-grafting generation compared with ungrafted. The K. indica and S. scandens grafts increased the Cd concentration in shoots of the G. parviflora post-grafting generation by 15.06% and 14.40%, respectively, compared with ungrafted, while the C. canadensis and A. sieversiana grafts had no significant effects. K. indica grafts increased the amount of Cd extracted by shoots of the G. parviflora post-grafting generation by 10.59% compared with ungrafted, while the other treatments resulted in decreases. Compared with ungrafted, the different rootstocks had no significant effects on the photosynthetic pigment content of the G. parviflora post-grafting generation, and only C. canadensis grafts increased the superoxide dismutase activity level, while only K. indica grafts increased the peroxidase activity level. Therefore, the K. indica rootstock could increase the phytoremediation capability of G. parviflora post-grafted plants grown in Cd-contaminated soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of exogenous indole‐3‐butyric acid (IBA) on the growth and cadmium (Cd) accumulation in the Cd‐accumulator plant Stellaria media. Exogenous IBA was applied as a foliar spray to S. media sddelings growing in Cd‐contaminated soil. Statistical analyses of data were conducted using SPSS 13.0 (SPSS, Chicago, IL). Treatment with IBA (50, 75, and 100 mg L−1) increased the root, shoot, and whole plant biomasses of S. media, and also increased the photosynthetic pigment content, antioxidant enzyme activity, soluble protein content, and soluble sugar content of S. media, compared with their respective levels in controls. The maximum values for these parameters were at the 75 mg L−1 IBA treatment. Treatment with 50 mg L−1 IBA increased the Cd content in the roots and shoots of S. media compared with the control. Treatment with 75 mg L−1 IBA increased the amount of Cd extracted by roots and shoots compared with controls. The maximum Cd extraction by roots and shoots was in the 75 mg L−1 IBA treatment. These findings indicated that IBA could promote the growth of S. media, and treatment with 75 mg L−1 IBA effectively could enhance Cd extraction from soil by S. media. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 37: 733–737, 2018 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pot and field experiments were conducted to study the effects of interspecies rootstocks on cadmium (Cd) accumulation characteristics of the potential Cd-hyperaccumulator Solanum photeinocarpum postgrafting generation plants. Four treatments (ungrafted and S. photeinocarpum seedlings grafted on the rootstocks of eggplant, potato, and tomato) were utilized in the present study. In the 2 pot experiments, eggplant and potato reduced biomass of S. photeinocarpum postgrafting generation plants, whereas tomato increased shoot biomass compared with the control (ungrafted seedlings). Compared with ungrafted seedlings, tomato increased and eggplant decreased Cd contents in shoots of S. photeinocarpum postgrafting generation. Only tomato increased Cd extraction by shoots of S. photeinocarpum postgrafting generation compared with ungrafted seedlings. In the field experiment, only tomato increased shoot Cd content of S. photeinocarpum postgrafting generation by 8.31% and shoot Cd extraction by 9.30% compared with ungrafted seedlings. Therefore, use of tomato as rootstock could enhance the ability of S. photeinocarpum postgrafting generation plants to remediate Cd-contaminated soil. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:2845-2850. © 2016 SETAC [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of application of the straw of cadmium accumulating species (Youngia erythrocarpa (cadmium hyperaccumulator), Bidens pilosa (cadmium hyperaccumulator), Solanum photeinocarpum (potential cadmium hyperaccumulator), and Siegesbeckia orientalis (cadmium accumulator)) in cadmium contaminated soil on the growth and cadmium accumulation of Galinsoga parviflora were studied. The root biomass, stem biomass, shoot biomass, total biomass, and the antioxidant enzyme activity of G. parviflora were increased by application of the straw of Y. erythrocarpa. The straw of Y. erythrocarpa, S. orientalis, and B. pilosa reduced soil pH, increased the soil exchangeable Cd concentration, and increased the Cd contents in stems, leaves, and shoots of G. parviflora compared with the control. The straw of Y. erythrocarpa and B. pilosa increased the Cd extraction amount in stems, leaves, shoots and the whole plant of G. parviflora compared with the control, with the effect of Y. erythrocarpa higher than that of B. pilosa. Therefore, the straw of Y. erythrocarpa and B. pilosa improved the Cd extraction ability of G. parviflora from cadmium-contaminated soil, and the straw of Y. erythrocarpa demonstrated to be the best material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fusarium oxysporum is the most important pathogen of potatoes which causes post-harvest destructive losses and deteriorates the market value of potato tubers worldwide. Here, F. oxysporum was used as a host pathogen model system and it was revealed that autophagy plays a vital role as a regulator in the morphology, cellular growth, development, as well as the pathogenicity of F. oxysporum. Previous studies based upon identification of the gene responsible for encoding the autophagy pathway components from F. oxysporum have shown putative orthologs of 16 core autophagy related-ATG genes of yeast in the genome database which were autophagy-related and comprised of ubiquitin-like protein atg3. This study elucidates the molecular mechanism of the autophagy-related gene Foatg3 in F. oxysporum. A deletion (∆) mutants of F. oxysporum (Foatg3∆) was generated to evaluate nuclear dynamics. As compared to wild type and Foatg3 overexpression (OE) strains, Foatg3∆ strains failed to show positive MDC (monodansylcadaverine) staining which revealed that Foatg3 is compulsory for autophagy in F. oxysporum. A significant reduction in conidiation and hyphal growth was shown by the Foatg3∆ strains resulting in loss of virulence on potato tubers. The hyphae of Foatg3∆ mutants contained two or more nuclei within one hyphal compartment while wild type hyphae were composed of uninucleate hyphal compartments. Our findings reveal that the vital significance of Foatg3 as a key target in controlling the dry rot disease in root crops and potato tubers at the postharvest stage has immense potential of disease control and yield enhancement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Exogenous melatonin (MT) can promote horticultural crops growth under stress conditions., Methods: In this study, the effects of exogenous MT on the accumulation of selenium (Se) in grape were studied under Se stress., Results and Discussion: Under Se stress, exogenous MT increased the biomass, content of photosynthetic pigments and antioxidant enzyme activity of grapevines. Compared with Se treatment, MT increased the root biomass, shoot biomass, chlorophyll a content, chlorophyll b content, carotenoids, superoxide dismutase activity, and peroxidase activity by 18.11%, 7.71%, 25.70%, 25.00%, 25.93%, 5.73%, and 9.41%, respectively. Additionally, MT increased the contents of gibberellin, auxin, and MT in grapevines under Se stress, while it decreased the content of abscisic acid. MT increased the contents of total Se, organic Se and inorganic Se in grapevines. Compared with Se treatment, MT increased the contents of total Se in the roots and shoots by 48.82% and 135.66%, respectively. A transcriptome sequencing analysis revealed that MT primarily regulated the cellular, metabolic, and bioregulatory processes of grapevine under Se stress, and the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were primarily enriched in pathways, such as aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis, spliceosome, and flavonoid biosynthesis. These involved nine DEGs and nine metabolic pathways in total. Moreover, a field experiment showed that MT increased the content of Se in grapes and improved their quality. Therefore, MT can alleviate the stress of Se in grapevines and promote their growth and the accumulation of Se., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Wang, Lu, Xing, Yang, Liu, Huang, Liang, Xia, Zhang, Lv and Lin.)

Volatile compounds are important determinants affecting fruit flavor. Previous study has identified a bud mutant of 'Ehime 38' ( Citrus reticulata ) with different volatile profile. However, the volatile changes between WT and MT during fruit development and underlying mechanism remain elusive. In this study, a total of 35 volatile compounds were identified in the pulps of WT and MT at five developmental stages. Both varieties accumulated similar and the highest levels of volatiles at stage S1, and showed a downward trend as the fruit develops. However, the total volatile contents in the pulps of MT were 1.4-2.5 folds higher than those in WT at stages S2-S5, which was mainly due to the increase in the content of d-limonene. Transcriptomic and RT-qPCR analysis revealed that most genes in MEP pathway were positively correlated with the volatile contents, of which DXS1 might mainly contribute to the elevated volatiles accumulation in MT by increasing the flux into the MEP pathway. Moreover, temporal expression analysis indicated that these MEP pathway genes functioned at different developmental stages. This study provided comprehensive volatile metabolomics and transcriptomics characterizations of a citrus mutant during fruit development, which is valuable for fruit flavor improvement in citrus., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 He, Qin, Liu, Li, Kou, Jin, He, Hong, Xiong, Liao, Sun, He, Zhang, Liang, Lv, Wang and Wang.)