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Objective: Certain malocclusions or unilateral tooth loss can lead to asymmetric functional load of the two mandibular sides during mastication and induce skeletal asymmetries to the condylar process of growing individuals. However, in adults, asymmetric function may have a different impact. The aim of the present study was to investigate three‐dimensionally the effects of unilateral masticatory function on the condylar process morphology in growing and adult rats and the adaptive processes to differential condylar loading. Materials and Methods: Fifty‐six growing and adult Wistar rats aged 4 and 26 weeks respectively were obtained. The maxillary right molars of the experimental animals were extracted and all animals were followed for 12 weeks. Three‐dimensional images were obtained by an in‐vivo microcomputed tomography (micro‐CT) examination. The following measurements were studied: condylar process height, condylar base width, and condylar cross‐sectional surface. Results: While no differences were found with regards to condylar process height and base width, the cross‐section of the condyle on the extraction side did not increase during growth in the young rats. No such differences were found in adults. Young rats had statistically significantly shorter condylar height, base width and cross‐sectional surface than the adult rats and showed significant growth of these structures during the experimental period. Conclusion: Condylar height and base width growth are not hindered by reduced occlusal function, contrary to the average cross‐sectional surface, which implies that the condyle form of growing individuals becomes thinner while maintaining its length, in the absence of occlusal stimuli. The condyle of adult rats with extractions is less affected by occlusion changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The following paper focuses on the topic of mandibular unilateral condyle hyperplasia (UCH). This form of mandibular asymmetry (MA) is one of the less common but still known pathologies that requires detailed surgical and orthodontic planning and treatment. Since this pathology is mostly related to a high number of individual dental, bone, and overgrowth factors, until now the treatment methods were individually driven. It seems that the scope of surgical intervention is greatly dependent on the degree of bone overgrowth and the occurrence of asymmetry. Many treatment modalities and possible surgical perspectives are known, yet, so far, no adequate detailed guidelines are known. This detailed review of this type of mandibular asymmetry will focus on diagnostics and treatment plans and outcomes. The following paper underlines the authors' own clinical experiences in MA and UCH treatment, which are compared with the literature review. The authors intend to investigate what has changed in the treatment and diagnostics of one-sided mandibular condyle and bone overgrowth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Legal age estimation of living individuals is a critically important issue, and radiomics is an emerging research field that extracts quantitative data from medical images. However, no reports have proposed age-related radiomics features of the condylar head or an age classification model using those features. This study aimed to introduce a radiomics approach for various classifications of legal age (18, 19, 20, and 21 years old) based on cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images of the mandibular condylar head, and to evaluate the usefulness of the radiomics features selected by machine learning models as imaging biomarkers. CBCT images from 85 subjects were divided into eight age groups for four legal age classifications: ≤17 and ≥18 years old groups (18-year age classification), ≤18 and ≥19 years old groups (19-year age classification), ≤19 and ≥20 years old groups (20-year age classification) and ≤20 and ≥21 years old groups (21-year age classification). The condylar heads were manually segmented by an expert. In total, 127 radiomics features were extracted from the segmented area of each condylar head. The random forest (RF) method was utilized to select features and develop the age classification model for four legal ages. After sorting features in descending order of importance, the top 10 extracted features were used. The 21-year age classification model showed the best performance, with an accuracy of 91.18%, sensitivity of 80%, and specificity of 95.83%. Radiomics features of the condylar head using CBCT showed the possibility of age estimation, and the selected features were useful as imaging biomarkers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Even though mandibular condyle fractures have a high clinical relevance, their treatment remains somewhat challenging. Open reduction and internal fixation are difficult due to narrow surgical approaches, poor overview during reduction, and a possible risk of facial nerve damage. In times of technical endeavors in surgery, there is a trend towards the usage of stable CAD-CAM-implants from additive manufacturing or titanium laser sintering. Up until now, there have not been any reports of fracture treatment of the mandibular condyle using this technique. Results and conclusion: We present a workflow for virtual repositioning of the fractured mandibular condyle, to manufacture patient-specific implants for osteosynthesis with the intention of use of resorbable metal alloys in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Available knowledge about malocclusion and cephalometric variables and their connection with an increased risk of condylar displacement (CD) is scarce. This article aims to present current information on the relationship between centric relation-maximum intercuspal position discrepancies and maxillofacial morphology and malocclusion in patients seeking orthodontic treatment as well as to identify those who require expanded diagnostic evaluation for this disorder. Methods: This review analyzed the PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and Scopus electronic databases up to February 2022. Keywords and additional manual searches were performed. Literature selection was based the PRISMA-ScR checklist. The JBI Critical Appraisal Tool assessed the methodological quality of included studies. Results: The databases search provided 2321 studies. A total of 10 studies were included in this review after eligibility criteria and JBI assessment. This review was separated into five parts that evaluated CD correlations depending on the following: maxillofacial structure in different vertical and sagittal skeletal patterns, vertical, horizontal, and transverse malocclusions. Conclusions: A hyperdivergent facial skeletal structure is a risk factor for increased CD, particularly in the vertical dimension. The condylar processes are usually displaced in a posteroinferior direction. Further studies are warranted to elucidate the relationship among remaining skeletal and dental malocclusions and the occurrence of CD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) ankylosis is a serious disabling condition characterized by fusion of the mandibular condyle with the glenoid fossa, disc, and/or eminence, resulting in severely restricted mouth opening and significantly reduced mandibular movements. The condition often has a deteriorating effect on the patient's daily functions such as speech, chewing, breathing, and oral hygiene as well as their wellbeing and quality of life. Furthermore, childhood TMJ ankylosis frequently has a detrimental impact on the facial growth resulting in facial asymmetry, micrognathia, and/or class II malocclusion with posterior or anterior open bite. Trauma is the main cause of TMJ ankylosis, but the condition can also occur as a result of surgery, local or systemic infections, or systemic disease. Surgery is the mainstay of treatment, and several approaches have been applied, including gap arthroplasty (GA), interpositional gap arthroplasty (IGA), reconstruction arthroplasty (RA), or distraction osteogenesis (DO). The aim of this article is to present a post-traumatic TMJ ankylosis case in a 5-year-old male child who was treated with resection and simultaneous costochondral grafting and to provide a succinct update of literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Sleep bruxism (SB) is an oromandibular activity with teeth grinding and clenching and a masticatory muscle activity. It generates temporomandibular dysfunction (TMD), tooth wear and mobility, as well as other clinical findings. It is important to analyze occlusion and TMJ to determine how it is affected by the biomechanical load generated by bruxism. Purpose: To establish the relationship between the condylar position of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) with the dental wear patterns determined with the BruxChecker®, in subjects with a clinical diagnosis of sleep bruxism. Methods: Observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study in 45 patients with clinical diagnosis of sleep bruxism, according to the bruxism diagnostic criteria of the AASM (American Academy of Sleep Medicine), with an average age of 34.9 ± 8.6. The CBCT were analyzed, measuring the spaces of the TMJ in the sagittal plane: anterior, superior and posterior (SA, SS, SP) and in the coronal plane: lateral, superior and medial (Cl, CS, CM). The pattern of dental wear was classified with the BruxChecker® by dividing the subjects into: Group 1, canine pattern (CP) with 19 subjects and Group 2, molar pattern (MP) with 26 subjects. Results: No significant differences were observed between the measurements of the joint spaces of each group nor in the comparison between the PC vs PM patterns. The sagittal position of the condyle posterior/anterior(P/A) was posterior and the coronal medial/lateral (M/L) was medial for the two groups, when evaluating the ratios. Significant difference (P <0.00) was found in right pattern CP and MP, when estimating the difference between averages of medial and lateral spaces. Conclusions: The position of the condyle was found posterior and medial in the articular fossa, in the right CP and in the left MP. A significant right lateral condyle position was evidenced in PC and PM. These findings indicate an altered condylar position in subjects with bruxism, which can be associated with joint distraction, possibly generated by constant eccentric mandibular movements during bruxism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Condylar hyperplasia is an abnormal growth affecting the temporomandibular joint caused by overactive cells in mandibular condyle. It is relatively rare, and its exact frequency is unknown. Purpose: To describe the clinical, radiographic, and histological characteristics from pathology of two patients with active condylar hyperplasia, whose purpose is to focus on specific surgical treatment of condylar hyperplasia without the need for additional management with orthognathic surgery and its satisfactory evolution. Methods: A systematic review of the literature was carried out through of search in different databases such as LiLACS, PubMed, ScienceDirect and Scopus considering articles published between 2008 and 2023, a period of 15 years. 41 articles corresponding to literature reviews, clinical cases and systematic reviews were selected. Results: surgical management of condylectomy versus combined with orthognathic surgery, it was found that 63,64 % about the articles analyzed were treated only with high condylectomy and subsequent orthodontia, while 36,36 % of these were managed with high condylectomy plus orthognathic surgery in the same surgical act or in a second surgical procedure. Presentation of cases: The presentation of two clinical cases of condylar hyperplasia who report aesthetic and functional changes, treated with condylectomy on the affected side is made. Conclusions: Condylar hyperplasia is a pathological disorder characterized by generating asymmetries and facial deformations, deviations, malocclusions, functional, aesthetic and psychological alterations, condylectomy being the procedure of choice which can be complemented with orthognathic surgery and orthodontics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing interest has focussed on the possible role of alterations in the microbiome in the pathogenesis of metabolic disease, inflammatory disease, and osteoporosis. Here we examined the role of the microbiome in a preclinical model of osteoarthritis in mice subjected to destabilisation of medical meniscus (DMM). The intestinal microbiome was depleted by broad-spectrum antibiotics from 1 week before birth until the age of 6 weeks when mice were subjected reconstitution of the microbiome with faecal microbial transplant (FMT) followed by the administration of a mixture of probiotic strains Lacticaseibacillus paracasei 8700:2, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum HEAL9 and L. plantarum HEAL19 or vehicle. All mice were subjected to DMM at the age of 8 weeks. The severity of osteoarthritis was evaluated by histological analysis and effects on subchondral bone were investigated by microCT analyses. The combination of FMT and probiotics significantly inhibited cartilage damage at the medial femoral condyle such that the OARSI score was 4.64 ± 0.32 (mean ± sem) in the FMT and probiotic group compared with 6.48 ± 0.53 in the FMT and vehicle group (p = 0.007). MicroCT analysis of epiphyseal bone from the femoral condyle showed that the probiotic group had higher BV/TV, increased Tb.Th, and moderately thicker subchondral bone plates than the control group. There was no difference between groups in joint inflammation or in serum concentrations of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. We conclude that treatment with probiotics following FMT in mice where the microbiome has been depleted inhibits DMM-induced cartilage damage and impacts on the structure of subchondral bone particularly at the femoral condyle. While further studies are required to elucidate the mechanism of action, our research suggests that these probiotics may represent a novel intervention for the treatment of osteoarthritis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is one of the most complex joints. Its morphology varies between individuals, and even between the left and right sides. Several studies have found a significant relation between certain occlusal features and joint morphology. Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) imaging is currently the most widely adopted modality for the examination of the TMJ. Objective: This study aimed to compare the joint space in a Lebanese cohort with different Angle classification using CBCT. Methodology: We retrospectively analyzed CBCT images performed at the Saint Joseph University of Beirut in Lebanon, over a period of 1 year, between 2021 and 2022. Four clearance values were selected, representing the minimum distance between the temporal bone and the mandibular condyle that defines the joint space: 0.5 mm, 1 mm, 1.5 mm, and 2 mm. For each value chosen, we looked for the presence or not of a visible surface. This surface corresponds to the area of the condyle with a distance from the condyle to the temporal bone less than or equal to the chosen value. Results: Twenty-nine patients aged between 12 and 60 years old were included; 12 (41%) were males and 17 (59%) females. We classified 48 CBCT images (23 on the right side and 25 on the left side) into three groups according to Angle's classification: class I (n=14), class II (n=29), and class III (n=5). For a distance of [0-1.5 mm] corresponded a surface of 0 mm2. For the interval between [1.5-2 mm] corresponded a surface of 18,8 mm2 for class I subjects, 16,6 mm2 for class II, and 30,5 mm2 for class III. The results showed no statistically significant differences between the articular spaces and the different types of occlusion. Conclusion: The three-dimensional evaluation of the condylar position by CBCT showed that there are no significant differences between the joint spaces and the different types of occlusion according to Angle's classification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is a specialized synovial joint that is crucial for the movement and function of the jaw. TMJ osteoarthritis (TMJ OA) is the result of disc dislocation, trauma, functional overburden, and developmental anomalies. TMJ OA affects all joint structures, including the articular cartilage, synovium, subchondral bone, capsule, ligaments, periarticular muscles, and sensory nerves that innervate the tissues. The present review aimed to illustrate the main pathomechanisms involving cartilage and bone changes in TMJ OA and some therapeutic options that have shown potential restorative properties regarding these joint structures in vivo. Chondrocyte loss, extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation, and subchondral bone remodeling are important factors in TMJ OA. The subchondral bone actively participates in TMJ OA through an abnormal bone remodeling initially characterized by a loss of bone mass, followed by reparative mechanisms that lead to stiffness and thickening of the condylar osteochondral interface. In recent years, such therapies as intraarticular platelet-rich plasma (PRP), hyaluronic acid (HA), and mesenchymal stem cell-based treatment (MSCs) have shown promising results with respect to the regeneration of joint structures or the protection against further damage in TMJ OA. Nevertheless, PRP and MSCs are more frequently associated with cartilage and/or bone repair than HA. According to recent findings, the latter could enhance the restorative potential of other therapies (PRP, MSCs) when used in combination, rather than repair TMJ structures by itself. TMJ OA is a complex disease in which degenerative changes in the cartilage and bone develop through intricate mechanisms. The regenerative potential of such therapies as PRP, MSCs, and HA regarding the cartilage and subchondral bone (alone or in various combinations) in TMJ OA remains a matter of further research, with studies sometimes obtaining discrepant results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Craniomandibular disorders are a significant cause of maxillofacial pain, resulting in alterations in the masticatory muscles and internal derangement of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). Purpose: This study aims to comprehensively review the existing literature on morphological changes associated with craniomandibular disorders using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Material and methods: The research was conducted in Medline and PubMed and focused on reviews regarding CBCT evaluation of morphological changes in craniomandibular disorders. Results and discussions: Sixteen full-text articles were assessed for eligibility, including 2 reviews and 14 systematic reviews, which provided consistent data on mandibular condyle, glenoid fossa and articular eminence. Conclusion: Temporomandibular components and associated structures showed statistically significant differences between the patients with craniomandibular disorders and healthy individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: the mandibular foramen (MF) is an irregular opening in the internal surface of the mandibular ramus. The inferior alveolar nerve and vessels penetrate this foramen and extend through the mandibular canal to the mentual foramen. Variations in MF position are responsible for errors in anesthetic blocks of the inferior alveolar nerve and other surgical interventions on the mandibular ramus. Objectives: to analyze morphometrically the MF of both edentulous and dentate mandibles in Northeastern Brazil. Methodology: the sample consisted of 172 adult human mandibles (106 partially dentate and 66 edentulous) of undetermined age and gender from Northeastern Brazil. Linear measurements were performed bilaterally of the MF to the anterior and posterior margin of the mandibular ramus, the mandibular incisure, the mandibular angle and the mandibular condyle. Laterality and dentition were considered in the analysis. Results: difference was observed between dentate and edentulous mandibles in the distance MF-A (p=0.004), MF-D (p<0.001) and D-E (p < 0.001). No differences were observed in the distance MF-B (p=0.642) and FM-C (p=0.116) between partially dentate and edentulous mandibles. Regarding the comparison between the right and left sides, both in partially dentate and edentulous groups, no differences were observed (p>0.05). Conclusion: the morphometric analysis of the MF presented some differences between partially dentate and edentulous mandibles, but not between antimers. These differences may be related to greater bone wear and other factors. Caution must be exercised regarding bone deterioration in mandibles, especially considering that the dentition is a determining factor for the location of the MF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: the Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ) is classified both morphologically and functionally as condylar and biaxial, and it plays a critical role in human activities such as chewing, swallowing, and verbal communication. The bones of the TMJ exhibit morphological plasticity, which allows them to remodel in the first years of life, during which the articular eminence (AE) and the mandibular fossa (MF) acquire a characteristic "S" shape in response to stimuli from the maxillomandibular complex. The present research aims to obtain measurements of the linear and angular lengths of AE and MF structures of TMJs. Methods: after calibrating the measurements using Image J software, morphometries of TMJ AE and MFs were evaluated in a sample of 73 photographed dry skulls, obtained through sample size calculation, and outcomes related to the analyzed structures were measured. The collected data were organized and analyzed using the Shapiro-Wilk normality test, and subsequently, comparison and correlation tests were performed. Results: one AE outcome and eight outcomes associated with MF had a non-normal distribution. Three significant comparisons were obtained, all of which were related to MF. Of a total of 276 obtained correlations, 30.79% presented significant results, of which 7.61% had r = 0.6, and 1.09% had r = 0.8. All assessed outcomes, when correlated with their contralateral counterpart, returned significant results. Conclusion: comparison between both sides of the same outcome in AE structures resulted in non-significant symmetries between them, while MF showed a higher prevalence of significant symmetry between the analyzed structures. Strong significant positive and negative correlations were found between the analyzed structures, and outcomes on the same side had stronger correlations. Strong correlations were also found between AE and MF outcomes, especially between IaMedLatMF-R and IaMedLatCAE-R outcomes. Very strong correlations were obtained between MF and AE mediolateral angulations analysis on the same side, but contralateral correlations involving both outcomes were weak. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: human identification is an important study area in deaths from violent causes of various types. Assessing anthropological and anthropometric characteristics, sex can be estimated using bone remnants, including the skull. As part of the skull, the mandible is widely useful for making such an estimate as it has very evident qualitative and quantitative sexual characteristics. The aim of this study was to analyze a possible association of the different shapes of the mandibular condyles with biological sex in a Brazilian sample in a preliminary way. Methods: using the study by Yale et. al. (1966) as a reference, the morphologies of the condyles of 39 patients, divided into three age groups, were analyzed in cone beam computed tomography exams and classified in different formats according to the views in the coronal and axial sections. Image evaluation was performed using the OnDemand 3D software. Statistical analysis was performed using descriptive statistics in relation to condylar types in the total sample and by sex (absolute and relative frequency). Results: it was observed that type B was the most found in both sexes in the coronal section, and in the axial section, it was type 1 in the anterior view and type 2 in the posterior view, on the right and left sides, in males and females. Conclusion: it was concluded that there was no evident difference in this classification between the sexes, suggesting that the shape of the mandibular condyles doesn't have a strong relationship with sexual dimorphism in a Brazilian sample. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To determine the impact of increased load on the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) from mice deficient in the extracellular matrix protease ADAMTS5. Wire springs exerting 0.5 N for 1 h/day for 5 days (Adamts5+/+ -n = 18; Adamts5−/−n = 19) or 0.8 N for 1 h/day for 10 days (Adamts5+/+-n = 18; Adamts5−/−n = 17) were used to increase murine TMJ load. Safranin O-staining was used to determine mandibular condylar cartilage (MCC) morphology. Chondrogenic factors Sox9 and aggrecan were immunolocalized. Microcomputed topography was employed to evaluate mineralized tissues, and Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase staining was used to quantify osteoclasts. Increased load on the mandibular condyle of Adamts5-/- mice resulted in an increase in the hypertrophic zone of mandibular condylar cartilage (MCC) compared to normal load (NL) (P < 0.01). In the trabecular bone of the mandibular condyle, the total volume (TV), bone volume (BV), trabecular thickness (TbTh), and trabecular separation (TbSp) of the mandibular condyles in Adamts5-/- mice (n = 27) did not change significantly with increased load, compared to Adamts5+/+ (n = 38) that exhibited significant responses (TV-P < 0.05; BV-P < 0.001; TbTh-P < 0.01; TbSp-P < 0.01). The bone volume fraction (BV/TV) was significantly reduced in response to increased load in both Adamts5-/- (P < 0.05) and Adamts5+/+ mandibular condyles (P < 0.001) compared to NL. Increased load in Adamts5-/- mandibular condyles also resulted in a dramatic increase in osteoclasts compared to Adamts5-/- NL (P < 0.001) and to Adamts5+/+ with increased load (P < 01). The trabeculated bone of the Adamts5-/- mandibular condyle was significantly less responsive to the increased load compared to Adamts5+/+. ADAMTS5 may be required for mechanotransduction in the trabeculated bone of the mandibular condyle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Degenerative joint disease (DJD) of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is an important type of temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) potentially leading to orofacial pain and jaw dysfunction. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is important in TMD diagnosis; however, its diagnostic ability for DJD remains unknown. Objective: To explore the utility of MRI in diagnosing DJD according to the latest diagnostic criteria for TMD and detecting condylar bone abnormalities and their severity. Methods: Overall, 122 participants were examined using cone‐beam computed tomography (CBCT) and MRI. The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of MRI for detecting DJD and different types of TMJ condylar bone abnormalities were calculated (considering CBCT as gold standard); in addition, we tested MRI and CBCT's consistency in scoring five types of condylar bone abnormalities. Results: The sensitivity and specificity of MRI for DJD were 95.3% and 43.1%, respectively. The MRI sensitivities for condylar flattening, erosion, osteophytes, sclerosis and cysts were 98.6%, 96.2%, 79.4%, 50%, and 79.2% (specificity, 53.6%, 48.3%, 81.6%, 83.3%, and 88.2%, respectively), respectively. The consistency between MRI and CBCT in assessing the severity of condylar bone abnormalities was fair‐to‐moderate (kappa coefficient: 0.278–0.491). The inter‐observer consistency for CBCT was good, whereas for MRI, it was relatively poor. Conclusion: MRI can detect DJD and condylar bone abnormalities. However, MRI could not efficiently detect the severity of condylar bone abnormalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The present study was done to assess patient satisfaction and crestal bone changes with one-piece and twopiece single implant-retained mandibular overdentures (SIMOs). Methods: The participants included in Group 1 (n=12) received one-piece SIMOs; the participants in Group 2 (n=12) received two-piece SIMOs.Scheduled follow-ups were done at 1 month and 1 year after implant placement. Patient satisfaction and crestal bone changes were evaluated. The data obtained were analyzed statistically with independent Student t-test. Results: Visual analogue scale (VAS) score for patient satisfaction with one-piece and two-piece SIMOs were statistically significant at 1-year of follow-up. The patient satisfaction level on the VAS score increased (38.1 to 51.1) with group onepiece SIMOs and two-piece SIMOs (36.6 to 46.8) at baseline to 1 month (P=0.13). The patient satisfaction level increased (38.1 to 56.6) with group one-piece SIMOs and two-piece SIMOs (36.6 to 52.2) at baseline to 1 year (P=0.03). At the 1 year follow-ups, group 1 had mean crestal bone loss of 0.80 ± 0.49 mm and group 2 had 1.24 ± 0.90 mm (P=0.16). Crestal bone loss was greater in the two-piece SIMOs group at 1 month and 1 year follow-ups, but statistically it was insignificant. Conclusions: One-piece SIMOs seemed to be a viable treatment option with increased patient satisfaction on a VAS. Crestal bone loss was greater in the patients with two-piece SIMOs during follow-up. One-piece SIMOs was comparatively simple with less invasive procedures and needed fewer components,so considerable number of patients requiring implant retained dentures could be benefited. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To assess the effectiveness of platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) with decalcified freeze-dried bone allograft (DFDBA) compared to DFDBA alone in mandibular grade-II furcation defects. Material and Methods: A quasi-experimental study was conducted on nine patients with chronic periodontitis, each having two almost identical mandibular grade II furcation defects. Test sites (left mandibular first molars) were treated with open flap debridement (OFD), DFDBA, and PRF, whereas control sites (right mandibular first molars) received OFD and DFDBA alone. Clinical parameters (plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), vertical clinical attachment level (VCAL) and horizontal clinical attachment level (HCAL) into the furcation defect) and radiographic measurements (mean alveolar bone defect) were done at baseline and after six months postoperatively. Results: The gain in relative horizontal clinical attachment level (RHCAL) in the test sites was 2.94±0.52 mm compared to 1.33±0.35 mm in control sites (p=0.01). Improvement in mean alveolar bone defect (MABD) (was 1.21±0.5 mm2 at test sites compared to 1.15±0.7 mm2 at control sites) probing pocket depth (PPD), recession, relative vertical attachment level (RVCAL), and percentage of bone fill was found in the test sites compared to control, which statistically insignificant. Conclusion: The test sites had better outcomes than control sites, which was significant for the parameter RHCAL. Therefore, combining the biological benefits of autologous PRF with DFDBA is an efficient and economical treatment modality for the management of mandibular grade II furcation defects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To correlate the volume of the mandibular condyle (MC) and the coronoid process (CP) with sex, age, and skeletal deformities. The structures were visualized through semi-automatic segmentation of the 3D model and complemented with manual segmentation, using the ITK-SNAP 3.0 software. Mann–Whitney, Kruskal–Wallis, and the Dunn test were performed (p < 0.05). The MC volume showed statistical differences between sex and skeletal deformities. Men and Class III patients showed higher values. CP volume was not influenced by age or skeletal deformities. However, statistical differences were found between sex, with higher values for men. MC volume was influenced by sex and skeletal deformities, while CP was influenced only by sex. Women have smaller volumes for these structures. Age is not correlated with the volume of MC and CP. The highest and lowest values of condylar volume were found for Class III and II individuals, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An unfavourable split is a well-known complication following a sagittal split osteotomy (SSO) of the mandible. Our aim was to analyse all unfavourable mandibular splits that had occurred when carrying out a SSO with the aim to design a classification which can facilitate management. We carried out a retrospective study analysing all orthognathic surgery from January 2010 until April 2021. Data surrounding unfavourable splits during this period were specifically analysed. Orthognathic surgery during this period was performed by a single OMFS unit with osteotomies performed by a single surgeon and their trainee. The dataset included 311 patients who underwent either a bilateral sagittal split osteotomy (BSSO) or a bimaxillary osteotomy. There were 225 bimaxillary osteotomies and 86 BSSOs. Twenty-one patients had unfavourable splits following their BSSO with a total of 22 out of 622 sagittal split osteotomies over this 11-year period. Bilateral unfavourable splits occurred in one patient. These results correlate to an incidence rate of 6.8% of unfavourable splits following SSO's in an 11-year period. The results reveal common patterns of unfavourable splits to suggest a simple classification based on our results. This can be applied to any unfavourable splits in SSO which then allows the clinician to proceed with surgery and prevent abandonment of the procedure. It is classified as follows: Type 1 fractures where the mandibular condyle is attached to the proximal fragment; Type 2 fractures whereby the mandibular condyle is attached to the tooth-bearing segment; Type 3 fractures are lingual cortex fractures. Each of these fracture types has a specific management protocol, which we recommend is used in all unfavourable splits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to perform a systematic review of the literature on the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) prosthesis as a treatment option after mandibular condyle fracture. Three databases were searched (PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library) and 2670 unique papers were identified. A total of 337 studies were included (121 case reports, 89 case series, and 127 cohort/clinical studies). In total 14,396 patients and 21,560 prostheses were described. Of the 127 cohort or clinical studies, 100 (79%) reported inclusion criteria, 54 (43%) reported exclusion criteria, and 96 (76%) reported the inclusion period. The base population from which patients were recruited was reported in 57 studies (45%). The reason for TMJ prosthesis implantation was reported for 4177 patients (29.0%). A history of condylar fracture was present in 83 patients (2.0%); a history of mandibular trauma was present in 580 patients (13.9%). The meta-analysis showed a pooled prevalence of condylar fracture of 1.6% (95% confidence interval 0.9–2.4%) and a pooled prevalence of trauma or condylar fracture of 11.3% (95% confidence interval 7.1–16.0%). Heterogeneity was highly significant (P < 0.001). The TMJ prosthesis appears to be reserved for patients with persistent pain, bony or fibrous ankylosis, or osteomyelitis after primary closed or open treatment of fractures of the mandibular condyle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Condylar hyperplasia is one of the causes of facial asymmetry and malocclusion, characterized by enlargement of the lower jaw due to excessive condyle growth activity. The aim of this study was to use micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) to evaluate the bone architecture of the condylar head and determine whether there are differences between patients with various forms of unilateral condylar hyperplasia (UCH): hemimandibular hyperplasia, elongation, and mixed form. The cohort consisted of 28 patients with a mean age of 21.9 years. All patients underwent surgical treatment (condylar shaving) for active pathological growth activity. The portion of the condylar head removed was imaged by micro-CT and subsequently evaluated. Micro-CT imaging and semiquantitative and quantitative evaluation of the bone structure (percentage bone volume, surface density, trabecular thickness, trabecular separation, degree of anisotropy, and porosity of the subchondral bone) did not reveal significant differences between the individual types of condylar hyperplasia (P > 0.05). There were no significant differences in bone structure between the anterior and posterior portions of the condylar head. No statistically significant differences between individual groups of UCH were found in the micro-CT evaluation of the condylar head bone architecture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Española de Cirugía Oral y Maxilofacial is the property of Sociedad Espanola de Cirugia Oral y Maxilofacial (SECOM) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of China Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery is the property of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, College of Stomatology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

It is important to evaluate the level of bone-specific alkaline phosphatase as it relates to the quantity of callus formed in mandibular fracture healing. The objective of the present study was to assess Serum Bone-Specific Alkaline Phosphatase (BsALP) as an indicator of callus formation in patients with mandibular fracture and determine the relationship between BsALP and callus formation using two treatment methods. Fifty-five patients with isolated mandibular fractures were enrolled. BsALP was measured at presentation, 3rd and 6th week. The patients were recruited into two treatment groups: Closed Reduction with Mandibulomaxillary Fixation (MMF) and Open Reduction and Internal Fixation (ORIF). The Callus Index was measured at 3rd and 6th week after treatment using digital postero-anterior view of the jaws on DICOM viewer software. The mean value of BsALP was 26.2±9.5 ng/mL. BsALP concentration in patients with double site fractures was higher than those with a single fracture, p=0.102. Peak serum BsALP observed in the 3rd week post-intervention was (28.1±8.2 ng/mL). Statistically significant differences were observed between the BsALP concentration in the 3rd and 6th week, and between BsALP concentration at presentation and 6th week, p<0.001, respectively. There was no significant correlation between the Callus Index and mean serum BsALP at 6 weeks (r=-0.08, p=0.580). MMF treatment group had higher levels of serum BsALP compared with ORIF group in the 3rd week (p=0.14) and in the 6th week (p=0.18). BsALP is an indicator of the amount of callus formed in patients treated for mandibular fractures. Hence, it could be used as an adjunct to monitor the healing of mandibular fractures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Dental Sciences is the property of Turkiye Klinikleri and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Dental developmental anomalies include diverse conditions that may arise due to changes during teeth development. Supernumerary teeth in the premolar region rarely occur (8%-9.1%). The present study, reports an incidence of impacted supernumerary tooth in the mandibular premolar region in a subjectively symptomless, nonsyndromic patient. Cone-beam computed tomography is highly effective in detecting and localizing supernumerary teeth. Furthermore, it enhances decision-making and clinical findings regarding interventions. In addition to the possibility of multiple complications, supernumerary teeth require prompt diagnosis and treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: It is seen that the failure of mandibular third molars to erupt is most affected by lack of space in the alveolar arch between the distal of the second molar and the ascending ramus. Variation in growth pattern in different facial forms affects the space available for tooth eruption; therefore, the mandibular third molar impaction has correlation with different skeletal facial types. Aim: The study aimed to investigate the relationship between mandibular third molar impaction and different skeletal facial types. Materials and Methods: The study sample consisted of lateral cephalometric and orthopantomogram of 350 individuals, aged 17-35 years who had visited the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Facial Surgery, Daswani Dental College, Kota. The angulation of impaction was determined by the winter's classification and the facial type categorized by the facial axis angle. Results and Discussion: The overall rate of mandibular third molar impaction was 66.85%. Our study showed that mandibular third molar impaction is 3.3 times more common with the dolichofacial (38.7%) whereas brachyfacial (12.7%). Conclusion: After comparing the data with multiple studies, we found that the greater horizontal facial growth pattern of brachyfacial subjects over dolichofacial subjects provides increased space for full eruption of the mandibular third molar. Furthermore, bilateral mesioangular third molar impaction was more common with female predilection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The mandible is considered one of the most reliable bones available for gender discrimination. The mandibular Bonwill’s triangle measurements can be used for the identification of gender either on the dry mandible or through three‑dimensional imaging like computed tomography (CT) or cone‑beam CT (CBCT). Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the mandibular Bonwill’s triangle parameters using CBCT for gender determination. Materials and Methods: Morphometric analysis was performed on 80 CBCT images of Indian participants. The mandibular Bonwill’s triangle parameters (C‑LR, IC‑L, IC‑R, and semi‑perimeter) were measured in the axial sections of CBCT images to predict the gender. Statistical Analysis: The Mann–Whitney test was used to compare the mean values between males and females, and the Kruskal–Wallis test was used to compare the mean values among different age groups. Results: The participants’ ages ranged from 20 to 60 years, with an equal number of males (40) and females (40). The mean distance of C‑LR was 106.72 mm in males and 102.59 mm in females. The mean distance of IC‑L was 105.09 mm in males and 100.10 mm in females, while that of IC‑R was 104.02 mm in males and 99.50 mm in females. The mean value of the semi‑perimeter of the Bonwill’s triangle was 157.93 mm in males and 151.09 mm in females. All these differences in variables between males and females were statistically significant. Using these variables, the overall prediction accuracy of this study was 75%, with 77.5% in males and 72.5% in females. Conclusion: The parameters of the mandibular Bonwill’s triangle in the Indian population were observed to be larger in males than females. Hence, these parameters can be used for gender identification in forensic and medicolegal practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To predict temporomandibular joint (TMJ) anterior disc displacement with reduction (ADDWR) from condylar shape, position, and dimensions obtained from CBCT images. Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 17 patients suffering from temporomandibular disorders diagnosed by history taking according to the chart of the American Association of orthodontists, clinical examination according to the Helkimo index and MRI. CBCT and MRI examinations were performed within one-week interval. Disc position, diagnosed by MRI was used as the gold standard. TMJs with posterior disc displacement or anterior disc displacement without reduction were excluded. Qualitative and quantitative analyses were performed on CBCT images to find the correlation between condylar variables and ADDWR. A logistic regression model was created to estimate ADDWR from condylar dimensions (height, width and depth). Results: Condylar shape and condylar position in the glenoid fossa were significantly correlated with ADDWR (P < 0.05). Condylar width, height and depth were significantly smaller in condyles with ADDWR compared to condylar dimensions in normal disc position. Logistic regression analysis could be used to predict the probability of anterior disc displacement with reduction from condylar dimensions. Conclusion: Condylar shape, position, and dimensions assessed by CBCT are significantly correlated with ADDWR of the TMJ. Substituting the values of condylar width, height and depth in the equation suggests the probability of ADDWR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Texture analysis is an image processing method that aims to assess the distribution of gray-level intensity and spatial organization of the pixels in the image. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the texture analysis applied to cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images could detect variation in the condyle trabecular bone of individuals from different age groups and genders. Methods: The sample consisted of imaging exams from 63 individuals divided into three groups according to age groups of 03–13, 14–24 and 25–34. For texture analysis, the MaZda® software was used to extract the following parameters: second angular momentum, contrast, correlation, sum of squares, inverse difference moment, sum entropy and entropy. Statistical analysis was performed using Mann–Whitney test for gender and Kruskal–Wallis test for age (P = 5%). Results: No statistically significant differences were found between age groups for any of the parameters. Males had lower values for the parameter correlation than those of females (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Texture analysis proved to be useful to discriminate mandibular condyle trabecular bone between genders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To evaluate the relationship between internal derangement and morphological features of the temporomandibular joint by comparing joint morphology between patients with ID and control patients. Methods: The current study prospectively is evaluated the cone-beam computed images of 106 ID patients and 122 patients with asymptomatic joints; recorded angular and linear measurements. The relationships between these measurements and ID are investigated; the differences between the two groups using paired t tests. Results: There were significant differences in the values of articular slope and the condyle height/glenoid fossa depth (CH/GFD) ratio between patients in the ID and control groups (p < 0.05). There was also a relationship between these parameters and the gender of patients with ID. The condylar position was posterior in the ID group. Conclusion: Posteriorly and superiorly located condyles with an increased CH/GFD ratio, condyles located eccentrically, and a steeper posterior slope may be risk factors for ID. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The aims of this retrospective study were to objectively assess bone density values obtained by cone-beam computed tomography and to map the periapical and inter-radicular regions of the mandibular bone. Material and Methods: In total, periapical bone regions of 6898 roots scanned by cone-beam computed tomography were evaluated retrospectively, and the results were recorded using Hounsfield units (HU). Results: The correlation between periapical HU values of adjacent mandibular teeth were strongly positive (P = 0.01). The anterior region of the mandible yielded highest mean HU value (633.55). The mean periapical HU value of the premolar region (470.58) was higher than that was measured for molar region (374.58). The difference between furcation HU values of the first and second molars was unnoticeable. Conclusions: The results of this study have tried to evaluate the periapical regions of all mandibular teeth, which could ease to predict the bone radiodensity before implant surgery. Even though the Hounsfield units provide the average radio-bone density, a site-specific bone tissue evaluation of each case is essential for appropriate cone-beam computed tomography preoperative planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The largest and strongest bone of the face, the mandible has several morphometric features that serve in identification of sex which is the first step towards age, stature and ethnicity determination. Increase in natural calamities, accidents and violent crimes have resulted in increase in mutilated faces or unidentified bodies parts that pose a great challenge for forensic experts, plastic and maxillofacial surgeons. Mandible is one of the most durable bones of skull, and mandibular remains from excavation sites is representative of the population and is of interest to anthropologists. Features of the lower jaw is of interest to orthodontic and plastic surgeons due to more people wanting to correct dental and facial asymmetries. Objectives of the study: The present study aims to explore and measure bi-condylar and bigonial width, angle of mandible, goniognation length, mandibular height and Bonwill's triangle of mandibles in our population. Materials and methods: The present study was conducted in Department of Anatomy at our hospital 80 (44 male, 36 female) dry adult human mandibles were studied. Fractured, pathological or deformed bones were excluded. Digital vernier callipers and mandibulometer were used to measure: Height of Mandible, Angle of Mandible, Bicondylar width, Bi-gonial width Goniognation Length and Bonwill's Triangle. Results: Only 16% were equilateral in males and 40 % in females, rest of the triangles are isosceles in both genders. The mean length of the sides were less than 10cm and lesser for females. Dimensions of Bonwill's triangles show strong positive correlation in both genders between mid-incisor to right condyle and mid-incisor to left condyle. Conclusion: Sex determination has always been an integral part in biological profiling. The mandible has dimorphic traits which can be successfully applied for sex determination. But reliability lies on population-specific morphometric data. Applying an average Bonwill's triangle values for making articulators and prosthetics for all races has resulted in errors in full mouth reconstruction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Characterizing the biomechanical properties of articular cartilage is crucial to understanding processes of tissue homeostasis vs. degeneration. In mouse models, however, limitations are imposed by their small joint size and thin cartilage surfaces. Here we present a three- dimensional (3D) automated surface mapping system and methodology that allows for mechanical characterization of mouse cartilage with high spatial resolution. We performed repeated indentation mappings, followed by cartilage thickness measurement via needle probing, at 31 predefined positions distributed over the medial and lateral femoral condyles of healthy mice. High- resolution 3D x- ray microscopy (XRM) imaging was used to validate tissue thickness measurements. The automated indentation mapping was reproducible, and needle probing yielded cartilage thicknesses comparable to XRM imaging. When comparing healthy vs. degenerated cartilage, topographical variations in biomechanics were identified, with altered thickness and stiffness (instantaneous modulus) across condyles and within anteroposterior sub- regions. This quantitative technique comprehensively characterized cartilage function in mice femoral condyle cartilage. Hence, it has the potential to improve our understanding of tissue structure- function interplay in mouse models of repair and disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The treatment of the fracture of the tibial plateau outside the posterior condyle is always a difficult problem in the clinical work of orthopedic surgeons. In this study, we aim to investigate the clinical effect of 3D printing combined with osteotomy of the tibial lateral condyle in the treatment of tibial plateau fractures involving the external posterior condyle. From January 2012 to February 2020, the data of 94 patients with fracture of tibial plateau external posterior condyle treated by 3D printing combined with osteotomy were retrospectively analyzed, including 38 males and 56 females. The 94 patients were divided into 2 groups (freehand osteotomy group and guided osteotomy group), with 47 patients in each group. All patients received preoperative CT 3D scan, and 3D printing was performed according to the converted data to make a 1 : 1 solid size fracture model. Two groups of patients were treated with anterolateral combined with posteromedial incision intraoperatively, and osteotomy lines were designed according to preoperative 3D model. After surgery, the fracture reduction was evaluated according to the Rasmussen knee scoring standard, and the knee function was evaluated by the Hospital for Special Surgery (HSS) score. One year after operation, the Rasmussen score of the knee joint was 13-18 points, with an average of 15.73 points, among which 66 cases were excellent, 24 cases were good, and 4 cases were fair, with an excellent and good rate of 95.7% (45/47). The HSS score is as follows: 67-94 points, with an average of 82.67 points, among which 62 cases were excellent, 26 cases were good, 4 cases were fair, and 2 cases were poor (joint stiffness caused by refusal of postoperative rehabilitation exercise), with an excellent and good rate of 89.9% (44/47). The range of motion of knee joint was -5°~0°~135°, and the average range of motion was 125.5°. At the last follow-up, there were no serious complications such as common peroneal nerve injury, popliteal vascular injury, postoperative infection, and failure of internal fixation. 3D printing combined with osteotomy of the tibial lateral condyle is an effective method for the treatment of fractures of the tibial plateau external posterior condyle, and the postoperative treatment results are satisfactory. The customized osteotomy guide plate is used for more accurate osteotomy, less injury, and more accurate fixation with support screws. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Unicondylar knee arthroplasty (UKA) is a surgical procedure primarily used for the resurfacing of the medial compartment and many studies have previously analyzed the changes taking place on the surrounding osseous tissues after the procedure. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of bone strain in the medial tibial metaphysis after a cementless unicondylar replacement. Methods: Patients treated with a cementless UKA between March 2015 and March 2019 was selected for this study. Inclusion criteria were a minimum of 1 and a maximum of 2 years follow-up and presence of standard radiographs of the operated knee at yearly intervals. A total of 109 patients were included in the study. Two lines at a distance of 5 and 7 cm from the lateral tibial eminence were horizontally drawn and the medial cortical thickness and the total cortical distance were measured. A cortex-to-metaphysis (CTM) ratio was established. The increase of density in the metaphysis was analyzed though the "reactive triangle" phenomenon. We initially hypothesized that some degree of increase in sclerosis would be detected in the medial tibial metaphysis and that the increase would be greater in patients with an implant underhanging, since more cancellous bone would come under strain. Results: The CTM ratio showed a decreasing pattern during the 1st post-operative year for all measured levels. An increase in density at the metaphyseal area just below the keel was observed in 58% of patients during the 1st post-operative year and in 80% during the 2nd year. The increase in the density was correlated with the absence of coronal overhanging. Patients with coronal overhanging of the tibial implant showed an increase in CTM ratio. Conclusion: Increased strain after a unicondylar procedure leads to cortical and cancellous bone changes in the proximal tibial metaphysis. These changes depend on the presence or absence of coronal overhanging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Understanding the morphology of the distal femur is essential for improving bone‐implant match in total knee arthroplasty (TKA) and understanding the mechanisms behind knee kinematics. However, little is known about the asymmetry of the posterior condyles. Thus, this study aimed to thoroughly investigate asymmetries in sizes and shapes between the medial and lateral posterior condyles before and after femoral resections during TKA in osteoarthritic (OA) knees. Methods: Three‐dimensional femoral models of 74 OA knees were constructed using computed tomography images. The morphologic measurements of the posterior condyle pre‐ and post‐simulated osteotomy for TKA included the radii of the posterior condyles fitted to a circle on the sagittal and axial planes of the femoral coordinate system, the inclination angle of the articular surface and resected surface, and the width and height of the resected surface. Differences in the data were assessed using Student's t‐test, and correlations were evaluated using the Pearson product–moment correlation. Results: The radii of the medial posterior condyles fitted to the circle were, on average, 6 mm larger than those of the lateral condyles on the axial plane (p < 0.001) and 0.7 mm smaller than those of the lateral condyles on the sagittal plane (p = 0.046). The inclination angles of the medial and lateral posterior condyles on the axial plane were significantly different with both pre‐simulated and post‐simulated osteotomy, respectively (both p < 0.001). The resected plane of the lateral posterior condyles displaced opposite inclination directions between the distal and proximal portions. Neither heights or widths of the medial posterior condyles were significantly different from those of their lateral counterparts (both p > 0.107). Conclusions: This study found asymmetrical inclination of the resected surface and coronal radii between the medial and lateral posterior condyles, which may relate to the posterolateral overhang of the lateral condyle after TKA and the progression of the knee OA. These findings provides valuable morphological information and may help improve the implant designs for TKA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Occlusal splints are used as a non-invasive treatment for patients diagnosed with temporomandibular disorders (TMD). Another non-invasive treatment option for TMD patients is kinesiotherapy, which may be used alone or in conjunction with occlusal splint therapy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the changes in the intra-articular spaces of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) after occlusal splint therapy combined with cranio-temporomandibular kinesiotherapy in TMD patients. Twenty-four patients (N = 24) diagnosed with TMD according to Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (RDC/TMD) were included. Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images were taken before and after treatment. The anterior, superior, posterior, and medial joint spaces were measured on the CBCT images, and the condylar ratio was calculated using Pullinger and Hollender's formula. Additionally, the thickness of the glenoid fossa (GFT), condylar medio-lateral widths (MLW), and condylar height (HCo) were measured. The condylar ratio was significantly higher after treatment (p = 0.049). The changes in dimensions of the anterior, superior, posterior and medial joint spaces were not statistically significant after treatment. No statistically significant differences were found in the dimensions of the GFT, MLW, and HCo post treatment. The condylar position did not shift anteriorly in a statistically significant way after occlusal splint therapy combined with cranio-temporomandibular kinesiotherapy in TMD patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to evaluate cortical bone formation on the mandibular condyle using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) in asymptomatic adolescents and young adults and to evaluate the relationship between age and sex. CBCT images that can evaluate the shape of the mandibular condyle were selected from asymptomatic patients aged 13–25. The degree of cortication on the mandibular condyle (CMC) was evaluated using CBCT images reconstructed in the axial, sagittal, and coronal planes. CBCT data of 829 patients (413 males, 416 females) were selected and then the left and right images of all patients were acquired; consequently, a total of 1658 temporomandibular joint-related images were evaluated in this study. The degree of CMC was correlated with age in men and women (p < 0.05). The frequency of CMC 0 disappeared in woman aged 20 years and in men aged 21 years. Cortical bone formation of the mandibular condyle was completed at age 22 years in women and 24 years in men. The degrees of cortical bone formation of the mandibular condyle between men and women showed significant differences between the ages of 15–19 and 22 years. This difference can be interpreted as a different mandible growth period between the sexes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this case report we describe a rare case of chondrosarcoma of the Temporomandibular joint in a 70 years old female who presented with a right preauricular swelling, trismus and neuralgic pain. On examination, firm and tender swelling was noted in the right preauricular region. CT Scan revealed 3.48 × 3.0 cm size mass lesion in the region of mandibular condyle and extending into the right temporomandibular joint space. The cytopathological report was suggestive of chondroid malignancy. The tumor was excised and histopathological examination showed large sheets of atypical tumor cells with cartilaginous matrix and diagnosis of a well differentiated Chondrosarcoma was confirmed. Post-surgical resection, patient remains disease free at 15 months follow up. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE To evaluate bone mineral content patterns between fracture configurations using novel CT image analysis. ANIMALS CT images from 97 Thoroughbred racehorses with third metacarpal/tarsal condyle fractures provide the case population for analysis. PROCEDURES Fractures were grouped by radiographic appearance. Image analysis objectively measured area of highly attenuating pixels (aHAP), areal density of highly attenuating pixels (dHAP) utilizing novel convex hull analysis, and subjective assessment of apparent attenuation intensity ranking (AAIR) for each fracture. Differences between fracture configuration groups were evaluated. RESULTS Analysis of dHAP identified lower-density regions of highly attenuating pixels in propagating fractures and higherdensity regions of highly attenuating pixels in unicortical fractures (P = .028). Complete and incomplete configurations were almost indistinguishable in dHAP (P = 1.000). The ratio of dHAP between fractured and nonfractured condyles revealed higher density gradients between condyles in unicortical (P = .040) and incomplete (P = .031) fractures than propagating fractures. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Differences in patterns of bone mineral content were identified between propagating, bicortical (incomplete and complete), and unicortical fractures of third metacarpal/tarsal bone condyles. Computer-assisted geometric measurement of dHAP identified on CT images could help to assess fracture risk in equine athletes. This application may have greater relevance as standing CT screening becomes more available. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Correct stifle positioning during radiographs has always been deemed vital to be able to reliably measure the tibial plateau angle (TPA) prior to surgical procedures. However, no veterinary study has so far quantified the effect of variation in limb positioning on the measurement of TPA with reference to the degree of femoral condyle superimposition. The aim of this in vitro study was to identify how different degrees of femoral hemicondylar superimposition affect the measurement of the TPA in normal stifles in dogs. A total of 176 radiographs were assessed by three different observers. Measurement of real TPA from radiographs with greater than 3 mm variation in femoral condylar superimposition is significantly affected by the malpositioning and it should therefore be interpreted with caution. Five canine cadaveric pelvic limbs with intact cranial cruciate ligaments were used to quantify the effect of variation in limb positioning on the radiographic measurement of the tibial plateau angle (TPA) with reference to the degree of femoral condyle superimposition. Intra-osseous pin placement and a custom jig design allowed the controlled three-dimensional manipulation of limbs. Medio-lateral digital radiographic projections were taken with perfect femoral hemicondylar superimposition to establish a "reference" TPA (difference in position = 0 mm), and subsequently in varying degrees of supination/pronation and abduction/adduction. The lack of femoral hemicondylar superimposition for each radiograph was quantified using a tangential line technique with reference to the long tibial axis. A total of 176 radiographs were each assessed by three observers. "True" TPA was measured and it ranged within 17–25° across all limbs assessed. Variation in femoral condylar positioning ranged from −13 mm to +13 mm proximo-distally, and −11 mm to +11 mm cranio-caudally. Moreover, 3 mm non-superimposition of the femoral condyles produced 90.6% of measurements with 1° difference between measured and "true" TPA, and a sensitivity of 97.9% for a 2° difference. Further reduction in femoral condylar superimposition to 4 mm reduced the frequency of 1° difference between measured and "true" TPA to 84.9%, and to 94.8% for a 2° difference. In conclusion, measurement of TPA in large breed dogs from radiographs with greater than 3 mm variation in femoral condylar superimposition should be interpreted with caution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Lateral meniscus posterior root tears (LMPRTs) are commonly found in patients with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries. However, risk factors for LMPRTs are not well known. This study was designed to systematically review the available evidence regarding risk factors associated with LMPRTs. Methods: The PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases were searched for papers containing the key words "lateral meniscus posterior root tears", "LMPRTs" and "risk factor". Inclusion screening, data extraction, and quality assessment of the included articles were conducted independently by two authors. Statistical analysis was conducted to determine risk factors for LMPRTs. Result: Seventeen studies with a total sample size of 6, 589 patients were identified. The pooled prevalence of LMPRTs was 9.6% (range, 5.1–33.8%) for ACL injury. Significant risk factors included a patient age of < 30 [OR = 1.4, 95% CI (1.07, 1.84), p = 0.01], male sex [OR = 1.50, 95% CI (1.24,1.81), p = 0.01], higher body mass index (BMI) [MD = 0.45, 95% CI (0.13, 0.76), p < 0.01], higher lateral posterior tibial slope (LPTS) [MD = 2.22, 95% CI (1.37, 3.07), p < 0.01], deep sulcus sign [OR = 5.76, 95% CI (1.35, 24.52), p < 0.01] and bone bruises on lateral femoral condyle [OR = 4.88, 95% CI (1.27, 18.77), p < 0.01], lateral meniscal extrusion > 1 mm [OR = 5.56, 95% CI (1.52, 20.29), p < 0.01] and > 3 mm [OR = 12.91 95% CI (1.28, 130.01), p < 0.01], medial meniscal tears [OR = 1.40, 95% CI (1.12, 1.75), p < 0.01], and medial ramp lesions [OR = 2.29, 95% CI (1.35, 3.89), p < 0.01]. Conclusion: Age below 30, male, higher BMI, higher LPTS, deep sulcus sign, bone bruises on lateral femoral condyle, lateral meniscal extrusion, medial meniscal tear, and medial ramp lesion are risk factors for LMPRTs. Level of evidence: Level IV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Patients with high mandibular plane facial morphology are the most dominant facial type who experience TMJ abnormalities with resultant condylar resorption, affecting the orthodontic and orthognathic treatment outcomes. The study aimed to quantitatively assess the three-dimensional condylar remodeling during the presurgical orthodontics and after orthognathic surgery of the retrognathic mandible with a high mandibular plane angle. The study also investigated the correlation between the resultant remodeling based on the hypothesis that condylar resorption following orthognathic surgery is a part of a progressive presurgical resorption process. Materials and methods: The study included adults with mandibular retrognathism and high mandibular plane angle who have computed tomography scans (CT) obtained before any treatment (T0), after completion of presurgical treatment before surgery (T1), and at long-term follow-up after surgery (T2). DICOM of CT scan was gathered and processed using ITK-SNAP and 3D Slicer software. The interval between T0 and T1 was represented as a presurgical phase, while between T1 and T2 was defined as a postsurgical phase (T1-T2). Results: Twenty-five patients (50 condyles) were included with a mean age of 23 ± 3.2 years. The mean of the follow-up during the presurgical phase was 19.8 ± 7.1 months and 15.5 ± 5.5 months during the postsurgical phase. The condylar volume during the presurgical phase (T0-T1) was relatively stable (− 3.3 ± 37.2mm3). However, during the postsurgical phase (T1-T2), the volume was significantly reduced − 113.8 ± 98.3mm3 (P < 0.001). Localized condylar surface resorption during the postsurgical phase was significantly higher than during the presurgical phase (P < 0.05). No correlation was found between the localized condylar surface remodeling during the presurgical and postsurgical phases. However, a negative statistically significant correlation existed between the overall condylar volume changes during the presurgical and postsurgical phases (r = 0.502, P < 0.001). Conclusion: Significant condylar resorption following orthognathic surgery of the retrognathic mandible with a high mandibular plane angle might occur regardless of the presurgical status of the condyle. Clinical relevance: The study provided an evidence to be discussed with the patients and considered throughout the treatment of mandibular retrognathia with high mandibular plane angle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of the retromandibular approach (RMA) to produce three-dimensional (3-D) reduction of the unilateral subcondylar fracture and Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ) functional implication. Methods: A prospective cohort study was designed. Twenty-nine patients with unilateral subcondylar fracture underwent consecutively Open Reduction, and Internal Fixation. The cohorts were divided into two groups; RMA group (n = 16, 55.17%) and submandibular approach SMA group (n = 13, 44.82%). The primary outcome was the anatomical 3-D reduction of the condyle. The secondary outcome was to compare the condyle position and inclination finding with TMJ outcomes. Helkimo Index score was used to evaluate the TMJ outcome at six months postoperatively. Result: There was a significant difference between the mediolateral condylar inclination, condylar medial and vertical positions when RMA compared with SMA groups (P < 0.05). The medial joint space was correlated with the medial condylar position in both groups (P < 0.05). The Helkimo Ai and Di was associated with mediolateral condylar inclination in SMG; however, Helkimo Ai was found to be correlated with the RMA group. Conclusion: The current study demonstrates that the RMA could re-establish the anatomical position of the unilateral subcondylar fracture in patients undergoing ORIF. The clinical outcome of the TMJ with RMA was better than SMA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The most complex and important portion of the body and masticatory system are the temporomandibular joint. The growth of mandibular bone in both sagittal and vertical directions is by the condylar process. This study is done to determine different shapes of mandibular condyles using orthopantomographs (OPGs). The study's goal was to determine the morphology of the mandibular condyle in South Indians. One hundred digital OPGs with no defects were selected and obtained from private dental institutes and hospitals in Chennai for this study. The morphology of the mandibular condyle was studied and tabulated. Using the SPSS software, the Chi-square test was done to find associations between demographics and morphology. The study was an attempt to find the prevalent shape of the condylar head using a panoramic radiograph. Fifty-one percent were oval in shape, 20.5% were bird beak in shape, 13.6% were diamond in shape, and 14.9% were crooked finger in shape. The results suggest an oval–oval shape in more frequency among both genders. OPGs are the most commonly used and interpreted radiographs, due to their low radiation and easy availability among dentists. Hence, the shape of the mandibular condyle can also be determined using OPGs; future studies are to be conducted in large samples to make the context evident. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: A sonographic approach can be used to quantify joint movement, muscle thickness, and available joint space. This study aimed to compare the amount of mouth opening, joint articular distance, and both anterior and inferior translation of the mandibular condyle between healthy participants and individuals with temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders. Methods: A cross-sectional study design was used with 52 participants (control: 26 healthy and TMJ: 26 symptomatic individuals) recruited using convenience sampling. The joint space distance and the anterior and inferior condylar translation on both sides were evaluated using sonography during maximum mouth opening and closing. Mouth opening was measured with a graduated ruler. Reliability was performed on a subgroup (n=10) with an interval of 3-7 days. Results: The reliability was good to excellent (ICC=0.57-0.94). The highest reliability was related to the joint space distance. The mean values for mouth opening were 43.1 and 35.3mm, respectively for healthy and TMJ patients. The anterior condylar translation was 7.14-7.57mm, inferior condylar translation was 2.35-2.66mm, and the joint space distance was 49.4-0.44mm. No significant differences were found between the left and right sides in either group. The mouth opening and joint space values were significantly higher in the healthy group while the rate of anterior transition movement was higher but not significant. Furthermore, there was a significant negative relationship between pain, mouth opening, and joint distance. Discussion: Sonography can be considered an accurate tool for the assessment of joint space and condylar translation in individuals with symptomatic TMJ disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 6‐year‐old outdoor cat presenting with a progressive 5‐month duration right thoracic limb lameness was diagnosed with an articular fracture of the distal caudomedial part of the right humeral condyle. Surgical repair was performed via the modified Wendelburg caudomedial approach to the elbow using a positional screw to reduce the fragment and applying a temporary transarticular external skeletal fixator. Three weeks after surgery, the transarticular external fixator was removed and 6 weeks after surgery, a CT scan was performed revealing satisfactory bone healing. Eight months after the surgery, the cat had no lameness and a normal level of exercise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]