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Extracellular proteolysis is frequently dysregulated in disease and can generate proteoforms with unique neoepitopes not found in healthy tissue. Here, we demonstrate that Abs that selectively recognize a proteolytic neoepitope on CUB domain containing protein 1 (CDCP1) could enable more effective and safer treatments for solid tumors. CDCP1 is highly overexpressed in RAS-driven cancers, and its ectodomain is cleaved by extracellular proteases. Biochemical, biophysical, and structural characterization revealed that the 2 cleaved fragments of CDCP1 remain tightly associated with minimal proteolysis-induced conformational change. Using differential phage display, we generated recombinant Abs that are exquisitely selective to cleaved CDCP1 with no detectable binding to the uncleaved form. These Abs potently targeted cleaved CDCP1-expressing cancer cells as an Ab-drug conjugate, an Ab-radionuclide conjugate, and a bispecific T cell engager. In a syngeneic pancreatic tumor model, these cleaved-specific Abs showed tumor-specific localization and antitumor activity with superior safety profiles compared with a pan-CDCP1 approach. Targeting proteolytic neoepitopes could provide an orthogonal "AND" gate for improving the therapeutic index. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some research has described a relationship between personality and feeding behavior at weaning in Holstein dairy calves; our objective was to determine if personality traits, especially sociability, are associated with differences in feeding behavior and growth in Norwegian Red calves. Our secondary objective was to assess the interaction between personality traits and gradual weaning method (by age or by concentrate intake) on the behavior and growth of calves. Twenty-seven Norwegian Red calves were housed in 7 groups of 3 to 5 calves, with group composition based on birthdate to ensure that there were no more than 21 d between the youngest and oldest calves. Calves had access to an automated milk and concentrate feeder with ad libitum access to concentrates, water, hay, and silage. Calves were semi-randomly assigned to be either gradually weaned by age at d 56, or weaned by intake, where weaning was initiated based on reaching specific concentrate intake targets. We measured milk intake, concentrate intake, and the number of unrewarded visits to the automated feeder during each of 5 experimental periods: preweaning (12 L/d; 10–30 d of age), weaning (milk allowance gradually reduced by method until completely weaned), weaning week (3 d before weaning and the first 7 d of 0 L/d milk allowance), postweaning (20 d after complete milk removal), and the total experimental period (10–20 d postweaning). At 21 and 80 d of age, individual behavioral responses toward novelty and isolation (indicative of personality) were recorded in 3 personality tests: novel environment, novel object, and a social motivation test (time taken to return the group). At 83 d of age, a group novel object test was conducted. Principal component analysis revealed 3 factors interpreted as personality traits (playful/exploratory, vocal/active, interactive in group test) that together explained 56% of the variance. Calves that were more playful/exploratory consumed more milk per day preweaning and more concentrate per day over the experimental period. Calves that were more vocal/active (interpreted as a type of sociability trait where vocalizations and pacing serve to communicate with conspecifics when isolated from herd) had lower preweaning milk intakes and lower concentrate intakes over the experimental period. Calves that were more interactive in the group test (interpreted as a type of sociability trait when with other herd mates) had lower preweaning and weaning concentrate intakes. There was no interaction between personality traits and weaning method on feeding behavior or performance outcomes; however, calves that were weaned by intake (successfully reached all concentrate targets) had higher average daily gains postweaning, likely due to consuming more concentrate per day over the entire experiment, than calves who failed to reach all targets, or were weaned by age. We concluded that the sociability traits of Norwegian Red calves were related to individual differences in milk and concentrate intake. Although the relationship between personality and feeding behavior and growth did not depend on weaning method, gradual weaning based on individual concentrate intakes provides an opportunity for calves to wean at a pace that fits the needs of each individual calf. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Moral convictions consist of assessments based on perceptions of morality and immorality, of right and wrong. There are people who, based on morality, commit crimes. For instance, social and moral norms based on inequality appear to play an important role in the batterer's behavior to commit violent acts. Research shows that batterers consider themselves to be moral persons, are defenders of their beliefs, and, if necessary, are self-delusional, enjoying a "feeling" of moral worth. The main aim of this work was to uncover the brain mechanisms underlying moral decision making related to intimate partner violence (IPV) against women. We conducted a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study comparing moral decisions related to IPV and general violence (GV) in a sample of convicted Spanish men. The two groups of our sample were recruited from the Center for Social Insertion (CSI; Granada, Spain): batterers (BG, n = 21), people convicted for IPV, and other criminals (OCG, n = 20) convicted of violating other legal norms without violence against people. Greene's classical dilemmas were used to validate IPV and GV dilemmas. First, our results showed that IPV and GV dilemmas activate the same brain areas as those activated by Greene's dilemmas, primarily involving the default mode network (DMN), which suggests that IPV and GV dilemmas are both moral dilemmas. Second, our results showed that other criminals activated the DMN during both types of dilemmas. Nevertheless, batterers activated the DMN during the GV dilemmas but not during the IPV ones, suggesting that decisions about their female partners do not entail moral conflict. Thus, these preliminary results showed that batterers do not activate moral areas during IPV dilemmas specifically, but do so during GV dilemmas. These results suggest that intervention programs for batterers should aim to specifically modify the value system held by the abuser toward his female partner and not toward other people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Habits are automatic responses to learned stimuli or contextual cues that are insensitive to goals. Although habits may allow for automated behaviours that increase efficiency in our daily lives, an over‐reliance on habits has been suggested to contribute to disorders such as obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD). There are currently few established measures of individual differences in habitual tendencies. To fill this gap, the present study generated and validated a novel 11‐item scale, the Habitual Tendencies Questionnaire (HTQ), to measure individual differences in habitual tendencies in the general population. In Study 1, factor analysis revealed three underlying subcomponents of the HTQ: Compulsivity, Preference for Regularity, and Aversion to Novelty, with Compulsivity showing the strongest association with subclinical OCD symptomatology. Study 2 validated the HTQ and replicated the findings of Study 1 in a larger sample, and explored relationships with other personality traits. The results emphasise the importance of measuring individual variation in habitual thinking styles, illustrating that different facets of habitual tendencies may contribute to diverse behavioural and clinical outcomes. The present investigation provides a new, reliable way of measuring habitual tendencies and has important implications for future explorations into the nature of individual differences from a dimensional perspective to psychiatry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research demonstrates a design of an experiment of a hacker infiltrating a server where it is assumed that the communication between the hacker and the target server is established, and the hacker also escalated his rights on the server. Therefore, the honeypot server setup has been designed to reveal the correlation of a hacker's actions with that of the hacker's experience, personality, expertise, and psychology. To the best of our knowledge, such a design of experiment has never been tested rigorously on a honeypot implementation except for self-reporting tests applied to hackers in the literature. However, no study evaluates the actual data of these hackers and these tests. This study also provides a honeypot design to understand the personality and expertise of the hacker and displays the correlation of these data with the tests. Our Honeypsy system is composed of a Big-5 personality test, a cyber expertise test, and a capture-the-flag (CTF) event to collect logs with honeypot applied in this sequence. These three steps generate data on the expertise and psychology of known cyber hackers. The logs of the known hacker activities on honeypots are obtained through the CTF event that they have participated in. The design and deployment of a honeypot, as well as the CTF event, were specifically prepared for this research. Our aim is to predict an unknown hacker's expertise and personality by analyzing these data. By examining/analyzing the data of the known hackers, it is now possible to make predictions about the expertise and personality of the unknown hackers. The same logic applies when one tries to predict the next move of the unknown hackers attacking the server. We have aimed to underline the details of the personalities and expertise of hackers and thus help the defense experts of victimized institutions to develop their cyber defense strategies in accordance with the modus operandi of the hackers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of perceived usability and students' personality traits on their learning gain in an e-learning context at the university level. Design/methodology/approach: The factors examined are related to individual characteristics such as students' personality traits, as well as to perceptual characteristics such as the perceived usability of the platform used. A total of 110 undergraduate students participated in the study. A one-group pretest-posttest research design was adopted. Big 5 personality test, System Usability Scale (SUS) and a general knowledge assessment questionnaire were used. Findings: Perceived usability of Zoom platform is statistically significantly correlated with students' learning gain (r = 0.294, p = 0.002, s). Concerning learning effectiveness in the current e-learning scenario, students' final performance was found to be statistically significantly higher than the initial (p = 0.000, s). A hierarchical regression analysis (R2 = 0.146) unveiled that Zoom's perceived usability and personality traits are significant predictors for learning gain (p = 0.011, s). Research limitations/implications: The findings of this research provide important implications regarding the design of lessons in an e-learning context. Social implications: A substantial fraction of the educational process is going online, especially in higher education. Thus, a thorough understanding of the factors which influence learning gain in an e-learning context is of significance. Originality/value: The main contribution of this study is that it quantifies the variance of the learning gain explained by two factors, namely, SUS and personality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective: Fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) is considered as a widespread chronic pain disorder of unknown etiology. Since personality traits can play an important role in the development of FMS, this review article was conducted in order to increase the understanding of personality traits related to FMS. Methods: This review article was conducted by searching articles based on PRISMA guidelines for studies published from 2000 to September 2021 in authentic databases using the keywords fibromyalgia syndrome, chronic widespread pain, personality, and personality tests. The results of 30 eligible studies aimed at identifying personality traits in patients with FMS were reviewed and summarized. Findings: According to the theoretical model used, the articles that used the TCI tool reported high traumatic avoidance and low self-regulation. High scores in hypochondriasis, hysteria and depression have been observed using the MMPI questionnaire. Moreover, other studies showed a high score in neuroticism using NEO. In this systematic review, some personality traits related to FMS were identified and explained. In other words, many patients with fibromyalgia show personality traits that are related to the mechanisms involved in FMS. Conclusion: The findings provide evidence that personality traits can play a key role in the development and persistence of this syndrome. However, studies lack sufficient evidence to support an "FMS personality." The results expand our knowledge about the complex nature of this disorder and facilitate the effective treatment of FMS patients. Overall, these findings support the need for a comprehensive personality model to better understand FMS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the perceptual ratings and performance evaluations of students who do and do not stutter by professors who require oral presentations. Additionally, this study sought to investigate the influence of behaviors related to communication competence on perceptual and evaluative ratings. Method: One hundred fifty-eight college instructors who require oral presentations in their classes participated in this study. Participants viewed one video of four possible randomized conditions: (a) presence of stuttering + low communication competence, (b) absence of stuttering + low communication competence, (c) presence of stuttering + high communication competence, and (d) absence of stuttering + high communication competence. Participants evaluated student performance against a standardized rubric and rated the student along 16 personality traits. Results: Results of separate 2 x 2 analyses of variance revealed professors' view and evaluate students presenting with high communication competence more positively overall, regardless as to whether stuttering is present or not. Significant interactions between fluency (i.e., presence vs. absence of stuttering) and communication competence (i.e., high vs. low) were found for negative personality traits, as well as delivery evaluation scores. The video for which the student stuttered and presented with low communication competence was rated more positively than the video for which the student did not stutter and presented with low communication competence. Conclusions: Professors perceive and evaluate students who stutter differently from their nonstuttering peers, and those ratings are moderated by levels of communication competence. High-communication-competence behaviors improved perceptual and evaluation scores; however, in the presence of low-communication-competence behaviors, professors overcorrect in the form of positive feedback bias, which may have negative long-term academic consequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The new methodological and technological developments of the last decade make it possible to resolve or, at least, attenuate the psychometric problems of forced-choice (FC) tests for the measurement of personality. In these tests, the person being tested is shown blocks of two or more sentences of similar social desirability, from which he or she must choose which one best represents him or her. Thus, FC tests aim to reduce response bias in self-report questionnaires. However, their use is not without risks and complications if they are not created properly. Fortunately, new psychometric models make it possible to model responses in this type of test and to optimize their construction. Moreover, they allow the construction of "on the fly" computerized adaptive FC tests (CAT-FC), in which each item is constructed on the spot, optimally matching sentences from a previously calibrated bank. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Early initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in acute HIV infection (AHI) is effective at limiting seeding of the HIV viral reservoir, but little is known about how the resultant decreased antigen load affects long-term Ab development after ART. We report here that Env-specific plasma antibody (Ab) levels and Ab-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) increased during the first 24 weeks of ART and correlated with Ab levels persisting after 48 weeks of ART. Participants treated in AHI stage 1 had lower Env-specific Ab levels and ADCC activity on ART than did those treated later. Importantly, participants who initiated ART after peak viremia in AHI developed elevated cross-clade ADCC responses that were detectable 1 year after ART initiation, even though clinically undetectable viremia was reached by 24 weeks. These data suggest that there is more germinal center (GC) activity in the later stages of AHI and that Ab development continues in the absence of detectable viremia during the first year of suppressive ART. The development of therapeutic interventions that can enhance earlier development of GCs in AHI and Abs after ART initiation could provide important protection against the viral reservoir that is seeded in individuals treated early in the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we explore the effects of in-person versus remote administration and in-person versus remote proctoring on scores on the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 Restructured Form (MMPI-2-RF) in the context of police candidate preemployment evaluations. To this end, we compare data gathered from candidates who completed the test under standard, in-person conditions with data from candidates who completed the test remotely with the Q-global Remote On-Screen Assessment (ROSA) system, using either in-person or remote proctoring. We find that the standard group (n = 3,311), remote administration/in-person proctoring group (ROSA-IPP; n = 108), and remote administration/remote proctoring group (ROSA-RP; n = 90) all produce very similar distributions of scores, with group differences in means and standard deviations no greater than two T-score points per scale. Examination of the correlations between MMPI-2-RF externalizing scale scores and a set of relevant extra-test criteria for the ROSA-IPP and ROSA-RP groups reveals little difference between groups and suggests patterns of convergent and discriminant validity similar to those observed in studies of the MMPI-2-RF under standard administration conditions. Taken together, these findings provide evidence that the MMPI-2-RF's psychometric properties in police candidate preemployment evaluations are equivalent regardless of whether the test is administered in-person or remotely and whether proctoring is conducted in-person or remotely. Public Significance Statement: This study indicates that when the MMPI-2-RF is used to examine the psychological functioning of police candidates, it produces similar results regardless of whether it is administered remotely (i.e., over the internet) or in-person. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Personality Inventory for the DSM-5 (PID-5) assesses the five pathological personality trait domains that comprise the descriptive core of the DSM-5 Alternative Model of Personality Disorders (AMPD). The PID-5 five-domain factor structure is aligned with the AMPD and is reported as replicable across samples in the U.S., in other countries, and in different languages. In this study, the PID-5 factor structure is examined in two distinct racial groups within the U.S.—White Americans (WA) and Black Americans (BA). Student participants from four universities in the U.S. (N = 1,834)—composed of groups of WA (n = 1,274) and BA (n = 560)—were proportionally parsed into derivation and replication subsamples. The "traditional" PID-5 five-factor structure emerged for the WA group in the derivation subsample and was subsequently confirmed in the WA replication subsample. In the BA group derivation subsample, a single-factor solution emerged, which was also confirmed in the BA replication sample. This single-factor solution in the BA group reflects large shared covariation across all pathological personality domains, suggesting an undifferentiated, broadly based level of demoralization represented by the item pool of the PID-5. We argue that this structure can be construed as mirroring a racialized and prejudice-based living experience for many BAs in a predominantly non-Black society. Based on the results with the samples employed in the present study, we conclude that the PID-5 is not an equivalent measure of pathological personality traits across Black Americans and White Americans. Public Significance Statement: In this study, the authors report that a commonly used instrument to assess personality pathology (the Personality Inventory for DSM-5 [PID-5]) is not an equivalent measure across Black Americans and White Americans. Until other evidence emerges to suggest otherwise, we advise against its use in Black American samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the use of psycho-diagnostic methods in management and HR management. Various methods and their classification are described and analysed for their best uses. Authors of the article work with the premise that while psychology itself developed in a neutral clinical environment, eventually it spread to other areas, such as HR management, with a completely different overall approach towards the examined subject. Where clinical psychology focuses on diagnostics separated from real life, HR psychology examines employees and job candidates in specific situations. It is further influenced by the HR professional's experience and own, subjective calibration. Most managers have no psychological background and tend to think in precise, measurable terms unattainable in psychology. Thus reliability, validity, objectivity, and standardization of results is of utmost importance to the applied psychological methods and the results these methods provide. There are various ways of classifying psychological diagnostic methods in management. These include factors such as individuality, administration, or time-scope. The authors, however, choose to look at these methods in terms of their use and purpose. Non-testing methods are described first - observation, interview, anamnesis, and analysis of spontaneous products are introduced in detail. Following are personality and performance tests, analysis of their advantages and disadvantages and possible uses. The focus of the article lies in detailed analysis of selected psycho-diagnostic methods and their use in the recruitment process through the eyes of managers. The authors interviewed managers with experience in recruitment and selection of new employees and provided a brief overview of providers of each of the following analysed methods: Behavioural interview, Hogan Personality Index (HPI), Meyers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI), The Big Five Questionnaire (NEO), Belbin e-interplace, Achievement Motivation Inventory (LMI) and the Bochum Personality questionnaire (BIP). The outcome includes basic recommendations for the use of various psycho-diagnostic tools. The most important is the need for the identification of employee selection criteria. Appropriate psycho-diagnostic tools can be selected only once these criteria are well defined. The various tool providers often organise pilot runs to create diagnostic models that are tailored to specific job-positions or clients. Such models are often reliable, and their providers should be able to provide data about empirical test results, standardization of the used methods and detailed user and evaluation manuals. Evaluation reports for each candidate are a standard feature of such solutions. Further recommendations are: psycho-diagnostic tools are not the only source of information about candidates, the number of candidates and the overall time-frame designated for the hiring process play an important role too, some methods are good only for screening while other methods require professional psychologists. Some methods are better for specific positions or can be used to sieve candidates in the first round of the hiring process. And finally, the various tools can be combined for better results which should always be evaluated not in their absolute values but in relation to the desired position and the required competencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Sexual dysfunction is considered a common sexual problem affecting different aspects of life, and it seems to be rooted in individual's personality. Aim: This paper aims to compare prevalence of sexual dysfunctions between those with narcissistic personality disorder (NPD) and healthy persons. Method: This is a causal – comparative research. To do so, 700 males and females from Tehran City were screened in 2021, among them 120 persons were diagnosed with NPD and 41 persons were selected through convenience sampling as individuals with disorder. Data of 40 healthy persons were analyzed for comparative purposes. Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI3), Female Sexual Functions Index (FSFI) and International Index of Erectile Function (ILEF) were used. Data were analyzed by comparing two independent groups in SPSS, Version 26. Results: In females, there were no significant differences in sexual function (t=1.011, P=0.320), moisture (t=0.537, P=0.595), orgasm (t=-0.539, P=0.594), sexual pleasure (t=0.164, P=0.871) and pain (t=0.999, P=0.327) between narcissists and healthy persons. Difference in sexuality (t=2.289, P<0.05) and arousal (t=2.107, P<0.05) in healthy persons was more significant than narcissists. Moreover, in males, the difference in sexual function (t=7.545, P<0.001), sexuality (t=12.871, P<0.001) and erection (t=4.832, P<0.001) in healthy persons was more significant than narcissists, and orgasm (t=-3.426, P<0.01) in narcissists was less than in healthy persons. However, there was no significant difference between sexual pleasure in both groups (t=-0.866, P=0.393). Conclusion: The results show that prevalence of sexual dysfunctions in narcissists is more than healthy persons. Therefore, it is recommended that counselors and psychologists consider personality traits in diagnosis and treatment of sexual disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Applicant faking poses serious threats to achieving personality-based fit, negatively affecting both the worker and the organization. In articulating this "faking-is-bad" (FIB) position, Tett and Simonet (2021) identify Marcus' (2009) self-presentation theory (SPT) as representative of the contrarian "faking-is-good" camp by its advancement of self-presentation as beneficial in hiring contexts. In this rejoinder, we address 20 of Marcus' (2021) claims in highlighting his reliance on an outdated empiricist rendering of validity, loosely justified rejection of the negative and moralistic "faking" label, disregard for the many challenges posed by blatant forms of faking, inattention to faking research supporting the FIB position, indefensibly ambiguous constructs, and deep misunderstanding of person--workplace fit based on personality assessment. In demonstrating these and other limitations of Marcus' critique, we firmly uphold the FIB position and clarify SPT as headed in the wrong direction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper comments on Tett and Simonet's (2021) outline of two contradictory positions on job applicants' self-presentation on personality tests labelled "faking is bad" (FIB) versus "faking is good" (FIG). Based on self-presentation theory (Marcus, 2009) Tett and Simonet assigned to their FIG camp, I develop the ideas of (a) understanding self-presentation from the applicant's rather than the employer's perspective, (b) avoiding premature moral judgment on this behavior, and (c) examining consequences for the validity of applicant responses with a focus on the intended use for, and the competitive context of, selection. Conclusions include (a) that self-presentation is motivationally and morally more complex than assumed by proponents of the FIB view; (b) that its consequences for validity are ambivalent, which implies that simple credos like "FIB" or "FIG" are equally unjustified; and (c) that the label "faking" shall be abandoned from the scientific inquiry on the phenomena at hand, as it contributes to prejudiced and often erroneous conclusions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To explore the prevalence of nurse‐patient disputes and the influencing factors based on an analysis of patient characteristics. Design: A cross‐sectional study. Methods: This study used the convenience sampling method. Three self‐designed questionnaires based on clinical experience and literature review were used to collect the current status of nurse‐patient disputes and to assess patients' humanistic qualities and patients' recognition of nursing work. The Big Five personality questionnaire was used to assess the five personality traits of patients. Results: Of the patients, 9.6% reported having a dispute with nurses. The results of binary logistic regression analysis indicated that patients' humanistic quality, recognition of nursing work and agreeableness in personality traits had a negative predictive effect on nurse‐patient disputes, while family monthly income and neuroticism in personality traits positively predicted disputes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The students of generation Z are more independent, technology savvy and socially connected. Even though technology has shrunk the universe and all knowledge resources seem to be just a click away, inculcating moral values, providing continuous technical guidance and psycho-social assistance for a holistic development cannot be provided by mere technological tools and the virtual world wide web. Teaching is a noble profession with no materialistic benefit and is service oriented. The teacher not only strives to create an atmosphere conducive to learning as an instructor, but also imparts the necessary skills needed for lifelong learning while playing multifaceted roles such as mentor, facilitator, motivator, guide and advisor. Mentors with technical expertise and social experience are required to steer the students in the right direction at the right time. This case study apprehends the outcome of a sequential mentoring process that is being practiced in our institution. It has greatly influenced the personal and professional development of the engineering students right from their first academic year. The end-to-end process of mentoring which encompasses an extensive induction programme, cultivation of healthy relationships through various mentoring models, sustenance of the mentor-mentee relationship, and closing the loop by facilitating the graduates contribute mentorship back to their alma mater is elucidated in this work. This structured mentoring strategy helps the students tap their latent potential and attain the personal and professional outcomes. The study highlights the importance of 'knowing the mentee' through a personality assessment test without judging them and thereby helping them achieve their short-term goals and long-term aspirations. This structured mentoring strategy enhanced the students' performance in academics, active participation in co-curricular activities, both inside and outside the institution and also shaped them into a holistic individual. Such impacts were observed by collecting the student participation data and a feedback survey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-technical skills (NTS) are fundamental to the nursing profession to ensure safe, quality care. Purpose: The aim of this study was to develop a new instrument to assess NTS among nursing students: the Non-Technical Skills Student Evaluation (NTS-SE) tool. A cross-sectional study was conducted to test the psychometric properties of the tool. A number of 1,087 nursing students were enrolled from five Bachelor Schools of Nursing. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis suggested the suitability of a two-factor model. The final version of the NTS-SE consisted of 23 items distributed in two domains: cognitive skills and interpersonal skills. For each domain, Cronbach's alpha coefficients were above 0.94. There were significant differences in scores between second- and third-year students (p<0.001) and among the different nursing schools (p<0.001). The NTS-SE can be useful when assessing the effect of educational strategies and/or clinical traineeship experiences on the acquisition of NTS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Personality traits are important factors with regard to the tendency to experience and response to stress. This study introduces and tests a new stress-related personality scale called the Virtual Inventory of Behavior and Emotions (VIBE). Methods: Two samples totaling 5512 individuals (with 66% between the ages of 18 and 34) completed the VIBE along with other measures of personality, stress, mood, and well-being. Results: Exploratory factor analyses revealed a four-factor structure for the instrument with dimensions labeled: 1) stressed; 2) energetic; 3) social; and 4) disciplined. Confirmatory factor analytic procedures on the final 23-item version showed good psychometric properties and data fit while machine learning analyses demonstrated the VIBE's ability to distinguish between groups with similar patterns of response. Strong convergent validity was suggested through robust correlations between the dimensions of the VIBE and other established rating scales. Conclusion: Overall, the data suggest that the VIBE is a promising tool to help advance understanding of the relations between stress, personality, and related constructs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of personality testing during the hiring process has become a common practice in general business settings. However, their use has been rather non-existent in the field of corrections. This limited use may stem from a lack of awareness about preemployment personality tests in corrections, as well as a lack of measures normed and validated for use with correctional applicants. The present study outlines reliability and validity for the Critical Hire – Personality Assessment, a Five Factor Model based assessment of personality developed for probation, parole, and other correctional officer job applicants. This study provides initial empirical support for the Critical Hire – Personality Assessment's internal consistency, test-retest reliability, convergent validity, and criterion validity when measuring job performance ratings. Results provide practical application of the Critical Hire – Personality Assessment for correctional agencies as a tool complementing existing hiring practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We employ a new approach for classifying methods of personality measurement such as self-judgment, mental ability , and lifespace measures and the data they produce. We divide these measures into two fundamental groups: personal-source data , which arise from the target person's own reports, and external-source data , which derive from the areas surrounding the person. These two broad classes are then further divided according to what they target and the response processes that produce them. We use the model to organize roughly a dozen kinds of data currently employed in the field. With this classification system in hand, we describe how much we might expect two types of measures of the same attribute to converge-and explain why methods often yield somewhat different results. Given that each measurement method has its own strengths and weaknesses, we examine the pros and cons of selecting a given type of measure to assess a specific area of personality., Competing Interests: Declaration of Conflicting InterestsThe author(s) declared the following potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: The first author receives royalties from MHS of Toronto for an ability-based test of emotional intelligence. The present article discusses the relation between ability-based and self-estimated measures of general intelligence; the article does not, however, include mention of emotional intelligence research.

Many manufacturers look to business solutions to provide growth; however, success is far from guaranteed, and it is unclear how such solutions can create superior perceived value. This article explores what constitutes value for customers from solutions over time--conceptualized as "value in use"--and how this arises from quality perceptions of the solution's components. The authors develop a framework for solution quality and value in use through 36 interviews combining repertory grid technique and means-end chains. The findings significantly extend the extant view of quality as a function of the supplier's products and services, and show that customers also assess the quality of their own resources and processes, as well as the quality of the joint resource integration process. The authors report that value in use corresponds not just to collective, organizational goals but also to individuals' goals, a finding that strongly contrasts with prior research. Four moderators of the quality-value relationship demonstrate customer heterogeneity across both firms and roles within what the authors term the "usage center." When shifting toward solutions, manufacturers require very different approaches to market research; account management; solution design; and quality control, including the need for value-auditing processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Allan V. Horwitz. Personality Disorders: A Short History of Narcissistic, Borderline, Antisocial, and Other Types" is a book that provides an overview of personality disorders, personality as a whole, and the history of both personality and disorders. The author argues that personality disorders are complex and influenced by social, political, and historical conditions. The book explores the history of psychology and psychiatry, highlighting the challenges of studying personality and its disorders. It also discusses the limitations of the medical model and quantitative approaches to understanding the self. Overall, the book offers a comprehensive and accessible perspective on the subject. [Extracted from the article]

Animal personality has received increasing interest and acknowledgment within ecological research over the past two decades. However, some areas are still poorly studied and need to be developed. For instance, field studies focused on invertebrates are currently highly underrepresented in the literature. More studies including a wider variety of traits measured and species tested are needed to improve our understanding of trait‐correlation patterns and generalities. We studied nine behavioral traits, in the damselfly Calopteryx splendens, from an array of three experiments: (i) courtship, (ii) aggressiveness, and (iii) boldness, and calculated their repeatability. The behaviors were measured twice in two different contexts: (i) undisturbed territory and (ii) partially deteriorated territory. Traits related to courtship and boldness were all repeatable across the two contexts. Among aggressive behaviors, only one trait (number of hits) was repeatable. This work demonstrates, for the first time, the presence of within‐population personality differences in an adult damselfly in the wild. We further propose C. splendens as a promising model species for testing personality in the wild under highly controlled environmental conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reports the translation into German and validation of two self-report measures of mind-wandering and boredom (the Spontaneous and Deliberate Mind-Wandering Scales and the Short Boredom Proneness Scale). Confirmatory factor analyses provided support for the original conceptualization of the constructs. To evaluate measurement invariance across samples, data were collected in a German-speaking sample (n = 418) and an English-speaking sample (n = 364). The results indicated weak measurement invariance. To explore the interplay between mind-wandering and boredom, we performed an exploratory graph analysis in the entire sample (N = 782), which revealed the structure of relationships between boredom and the two facets of mind-wandering. The results are discussed in the context of theoretical accounts of boredom and mind-wandering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The NEO-FFI is an extensively used instrument that has been used to identify personality differences between those who stutter and matched controls or group norms. The goal of this study was to use the NEO-FFI to implicitly capture and quantify self-stigma related to personality in persons who stutter (PWS). Thirty PWS completed the NEO-FFI twice; once as themselves and once while mentalizing (using theory of mind) to respond as though they did not stutter and had never stuttered, thus comparing their true personality to their perceived personality if they were fluent speakers. Compared to their true personalities, PWS perceived their fluent counterparts to be significantly less neurotic and more extroverted. The differences observed are somewhat analogous, though considerably larger in magnitude than personality differences that have previously been reported when comparing PWS to fluent controls or norms. Differences were interpreted to be due to "contrast effects" influencing the comparison. That is, PWS cognitively separated themselves from their fluent counterparts, seeing their true selves in a negative light compared to their fluent counterparts. This "us" vs. "them" separation is considered evidence of self-stigma related to personality in PWS. The finding that the perceived differences were in the domains of Neuroticism and Extraversion is consistent with prevailing stereotypes about PWS and exemplifies how public stigma can become internalized. Clinical implications are discussed with respect to how similar theory of mind/social comparison exercises can be used in cognitive behavioral therapy to help identify and restructure negative thoughts and beliefs about stuttering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Peritonitis is a critical complication in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis. Patient characteristics, especially conscientiousness, potentially influence self‐care activity. This study aimed to examine the relationship between the peritonitis risk and the patient conscientiousness. Methods: This retrospective observational study was conducted at three Japanese medical centres in 2018. Adult patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis were evaluated for conscientiousness with the Japanese version of the Ten‐Item Personality Inventory. We followed the patients from peritoneal dialysis induction retrospectively on chart review. The primary outcome was time to first episode of peritonitis after initiation of peritoneal dialysis in the entire observation period. Hazard ratios were estimated using a Cox model adjusted for potential confounders. Results: Among 111 patients enrolled, 32 experienced peritonitis. The patients were divided into the more conscientious group (n = 64) and less conscientious group (n = 47) based on a mean conscientiousness score of 3.991. Additionally, less conscientious patients tended to be at higher risk for peritonitis during the entire study period (hazard ratio adjusted for age and sex, 1.99; 95% confidence interval, 0.98–4.03; p =.057). The increased risk in the less conscientious group was statistically significant in the first year (adjusted hazard ratio, 6.98; 95% confidence interval, 1.42–34.40; p =.017). Conclusion: Less conscientious patients significantly have shorter peritonitis‐free survival in the early phase after peritoneal dialysis induction although not significantly during the entire study period. Personality trait assessment using the Ten‐Item Personality Inventory could be helpful in educating and following up patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis. SUMMARY AT A GLANCE: Less conscientious patients have significantly lower peritonitis‐free survival rate in the early phase after PD initiation, which highlights the importance of personality trait assessment to improve patients' awareness during PD training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines a new personality assessment scoring approach labeled supervised forced choice scoring (SFCS), which aims to maximize construct validity of forced choice (FC) personality assessments. SFCS maximally weights FC responses to predict or "reproduce" honest, normative, and reliable personality scores using machine learning. In this proof of concept study, a graded response FC assessment was tested across several samples, and SFCS resulted in psychometric improvements over traditional FC scoring. Correlations with aligned single‐stimulus trait scores (taken honestly) were strong, both when the FC measure was taken honestly and when taken in induced applicant settings. SFCS scores also exhibited small shifts in average scores between honest and faked conditions and were predictive of organizational citizenship behaviors, employee engagement, and leadership emergence at work. Although SFCS showed merit in this proof of concept study, it is unclear how well results will generalize to new FC measures, and we urge more research on this scoring method. Practitioner points: Forced choice (FC) personality assessments are thought to be more faking resistant than single‐stimulus, Likert personality measures. However, there are measurement challenges when scoring FC assessments, and there may be opportunities to improve upon the construct validity of current FC scoring.This paper examined a new personality assessment scoring approach labeled supervised forced choice scoring (SFCS), which aims to maximize construct validity of FC personality assessments. Specifically, SFCS maximally weights FC responses to predict or "reproduce" honest, normative, and reliable personality scores using machine learning (ML). The use of ML in this way helps leverage variance from all FC personality responses when estimating each trait, accounts for complex item‐trait relationships should they exist, and develops algorithms explicitly designed to account for faking.In this proof of concept study, a graded response FC assessment was tested across several samples, and SFCS resulted in psychometric improvements over traditional FC scoring. Notably, correlations with aligned single stimulus trait scores (taken honestly) were strong, both when the FC measure was taken honestly and when taken in induced applicant settings. SFCS scores also exhibited small shifts in average scores between honest and faked conditions and were predictive of organizational citizenship behaviors, employee engagement, and leadership emergence at work.Initial SFCS findings are favorable, suggesting this method of FC scoring should be considered for future use. However, although SFCS showed merit in this proof of concept study, it is unclear how well results will generalize to new FC measures, and we urge more research on this scoring method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Researchers have used within‐subjects designs to assess personality faking in real‐world contexts. However, no research is available to (a) characterize the typical finding from these studies and (b) examine variability across study results. Aims: The current study was aimed at filling these gaps by meta‐analyzing actual applicants' responses to personality measurements in high‐stakes contexts versus low‐stakes contexts reported in within‐subjects studies. Materials & Methods: This meta‐analysis examined 20 within‐subjects applicant–honest studies (where individuals completed an assessment once as applicants and again in a low‐stakes setting). Results: We found that applicants had moderately higher (more socially desirable) means, slightly reduced variability, and stronger rank‐order consistency in high‐stakes settings. The assessment order moderated the findings; studies with a high‐to‐low order (where the high‐stakes setting was introduced first) showed a stronger faking effect—demonstrated by higher means and weaker rank‐order consistencies—than those in a low‐to‐high order. Discussion and Conclusion: These findings are consistent with expectations that, relative to low‐stakes situations, individuals tend to exaggerate, in a positive direction, their personality descriptions as job applicants. In addition, assessment order matters when understanding the magnitudes of faking effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Academic achievement, which has a critical role in preparing students for their future careers and being successful in many competitive fields, is undoubtedly one of the most important outcomes of their formal education life. For this reason, researches are conducted on many internal and external factors that contribute to the academic achievement of students. In this study, the mediating role of metacognitive processes in the relationship between university students' personality traits such as responsibility, openness to experience, agreeableness, neuroticism and extraversion and academic achievement was tested. Structural equation modeling was used in the research. The population of the research includes students attending the faculty of education of a state university located in the west of Turkey. The sample consisted of 1207 students determined by stratified sampling method. The Metacognitive Awareness Inventory developed by Schraw and Dennison (1994) and adapted into Turkish by Akın, Abacı and Çetin (2007) to measure students' metacognition in the study and the Adjective-Based Personality Test developed by Bacanlı, İlhan, and Aslan (2007) was used to measure students' personality traits. The personal information form developed by the researcher was used for demographic information and the general academic grade point average was used to determine the academic achievement of the students. As a result of the research, emotional instability and agreeableness dimensions of personality have a negative and significant relationship with metacognition; openness to experience and responsibility factors have a positive and significant relationship with metacognition. On the other hand, it was found that extraversion did not have a significant relationship with metacognition. It was determined that there was a positive and significant relationship between metacognition and academic achievement. The research hypothesis that metacognition plays a mediating role in the relationship between university students' personality traits such as responsibility, openness to experience, agreeableness, neuroticism and academic achievement has been confirmed. Factors other than extraversion of personality traits affect students' metacognition, and metacognition affects academic success. The relationship between personality and academic achievement is established through metacognition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective : This study, aims to explore the relationship of error management climate and self-efficacy between preschool teachers' proactive personality and innovative behavior. Methods : Four hundred thirty-nine preschool teachers were tested by proactive personality scale, error management climate scale, general self-efficacy scale, and employee innovation behavior scale. Results : Preschool teachers' proactive personality can directly predict their innovative behaviors, has a significant indirect effect on innovative behaviors through error management climate, and has a significant indirect effect on innovative behaviors through self-efficacy. Error management climate and self-efficacy play a chain-mediated role in the relationship between preschool teachers' proactive personality and innovative behavior. Conclusion : Error management climate and self-efficacy play a chain-mediated role in the relationship between preschool teachers' proactive personality and innovative behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Can the components of the triarchic model of psychopathy (i.e., boldness, meanness, disinhibition) be operationalized using the item pool comprising the Comprehensive Assessment of Psychopathic Personality (CAPP) model? To address this question, the authors first derived CAPP-based triarchic scales using standard item-selection procedures and then examined the external correlates of these provisional scales in three archival data sets: (a) U.S. jail inmates administered the institutional rating scale version of the CAPP and (b and c) prototypicality ratings of the CAPP traits provided by Swedish forensic mental health professionals and U.S. probation officers. Although most research on triarchic constructs has relied exclusively on self-report inventories, the results suggest that the CAPP model can be reorganized to reflect boldness, meanness, and disinhibition and that its institutional rating scale items can effectively quantify these constructs using interview and file review data. Implications for future research on the measurement and assessment of psychopathic traits are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One reason for the persistence of racial discrimination may be anticipated dissimilarity with racial outgroup members that prevent meaningful interactions. In the present research, we investigated whether perceived similarity would impact the processing of same-race and other-race faces. Specifically, in two experiments, we varied the extent to which White participants were ostensibly similar to targets via bogus feedback on a personality test. With an eye tracker, we measured the effect of this manipulation on attention to the eyes, a critical region for person perception and face memory. In Experiment 1, we monitored the impact of perceived interpersonal similarity on White participants' attention to the eyes of same-race White targets. In Experiment 2, we replicated this procedure, but White participants were presented with either same-race White targets or other-race Black targets in a between-subjects design. The pattern of results in both experiments indicated a positive linear effect of similarity—greater perceived similarity between participants and targets predicted more attention to the eyes of White and Black faces. The implications of these findings related to top-down effects of perceived similarity for our understanding of basic processes in face perception, as well as intergroup relations, are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An alternative dimensional model to test and diagnose personality disorders is used in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental DisordersFifth Edition (DSM-5; American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2013). This model includes assessment of impaired personality functioning (Criterion A) and Adaptive Personality Traits (Criterion B). The DSM-5 Personality and personality disorders workgroup developed the personality inventory for DSM5 (PID-5) to assess the pathological personality traits within this new model as a new dimensional tool consisting of 220 sentences overarch into 25 facets that distinguish five higher order domains of clinically important personality disorders and was developed to operationalize the pathological personality disorders. The current study focused on the psychometric properties of PID-5 in non-clinical sample.In a cross-sectional study, the Arabic translation of the PID-5 was administered to 537 university students at Suez Canal University (83.05% female and 16.95% male, mean age = 19.8 years, SD = 3.9). After data collection, the reliability of the inventory was investigated using internal consistency, test-retest methods. The facet structure was examined using structural equation modeling (SEM). In addition, convergent validity methods were used to evaluate the validity of the scale. The results showed adequate internal consistency coefficients for domains and facets. In addition, the testretest coefficients (up to 0.70) suggested scale stability.The convergent validity of the inventory with the NEO-FFI scale was appropriate. The results of the study supported the psychometric properties of the Arabic version of PID-5 in non-clinical populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To identify the potential benefits of heightened levels of affect balance in older adults with and without chronic pain on various cognitive domains, physical performance, and perceived cognitive and physical health. Method: Ninety‐one older adults, some with and some without fibromyalgia (FM) participated. Objective tests included cognitive (immediate and delayed recall, delayed recognition—CERAD 10‐item word list) and physical measures (Fullerton Advanced Balance Scale; lower body strength—30‐s chair stand; gait velocity—30‐ft. walk). Self‐report measures were problems with forgetting, activities of daily living (perceived function), and affect (Positive and Negative Affect Scale [PANAS]). Affect balance was calculated as positive minus negative affect from the PANAS. Results: Hierarchical regression analyses revealed that—regardless of FM status—higher affect balance was associated with better episodic memory performance (immediate recall, delayed recognition), better balance, enhanced lower body strength (more chair stands), and healthier gait (30‐ft. walk), as well as less forgetfulness and better perceived functional health. Conclusion: Increased affect balance was associated with better objective and subjective health in older adults both without and with chronic pain. Positive psychology treatments which increase affect balance are easy to administer, cost effective, and may add an important, additional treatment modality for maintaining health in normal aging adults as well as those with chronic pain. Clinical Relevance: In order to help patients with healthy aging, nurses need to be aware of the potential long‐term effect of emotional state on overall function and be able to counsel patients regarding potential treatments to enhance positive global emotions such as resilience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents the validation of an instrument for the measurement of trait emotional intelligence. More specifically, the instrument validated is the CDE-A35, an adult emotional development questionnaire elaborated from the pentagonal model of emotional competence. Various studies have been carried out to demonstrate the reliability and validity of the instrument. These include the calculation of the questionnaire’s internal consistency coefficient, factor studies (AFC and AFE), correlation studies with other measures of emotional intelligence, social skills and personality, and a regression study. The present validation suggested the suppression and relocation of some elements, leading to a definitive instrument consisting of 35 items organized within five factors: emotional awareness, regulation, social skills, emotional autonomy and life and well-being skills. These five factors coincide with the dimensions of emotional competence in the theoretical model. The remarkable correlations with other emotional intelligence tests (TEIque and CTI), as well as with the dimensions of the personality test NEO-FFI and with the Inventory of Social Skills (EHS), confirmed its convergent validity. Furthermore, the regression analysis performed confirmed the incremental validity of the CDE-A35 over other tests already established. The CDE-A35 is a sound theoretically-based questionnaire with rigorous psychometric characteristics, and is therefore considered optimal for evaluating trait emotional intelligence in adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The debate around the formation and persistence of typological attitudes is beyond the scope of this review, but British Jungian scholar Steve Myers (no relation to the Briggs-Myers family) explains how Jung's typology and MBTI® diverge in fundamental ways (Myers 2018). A regrettable mystery novel that dramatizes the racial hysteria of that era doesn't necessarily reflect the deepest personal beliefs of its author; notably, Isabel never mentions race in her definitive book on Type, I Gifts Differing i (Briggs-Myers & Myers 1995). The film introduces Merve Emre, a professor of English at Oxford University who authored the highly critical book I The Personality Brokers i (Emre 2018), which investigates the early development of the MBTI® and its creators Katharine Cook-Briggs and daughter Isabel Briggs-Myers. The disjointed storyline flips back to Merve Emre expanding on the history of MBTI® founders Katherine and Isabel. [Extracted from the article]

As analytical psychology in China develops, especially with the China Society for Analytical Psychology approved for membership in the International Association for Analytical Psychology (IAAP), many Chinese, who are already familiar with MBTI®-based personality testing in corporations, are interested in learning more about Jungian theory and practice with regard to psychological types. The author, a Chinese psychologist, emphasizes current problems standing in the way of this development, such as the common opinion that MBTI is equal to psychological types. He reports his recent research that highlights the present understanding of psychological types within China. Noting that Jung combined two attitudes with four functions to form eight function-attitudes of consciousness, the author explores the possible connection between Jung's eightfold system and the eight trigrams that organize the wisdom that the I Ching brings to emergent situations requiring exceptionally conscious decision-making. He compares I Ching translator Richard Wilhelm's naming and description of these eight Gua with Jungian analyst John Beebe's descriptions of the eight function-attitudes and finds striking parallels. This amplification sheds light on the archetypal nature of psychological consciousness as well upon the typology of it that Jung advanced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What people strive for (motive contents) and how people strive (self-regulatory processes) are studied in separate fields of psychology and assessed with different measures. The Operant Motive Test (OMT) integrates the assessment of self-regulatory processes and implicit motives. The present research validated the distinction between self-regulated and not self-regulated (incentive-driven, fearful) motive enactment. Consistent with expectations, self-regulated motive enactment correlated positively with dispositional self-regulation (i.e., action orientation, N1_total = 730, re-analyzed in five published samples) and integrative self-organization (N2 = 47) and showed pre-post increases after a multi-faceted three-hour resilience training (N3 = 45). A specific self-motivation exercise yielded more self-regulated motive enactment among poor self-regulators compared to humoristic talk (N4 = 164) and no exercise conditions, controlling for baseline (N5 = 97). Findings validate the OMT as sensitive to dispositional and experimental variations in self-regulation and show that short interventions can change how people strive for what they need. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exposure to stressful life events and individual differences in the personality trait neuroticism are important risk factors that interact to predict major depressive disorder (MDD). Less is known about their effect on treatment response in depression. Here, we examine whether stressful life events experienced prior to and during treatment interact with neuroticism to predict response to 16‐week pharmacotherapy for MDD. Participants included 159 outpatients with MDD who were initially treated with 8 weeks of escitalopram. Those who responded to the initial treatment continued on escitalopram monotherapy, whereas non‐responders received 8 weeks of adjunctive aripiprazole. Personality was assessed using the NEO‐Five Factor Inventory, and stressful life events were assessed using the Life Events and Difficulties Schedule, a rigorous contextual interview that includes independent ratings of threatening life events. High baseline neuroticism was associated with a lower likelihood of response when patients experienced one or more negative life events before treatment. Secondary analyses indicated that this effect was specific to neuroticism, and not better accounted for by its self‐criticism or negative affect facets. Our results suggest that assessing personality and stressful life events at baseline can help clinicians assess which patients will respond to antidepressant therapy and which may need treatment augmentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

People tend to avoid risk in the domain of gains but take risks in the domain of losses; this is called the reflection effect. Formal theories of decision-making have provided important perspectives on risk preferences, but how individuals acquire risk preferences through experiences remains unknown. In the present study, we used reinforcement learning (RL) models to examine the learning processes that can shape attitudes toward risk in both domains. In addition, relationships between learning parameters and personality traits were investigated. Fifty-one participants performed a learning task, and we examined learning parameters and risk preference in each domain. Our results revealed that an RL model that included a nonlinear subjective utility parameter and differential learning rates for positive and negative prediction errors exhibited better fit than other models and that these parameters independently predicted risk preferences and the reflection effect. Regarding personality traits, although the sample sizes may be too small to test personality traits, increased primary psychopathy scores could be linked with decreased learning rates for positive prediction error in loss conditions among participants who had low anxiety traits. The present findings not only contribute to understanding how decision-making in risky conditions is influenced by past experiences but also provide insights into certain psychiatric problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Personality disorders (PDs) in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) are conceptualized as distinct clinical syndromes. However, debate persists about the clinical utility of this categorical model, with many researchers supporting a dimensional model that focuses on pathological personality traits and personality dysfunction. This model was published in Section III of DSM-5 and named the Alternative Model of Personality Disorders (AMPD). This study evaluated the AMPD by examining relationships between traits and dysfunction with traditional categorical PD constructs among older adults. Older adults (N = 202) completed the Personality Inventory for DSM-5, Levels of Personality Functioning Scale-Self-Report, and Coolidge Axis II Inventory. Results indicated that pathological personality traits do not relate to categorical PDs in directions predicted by the AMPD. Personality functioning related to categorical PDs in expected theoretical patterns according to the AMPD but lacked incremental validity above pathological personality traits. An implication of these findings is that the AMPD does not fully resolve the age-related issues with the traditional categorical PD model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Balanced scales control for acquiescence (ACQ) because the tendency of the respondent to agree with the positive items is cancelled out by the tendency to agree with opposite-pole items. When full balance is achieved, ACQ is not expected to affect external validity. Otherwise, attenuated estimates are expected to appear if no control methods such as Lorenzo-Seva & Ferrando's (2009) are used. Method: Expected results were derived analytically. Subsequently, a simulation was carried out to assess (a) how ACQ impacted external validity and (b) how validity estimates behaved when ACQ was corrected. Two illustrative examples are provided. Results: A sizable number of items and/or high content loadings tended to decrease ACQ's impact on validity estimates, making the empirical coefficient closer to its structural value. Furthermore, when scales were well balanced, the controlled and uncorrected scores were close to each other, and led to unbiased validity estimates. When the scales were unbalanced and no corrections were used, attenuated empirical validity coefficients inevitably appeared. Conclusions: Designing a well-balanced test or correcting for ACQ are the best ways to minimize attenuation in external validity estimation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Psychology of Criminal Conduct and its associated components (e.g. the Risk Need Responsivity model, the Central Eight risk factors) has been hugely influential in the criminal justice sector. However, like any theory it has relative strengths and weakness, one weakness being that assumptions have been made about the causal nature and conceptual coherence of its foundational constructs, dynamic risk factors. The numerous issues with the conceptualisation of dynamic risk factors have implications for the widespread practice of using them as explanations of offending and to inform intervention planning. Recently some attention has been given to exploring the conceptualisation and definitions, scope and use of dynamic risk factors. Some key advancements in this area are considered and we illustrate how the weaknesses encountered by dynamic risk factors may impact our understanding and application of these concepts, using the example of Antisocial Personality Pattern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]