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Evoxymetopon macrophthalmus sp. nov. is described on the basis of a single specimen collected off Okinawa Island, Ryukyu Islands, Japan. Among the two valid species of Evoxymetopon, the new species is more similar to E. poeyi in having the first dorsal-fin spine enormously large, compressed, and sword shaped. It differs from E. poeyi in having the upper profile of head uniformly convex without a prominent sagittal crest (vs. with a prominent sagittal crest), tip of first anal pterygiophore connected to the last rib in the anterior part, while the first hemal spine is long and connected to the posterior margin of pterygiophore bone plate (vs. connected to the first hemal spine only), a larger eye, 4.5 times in head length (vs. 5.5–5.9 times), 15 externally visible anal-fin soft rays (vs. 20), 9 upper gill rakers of the first arch (vs. 4–6), and 60 caudal vertebrae (vs. 64).

Anilocra pilchardi n. sp. is described from several specimens collected mainly from clupeiform fishes from off Lebanon. Various stages of the parasite are considered: ovigerous and non-ovigerous females, male and intramarsupial larvae. Taxonomic comments on the relationship of A. pilchardi to other congeneric species are given. A. pilchardi belongs to a particular group of Anilocra species previously known only from the Indo-Pacific Region.

Chilephotopsis Cambra and Quintero, a new genus of nocturnal Mutillidae, subfamily Sphaeropthalminae, is described and illustrated based on two new species from northern Chile, known from males only: Ch. aconcagua n. sp. and Ch. brothersi n. sp. The genus can be distinguished from other sphaeropthalmine genera by the deeply emarginate medial posterior margin of metasomal tergum seven and the highly modified paramere. A discussion of possible relationships with other nocturnal sphaeropthalmine genera from South America is presented.

A trichiurid, Lepturacanthus roelandti (Bleeker, 1860), previously regarded as a synonym of L. savala (Cuvier, 1829), is redescribed as a valid species on the basis of the holotype of the former and four non-type specimens. This species differs from the two valid congeners, viz., L. savala and L. pantului (Gupta, 1966), in having a gold sheen or yellowish-silver color when fresh (vs. steel-blue with metallic sheen in the latter two), posterior margin of maxilla reaching or extending beyond a vertical through hind eye margin (vs. not extending beyond a vertical through hind eye margin), pectoral fin slightly longer than snout (vs. slightly shorter than snout), tip of pectoral fin clearly extending beyond dorsal outline when vertically orientated (vs. not reaching dorsal outline), gill rakers absent or reduced to stiff ossified structures (vs. well developed, spinelike), first anal fin spine situated below the 40th–43rd dorsal fin ray (vs. below 35th–39th in L. pantului and 35th–40th in L. savala), precaudal vertebrae 42–43 (vs. 35–39 in L. pantului and 36–40 in L. savala), and attaining larger sizes [882–1200 mm in total length (TL) vs. less than 800 mm TL in the latter two].

A specimen collected from the Upper Cretaceous Erlian Formation of Nei Mongol (Inner Mongolia), China, represents a new genus and species of titanosaurian sauropod. The new taxon is named and described on the basis of the holotype and the only known specimen, which comprises several dorsal, sacral, and caudal vertebrae, several dorsal ribs, one anterior chevron, and much of the pelvis. Diagnostic features of the new species include a thick ridge extending down from the postzygapophysis on the lateral surface of the neural arch of the posterior dorsal vertebrae, a transversely oriented accessory lamina present between the anterior centroparapophyseal limina and the lateral centraprezygapophyseal lamina of the posterior dorsal vertebrae, long, anteroventrally directed caudal rib that bears two distinctive fossae on its posterior margin on the anterior caudal vertebrae and a prominent vertical ridge above the pubic peduncle on the medial surface of the ilium, among others. The ilium is pneumatic, a feature not common among non-avian dinosaurs. The new taxon has an unusual combination of primitive and derived character states. Preliminary character analysis shows a complex character distribution within the Titanosauriformes. Recent titanosauriform discoveries suggest that a significant radiation occurred in Asia early in the titanosauriform evolution.

This study evaluated the effects of 24-h slush-ice storage of carcasses of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus on subsequent fillet yield, shape, and color. Channel catfish were sorted into three size-classes based on carcass (unskinned, with head and viscera removed) weight: small (250–425 g), medium (426–550 g), and large (551–1,000 g). In each of three replicate trials, 40 carcasses from each size-class were processed immediately after being killed (immediately processed treatment) and 40 carcasses from each size-class were held in ice water slush for 24 h and then processed (slush-ice treatment). Slush-ice-treated fish had higher unskinned fillet yield (+1.7%), skinned fillet yield (+1.2%), shank fillet yield (+0.6%), and nugget yield (+0.7%) than immediately processed fish. Measures of fillet yield increased in both treatments as carcass size increased. Immediately processed fillets were shorter (maximum distance anterior to posterior margin) and deeper (maximum distance from dorsal to ventr...

Smith-Vaniz W.F. and Jelks H.L. 2006. Australian trevallies of the genus Pseudocaranx (Teleostei: Carangidae), with description of a new species from Western Australia. Memoirs of Museum Victoria 63(1): 97–106. Pseudocaranx dinjerra sp. nov. is described from Western Australia. It differs from the Australian endemic Pseudocaranx wrighti in having the posterior margin of the upper jaw nearly vertical, lachrymal without scales, 19–21 versus 24–28 lower gill rakers and 53–66 versus 37–48 scales in the curved part of the lateral line. The new species is distinguished from Australian populations of P. georgianus and “dentex” primarily by having a different combination of meristic values including 14 versus 15 caudal vertebra, 19–21 versus 21–24 segmented anal-fi n rays and 58–75 versus 72–95 total lateral-line scales. Diagnoses are given for P. wrighti and P. georgianus, and specimens from Queensland and Lord Howe Island are discussed and provisionally identifi ed as P. dentex.

[Three new species of the genus Megokris, M. manihine sp. n. and M. halli sp. n. from the South China Sea and the East China Sea, and M. motohburiorum sp. nov. from the Philippines, are described. In these three new species, the rostral teeth as well as the dorsal carinae on abdominal somites 2-6 are very similar to the corresponding structures in Megokris granulosus (Haswell, 1879) from Torres Strait, Queensland, and M. pescadoreensis (Schmitt, 1931) from Taiwan. However, the thelycum and petasma are characteristically different: in M. halli sp. n., the anterior plate of the thelycum bears a longitudinal middle protuberance, which is largely concave laterally in its middle region, and elevated with a round projection in its posterior part; and the anterior plate of the thelycum does not reach the posterior margin of the seminal receptacle. In M. manihine sp. n., the anterior plate of the thelycum bears a median longitudinal protuberance with a median ridge, the posterior part of which is conspicuously elevated with a pair of lateral swellings; the anterior plate of the thelycum does not reach the posterior edge of the seminal receptacle. In M. motohburiorum sp. n., the prominent median protuberance of thelycum is narrow in its anterior half and broadened with an elevation in its posterior half, while the posterior margin is rounded; the anterior plate of the thelycum is connected with the posterior edge of the seminal receptacle. Trois nouvelles especes du genre Megokris, M. manihine sp. n. et M. halli sp. n., de la mer de Chine meridionale et de la mer de Chine orientale, ainsi que M. motohburiorum sp. nov., des Philippines, sont decrites. Chez ces trois especes nouvelles, les dents rostrales ainsi que les carenes dorsales situees sur les somites abdominaux 2-6 sont tres similaires aux structures correspondantes presentes chez Megokris granulosus (Haswell, 1879) de Torres Strait, Queensland, et chez M. pescadoreensis (Schmitt, 1931) de Taiwan. Cependant, le thelycum et le petasma sont typiquement differents : chez M. halli sp. n., la plaque anterieure du thelycum porte une protuberance longitudinale mediane, qui est tres concave lateralement dans sa region mediane et presente une projection arrondie dans sa partie posterieure ; la plaque anterieure du thelycum n'atteint pas le bord posterieur du receptacle seminal. Chez M. manihine sp. n., la plaque anterieure du thelycum porte une protuberance longitudinale mediane, avec une ride mediane, dont la partie posterieure presente une paire de proeminences laterales ; la plaque anterieure du thelycum n'atteint pas le bord posterieur du receptacle seminal. Chez M. motohburiorum sp. nov., la protuberance proeminente mediane du thelycum est etroite dans sa moitie anterieure, puis plus large avec une proeminence dans sa moitie posterieure tandis que le bord posterieur est arrondi ; la plaque anterieure du thelycum est reliee au bord posterieur du receptacle seminal., Three new species of the genus Megokris, M. manihine sp. n. and M. halli sp. n. from the South China Sea and the East China Sea, and M. motohburiorum sp. nov. from the Philippines, are described. In these three new species, the rostral teeth as well as the dorsal carinae on abdominal somites 2-6 are very similar to the corresponding structures in Megokris granulosus (Haswell, 1879) from Torres Strait, Queensland, and M. pescadoreensis (Schmitt, 1931) from Taiwan. However, the thelycum and petasma are characteristically different: in M. halli sp. n., the anterior plate of the thelycum bears a longitudinal middle protuberance, which is largely concave laterally in its middle region, and elevated with a round projection in its posterior part; and the anterior plate of the thelycum does not reach the posterior margin of the seminal receptacle. In M. manihine sp. n., the anterior plate of the thelycum bears a median longitudinal protuberance with a median ridge, the posterior part of which is conspicuously elevated with a pair of lateral swellings; the anterior plate of the thelycum does not reach the posterior edge of the seminal receptacle. In M. motohburiorum sp. n., the prominent median protuberance of thelycum is narrow in its anterior half and broadened with an elevation in its posterior half, while the posterior margin is rounded; the anterior plate of the thelycum is connected with the posterior edge of the seminal receptacle. Trois nouvelles especes du genre Megokris, M. manihine sp. n. et M. halli sp. n., de la mer de Chine meridionale et de la mer de Chine orientale, ainsi que M. motohburiorum sp. nov., des Philippines, sont decrites. Chez ces trois especes nouvelles, les dents rostrales ainsi que les carenes dorsales situees sur les somites abdominaux 2-6 sont tres similaires aux structures correspondantes presentes chez Megokris granulosus (Haswell, 1879) de Torres Strait, Queensland, et chez M. pescadoreensis (Schmitt, 1931) de Taiwan. Cependant, le thelycum et le petasma sont typiquement differents : chez M. halli sp. n., la plaque anterieure du thelycum porte une protuberance longitudinale mediane, qui est tres concave lateralement dans sa region mediane et presente une projection arrondie dans sa partie posterieure ; la plaque anterieure du thelycum n'atteint pas le bord posterieur du receptacle seminal. Chez M. manihine sp. n., la plaque anterieure du thelycum porte une protuberance longitudinale mediane, avec une ride mediane, dont la partie posterieure presente une paire de proeminences laterales ; la plaque anterieure du thelycum n'atteint pas le bord posterieur du receptacle seminal. Chez M. motohburiorum sp. nov., la protuberance proeminente mediane du thelycum est etroite dans sa moitie anterieure, puis plus large avec une proeminence dans sa moitie posterieure tandis que le bord posterieur est arrondi ; la plaque anterieure du thelycum est reliee au bord posterieur du receptacle seminal.]

Hisonotus charrua sp. n. is described from the Río de la Plata and río Uruguay basins in the República Oriental del Uruguay. Hisonotus charrua sp. n. is distinguished by the following combination of characters: lateral plates 23-25, posterior margin of pectoral spine smooth, 18 to 24 plates bearing laterosensory canals, snout with an anterior odontode free area, and caudal peduncle depth 10.8-12.3% SL., Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo

Synopsis The Upper Cretaceous fish †Tomognathus mordax Dixon, 1850, is redescribed, based on newly acid‐prepared material that reveals many new structures and reinterpretations of some parts of anatomy previously described. The cranium shows the absence of a supraoccipital, a double jaw joint involving a symplectic and quadrate, a lower jaw incorporating a coronoid, prearticular and a surangular, concave shape of the posterior margin of the maxilla, a single supramaxiila, a ‘V'‐shaped median rostral with lateral horns and an interopercle that lies in series with the subopercle. These features suggest affinities with the Halecomorphi. Within Halecomorphi, character conflict means that †Tomognathus may only be placed as Superfamily Amioidea incertae sedis. It is highly apomorphic in showing parietals, frontals, premaxillae and vomers all fused into median elements, a parasphenoid with scythe‐like processes developed along the ascending wings and an infraorbital series reduced to tube‐like elements. †Tomogna...

Reexamination of a monstrilloid copepod collected in 1892 at Helgoland, Germany and deposited in the Zoological Museum (Berlin) offered the opportunity of (1) providing a complementary redescription of Cymbasoma germanicum (Timm) from its type locality, and (2) reviewing the taxonomical status of Cymbasoma rigidum Thompson 1888, and its presumed cosmopolitan distribution. Cymbasoma germanicum can be distinguished from the different morphotypes related to the nominal species C. rigidum by a combination of characters, including a large inner lobe of the fifth leg, an innermost fifth leg seta almost as long as the other two, the relative length of the antennules, and the presence of long elements 2v and 2d on the second antennular segment. The main distinguishing character is the presence of two knob-like processes on the posterior margin of the genital somite. Based on differences in several characters but mainly on the taxonomically important structure of the fifth legs, at least three distinct morphological patterns were detected among the main historical records of C. rigidum. This variability, the uncertainty of the identity of the original specimen, and the geographic amplitude of the records of C. rigidum suggest that the nominal species represents a taxonomic complex with several undescribed taxa.

Based on a survey of representatives of 32 genera of subfamilies Epiphloeinae, Enopliinae, Tarsosteninae and Korynetinae, a new character is proposed to support the subfamily Korynetinae. Three character states were recognized in the basal zone of the pronotum that include degrees of association of the posterior margin of the hypomeron with the posterior angle of the pronotum: i. State 1: Posterior margin of the hypomeron convergent with the lateral margin of pronotum in the posterior angle. ii. State 2: Posterior margin of the hypomeron slightly separated from the posterior angle of the pronotum, ending at a short distance from it in the basal margin. iii. State 3: Posterior margin of hypomeron well separated from the posterior angle of pronotum, forming a second basal margin ventrally, which is complete or interrupted at the centre. State 3, present in Korynetinae, is proposed to support this subfamily. After this study the following taxonomical changes are proposed: transference of the genus Pylus from...

Three new species of Camelobaetidius Demoulin (Ephemeroptera : Baetidae), C. hamadae sp. n., C. lassance sp. n., and C. maranhensis sp. n., are described based on nymphs from Brazil. Some of the diagnostic characters of the new taxa are : C. hamadae sp. n., two thoracic gills at base of forelegs and claws with 36-37 denticles ; C. lassance sp. n., claws with approximately 60 denticles and posterior margin of terga with few, large and elevated spines ; C. maranhensis sp. n., pronotum with medial pair of tubercles and terminal filament shorter than 10th abdominal segment. Camelobaetidius cayumba (Traver & Edmunds), C. matilei Thomas & Peru, and C. tuberosus Lugo-Ortiz & McCafferty, are recorded for the first time from Brazil. A key to the species of Camelobaetidius recorded from Brazil based on nymphs is presented.

The eleotrid Thalasseleotris iota sp. nov. is described from reef habitats in New Zealand coastal marine waters at 2–34 m depth. It is distinguished from its only known congener, T. adela Hoese and Larson, from Australia, by having a narrower gill opening with lower edge extending forward to below posterior margin of eye or slightly behind eye (versus under middle of eye), less extensively scaled body, with naked area reaching to below second dorsal origin or beyond (versus near end of first dorsal fin), higher transverse scale count (usually 7–8 versus 6–7), lower vertebral count (10+16 versus 10+17), anterior nasal tube distinctly longer than posterior nasal tube (versus sub‐equal); two anal pterygiophores before first haemal spine (versus 1), and the uppermost and lowermost scale on base of caudal with enlarged peripheral cteni (versus no enlarged peripheral cteni). In addition, there are several colour differences, including a broad dark area on the basal third of the pectoral fin (versus abs...

Trichiurus australis, a new trichiurid fish, is described on the basis of four specimens collected off Burnett River mouth, Pialba and Thursday Island, Queensland, Australia. The new species strongly resembles Trichiurus brevis Wang and You, 1992 (distributed in the South China Sea), T. russelli Dutt and Thankam, 1967 (the northwestern Bay of Bengal and the northern Gulf of Thailand), and T. nickolensis Burhanuddin and Iwatsuki, 2003 (northwestern Australia) in having the highest point of the supraoccipital crest situated directly above the posterior margin of the eye and being relatively small in size (less than ca. 700 mm in total length: TL). It differs from those three species in having spinescent gill rakers almost with 2 equally long cusps [vs. (1, rarely 2 but 1 of them clearly shorter than another)], posterior caudal peduncle vertebrae bearing neural spines (vs. neural spines absent), longer caudal peduncle length (mean 16% TL vs. 6% in T. brevis, 8% in T. nickolensis, and 8% in T. russelli), and shorter precaudal length (83% vs. 93%, 91%, and 91%), preanal length (26% vs. 33%, 31%, and 35%), and head length (9% vs. 12%, 11%, and 13%). We have tentatively classified this new species under the “Trichiurus russelli complex” because the foregoing diagnostic characters are identical to this species complex except for the presence of neural spines in the posterior caudal vertebrae.

We report a case of focal tuberculous involvement of the posterior margin of the calcaneus with preservation of the articular margin. The route of infection was direct extension through tuberculous retrocalcaneal bursitis, a rare and atypical pathogenesis. Magnetic resonance imaging was helpful in ruling out neoplasm and in limiting the diagnosis to an inflammatory infectious process. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 95(3): 285–290, 2005)

Two new penaeid shrimp, Megokris akademik sp. nov. and M. ghamrawyi sp. nov., are described from the Persian Gulf (= Arabian Gulf). These new species are most closely similar to M. granulosus (Haswell, 1879) from Darnley Island, Torres Strait, in the morphology of the thelycum, with an anterior median concavity, and in the petasma, with an anterolateral projection of an ox-horn shape, tapering at the tip, and directed forward. However, M. akademik and M. ghamrawyi differ from M. granulosus in the posterior margin of the anterior plate of the thelycum, which in the two new species is not fused with the posterior plate as it is in that latter species; also, in M. ghamrawyi the ventromedian process of the petasma has a rounded distal end, whereas in M. granulosus the petasma bears a triangular projection at the distal end of its ventromedian process. Zwei neue Arten von Penaeiden aus dem Persischen Golf, Megokris akademik sp. nov. und M. ghamrawyi sp. nov., werden beschrieben. Ihnen am ahnlichsten ist M. granulosus (Haswell, 1879) von Darnley Island in der Torres Strase wegen der vorderen mittleren Vertiefung am Thelycum und wegen eines nach vorn gerichteten, anterolateralen, spitz zulaufenden, hornahnlichen Vorsprungs am Petasma. M. akademik und M. ghamrawyi unterscheiden sich von M. granulosus dadurch, dass bei ihnen der Hinterrand der vorderen Platte des Thelycums nicht mit der hinteren Platte verschmolzen ist. Auserdem ist bei M. ghamrawyi der ventromediane Anhang des Petasmas distal gerundet, wahrend er bei M. granulosus in einem dreieckigen Vorsprung endet.

Three Gammarus species are reported from River Jumahe. Gammarus madidus sp. n. is characterized by antenna 2 with groups of long setae along the anterior and posterior margins, inner ramus of uropod 3 reaching about 40% of length of outer ramus and both rami fringed with long simple setae. G. lacustris Sars, 1863 is distinguished by epimeral plates 2 and 3 with sharp posterodistal comers, inner ramus of uropod 3 reaching about 75% of length of outer ramus and both rami armed with plumose setae. G. nekkensis Uchida, 1935 differs from congeneric species by pereopod 3 with long curled setae on the posterior margin and inner ramus of uropod 3 reaching 50% of outer ramus. Distribution data of these gammarids are presented.

A new species of the formerly monotypical genus Incasa Gnezdilov et O’Brien, 2008 belonging to the tribe Issini is described from Peru. A key to species of Incasa is provided.

A new species of small-sized scorpionfish, Scorpaena cocosensis, is described on the basis of a single specimen collected from off Nuez Island, Cocos Islands, Costa Rica, eastern Pacific Ocean. The new species is similar to two eastern Pacific species of Scorpaena, Scorpaena russula and Scorpaena sonorae, in overall body appearance and in lacking a supplemental preopercular spine. However, it is distinguished from these two species by the following characters: eight dorsal-fin soft rays; well-exposed scales covering anteroventral body surface; interorbital ridges well developed, beginning just behind nasal spines, diverging anteriorly and posteriorly in dorsal view; lateral margins of frontal diverging posteriorly in dorsal view; upper posttemporal spine directed upward; posterior margin of maxilla just reaching level with posterior margin of pupil; posterior tip of pectoral fin reaching level with origin of third dorsal-fin soft ray; large head length (48.8% SL); large orbit diameter (16.9% SL);...

Exceptionally preserved carbonate- and shale-hosted Mickwitzia muralensis from the Lower Cambrian Mural Formation, southern Canadian Rocky Mountains, complement one another to yield an unusually complete account of its ontogeny, ecology and phylogenetic relationships. The shell of M. muralensis is composed of dense phosphatic layers interspersed with porous organic-rich layers. At the insertion of shell-penetrating tubes, shell layers deflect inwards to produce inwardly pointing cones. The tubes are interpreted as having hosted setae that were secreted by outer-epithelial follicles. Follicular setae also occurred at the mantle margin, where they were oriented within the plane of the shell as in modern brachiopods. During ontogeny, the initial setae oriented in the plane of the shell occurred before the first shell-penetrative setae. In the juvenile and early-mature stages of shell secretion, a posterior opening was present between both valves and was used for the protrusion of an attachment structure. In the late-mature shell, this opening became fixed in the ventral valve. Based on the posterior margin and the shell microstructure, a close relationship between Mickwitzia and the paterinids is proposed with differences interpreted as heterochronic. The shell-penetrative setal apparatus of M. muralensis is distinct from that previously described of Micrina, though both types are conceivably homologous to adult and juvenile setae of modern brachiopods.

A humpback whale skull was discovered in the upper Middle Pleistocene sand bed of Inbamura, Chiba Prefecture. The morphological features of the skull are summarized as follows: the supra-orbital process of the frontal is elongated laterally and its posterior margin is straight; the orbit is relatively short considering the skull size; the squamosal is slender and protrudes anterolaterally at an obtuse angle; the squamosal sulcus is not developed at the base of the zygomatic process; the dorsal shape of the supra-occipital is equilaterally triangular; the basioccipital and the basisphenoid are fused, forming a wide plane on the ventral surface; the alisphenoid is not exposed in the temporal region. Based on these characteristics, the specimen was identified as Megaptera novaeangliae (Borowski, 1781). This is the first record of M. novaeangliae in the western North Pacific during Pleistocene time. No fossil has yet been described systematically as M. novaeangliae from Pleistocene strata. Therefore, there is a strong possibility that the new material is the oldest M. novaeangliae fossil in the world.

The organophosphatic shell of siphonotretide brachiopods is stratiform with orthodoxly secreted primary and secondary layers. The dominant apatitic constituents of the secondary layer are prismatic laths and rods arranged in monolayers (occasionally in cross-bladed successions), normally recrystallized as platy laminae. Sporadically distributed, interlaminar, lenticular chambers, containing apatitic meshes of laths and aggregates of plates and spherulites, probably represent degraded, localized exudations of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) with dispersed apatite. The shells of Helmersenia and Gorchakovia are perforated by canals with external depressions (antechambers) that possibly contained chitinous tubercles in vivo. The immature shell of Siphonotreta and most other siphonotretids is similarly perforated and pitted; but the mature part bears recumbent, rheomorphic, hollow spines that grew forward out of pits. Internally, spines pierce the shell as independent structures to terminate as pillars in GAGs chambers. Spines and pillars were probably secreted by collectives of specialized cells (acanthoblasts) within the mantle. The shell of the oldest siphonotretide, Schizambon, is imperforate but the ventral valve has a pedicle foramen that lies forward of the posterior margin of the juvenile valve. This relationship characterizes all siphonotretides, suggesting that the pedicle, in vivo, originated within the ventral outer epithelium and not from the posterior body wall as in lingulides.

A new species of Enchytraeidae, Cernosvitoviella tridentina sp.n., is described from alpine streams (Stelvio National Park, Trentino). C. tridentina sp.n. belongs to a group of species with spermathecae confined to the V segment; it particularly resembles Cernosvitoviella carpatica (Cernosvitov), C. minor Dozsa-Farkas and C. celere Nurminen, but differs from these species by some important anatomical features: the presence of small seminal vesicles, longer ectal ducts of the spermathecae and (from two first species) by deep incision of the posterior margin of the brain.

Few records of Late Jurassic fishes have been reported previously from Antarctica. They include an indeterminate teleost from the Ameghino (Nordenskjöld) Formation at Longing Gap and two incomplete aspidorhyn-chiforms from James Ross Island, all of presumed Late Jurassic age. New fish material recently recovered in the Upper Jurassic of Longing Gap is described. The new material consists of one piece of body squamation, which, based on the structure of the scales, corresponds to a new genus and species (Ameghinichthys antarcticus gen. et sp. nov.) of an indeterminate actinopterygian family; one aspidorhynchiform identified as Vinctifer sp. due to the structure and distribution of the scales; and numerous specimens of a new ichthyodectiform, Antarctithrissops seymouri gen. et sp. nov. This new genus differs from European ichthyodectiforms in the shape of the preopercle, the presence of long sensory preopercular branches almost reaching the posterior margin of the bone, and the uncommon structure of the scales, with a fine layer of bone obscuring the circuli. The presence of Vinctifer in the Antarctic is consistent with its other Gondwanan records. The Ichthyodectiformes, previously known from four European genera, extends the distribution of the group to the southernmost part of the Southern Hemisphere during the Late Jurassic. In contrast to most non-teleostean fishes, the known Late Jurassic teleosts apparently are species endemic to restricted areas in the Southern Hemisphere. Fil: Arratia, Gloria. Staatliches Museum fur Naturkunde Stuttgart; Alemania Fil: Scasso, Roberto Adrian. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Geociencias Básicas, Aplicadas y Ambientales de Buenos Aires. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Geociencias Básicas, Aplicadas y Ambientales de Buenos Aires; Argentina Fil: Kiessling, Wolfgang. Staatliches Museum fur Naturkunde Stuttgart; Alemania

Geophilomorph centipedes exhibit a number of unique characteristics that make them of particular developmental and evolutionary interest. Segment numbers in geophilomorphs are higher than in any other centipedes, ranging from 27 to 191. They may be constant within a species, presenting in extreme form the "counting" problem in development, or they may vary--a situation that provides us with the opportunity to study naturally occurring variation in segment numbers. All their segments are generated during embryogenesis, a situation unlike that in the more basal centipede orders, which generate only a fraction of their 15 trunk segments in the embryo and develop the rest postembryonically. Here we provide a foundation for further developmental studies of the Geophilomorpha, building on the one study that has been conducted to date, on the coastal species Strigamia maritima. Development begins with the migration of nuclei to the surface of the egg, which then condense to form an embryonic rudiment of more than 20,000 cells, covering an entire hemisphere. During early development, the embryo can be divided into two distinct areas: a large terminal disc of apparently undifferentiated tissue and the germ-band, which has a clear anteroposterior axis and differentiated segments. The germ-band forms from the anterior of the terminal disc and extends anteriorly as the disc contracts. New segments are formed at the posterior margin of the germ-band. Once the process of segmentation ends, the germ-band folds and sinks into the yolk. We note that the classic description of centipede development, by Heymons more than a century ago, contains a fundamental error in the identification of the axes and hence in the interpretation of early segmentation.

The holotype of Lycenchelys melanostomias Toyoshima, 1983, the original description of L. brevimaxillaris Toyoshima, 1985, and 54 Lycenchelys specimens from the Okhotsk Sea and the Pacific off northern Japan were compared. Lycenchelys brevimaxillaris was distinguished from L. melanostomias in having 4 postorbital pores, pale-colored stomach, and smaller mouth in the original description (vs. 5 postorbital pores, dark stomach, and larger mouth in L. melanostomias). However, L. melanostomias has 4 or 5 postorbital pores, as recently pointed out. The coloration of the stomach of the L. melanostomias holotype and the new material is pale. Meristic counts and proportional measurements of the new material include those of the type specimens of both species. The length of upper jaw exhibits sexual dimorphism in L. melanostomias larger than ca. 170 mm TL: upper jaw reaching near posterior margin of pupil in males vs. near middle of eye in females. The L. brevimaxillaris holotype (female) agrees well with female L. melanostomias in this character. These facts indicate that L. melanostomias is a senior synonym of L. brevimaxillaris.

Two new species of the heptageniid mayfly genus Afronurus Lestage, Afronurus meo sp. n. and Afronurus mnong sp. n., are described from Vietnam with line-drawings of key characters. The larvae of A. meo can be characterized by rowed minute spines in the posterior margin of the abdominal terga 1-9 and distinct markings on anterior head, dorsal femora, and abdominal terga. The larvae of A. mnong can be characterized by scattered simple stout setae on the anterior margin and dorsal surface of femora, rowed acute spines on the posterior margin of abdominal terga 1-9, and plain brown body color. Their diagnoses, material data, distributions, and habitat and biological data are provided.

In the water strider Aquarius remigis (Say), sexual selection favours males with longer genitalia. We used video analysis plus light and scanning electron microscopy to examine the structure, movement, and articulation of the genitalia as a first step in determining the functional basis of this selection. Male A. remigis are characterized by long, robust genital segments; a marked ventral median notch in the posterior margin of the pregenital segment; an enlarged phallus tipped with a uniquely prolonged sclerotized plate; and a large, spine-covered, membranous lobe that inflates within the female's reproductive tract. Detailed examinations of genital interactions prior to and during copulation allow us to deduce the functional significance of these distinguishing traits. We postulate that by increasing the length, mobility, strength, and rigidity of the phallus, the first three traits increase the ability of males to achieve intromission in spite of active female resistance, and to maintain intromission during the prolonged copulations characteristic of this species. Inflation of the large, spinous lobe probably contributes to the latter function, and may also directly affect fertilization success by displacing or damaging sperm from previous males. We discuss these interpretations in the context of current theories of genitalic coevolution and sexual conflict in the Gerridae.

Geolimnichus n. gen. and two new species, G. endroedyi n. sp. and G. coprophilus n. sp. are described from forest litter in the south Eastern coastal region of the Republic of South Africa (Afrotropical Region). The new genus is related to Limnichus Latreille (widely distributed in the Old World), Limnichoderus Casey (Neotropical) and Limnichomorphus Pic (Oriental). Main diagnostic characters of the new genus are the lack of short, recumbent setae in the dorsal surface; posterior margin of the pronotum straight; and the characters of the female genitalia. The species of Geolimnichus n. gen. have some typical characteristics of forest litter species, such as a reduced size, an almost hemispherical shape, lack of metasternal wings and reduced eyes.

Krapp-Schickel, T. 2003. Linguimaera Pirlot, 1936 (Crustacea, Amphipoda, Melitidae), a valid genus. Memoirs of Museum Victoria 62(2): 257‐283. The genus Maera sensu lato is among the largest genera in the Melitidae, used as a catch-all for species lacking the defining characters of other genera. Recently, several authors have started splitting this species flock into better-defined genera and the present paper continues this task. It revives Linguimaera erected in 1936 by Pirlot, but soon after synonymised again with Maera. The most striking characters are a short third article of the mandibular palp, asymmetrical gnathopods in both sexes, epimeral plate 2 with a sinus, epimeral plate 3 serrate on its posterior margin and telsonic lobes asymmetrically incised. Eight species can be attributed to Linguimaera, of which seven are new: L. pirloti (type species), L. bogombogo, L. caesaris, L. garitima, L. kellissa, L. leo, L. mannarenis and L. tias.

A new capsid-bug species, Phytocoris (Soosocapsus) luppovae sp. n. closely related to Ph. turkestanicus Popp., is described from Kazakhstan.

A new species, Leptopus marusiki Vinokurov, sp. n., of the family Leptopodidae is described from northern India (Himachal Pradesh State). The new species is closely related to the Western Palaearctic L. hispanus Rambur, 1840, which is distinguished by a dark transverse spot on the apical part of the corium and the pale colored femora. The known Indian Leptopus species are distributed in the south and characterized by the following features: L. decus Drake, 1955 has the brown body and long 1st antennal segment; the lower part of the head of L. scutulus Drake, 1954 bears 4 very long spines, the fore femur bears 2 rows of very long spines (5 in each row). L. travancorensis Distant, 1910 differs in the paler coloration; the 1st and 2nd antennal segments, collar and posterior margin of the pronotum, and legs are ochreous.

A new species of Megagrapha Melander, 1927 and a new species of Tachyempis Melander, 1927 are described. The genus Megagrapha is reported from the Neotropical region for the first time. Megagrapha boliviana n. sp. is related to M. pubescens (Loew,1862), from which it differs in having a yellow occipital region, a linear posterior margin along eye, in the shape of the flagellomere, 1 developed humeral seta, 2 notopleural setae, the different costal index of the wing, yellow first and second abdominal segments and other segments brown. Tachyempis bettellai n. sp. is related to T. gagatina Melander, 1927, from which it differs in having the wing entirely infuscate, yellow coxae, yellow fore and midlegs, hindleg with brown femur and apically brown tibia and the different costal index of the wing. Riassunto - Due nuove specie di ditteri Hybotidae della Bolivia con chiave delle specie mondiali di Megagrapha (Diptera). Vengono descritte una nuova specie di Megagrapha Melander, 1927 e una nuova specie di Tachyempis Melander, 1927 della Bolivia. Il genere Megagrapha e nuovo per la Regione Neotropicale. Megagrapha boliviana n. sp. differisce dall’affine M. pubescens (Loew, 1862) per l’area occipitale gialla, il margine posteriore dell’occhio lineare, la struttura del flagellomero, la presenza di una setola omerale, 2 setole notopleurali, il primo e secondo segmento addominale gialli e gli altri bruni e per il differente indice costale dell’ala; Tachyempis bettellai n. sp. differisce dall’affine T. gagatina Melander, 1927 per le ali uniformemente imbrunite, le anche gialle, le zampe anteriori e mediane interamente gialle, il femore posteriore bruno e la tibia posteriore con l’apice bruno, nonche per il differente indice costale dell’ala.

Zhang, X.-L., Fu, D.-J. & Dai, T., March 2012. A new species of Kangacaris (Arthropoda) from the Chengjiang lagerstatte, lower Cambrian, southwest China. Alcheringa 36, 23–25. ISSN 0311-5518. A new species Kangacaris shui is erected, having a smaller hypostome, better defined and narrower axis, more arched posterior margin of the cephalic shield, more posterolaterally deflected pleural areas of the thoracic segments, and smaller pygidium than the established species. The new record extends the range of this lower Cambrian genus from Australia to southwest China.

Purpose This study was designed to examine the distance from the posterior lacrimal crest to the posterior margin of the Horner's muscle origin (the PLC-HMO distance), considering their complex anatomical relationship. Methods Eight macroscopic specimens from 8 Japanese cadavers and 7 microscopic specimens from 7 Japanese cadavers, fixed in 10% buffered formalin, were analyzed. Macroscopically, the PLC-HMO distance was measured at 2 mm superior to the most posterior point of the muscle origin (Group A), directly at the most posterior point (Group B) and 2 mm inferior to the most posterior point (Group C). Microscopically, the PLC-HMO distance was measured in axial sections at 1 mm above the upper eyelid margin (Group 1), 1 mm below the lower eyelid margin (Group 2), and 3 mm below the lower eyelid margin (Group 3). Results In the macroscopic study, the average PLC-HMO distance was 2.94, 2.57, and 2.05 mm for Groups A, B and C, respectively. The distance for Group C was significantly smaller than that of Group A (p = 0.006). In the microscopic study, the average PLC-HMO distance was 3.62, 3.74, and 3.14 mm for Groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively (no significant difference). Conclusions The PLC-HMO distance was approximately 2-4 mm with some specimens showing a smaller distance inferiorly.

A taxonomic review of seven-spined Polynemus species recognizes two species as valid: P. hornadayi Myers, 1936, currently known only from western Sarawak, Kalimantan, Malaysia, and P. paradiseus Linnaeus, 1758, distributed from India to Thailand and regarded as a senior synonym of P. aureus Hamilton, 1822, P. longifilis Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1829, P. risua Hamilton, 1822, and P. toposui Hamilton, 1822. Polynemus hornadayi differs from P. paradiseus in having a strongly protruded occipital profile (vs. nearly straight in the latter), lower counts of anal fin soft rays (mode 11 vs. 12) and gill rakers (26 vs. 32 or 33), higher counts of pectoral fin rays (18 vs. 17), scales above and below the lateral line (11 and 18 vs. 7 and 11, respectively), and pored lateral line scales (94 vs. 70), the fifth pectoral filament longest (vs. sixth), the fourth pectoral filament longer (extending well beyond the posterior central margin of the caudal fin vs. not reaching posterior central margin), a longer pectoral fin ray (posterior tip of pectoral fin reaching to midpoint of anal fin base vs. not reaching), a deeper maxilla posterior margin (mean 5% of SL vs. 4% of SL), and a well-developed swimbladder (vs. absent).

The hepialid genus Gymelloxes Viette, 1952 is characterized by, and differs from all other genera, by the male genitalia and a combination of characters. G. terea is redescribed due to the brevity of the original description. The male genitalia of Gymelloxes terea (Schaus, 1892) include two features that are unique within the Hepialidae – a posteriorly angled and digitiform tergal lobe, and two shallow, peg-like processes on the posterior margin of the saccus. The male phallus also exhibits minute sclerotized spicules or spots on the apex of an otherwise membranous tube. The external genitalia of the female includes a sclerotized antevaginalis with a broad, dorsally projecting, flat central margin. The species is included within the cibyrine clade of Hepialidae by the structure of the tergosternal connection and narrow spacing between Sc and R on the hindwing. The potential systematic significance of specialized similarities shared with other cibyrine Hepialidae is discussed. A lectotype of Dalaca terea Schaus, 1892 is here designated.

We conducted an inventory of the Trichoptera fauna of Serra do Tepequém, Amajari municipality (county), Roraima state, Brazil. Adult caddisflies were collected with Pennsylvania and Malaise traps operated beside three 2nd-order streams near the summit of Serra do Tepequém. We identified 27 Trichoptera species (including two new species), all representing new records for the state of Roraima, five of these species are recorded for the first time in Brazil. In this study, two new species are described: Marilia mahedae sp. nov. differs from all other species of the genus by the following combination of characters: Segment X subquadrate in dorsal view, bipartite, membranous mesally, with short apical V-shaped incision; preanal appendages wide at base in lateral view; endotheca with an acute subapicoventral projection, directed anterad in lateral view; phallotheca very short. Polyplectropus tepequemensis sp. nov. differs from all other species of the genus by the following combination of characters: Posterior margin of sternum IX nearly straight; slightly sclerotized intermediate appendages broad in the basal 2/3 and abruptly slender apically; two phallic ducts, each with an endothecal spine. With this inventory the number of Trichoptera species for Roraima state increased from 37 to 65.

Lithochrysa borealis sp. nov. (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae: Nothochrysinae) is described from the early Eocene locality at Driftwood Canyon (British Columbia, Canada). The forewing venation of the new species is similar to that of the late Eocene L. wickhami (Cockerell, 1914) from Florissant (Colorado, U.S.A.), but is distinguished from it by a slightly longer intramedian cell and distinctly longer branches of RP to CuA between the pseudocubitus and the posterior margin.

The new talitrid amphipod genus Hermesorchestia is established for one new species from Australia, H. alastairi, common to the beaches of Tasmania. Hermesorchestia gen. nov. is typified by the sexually dimorphic males which have palmate lobes on the carpus and propodus of gnathopod 1, a three dimensional merus article on pereopod 7 and expanded posterior margin of pereopod 7 carpus. Other characters which define H. alastairi gen. et sp. nov. are the male pereopod 6 expanded merus and carpus, pereopod 7 basis posterior expansion, merus shape both medial and facial, carpus posterior expansion and the shape and setation of the telson. Hermesorchestia alastairi gen. et sp. nov. is a documented burrower (sand-hopper), living in sand dunes above the high water mark.

Two species of Cenomanocarcinus (Cenomanocarcinidae) from the late Albian and Turonian of Spain are reported herein, increasing the number of Iberian Cenomanocarcinus species. Likewise, Necrocarcinus woodwardii (Necrocarcinidae) is reported for the first time in the Iberian Peninsula and constitutes the southernmost record for the species. As well, the features of the posterior margin of the cenomanocarcinids Cenomanocarcinus and Hasaracancer, are reviewed and clarified.

The paper described one new species from Chongqing, China, i.e. Xizicus (Eoxizicus) simianshanensis sp. nov., it resembles Xizicus (Eoxizicus) divergentis (Liu & Zhang, 2000) and Xizicus (Eoxizicus) xiai (Liu & Zhang, 2000), but differs from the latter in: posterior processes of male tenth abdominal tergite straight; inner margin of base area of cerci with a notch, the other area of ventral surface after it enlarged inwards, with distinct edge; subgenital plate with posterior margin narrow, with styli stout and short.

Synonymy of Paraportanus Carvalho & Cavichioli, 2009 with its senior synonym Metacephalus DeLong & Martinson, 1973 is proposed. Eleven species of Paraportanus are transferred to Metacephalus. Two new species of Metacephalus are described: Metacephalus adustus sp. nov. from Acre and Amazonas states, and Metacephalus sakakibarai sp. nov. from Amazonas and Roraima states. The first is diagnosed by its obliquely truncate pygofer posterior margin and aedeagus apex with pair of elongate and divergent spiniform processes. The second can be diagnosed by its rounded posterior pygofer margin and aedeagus apex with pair of elongate and parallel spiniform processes, directed posteroventrally. Metacephalus albocrux DeLong & Martinson, 1973 is newly recorded from Brazil. Metacephalus bicornis (Carvalho & Cavichioli, 2003) comb. nov. and Metacephalus jenniferae (Carvalho & Cavichioli, 2009) comb. nov. are newly recorded from Amazonas State; while Metacephalus facetus (Kramer, 1961) is newly recorded from Acre State.

Stenosternum cordata sp. nov. and Stenosternum bifurcata sp. nov., new to science, are described, which is the first record of Hoplomegistidae from Asia. Stenosternum cordata sp. nov. is distinguished by its heart-shaped latigynal shield with two pairs of setae along the lateral margin, and two pairs of setae along the posterior margin of the sternal shield. Stenosternum bifurcata sp. nov. is distinguished by having remarkable bifurcate corniculus, six pairs of setae on the sternal shield and three pairs setae on the latigynal shield. The family Hoplomegistidae Camin & Gorirossi, 1955 is redefined and a key to adult females of species is provided.

Cervical disc disorders encountered in physiatrist practice include herniated nucleus pulposus (HNP), degenerative disc disease (DDD), and internal disc disruption (IDD). This section refers to HNP or disk herniation, which generally implies extension of disc material beyond the posterior margin of the vertebral body. A more specific definition for disc herniation is the focal displacement of nuclear, annular, or end plate material beyond the normal peripheral margins of the disk delimited by the margins of the vertebral body end plates.

Halirages helgae sp. nov. is recorded from the shelf slopes of the Norwegian Sea at depths of 1000 to 2600 m in the Arctic cold water masses. A total of 50 specimens were found at five stations. The species differs from other known species in the genus Halirages Boeck, 1871 by the bilobed posterior margin of pereonite 7. A synoptic table to the northeast Atlantic species of Halirages is provided.

The hypoptopomatine genus Eurycheilichthys was so far considered to be endemic to the South of Brazil. One of its species, E. pantherinus, was described from the upper Uruguay river basin. We inform about the finding of this species within the Garibaldi creek, headwater of the arroyo Yabotí Guazú. This is the first record for Argentina which is found in a tributary of the middle Uruguay river., Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo

Paracreptotrema rosenthali sp. n. was discovered in the intestine of Xiphophorus malinche and Pseudoxiphophorus jonesii, collected from the headwaters of Río Malila, tributary of Río Conzintla, in the Río Pánuco basin, Hidalgo, México, during 2008–2009. The new species differs from the five known species of Paracreptotrema Choudhury, Pérez-Ponce de León, Brooks & Daverdin, 2006 by having vitelline follicles that extend from a level anterior to the pharynx to mid-testes, the seminal vesicle which is more extensively folded, and a wider cirrus sac. The new species resembles P. heterandriae in the length of its ceca, which surpasses the posterior margin of the ovary but do not reach the testes. A key to the species of Paracreptotrema is provided.