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Roadway lighting comprises a large portion of global electricity usage. One of the most common modes of roadway lighting is high mast lighting. At present high mast lighting systems rely on High Intensity Discharge (HID) lamps. Significant light from the HID lamps is lost or uncontrolled in traditional luminaires. The proposed luminaire is developed using Philips Lumileds LEDs. With the use of high precision optics the luminaire directs the entire light into the area under consideration. The advanced thermal, optical and electrical design of the luminaire enables it to provide elevated energy savings, reduced maintenance costs, refined visual environment, improved safety measures, and reduced light pollution. The first section of the paper analyzes a conventional roadway high mast installation and the lighting requirements. The second section addresses the complete design aspects of the LED high mast luminaire including LED count, LED selection, thermal profile, optical analysis and driver topology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electroplating composite coating is an effective method to prepare composite coating through the codeposition of metallic, nonmetallic, or polymer particles with metal to improve properties such as corrosion resistance, hardness, and wear performance. This paper reports the synthesis of a novel Ni-BaFe12O19 magnetic nanocomposite coating exhibiting improved corrosion resistance. In the present paper, BaFe12O19 particles were synthesized by a single-step solution combustion method and characterized for phase, particle size, and morphology. These particles were incorporated in a nickel metal matrix, and the properties of the coatings like nano hardness and corrosion resistance were investigated. The coating micro structure was also studied using field emission scanning electron microscope. A Vickers hardness of 777HV was exhibited by Ni-BaFe12O19, and plain Ni coating exhibited a hardness of 517HV. The Ni-BaFe12O19 composite coating exhibited improved corrosion resistance compared to plain Ni coating with an icorr value of 0.034 μA/cm2 compared to 0.361 μA/cm2 for plain Ni. The Ni-BaFe12O19 coating also exhibited higher charge transfer and polarization resistance compared to plain Ni coating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A number of committees have looked into management education in India in the past. This research paper attempts to identify the systemic issues faced by management education as identified by the earlier committees. Most of the problems identified by the committees continue to be there as no major corrective measures have been initiated, hence a revisit of the critical suggestions is made through this research paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Software defined radio (SDR) technology supports multiple air interfaces and modulation formats for wireless devices, which is vital when paralleled with the proliferation of wireless standards. To achieve such flexibility and functionality, SDR uses Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) with reconfigurable fabric. In the proposed work, different modulation techniques available in SDR are presented. Design and implementation procedure on Xilinx FPGA are also discussed. The VHDL hardware description language is used for designing and implementing the various modulators. The Xilinx EDA tool is used to synthesize the proposed one. The reconfiguration of bits is used to select the various modulation techniques dynamically with the help of Xilinx software. This proposed design makes the implementation of SDR based modulators very simple and fast. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new podand ligand has been designed and synthesized which reacts hydrothermally with either Nd(Ill) or Gd(lll) nitrate forming an array of linked metallocycles with void spaces. Discrete dodecameric water clusters occupy the voids in the structures. The structure of the cluster can be described as an open-cube octamer buttressed on two sides by dimers to form the overall dodecamer. These clusters join different arrays of linked metalIocycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Repeat units based on the telomeric sequence of the ciliated protozoan Tetrahymena, d(C4A2)2, have been crystallized. Cytosinerich DNA stretches are known to reside in telomeres and centromeres of eukaryotic chromosomes, playing crucial roles in the structural stability of the chromosome in addition to their connection with cancer and aging. Preliminary investigations on the telomeric repeat sequence C4A2C4A2 from CD studies and X-ray crystal data suggest it to be a right-handed interdigitated tetraplex structure with hemiprotonated C·C+ base pairs. The molecules appear to be packed one on top of another forming a discontinuous helix along c simulating a poly-C fibre, an arrangement which maximizes the number of cytosines stacked. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is known as a group of cardiovascular risk factors associated with insulin resistance, hypertension, glucose intolerance, hypertriglyceridemia, and low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). It is a major worldwide public health problem. The aim of this study is to analyze the lipid profile status in MetS. Materials and Methods: Healthy individuals and individuals with MetS underwent serum analyzed for fasting blood sugar (FBS) by glucose oxidase-peroxidase method, serum cholesterol by cholesterol esterase-oxidase method, serum triglycerides by colorimetric enzymatic method, HDL-C by phosphotungtic acid method, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), and very LDL-C (VLDL-C) were calculated by Friedwald's formula and lipid profile status was compared between the two groups. Results: All the data were analyzed using the SPSS package. The mean value of FBS, triglyceride level, total cholesterol, HDL-C, LDL-C, and VLDL-C in individuals with MetS was found to be 105 ± 31.22, 151.1 ± 38.80, 191.15 ± 35.12, 20.7 ± 6.31, 140.3 ± 35.37, and 30.42 ± 6.76, respectively. Conclusion: From this study, it is evident that individuals with MetS have most of the risk factors that increase the person's risk of heart attack and stroke. Aside from the increase in waist circumference, most of the disorders associated with MetS have no symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: C-reactive protein (CRP) is a substance produced by the liver that increases in the presence of inflammation in the body. An elevated CRP level is identified with blood tests and is considered a non-specific "marker" for disease. Hence, the aim of this study is to analyse the CRP level in obese and nonobese individuals. Materials and Methods: Patients were selected from Saveetha Dental College and were divided into two groups Group I as normal (nonobese) individuals and Group II as obese individuals. Individuals with the age group of 20-30 years and obese individuals are included in this study. Informed consent was obtained from the patient before sample collection. Then, serum was separated and analyzed to estimate the CRP by Turbilatex Method using ERBA CHEM 5 plus Autoanalyzer. Results: Paired sample t-test analysis was done to find out significant differences between the two groups. All the tests were considered significant at P < 0.05 level. In this study, we found that the mean value of CRP level is 3.48 ± 1.5 for control and 7.48 ± 1.41 for obese individuals. CRP level is statistically significant from control to obese individuals. Conclusion: Obese individuals have more CRP level than normal individuals. CRP is associated with the body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference. Hence, this study will make awareness among obese individuals to maintain their BMI thereby regulating the CRP level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The aim of the study is to judge the amount of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) level in the cancer patient. Introduction: Cancer is a type of disease where cells grow out of control, divide, and invade other tissues. In a person without cancer, cell division is under control. If the abnormal cells do not invade, but divide and swell up their original tissue, this is often not referred to as cancer. It's referred to as a neoplasm. AFP is a major protein created by the yolk sac and the liver during fetal development. It's thought to be the fetal type of serum albumin. In men, non-pregnant women, and youngsters, AFP within the blood will mean that certain sorts of cancer - especially cancer of the testicles, ovaries, stomach, pancreas, or liver - are present. Materials and Methods: A total of 40 patients were selected from those attending the Outpatient Department of Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals and divided into 2 groups as follows: Group I - normal healthy people - 20. Group II - individuals with hepatocellular carcinoma - 20. Results: All the data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Science package. Paired sample t-test analysis was done to find out significant differences between the two groups. All the tests were considered significant at P < 0.05 level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The aim is to measure the cortisol level in obese patients. Materials and Methods: A total of 40 patients were selected from those attending the Outpatient Department of Saveetha Dental College and hospitals and divided into two groups, namely normal healthy individuals and patients with obesity and the sample were collected and analyzed using ROBONIK ELISA READER. Results: All the data were analyzed using the SPSS package. Paired sample t-test analysis was done to find out significant differences between the two groups. All the tests were considered significant at P < 0.05 level. Conclusion: The results suggest that compared with normal-weight people, overweight people have higher cortisol levels in the serum. These results suggest that it might be relevant to consider cortisol and cortisone promotion in overweight people, but the 11ß-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activities are not abnormal compared with normal-weight people. Our association study shows that less healthy family eating behavior is associated with higher body mass index (BMI), as well as higher cortisol and cortisone levels. Our findings emphasize the need for further research on the relationship between overweight/obesity in children and cortisol, cortisone, and ratio of cortisol to cortisone, as well as the influences of parent's BMI and family dietary habits on children's people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Luteinizing hormone (LH), also known as lutropin and sometimes lutrophin, is a hormone produced by gonadotropic cells in the anterior pituitary gland. In females, an acute rise of LH ("LH surge") triggers ovulation and development of the corpus luteum. The main aim of this study is to explore the association between LH levels on obese individuals. Materials and Methods: Patients were randomly selected from the outpatient department of Saveetha Dental College and Hospital and divided into two groups. Each group consists of 25 individuals of age group 18-35 years. Group I consists of normal healthy individuals and Group II consists of obese individuals. Body mass index (BMI) is a person's weight in kilogram divided by the square of height in meter. BMI more than 1 Class II was included, and BMI more than Class III were excluded from this study. Result: All the data were analyzed using SPSS package. Paired sample t-test analysis was performed to find the significant differences between the two groups. All the tests were considered statistically significant at P < 0.05 level. The control LH level was found to be 5.986 ± 13.54. The level of LH in obese patients is 12.88 ± 6.69. This is the deviation of LH level between obese individuals and normal individual. In this study, there is a positive correlation of LH which is highly significant in overweight/obese women. Conclusion: Through this research, we get to know that obese girls also show reduced LH pulse amplitude throughout puberty. Low LH amplitude in obese girls may be analogous to the inverse relationship between BMI and both mean LH and LH amplitude in polycystic ovarian syndrome, which in part reflects reduced gonadotrope responsiveness to GnRH and increased LH clearance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The furan ring in the title compound, C24H25NO7, adopts a twisted conformation. The mol­ecular structure is stabilized by an O—H⋯O intra­molecular hydrogen bonding inter­action which generates an S(7) ring motif. The crystal packing is stabilized by C—H⋯O inter­molecular inter­actions generating C(10) and C(6) chains and centrosymmetric R22(14) motifs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the title compound, C26H25NO5, the dihydrofuran ring is non-planar, with the spiro C atom next to the O atom deviating by 0.089 (1) Å from the plane of the other atoms in the ring; the six-membered ring fused with the dihydrofuran ring is also non-planar. The mol­ecular structure is stabilized by weak intra­molecular C—H⋯O inter­actions. The crystal packing is stabilized by four inter­molecular C—H⋯O inter­actions, generating R22(10), R22(16), R22(14) and R22(16) ring motif. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The title compound, C24H22ClNO3, contains two independent mol­ecules in the asymmetric unit. In one of the mol­ecules, the furan ring is in a twist conformation, whereas in the other it adopts an envelope conformation. In both mol­ecules, the cyclo­hexenone rings adopt envelope conformations. The crystal structure is stabilized by inter­molecular C—H⋯O inter­actions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Necropsy on a striped dolphin Stenella coeruleoalba (Meyen, 1833) entangled in ghost fishing net and dead while rescuing yielded some helminth parasites, later identified as Halocercus lagenorhynchi . DNA barcoding of the host and parasite and the phylogenetic analysis of the parasite was conducted. This study provides valuable information towards establishing basal data of marine mammal parasite diversity and distribution in the Indian waters. We believe this is the first report of the occurrence of Halocercus lagenorhynchi in marine mammals in India., Competing Interests: Conflict of interestThe authors have no financial or non-financial interests to disclose, that are directly or indirectly related to the work submitted for publication., (© Indian Society for Parasitology 2024.)

A zinc metal-organic framework, i.e., Zn-MOF (Zn-DBC), with ca. 27% solvent-accessible void volume was synthesized from a rationally designed tetraacid based on sterically insulated dibenzo[ g , p ]chrysene core; the latter inherently features concave shapes. Due to rigidification of the fluorophore in the MOF, Zn-DBC exhibits a respectable fluorescence quantum yield of ca. 30% in the solid state. The fluorescent and water-stable Zn-DBC MOF was found to display intriguing temperature-dependent emission behavior with an activation barrier of 1.06 kcal/mol for radiationless deactivation from the singlet-excited state. It is shown that the Zn-MOF can be employed as an efficient sensory material for detection of hazardous "quat" dicationic herbicides in water by diffusion-limited "turn-off" fluorescence. Due to confinement of the cationic guest analytes within the pores of the MOF, the fluorescence quenching via excited-state charge transfer mechanism is shown to depend on the molecular size of the analyte in addition to the redox potentials. Remarkably, Zn-DBC permits sensing of DQ, a well-known toxic "quat" herbicide, with a detection limit as low as 2.8 ppm in water. The unique structural attributes of the Zn-MOF for highly efficient fluorescence sensing of toxic herbicides in water are thus exemplified for the first time.

2D metal-organic framework nanosheets (MONs) lie at the heart of contemporary research on metal-organic materials. We have rationally designed and synthesized a fluorescent 6-connecting hexaacid linker H 6 TPA based on the 1,3,5-triphenylbenzene core to access layered MOFs by metal-assisted self-assembly. Treatment of H 6 TPA with In 3+ salt does indeed lead to a layered porous MOF, i.e.In-TPA. It is shown that the ultrasonication-induced liquid phase of exfoliation (UILPE) of the latter in a top-down fashion affords few-layer 2D metal-organic nanosheets (MONs). The delamination of 2D MONs in ethanol occurs with 'turn-on' fluorescence, which is otherwise suppressed in the bulk material. The exfoliated MONs in ethanol exhibit blue fluorescence with a respectable quantum yield of 0.15 and serve as efficient sensory materials for 'turn-off' fluorescence detection of explosive nitroaromatic compounds (NACs). While all nitroaromatics are found to quench the fluorescence of MONs, the most electron-deficient trinitrotoluene (TNT) exhibited the highest efficiency; at 2 mM concentration of TNT, the fluorescence of 2D MONs was found to be quenched with an efficiency of 80% (permitting the detection of TNT at ca. 11 ppm level), while that of the unmetallated linker, i.e.H 6 TPA, was quenched with only 5% efficiency. The unique attributes of MONs, namely the rigidity of the linker upon metallation and porosity that facilitates guest confinement within the pores, for efficient sensing of nitroaromatics are thus demonstrated for the first time.

3-Hexyloxy-4-cyanothiophene, 3-pyrrolidil-4-cyanothiophene, and 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) units are used with benzothiadiazole as building blocks for the development of three new conjugated donor-acceptor-donor (DAD) derivatives. The DAD molecules have the central acceptor part, which is formed by combining electron-withdrawing cyano groups and the benzothiadiazole moiety, in common. Theoretical calculations and UV/Vis and electrochemical data reveal the key role of the end-capped donor to tune the electronic properties of the derivatives. A study of the electropolymerization process of the three derivatives shows the strong influence of the donor parts on both the reactivity of the precursors and the electronic properties of the resulting polymers. Derivatives end-capped with pyrrolidinocyano thiophene or EDOT units lead to films of polymers presenting low band gaps of around 0.9-1.4 eV. Upon oxidation, the two polymers present different behavior. In the presence of the pyrrolidinocyano thiophene moieties, oxidation leads to a blueshift of the absorption bands, whereas with EDOT units a classical redshift, giving high absorption in the near-IR region, is observed for the oxidized states., (© 2017 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.)

The self-assembly of a rigid and trigonal prismatic triptycene-hexaacid H 6 THA with Co(NO 3 ) 2 or Mn(NO 3 ) 2 leads to isostructural metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) that are sustained by 6-connecting metal cluster [M 3 (μ 3 -O)(COO) 6 ] secondary building units (SBUs). The Co- and Mn-MOFs, constructed from organic and metal-cluster building blocks that are both trigonal prismatic, correspond to the heretofore unknown "tsg" topology. Due to the rigidity and concave attributes of H 6 THA, the networks in the Co- and Mn-MOFs are highly porous and undergo 3-fold interpenetration. The interpenetration imparts permanent microporosity and high thermal stability to the MOFs to permit postsynthetic metal exchange (PSME) and gas sorption. The PSME occurs in a single crystal to single crystal fashion when the crystals of Co- or Mn-MOFs are immersed in a solution of Cu(NO 3 ) 2 in MeOH/H 2 O. Further, the isostructural robust MOFs exhibit significant gas sorption and remarkable selectivity for CO 2 over N 2 (ca. 100 fold) at ambient conditions. In fact, the postsynthetically-engineered Cu-THA exhibits better CO 2 sorption than Co-THA and Mn-THA. A composite of effects that include pore dimensions (ca. 0.7 nm), unsaturated metal centers, and basic environments conferred by the quinoxaline nitrogen atoms appears to be responsible for the observed high CO 2 capture and selectivity. The high symmetry and structural attributes of the organic linker seemingly dictate adoption of the trigonal-prismatic metal cluster SBU by the metal ions in the MOFs., (© 2017 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.)

Aromatization of 4-cyano-3-oxotetrahydrothiophene by sulfuryl chloride gives the new building block 4-cyano-3-pyrrolidylthiophene, which forms unsymmetrical regioregular oligothiophenes with a strict alternation of the donor and acceptor groups along the conjugated system. The self-coupling reactions that form the oligomers are shown to proceed by a regioselective electrophilic aromatic substitution mechanism involving a stabilized Wheland intermediate., (© 2016 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.)

A highly luminescent and water-stable homochiral Zn-MOF, i.e. , Zn-PLA , has been developed based on a pyrene-tetralactic acid, which inherently features concave shapes for guest inclusion, to explore sensing of amino acids by fluorescence quenching; the solid-state fluorescence quantum yield of the MOF was found to be 46%. The fluorescence of an aqueous suspension of Zn-PLA was shown to be quenched specifically by histidine amongst all the other amino acids. Selective sensing of histidine is of prime importance due to its relevance in a variety of biological functions. The lack of quenching of fluorescence of Zn-PLA by all the amino acids other than histidine has been rationalized based on the exchange of the cationic dimethylammonium species in the MOF crystals with histidine that is protonated in water; the latter is envisaged to quench the fluorescence via charge transfer in the excited state. Furthermore, the homochiral crystals of Zn-PLA were found to permit enantiodiscrimination in the quenching by the d- and l-forms such that the ratio of enantioselectivity, i.e. , K d / K l , is 1.8, as determined by Stern-Volmer quenching plots. The highly selective as well as enantiodifferentiating sensing of amino acids by MOFs is unprecedented for any sensor type.

A semirigid tetraacid linker H4L functionalized with 1,2,3-triazole was rationally designed and synthesized to access nitrogen-rich MOFs for selective adsorption of CO2. The cadmium MOF, that is, Cd-L, obtained by the reaction of H4L with Cd(NO3)2, is found to be a 3D porous framework structure that is robust to desolvation. Crystal structure analysis reveals channels that are decorated by the triazole moieties of L. Gas adsorption studies show that Cd-L MOF permits remarkable CO2 uptake to the extent of 99 and 1000 cc/g at 1 and 30 bar, respectively, at 0 °C. While literature survey reveals that MIL-112, constructed from a 1,2,3-triazole functionalized linker, exhibits no porosity to gas adsorption due to structural flexibility, the results with Cd-L MOF described herein emphasize how rigidification of the organic linker improves gas uptake properties of the resultant MOF.

3-Alkoxy-4-cyanothiophene units are used as building block for the synthesis of conjugated donor-acceptor-donor (D-A-D) triads. The donor part consists of benzothienothiophene end groups associated with the alkoxy groups of the 3-alkoxy-4-cyanothiophene, while the central acceptor part is formed by combining the electron-withdrawing cyano group with thiophene or benzothiadiazole units.

3-Alkoxy-4-cyanothiophenes are efficiently synthesized in two steps from the readily available 4-cyano-3-oxotetrahydrothiophene. Regioisomers of bithiophene derivatives are easily synthesized by playing on the strong electronic dissymmetry of the thiophene ring induced by the alkoxy and cyano groups.

A highly thermostable alkaline xylanase was purified to homogeneity from culture supernatant of Bacillus sp. JB 99 using DEAE-Sepharose and Sephadex G-100 gel filtration with 25.7-fold increase in activity and 43.5% recovery. The molecular weight of the purified xylanase was found to be 20 kDA by SDS-PAGE and zymogram analysis. The enzyme was optimally active at 70 °C, pH 8.0 and stable over pH range of 6.0-10.0.The relative activity at 9.0 and 10.0 were 90% and 85% of that of pH 8.0, respectively. The enzyme showed high thermal stability at 60 °C with 95% of its activity after 5 h. The K (m) and V (max) of enzyme for oat spelt xylan were 4.8 mg/ml and 218.6 µM min(-1) mg(-1), respectively. Analysis of N-terminal amino acid sequence revealed that the xylanase belongs to glycosyl hydrolase family 11 from thermoalkalophilic Bacillus sp. with basic pI. Substrate specificity showed a high activity on xylan-containing substrate and cellulase-free nature. The hydrolyzed product pattern of oat spelt xylan on thin-layer chromatography suggested xylanase as an endoxylanase. Due to these properties, xylanase from Bacillus sp. JB 99 was found to be highly compatible for paper and pulp industry.

The furan ring and the five-membered fluorene unit in the title compound, C(26)H(22)Cl(2)O(4), adopt envelope conformations. Inter-molecular C-H⋯O inter-actions between symmetry-related mol-ecules involving two C-H groups and an O atom as a bifurcated acceptor generate centrosymmetric hydrogen-bonded dimers with cyclic R(2) (2)(16) and R(2) (2)(8) ring motifs. A short C-H⋯Cl intramolecular contact occurs in the molecule.

We have examined the photobehavior of a set of isomers of 2-pyranone-annulated stilbenes (6-styrylcoumarin 1, 7-styrylcoumarin 2, 4-methyl-6-styrylcoumarin 3, and 4-methyl-7-styrylcoumarin, 4) in their crystalline phases. While the cis isomers of 1-3 undergo cis-->trans photoisomerizations in the solid state, cis-4 and the trans isomers of 1-3 do not; the trans isomer of 4 undergoes photo-induced intermolecular reactions. Solution-state irradiations of the trans isomers of 1-4 lead to the cis isomers quite readily, as does cis-4 lead to trans-4, which suggests that the absence of geometric isomerization of the trans isomers and the lack of reactivity of cis-4 in the solid state are due to molecular packing effects. X-Ray crystal structural analyses of 1-4 reveal interesting conformational preferences for the styrenic moieties and differences in the total 'free' volumes within the lattices, but neither factor explains satisfactorily why some of the molecules undergo geometric isomerizations in their single crystals and others do not. Using the PLATON program, we have located the sizes and positions of 'void volumes' within the crystal lattices, and identified trajectories necessary for atomic motions to lead to geometric isomerizations to understand the reactivities of 1-4. The voids in the reactive cis isomers of 1-3 crystals are located along the trajectories needed for geometric isomerization. The relevant voids in the crystals of cis-4 and the trans isomers of 1 and 2 (the non-isomerizing molecules for which suitable crystals could be grown for X-ray analyses) are located along a trajectory that does not permit isomerization. We hypothesize that the classical momentum gained from the initial motions that are facilitated due to the voids in the crystals of the cis isomers of 1-3, as well as the heat dissipated to the local environment by internal conversions and vibronic cascade of the Franck-Condon states, helps to drive the system over potential energy barriers that would not be possible otherwise. Cis-4 and the trans isomers of 1 and 2, as well as other examples from the literature in which geometric isomerizations do or do not occur in the solid state, also follow the predictions based upon the PLATON analyses. On these bases, it is suggested that the methodology described may be generally applicable for predicting when geometric isomerizations (and possibly other reactive processes) in crystalline materials will occur.

Methanolic extracts of leaves and seeds from the chinaberry tree, Melia azedarach L. (Meliaceae) was tested against mature and immature mosquito vector Anopheles stephensi Liston (Diptera) under laboratory condition. The extract showed strong larvicidal, pupicidal, adulticidal, antiovipositional activity, repellency and biting deterency. The M. azedarach seed and leaf extracts were used to determine their effect on A. stephensi adults and their corresponding oviposition and consequent adult emergence in comparison with the control. The seed extracts showed high bioactivity at all doses, while the leaf extracts proved to be active, only in the higher dose. Results obtained from the laboratory experiment showed that the seed extracts suppressed the pupal and adult activity of A. stephensi even at low dose. In general, first and second instar larvae were more susceptible to both leaves and seed extracts. Clear dose-response relationships were established with the highest dose of 2% plant extract evoking 96% mortality. Entire development of A. stephensi was inhibited by M. azedarach treatment. Less expensive (less than 0.50 US dollars per 1 kg seed), naturally accruing bio-pesticide could be an alternative for chemical pesticides.

Pyridine-2,4,6-tricarboxylic acid (ptcH(3)) readily reacts with a Zn(II) salt at room temperature to form different products depending upon the presence or absence of pyridine in the reaction mixture. In the presence of pyridine, the ligand breaks to form infinitely zigzag coordination polymers with the empirical formula [Zn(Ox)(py)(2)]n(Ox = oxalate, py = pyridine). The backbone is formed from Zn(II)-oxalate where two pyridine molecules are coordinated to each Zn(II) ion giving it hexacoordination. The orientation of the bound pyridines is slightly different when Zn(II)-nitrate is used compared to that when Zn(II)-sulfate (or acetate) salt is used. In absence of pyridine, the ligand remains intact and forms a mixture of a carboxylate-bridged coordination polymer and a discrete carboxylate-bridged 12-membered metallomacrocycle.

A short and stereoselective route to the trans-hydrindane derivative, a potential building block for the synthesis of steroidal and related molecules, was achieved by the operation of indium, tin, and ruthenium based reagents, starting from a tetrabromo norbornyl derivative., (Copyright 2004 American Chemical Society)