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Wavelength-modulation Fourier interferometry has been employed to measure the thickness of a glass plate. However, nonlinear phase-modulation error causes a DC error in the evaluated phase distribution. In this study, a 5 N –2 phase-extraction algorithm was derived for the simultaneous measurement of the thickness and surface shape of a glass plate with eliminating the DC phase error. First, the condition for the error elimination on a complex plane was derived and a new algorithm polynomial was proposed to satisfy this condition. Next, using this condition and 5 N –4 algorithm, 5 N –2 algorithm was derived. The newly developed 5 N –2 algorithm was visualized in the frequency domain using the Fourier transform method. The DC error elimination ability of the 5 N –2 algorithm was confirmed through numerical error analysis. Finally, the surface shape and thickness of the glass plate were simultaneously measured using a large-aperture Fizeau interferometer and the 5 N –2 algorithm. The standard deviations of the thickness and surface shape profiling were 3.113 nm and 10.689 nm, respectively, which were smaller than those obtained using other phase-extraction algorithms. • New 5 N –2 algorithm is proposed. • The characteristics of 5 N –2 algorithm is estimated in the frequency domain. • The phase errors calculated by 5 N –2 algorithm is compared with those by other algorithms. • The surface shape and optical thickness of a transparent multi-layer plate was measured by using wavelength-tuning Fizeau interferometer and the 5 N –2 algorithm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Overall, the reaction time of the liquid-phase synthesis is similar to that of the solid-phase synthesis in a microwave reactor. Keywords: Peptoid; Peptide; Tag; Liquid-phase synthesis; Large-scale synthesis EN Peptoid Peptide Tag Liquid-phase synthesis Large-scale synthesis 376 379 4 03/22/21 20210301 NES 210301 GLO:1CJF/01mar21:bkcs12223-toc-0001.jpg PHOTO (COLOR): . gl Optimized reaction conditions for the tag-assisted liquid-phase synthesis of peptoids are reported. Although peptoids have been mainly synthesized via the solid-phase submonomer method because of the advantages of these methods in discovery research, where increased chemical diversity is important, alternative synthetic methods will offer more options to peptoid researchers, especially those studying on peptoids entering the development phase. One of the most frequently used peptoid monomers is ( I S i )- I N i -(1-phenylethyl)glycine ( I N i spe or ( I S i )-(-)-1-phenylethylamine), which contains a bulky -chiral aromatic side chain and induces helical secondary structure.24,32 Therefore, we attempted the synthesis of a heptameric peptoid composed of I N i spe using the tag-assisted liquid-phase synthesis. [Extracted from the article]

The carboxylation of hydrocarbons using CO2 as a one‐carbon building block is an attractive route for the synthesis of carboxylic acids and their derivatives. Until now, chemical carboxylation catalyzed by organometallic nucleophiles and reductants has been generally adopted particularly for the precise selectivity control of carboxylation sites. As another approach, electrochemical carboxylation has been attempted but these carboxylation reactions are limited to only a few pathways. In the case of styrene, dicarboxylation at the α‐ and β‐positions is mostly observed with electrochemical carboxylation while site‐selective hydrocarboxylations are hardly achieved. In this study, electrochemical β‐selective hydrocarboxylation of styrene using CO2 and water is developed, in which the site selectivity can be precisely controlled between β‐hydrocarboxylation and dicarboxylation without the aid of homogeneous catalysts. In this platform, water is used as proton source in the β‐hydrocarboxylation of styrene where its addition results in significant enhancement of the selectivity toward β‐hydrocarboxylation. This work provides insights into new strategies for site‐selectivity‐controllable carboxylation with CO2 using an electrochemical platform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The processes of biological photosynthesis provide inspiration and valuable lessons for artificial energy collection, transfer, and conversion systems. The extraordinary efficiency of each sequential process of light to biomass conversion originates from the unique architecture and mechanism of photosynthetic proteins. Near 100% quantum efficiency of energy transfer in biological photosystems is achieved by the chlorophyll assemblies in antenna complexes, which also exhibit a significant degree of light polarization. The three-dimensional chiral assembly of chlorophylls is an optimized biological architecture that enables maximum energy transfer efficiency with precisely designed coupling between chlorophylls. In this review, we summarize the key lessons from the photosynthetic processes in biological photosystems, and move our focus to energy transfer mechanisms and the chiral structure of the chlorophyll assembly. Then, we introduce recent approaches and possible implications to realize the biological energy transfer processes on bioinspired scaffold-based artificial antenna systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]