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In jungster Zeit behaupten Wissenschaftler im Zusammenhang mit der Inwertsetzung kultureller Kreativitat, dass auf kreativen Markten inzwischen der Raum eine koordinierende Funktion ubernimmt, die bisher dem Unternehmen als zentrale Organisationsform der Industriegesellschaft zukam (z.B. Florida 2002a S.6).

Dieses Defizit und weitere disziplinimmanente ‚Scheuklappen’ haben bisher die Entwicklung eines systemischen Modells des allgemeinen Kreativitatsprozesses aus raumlicher Perspektive auf der Basis eines differenzierten Kreativitatsverstandnisses (zweites ubergeordnetes Ziel dieser Arbeit) verhindert.

This paper aims at answering the question of whether the changing technology of the Internet should affect the responsibilities and duties of search engines in relation to defamatory content; and if so, what should be done in order to reach an effective and satisfactory solution. In the course of this paper it will be argued that the problem lies in developing the law to respond in an effective and fair way that takes into account the particular search engine function at play in any given case. Debating whether search engines should be classified as publishers or mere conduits too often obfuscates the complex, multilayered functionality of search engines, and each theory runs a risk of unsatisfying outcomes. Therefore, the legislatures should meaningfully redress the possible repercussions of being defamed in such powerful tools as modern search engines. This paper will argue that an alternative solution such as a notice-takedown regime could act as a balanced solution to the effects of online defamation on those defamed, provided that the interests of end-users, transparency and due process are introduced in the process of content removal.

The Open Access movement has been known for years as the idea of freeing the research and making it available to readers free of charge. Nevertheless, it was only in the 1990s as access to the World Wide Web became widely available and online publishing became the norm that the issue gained international recognition and attention from officials and scholars. Ever since the Budapest Open Access Initiative, the Bethesda Statement on Open Access Publishing, and the Berlin Declaration on Open Access, many initiatives have been formed to make Open Access possible. However, most of them are just guidelines or mere intentions resulting in only 20% of total number of peer-reviewed publication being subject to open access. Without denying the importance of issuing guidelines and creating new Open Access initiatives, this paper aims to argue that Open Access is crucial to bridge the digital divide that occurs between Western societies and developing countries. The Internet gave broad and unique possibilities to millions of people around the world, being a useful tool in numerous spheres of life. Its primary advantage is a rapid spread of information. As the right to the Internet has been proclaimed a human right, it has a particular role to play in promotion of other human rights. Establishing Open Access regulation not only could facilitate access to knowledge, but also balance interests of numerous stakeholders and bring benefits for developing as well as developed countries. This paper intends to argue in support of creation of international uniform regulation that facilitates Open Access to publicly funded research. Moreover, this paper argues that the complexity of the issue and the number of interests involved justify taking up regulatory measures, especially given the fact that the ongoing debates on Open Access still did not bring any significant changes to access to research.Over the course of this paper, the United States and the European Union regulatory proposals regarding Open Access are analysed as a basis for international regulation. However, this paper suggests that to fully ensure access to knowledge, no embargo periods in open publishing should be allowed. This paper also aims to stress the importance of publicly funded research, as well as the role of regulation in fostering innovation and economic growth.

Objective: Glioma Stem Cells (GSCs) are considered to be responsible for Glioblastoma's (GBM’s) dismal prognosis. WNT signaling is one of the major players in GSCs that promotes their radio- and chemoresistance. In this study we tested whether LGK974, an inhibitor of both canonical and non-canonical WNT signaling, might sensitize GBM cells to chemotherapeutics and irradiation and determined possible mechanisms causing treatment-resistance in GBM. Methods: At first we analyzed MGMT promoter methylation status of several GBM cell lines in order to define cells resistant to the standard chemotherapeutic drug Temozolomide (TMZ). For further investigations we chose two cell lines resistant or sensitive to TMZ, respectively. IC50 concentrations of TMZ and LGK974 as well as IC50 dose of γ-irradiation were tested via Titer Blue cell viability assay. Effectiveness of different concentration of each single therapy and its combination with LGK974 was determined to create a drug-response-curve due to the computerized simulation of synergism and antagonism in drug combination studies (Chou, 2006). A reporter assay for canonical WNT/β-catenin signaling was used to quantify the effect of TMZ and irradiation alone and in combination with LGK974 on the canonical and non-canonical WNT pathway. Western Blot and qPCR were applied to analyze the effects of combinatory therapy on protein and gene expression concerning WNT pathway activation. Results: We observed a significant synergy of combined irradiation/TMZ with LGK974 in all cell lines. There was no difference in effectiveness between cell lines resistant or sensitive to TMZ. Interestingly, following TMZ treatment or irradiation cells showed slightly decreased canonical WNT pathway activity. Furthermore, non-canonical target genes and receptors were upregulated under chemo- and radiotherapy, suggesting a reciprocal activation of the non-canonical branch of WNT signaling pathway. This phenomenon might possibly be responsible for the development of resistance against standard chemo- and radiotherapy. Conclusions: We propose that GSCs undergo a shift from canonical to non-canonical WNT signaling to become treatment-resistant under standard chemo- and radiotherapy. Treatment with LGK974 results in therapeutic synergy at least in part via suppressing the therapy-induced activation of non-canonical WNT signaling. Our results confirm the potential benefit of combining TMZ or irradiation with the WNT inhibitor LGK974 to overcome therapy-resistance in GBM. Citation Format: Abigail K. Suwala, Ulf D. Kahlert, Jaroslaw Maciaczyk. Pharmacological WNT-inhibition acts synergistically with chemo- and radiotherapy by overcoming treatment-resistance in glioma stem cells. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 2515.

Introduction: Knowledge regions and the role of innovation in times of economic crisis (Stavros A. Zenios) Part One: Regional Roles of Universities in National and International Contexts 1. The Civic University (John Goddard) 2. Which Innovation Policies for the European Regions? (Roberta Capello) 3. The innovation process of European regions (Malgorzata Runiewicz Wardyn) 4. Universities as Knowledge Nodes in open Innovation Systems (Suntje Schmidt) 5. Regional cooperation or external links? (Agnieszka Olechnicka) 6. What do you offer?: Interlinkages of universities and high-technology companies in science and technology parks in Berlin and Seville (Sascha Brinkhoff) 7. Relations between international research collaboration, the scientific production and impact of research at Polish universities (Krzysztof Klincewicz) Part Two: Universities and Innovation-driven Development 8. The 'Adaptive' University (Jan Sadlak) 9. The Second Coming of the Triple Helix (Martin Meyer) 10. Bringing university knowledge to market (Marina van Geenhuizen) 11. The Academic Entrepreneur (Attila Varga) 12. The Third Role of Universities (Pavla Zizalova and Vladislav Cadil) 13. Entrepreneurial universities, entrepreneurial students (Jose Luis Vazquez, Ana Lanero and Maria Purificacion Garcia) 14. Role of university medicine in an innovation network (Dennis Haeckl, Hans Wiesmeth and Oliver Fiala) Part Three: An Academic Footstep in the City 15. The Research University, Entrepreneurship and Regional Development (Helen Lawton-Smith) 16. Strategically coupling Universities and their cities (Paul Benneworth) 17. Attracting power of the academic city. Measurement in the context of economic growth (Mikolaj Herbst) 18. Innovative Potential of Kyiv (Olga Mrinska) 19. University and regional development in Northern European peripheries (Kazimierz Musial) 20. Making research work for local sustainability in Europe (Anna Rok and Cristina Garzillo)

The development of a model of the World Refining for the POLES model aims to represent the oil product's supply at a world-wide level in a global energy model. The World oil refining industry faces to several challenges such as the increasing oil derivatives demand in the transport sector, the improvement of the specifications of these products, the crude oil availability and the limitation of carbon emissions. An aggregated refining model linked to the POLES energy model has been developed to study these questions. The OURSE (Oil is Used in Refineries to Supply Energy) model is a world-wide aggregated refining model which is designed to simulate the world oil product supply for the POLES (Prospective Outlook for the Long-term Energy System) model. OURSE is able to simulate the impact on the world refining industry of changes in the crude oil supply (in costs and qualities) as well as in the oil product demand (in terms of level, structure and specifications). OURSE also enables to assess the consequences of a carbon emission regulation (caps and taxes) as the adoption of various kinds of alternative fuel policies. More precisely, these impacts are evaluated as regards the world refining structure (investments), but also its balance (production and trade of petroleum products), its pollutant emissions (CO2 and SO2) and its costs (of production, investments, etc.). The OURSE model is based on a linear programming (LP) model, that is frequently used in the refining industry, both for refinery management and investment analysis, since a marginal cost pricing is relevant for the oil products. Designed to represent the world-wide refining industry into the POLES model, the OURSE model has to contain a restricted number of equations. This justifies that OURSE includes a representative upgrading refinery defined for nine aggregated refining regions in the world that are North and central America, Latin America, North and South Europe, CIS, Africa, Middle East, China, Other Asia and Oceania. Similarly, since directly linked to the number of crude oils considered, the model size is also reduced by considering, for each world refining area, an aggregated crude oil supply based on five representative crude oil qualities in the model. Lastly, a multi-plant approach is considered to make the OURSE model able to represent the oil product exchanges between the main regions in the world. Simulations for 2030 were performed. Thus, the paper presents the results of a prospective exercise for the oil refining industry which has been carried out with the worldwide refining model OURSE according to the oil product demand projections of European Commission for Europe with the PRIMES model (European Commission, 2010) and the IFP projections for the rest of the World. According to the European Commission's projections, the European oil product demand will slowdown by 14% between 2005 to 2030, reaching 566 Mtoe in 2030 (reference scenario). During the same period, the worldwide oil product demand will have increased by 23% up to 4411 Mtoe in 2030. The share of light, medium and heavy oil products will change with a decreasing share of heavy products and a more important consumption of medium distillates. Nevertheless, in the PRIMES European projections, the respective share of gasoline and diesel oil in the automotive fuel consumption are not strongly affected during the next two decades. However, the specification of the products will be more severe, especially for the marine bunkers (future IMO specifications as mentioned in the first part of the report which is dedicated to oil products). On the supply side, the crude oil supply has been estimated until 2030. This analysis is based on IFP geosciences expertises. In 2030, the API degree of the conventional crude oil will slowly decrease. However, this will be balanced by the increasing share of condensates in the refinery supply and the availability of upgraded crude oil from the extra-heavy oil. Finally, the API degree of the refineries supply should remain quite unchanged.

Polen war mit seiner Luftfahrtindustrie das diesjährige Partnerland der Internationalen Luftfahrtausstellung ILA in Berlin. Das mag manchen Besucher überrascht haben, ist Polen doch nicht gerade als Land der Luftfahrtindustrie bekannt. Tatsächlich hat sich aber in den letzten zehn Jahren im Südosten des Landes rund um die Stadt Rzeszów ein Luftfahrtcluster entwickelt, der inzwischen der sechstgrößte Produktionsstandort dieser Branche weltweit ist. Unter dem Namen »Aviation Valley« haben sich zahlreiche technologieintensive Produktionsbetriebe, Forschungs- und Entwicklungszentren sowie Bildungseinrichtungen etabliert, die vor allem Flugzeugmotoren, Fahrgestelle, Hubschrauber sowie diverse Komponenten und Bausätze für die Luftfahrtbranche produzieren. Sie bauen auf branchenspezifischen Traditionen der Region auf, die bis in die Jahre der Zwischenkriegszeit zurückreichen. Nach einem dynamischen Wachstumsprozess in den letzten zehn Jahren hat die globale Wirtschaftskrise zu einer stagnierenden Entwicklung geführt. Trotz positiver Branchenaussichten steht das »Aviation Valley« vor wichtigen strategischen Entscheidungen, die Unternehmen, Politik und Forschung in den nächsten Jahren gemeinsam zu treffen haben.

The innovation process is characterized by interactive learning involving multiple entities (Lundvall 1988). The flow and exchange of information and knowledge spurs R&D activities and innovation enhancing regions’ economic growth and competitiveness. Being aware of this process, government policies aim to stimulate and even plan inter-organizational interaction (Ibert 2010; Hewitt-Dundas 2011). In this respect, science parks have become prominent instruments of government infrastructure support to promote business-to-science relationships based on geographical proximity. Universities as sources of knowledge play a major role in science parks and in regions in general. They primarily contribute to the regional economy’s competitiveness and innovativeness by providing access to new scientitifc knowledge, developing solutions for specific problems and by offering access to skilled talent and equipment, as well as research techniques (Hewitt-Dundas 2011). The purpose of this chapter is to discuss the role of universities in two science parks in Berlin and Seville and their contribution to localized interactive innovation processes. Both case studies provide similarities in their development process, although, as we shall see later, distinct conceptual framework conditions regarding business-to-university linkages differ. In the case of science parks, the literature predominantly stresses the great significance of geographical proximity. In this chapter, however, we focus on the discussion of the multidimensional character of proximity – integrating ‘relational proximity’ to the strict geographical interpretation of proximity. Thus, we aim to add further aspects to the ‘soft architecture of learning’ (Thune 2009: 9) within the regional and science park-related network of university-industry-government relations (‘Triple Helix’) (Etzkowitz and Leydesdorff 2000: 109). Finally, we make some proposals for policy implications regarding how to more successfully stimulate business-to-university linkages and associated localized innovation processes in science parks in particular, as well as in regions.

The development of a model of the World Refining for the POLES model ( Contract n°151559-2009 A08 FR – with the Joint Research Centre Institute for Prospective Technological Studies of Commission of the European Communities) aims to represent the oil product's supply at a world-wide level in a global energy model. The World oil refining industry faces to several challenges such as the increasing oil derivatives demand in the transport sector, the improvement of the specifications of these products, the crude oil availability and the limitation of carbon emissions. An aggregated refining model linked to the POLES energy model has been developed to study these questions. The OURSE (Oil is Used in Refineries to Supply Energy) model is a world-wide aggregated refining model which is designed to simulate the world oil product supply for the POLES (Prospective Outlook for the Long-term Energy System) model. OURSE is able to simulate the impact on the world refining industry of changes in the crude oil supply (in costs and qualities) as well as in the oil product demand (in terms of level, structure and specifications). OURSE also enables to assess the consequences of a carbon emission regulation (caps and taxes) as the adoption of various kinds of alternative fuel policies. More precisely, these impacts are evaluated as regards the world refining structure (investments), but also its balance (production and trade of petroleum products), its pollutant emissions (CO2 and SO2) and its costs (of production, investments, etc.). Simulations for 2030 were performed. Thus, the paper presents the results of a prospective exercise for the oil refining industry which has been carried out with the worldwide refining model OURSE according to the oil product demand projections of European Commission for Europe with the PRIMES model (European Commission, 2010) and the IFP projections for the rest of the World., JRC.J.1-Economics of Climate Change, Energy and Transport

Purpose Fundus Albipunctatus is a congenital, stationary retinal disease with rod system degeneration. The disorder is caused by mutation in the RDH5 gene. It is characterized by impaired night vision and numerous small white-yellow retinal lesions. Flash ERG reveals severe rod function impairment after usual period of dark-adaptation, which normalize after prolonged dark adaptation. Methods A case of a 12-year-old female presented with symptoms of poor night vision. The patient underwent the visual acuity, colour vision tests (D15), fundus photography, fluorescein angiography, automated static perimetry. The standard dark adapted electroretinogram (30min) and a prolonged dark adaptated ERG (120 min), photopic ERG and multifocal electroretinogram (mfERG) were performed. Results Visual acuity of both eyes was not decreased. In the peripheral visual field a concentric restriction was found. Scotopic ERG rod responses (0.009 and 0.017 cd x s /m2) were significantly reduced and a standard ERG response was borderline. Photopic ERG was normal. In the mfERG P1 densities were slightly reduced in the eccentric rings (R4-R5). Conclusion The comparison of standard adapted scotopic ERG (30 min) and prolonged dark adapted Scotopic ERG (120 min) is the most useful clinical test in diagnosis and differentation of Fundus Albipunctatus. The mfERG can be helpful in detecting patients suffering from Fundus Albipunctatus with progressive cone dystrophy.

Mit dem Ziel, diesen Campus national und international als attraktiven Wirtschafts- und Wissenschaftsstandort zu etablieren, wurde das Projekt „Nachhaltige Vitalisierung des kreativen Quartiers um den Campus Berlin-Charlottenburg“ (NAVI BC) mit einer Laufzeit von zwei Jahren (01.11.2008 – 31.12.2010) unter der Leitung der Adlershof Projekt GmbH initiiert. Dabei wurde eine Wachstumszone als Fördergebiet definiert, dessen Kern die wissenschaftlichen Einrichtungen beider Universitäten und weiterer außeruniversitärer Forschungseinrichtungen (z.B. Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, vier Fraun- hofer-Institute) darstellen. Die grundlegende Idee bestand darin, ausgehend von einer vorhandenen Konzentration und auf Basis der Berücksichtigung vielfältiger Interessen unterschiedlicher Akteure aus Wirtschaft, Wissenschaft und Politik, eine gemeinsame Strategie für den Standort zu formulieren. Vernetzung, Einbettung sowie interdisziplinäre Innovations- und Lernprozesse zwischen den Akteuren waren die tragenden Prinzipien.

Seit dem Niedergang der sozialistischen Systeme in Osteuropa vor rund 20 Jahren ist der deutsch-polnische Grenzraum immer wieder ein Schauplatz grundlegender Veränderungen im politischen, gesellschaftlichen und wirtschaftlichen Transformationsprozess und dem damit verbundenen Strukturwandel. Im Bereich von konsumentenorientierten Handel und Dienstleistungen führte die Einführung der Marktwirtschaft im deutsch-polnischen Grenzraum sehr rasch zu einem regen Handel, bei dem vor allem Deutsche Konsumenten seit Beginn der 1990er Jahr auf den boomenden „Polenmärkten“ unmittelbar in Nähe zur deutschen Grenze einkauften. Neben preiswerter Kleidung und Zigaretten an den offenen Ständen dieser Märkte boten deutlich günstigere Benzinpreise an polnischen Tankstellen einen weiteren Anreiz für die Konsumreise nach Polen. Hinzu kamen verschiedene Dienstleistungen, wie Friseure, Zahnärzte und auch Prostitution. Dieser Bericht untersucht vor dem Hintergrund von drei Hauptforschungsfragen - (1) Welche Veränderungen prägen den Strukturwandel von konsumentenorientierten Handel und Dienstleistungen in Słubice und Frankfurt Oder und worin sind diese begründet? (2) Welche Rolle spielen die grenzübergreifenden Handels- und Dienstleistungsaktivitäten? (3) Welche Probleme und Chancen ergeben sich daraus in Zukunft für Handel und Dienstleistungen und die Region insgesamt und wo ergeben sich Handlungsmöglichkeiten? - wie sich der konsumorientierte Handel und Dienstleistungen im deutsch-polnischen Grenzraum am Beispiel von Frankfurt (Oder) / Słubice bis zum Jahre 2008 entwickelt hat.

Peer-to-peer (P2P) applications such as BitTorrent ignore traffic costs at ISPs and generate a large amount of cross-ISP traffic. As a result, ISPs often throttle BitTorrent traffic to control the cost. In this paper, we examine a new approach to enhance BitTorrent traffic locality, biased neighbor selection, in which a peer chooses the majority, but not all, of its neighbors from peers within the same ISP. Using simulations, we show that biased neighbor selection maintains the nearly optimal performance of Bit- Torrent in a variety of environments, and fundamentally reduces the cross-ISP traffic by eliminating the traffic’s linear growth with the number of peers. Key to its performance is the rarest first piece replication algorithm used by Bit- Torrent clients. Compared with existing locality-enhancing approaches such as bandwidth limiting, gateway peers, and caching, biased neighbor selection requires no dedicated servers and scales to a large number of BitTorrent networks.

Cuban Landscapes: Heritage, Memory, and Place, Joseph L. Scarpaci and Armando H. Portela, Guilford, New York, NY (2009). vii + 216 pp. US$31.00 (pbk). ISBN 978 1 60623 323 8. Most tourists tie Cuba...