Search

Background:In scientific literature, numerous theories on the mechanism of facial aging can be found. The debate about facial sagging versus deflation is still ongoing. In this study, the metric changes in perioral soft tissue were demonstrated. These data can contribute to a better understanding of

Pyogenic granuloma is a non-neoplastic reactive lesion that commonly occurs in gingiva. It is rarely found in other locations such as the lips, tongue, palate and buccal mucosa. Lesions affecting the upper lip are even rarer and very few cases have been reported in the literature. In such situations, the lesion may mimic other conditions such as minor salivary gland tumours, mesenchymal tumours, and infectious lesions, which may create diagnostic difficulty. This case report describes an uncommon location of pyogenic granuloma occurring on the upper lip in a 49-year-old male patient. Keywords: Gingival lesions, Granuloma, Pyogenic, Upper lip

The aim of this study was to characterize Koreans' perceptions of attractive and healthy-looking lips.A survey was conducted among 258 women and 72 men who were asked to view illustrations of various examples of the 4 lip-related ratios (lip thickness-to-width ratio [LTW]; upper-to-lower vermillion ratio [ULR]; upper vermillion thickness-to-upper lip height ratio [VUL]; and lip-to-nose width ratio [LNW]) and to choose which they thought were attractive or healthy-looking.The LTW ratios most often identified as attractive were LTW-1/3 (lip thickness is 1/3 of lip width, 40.0%) and LTW-2/5 (47.3%). The LTW value most often identified as healthy-looking was LTW-2/5 (54.3%). The most attractive ULR ratio was ULR-4/5 (upper vermillion thickness is 4/5 of the lower vermillion, 49.4%). The most healthy-looking ULR ratio was ULR-4/5 (47.0%). The most attractive VUL ratio was VUL-1/2 (thickness of the upper vermillion is 1/2 of upper lip height, 60.3%). The most healthy-looking VUL ratio was VUL-1/2 (61.0%). The most attractive LNW ratio was LNW-3/2 (lip width is 3/2 of nose width, 42.1%). LNW-3/2 was also the most preferred in all age groups below 50 years, while those over 50 preferred LNW-4/3 (55.0%). The most healthy-looking LNW ratios were LNW-3/2 (35.2%) and LNW-4/3 (32.1%). LNW-3/2 was the most preferred in all age groups below 50, while those over 50 preferred LNW-4/3 (40.0%). It therefore seems that older people preferred a narrower lip width than younger people.The results of this study can be applied in lip augmentations or aesthetic lip surgery.

Objective: The aim is to evaluate changes of smile and gingival line after intrusion of maxillary incisors using mini-implant anchorage system or conventional accentuated compensating curve archwire. Materials and Methods: Twenty participants having deep overbite with age ranged from 18 to 24 years were enrolled in this study and were divided into two groups of 10 each. Intrusion of maxillary incisors was performed using mini-implant anchorage system in group 1 and by conventional accentuated compensating curve archwire in group 2. For each participant, lip position, dental and skeletal measurements related to the gingival line were recorded from standardized photographs and cephalometric analyses. Statistical analyses including t-test and Chi-square were used to evaluate differences between groups. Results: There was an improvement of smile arc (consonance) from 30% smile consonance pretreatment to 90% consonance postintrusion in group 1, but the change was insignificant in Group 2. There was an increase in the outer intercommisural width in Group 2 compared to group 1 with a significant difference between both groups (P < 0.046). A significant decrease in the upper lip to upper incisal edge relationship in Group 1 and an insignificant decrease in Group 2 (P = 0.03 and P = 0.262, respectively) was detected. A significant decrease in overbite in Group 1and in Group 2 (P = 0.001) with an insignificant difference between both groups (P > 0.05) was also observed. Conclusion: Smile improvement in the mini-implant group was mainly the result of improved smile arc, increase in outer intercommisural width, decrease in upper lip to upper incisal edge relationship, and decrease in overbite. With the use of accentuated compensating archwires, the only significant change was increase in the interlabial gap.

Myoepithelial carcinomas are quite infrequent neoplasms and coupled with their diverse morphological appearance are interesting as far as diagnosis and management is concerned. They account for less than 1% of all salivary gland tumors. The variable morphologic appearance of myoepithelial carcinoma leads to a wide differential diagnosis, including primary salivary gland tumors and metastatic tumors. The prognosis of these tumors is not fair as they are locally aggressive and approximately one third of the patients die of the pathology. We report a case of clear cell variant of myoepithelial carcinoma in an unusual location, i.e. the upper lip. The treatment carried out was wide surgical resection. The patient was followed up for 2 years and was symptom free. The clear cell variant of myoepithelial carcinoma is extremely rare and only about 51 cases of this variant affecting the salivary glands have been reported worldwide so far.

Background: Unanticipated difficult tracheal intubation remains a primary concern of anaesthesiologists. The aim of the present study was to compare upper-lip bite test (ULBT) with other four predictors namely modified Mallampati test (MMT), thyromental distance (TMD), sternomental distance (SMD) and interincisor distance (IID) for predicting difficulty in intubation. Methods: Airway assessment indices were evaluated and compared in 60 American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status Grade I and II patients undergoing general anaesthesia at a tertiary care teaching hospital in South India. The cut-off points for defining the difficult intubation (DI) were as follows: for ULBT, Class III; MMT, Classes 3 and 4; TMD

Secondary sexual characters form a diverse group of traits widely spread in amphibians. Within anurans, the Hylini tribe represents an interesting group to examine the evolution of this type of characters because it has different skin structure modifications, including ventrolateral glands, nuptial pads, and unique swollen upper lips. We analysed the skin gland composition in the upper lip of Plectrohyla guatemalensis and the ventrolateral gland of Ptychohyla hypomykter (Hylidae: Hylinae: Hylini). Each of these species is characterized by a different type of sexually dimorphic skin gland; specialized mucous glands (SMGs) in Pl. guatemalensis and specialized serous glands (SSGs) in Pt. hypomykter. The SMGs conform to the general type of sexually dimorphic skin glands in amphibians, whereas SSGs are very rare. Because SMGs are likely involved in the production of sexual pheromones, their distinctive location and their co-occurrence with other secondary sexual characters like long and pointed maxillary and premaxillary teeth in Pl. guatemalensis suggests that the system used for their delivery may be a distinguishing behavioral feature in this species. The presence of both types of glands in Pt. hypomykter (SMGs in nuptial pads, and SSGs in ventrolateral glands) suggests a different or, at least, a complementary role of these two types of glands during reproduction. Fil: Luna, María Celeste. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia"; Argentina Fil: Vásquez Almazán, Carlos Roberto. Universidad de San Carlos; Guatemala Fil: Faivovich, Julián. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia"; Argentina Fil: Brunetti, Andrés Eduardo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Posadas | Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Posadas; Argentina

A 35-year-old male patient reported with the chief complaint of a large swelling in the right side of the upper lip. The lesion measured 6.5 cm measuring from the infraorbital region to the lower border of mandible on the right side of the face and 7.5 cm from the right ear lobule to the contralateral commissure of the left side of the face. On palpation, the swelling was soft, fluctuant and compressible. Pulsations were felt, and on auscultation, bruit was also heard. Computed tomography angiogram of the neck and circle of Willis showed serpiginous hyperdense vascular channels causing significant soft-tissue thickening of the upper lip, right cheek region and philtrum. Hence, the diagnosis of diffuse subcutaneous facial arteriovenous malformation involving the right cheek and philtrum was given. The entire lesion was excised. In the postoperative 2nd month, secondary cosmetic correction or lip reconstruction was done. The patient was reviewed after 3 years; there was no recurrence of the lesion.

The aim of this study was to explore the internal relationship between posed smile characteristics, lip position, and skeletal patterns in young women.Fifty women between the ages of 20 and 30 years were enrolled and divided into 3 groups-vertical, average, and horizontal patterns- using the following parameters: FMA, GoGn-SN, and Jarabak ratio. Each subject was scanned in natural head position and with a posed smile. The interlabial gap, intercommissural width, and smile index were calculated. The frontal region was selected as the reference plane for superimpositions. The changes of the lip landmarks in the vertical, sagittal, and coronal directions were investigated.The smile indexes were listed in the following sequence: vertical average horizontal. Significant differences were found in the interlabial gap among the 3 groups. Compared with the average and horizontal groups, the upper lip landmarks of the vertical group showed differences and changed more only in the vertical direction. However, the lower lip landmark showed no differences in any direction.Different skeletal patterns have characteristic smile features. The vertical skeletal pattern affects upper lip movements because there is more space for upper-lip elevation. However, the vertical skeletal pattern has no effect on lower lip movement.

To investigate the association between upper lip thickness and the amount of upper lip repositioning upon retraction of maxillary incisors.Pre- and post-treatment lateral cephalograms of 101 patients were reviewed. All subjects were treated with fixed orthodontic appliances including extraction of two maxillary premolars. Only subjects without change in lip thickness between pre- and post-treatment cephalograms were included.Digital software measurements for lip thickness, pre- and post-treatment upper lip position were performed. Appropriate regression models were developed to explore the correlation between maxillary incisor retraction and lip retraction when controlling for lip thickness and other confounding factors. The level of statistical significance was set at 0.05 for all analyses.A significant correlation was found between change in maxillary incisor position following premolars extraction and change in upper lip position (r = 0.95, P 0.001). The average ratio between maxillary incisor retraction and upper lip repositioning was 1.43:1. Upper lip thickness was not significantly associated with this ratio (r = 0.003, P 0.05).Although there is a highly significant correlation between maxillary incisor retraction and upper lip repositioning, lip thickness is not significantly associated with the amount of repositioning.

Object. Considered a clinical case of congenital cleft of the upper lip, alveolar ridge and palate describes the stages of treatment. The aimof the study is to present a comprehensive approach to the treatment of patients with congenital cleft of the upper lip, alveolar ridge and palate on a clinical example. Methodology. The article is devoted to the clinical case of treatment of a patient with congenital cleft of the upper lip, alveolar ridge and palate from birth to completion of complex rehabilitation. The patient in different age periods underwent a complete clinical examination with the use of additional research methods, as well as a step-by-step treatment plan. Within eighteen months, a comprehensive treatment was carried out on a fixed technique with a surgical stage-alveoloplasty. The step-by-step dynamics of complex treatment is presented. Results. As a result of treatment, the patient received a complex rehabilitation specialists MCMC "Bonum" of the city of Yekaterinburg, namely the closure of the defect on the upper lip, alveolar ridge and the palate, the normalization of the position of the teeth, the dentition in the sagittal, vertical and transversal plane, the restoration of the functions of respiration and speech. Conclusion. In case of congenital cleft of the upper lip, alveolarridge, palate, it is necessary to work together orthodontist and maxillofacial surgeon using modern technology, combined with the use of fixed orthodontic technique. An integrated approach allows for the rehabilitation of children with congenital cleft lip, alveolarridge, the sky in a timely manner, with a good end result.

INTRODUCTION: Various anatomical measurements and non‑invasive clinical tests can be performed to predict difficult intubation. Recently introduced “Upper lip bite test” (ULBT) is claimed to have a high predictability. However, limited data exists to support its high predictability both nationally and internationally. OBJECTIVE: To determine the diagnostic accuracy of upper lip bite test in the prediction of difficult airway. METHODOLOGY: This was a cross sectional study. A sample of 283 patients was calculated by using WHO sample size calculator and sampling was done by non-probability consecutive sampling. All the selected patients were assessed for upper lip bite test and Cormack and Lehane laryngoscopy grade separately. Data was collected on pre-designed proforma. Accuracy of ULBT was calculated based on the acquired data. RESULTS: The calculated accuracy of ULBT for predicting difficult airway was found to be 91.2%. CONCLUSION: ULBT is a reliable bedside technique with a high accuracy for predicting a difficult airway. KEY WORDS: Upper lip bite test, Cormack and Lehane scale, difficult airway.

Pareiorhaphis mucurina, new species, is described from the Preto River, a headwater tributary of the Mucuri River basin, Minas Gerais State, eastern Brazil. This description represents the first record of Pareiorhaphis in the Mucuri River basin, the intervening drainage between the Doce and the Jequitinhonha rivers, two large coastal drainages in eastern Brazil that are inhabited by six species of Pareiorhaphis. Pareiorhaphis mucurina, new species, is promptly diagnosed from all congeners by having a distinct, narrow area in the lower lip along and just posterior to each emergent tooth series of the dentary completely devoid of papillae and the lateral margin of the lower lip with a distinctly enlarged flap of skin, forming a continuous connection with most of the maxillary barbel. In addition, the new species can be further distinguished from all congeners by having the upper lip with distinctly shaped papillae, which are coalesced to form three or four transverse series of elongate skin folds. The well-developed dorsal-fin spinelet, the smaller orbital diameter, and features related to morphology of the fleshy lobes on the lateral portion of head of adult males, also distinguish the new species from most congeners.

Introduction: A bite from another human is an unusual cause of maxillo-facial traumatology. Our objective was to describe the epidemiologic and clinical characteristics of labial lesions caused by this kind of bite. Patients and methods: A descriptive prospective study was carried out at the University hospitals of Yalgado OUEDRAOGO and Blaise COMPAORE in Ouagadougou in Burkina Faso between June 2012 and May 2017. Results: We collected a sample of 28 patients with an average age of 32.5 years. The sex ratio was about 0.3. All the bites had been inflicted by women. The victims generally came from an underprivileged socioprofessional background. The bite had occurred during a brawl in 26 patients (92.9% cases) and in some context of aggression among 2 patients. The lesions were located on the lower lip among 21 patients, the upper lip among 4 patients, and along the commissure among 3 patients and resulted in a loss of tissue among 23 patients (82.1%). The treatment was surgical in nature, using trimming and labialization with satisfactory results in all cases. Conclusion: The circumstances surrounding the bites are not always clear and the lesions are almost always serious and require delicate treatment.

The orofacial cleft, a congenital cleft of the upper lip, jaw, and/or palate, is a serious condition for children and parents. Through practical experience and new insights, the multidisciplinary orofacial cleft teams at six specialized centers discovered how much this condition requires personalized care. For example, the treatment wishes of parents and children/young people may be different. Even patients with a similar type of orofacial cleft may experience the effects in a completely different way. Years of consulting with physicians may also result in treatment fatigue in young patients.

Orofacial clefts (OFCs) are common (1 in 700 births) congenital malformations that include cleft lip (CL) and cleft lip and palate (CLP). These OFC subtypes are also heterogeneous themselves, with the cleft lip occurring on the left, right, or both sides of the upper lip. Unilateral CL and CLP have a 2:1 bias towards left-sided clefts, suggesting a nonrandom process. Here, we performed a study of left- and right-sided clefts within the CL and CLP subtypes to better understand the genetic factors controlling cleft laterality. We conducted genome-wide modifier analyses by comparing cases that had right unilateral CL (RCL; N=130), left unilateral CL (LCL; N=216), right unilateral CLP (RCLP; N=416), or left unilateral CLP (LCLP; N=638), and identified a candidate region on 4q28, 400 kb downstream fromFAT4, that approached genome-wide significance for LCL vs. RCL (p = 8.4×10−8). Consistent with its potential involvement as a genetic modifier of cleft lip, we found thatFat4exhibits a specific domain of expression in the mesenchyme of the medial nasal processes that form the median upper lip. Overall, these results suggest that the epidemiological similarities in left-to right-sided clefts in CL and CLP are not reflected in the genetic association results.

Nicotine extracted from tobacco and purified from other constituents can be delivered in the form of nicotine replacement products for helping people move away from tobacco dependence. Nicotine pouches to be put under the upper lip are one such new category of products that are being rapidly developed and marketed as consumer goods with little research or regulatory oversight. We review the available data on these products and their harm reduction potential for reducing the disease and death burden from tobacco globally. Finally, we have identified research gaps in assessing their harm and benefit potential, and possible regulatory approaches to ensure that these products do not lead to unintended consequences.

Nonsyndromic orofacial clefts (OFCs) are a common birth defect and are phenotypically heterogenous in the structure affected by the cleft - cleft lip (CL) and cleft lip and palate (CLP) - as well as other features, such as the severity of the cleft. Here, we focus on bilateral and unilateral clefts as one dimension of OFC severity, because the genetic architecture of these subtypes is not well understood. We tested for subtype-specific genetic associations in 44 bilateral CL (BCL) cases, 434 unilateral CL (UCL) cases, 530 bilateral CLP cases (BCLP), 1123 unilateral CLP (UCLP) cases, and unrelated controls (N = 1626), using a mixed-model approach. While no novel loci were found, the genetic architecture of UCL was distinct compared to BCL, with 44.03% of suggestive loci having different effects between the two subtypes. To further understand the subtype-specific genetic risk factors, we performed a genome-wide scan for modifiers and found a significant modifier locus on 20p11 (p=7.53×10-9), 300kb downstream of PAX1, that associated with higher odds of BCL vs. UCL, and replicated in an independent cohort (p=0.0018) with no effect in BCLP (p>0.05). We further found that this locus was associated with normal human nasal shape. Taken together, these results suggest bilateral and unilateral clefts may have different genetic architectures. Moreover, our results suggest BCL, the rarest form of OFC, may be genetically distinct from the other OFC subtypes. This expands our understanding of modifiers for OFC subtypes and further elucidates the genetic mechanisms behind the phenotypic heterogeneity in OFCs. ispartof: Human Genetics and Genomics Advances vol:2 issue:2 ispartof: location:United States status: published

BACKGROUND: The postoperative morphological appearances vary widely patients with unilateral cleft lip with or without cleft palate (UCL/P), whether it is complete or incomplete cleft. The main reason of bilateral lip asymmetry after cleft lip surgery lies in the lack of personalized measurement and design before surgery. In this study, we aim to individually investigate areas of the upper lip on cleft and non-cleft sides in patients with unilateral cleft lip with or without cleft palate (UCL/P). METHODS: Ninety-two patients with UCL/P (group 1

Background The perceived appearance of the nose is influenced by its foundations (ie, malar areas, lip, and chin). The association of nasal hump and centrofacial volume deficiency is not uncommon. Objectives We evaluated and analyzed the role of centrofacial lipofilling simultaneously to rhinoplasty to sculpt facial proportions and shapes all in one procedure. Methods Volumes and placement of fat graft were determined preoperatively. Centrofacial microfat grafting was performed concomitantly to the rhinoplasty. Treated areas were malar, upper lip, pyriform aperture, and chin. Results From January 2016 to January 2019, concurrent lipofilling was performed in 23 rhinoplasties. Fat graft volumes ranged from 2 to 31 mL. Conclusions Centrofacial lipofilling is a simple and effective tool that can easily be associated with rhinoplasty techniques to optimize the results and may even influence the procedure towards a more conservative approach. Level of Evidence: 4

In dyspnea management, different non-pharmacological approaches are used along with pharmacological approaches. It is stated that apply cool to the face reduces dyspnea and increases exercise tolerance by allowing coolness and air flow into the second and third trigeminal nerves. This mechanism is thought to arise from cooling the nasal or airway mucosa or cooling the facial skin. According to a different viewpoint, hand held fan provides psychological and emotional management by altering the sensing of signals, coming from respiratory afferent nerves, by the brain. The studies have reported that applying a fan on both sides of the nose and upper parts of the upper lip from a distance of 15 cm for five minutes in patients with moderate and severe dyspnea may be effective. In some studies, it has also been observed that hand held fan application is effective on not only dyspnea, but also respiratory rate and oxygen saturation. Hand held fans, which operate with batteries, are a tool to be preferred by patients because they are cheap and portable. Additionally, hand fan can enhance the quality of life of patients since it has no side effect and is easily applicable. The purpose of this review is to discuss the effect of the hand held fan in management of the dyspnea.

Reconstruction of defects involving the upper lip can be challenging. The purpose of this review was to analyze the anatomy and function of the upper lip and provide an approach for reconstruction of upper lip defects. The primary role of the upper lip is coverage of dentition and animation, whereas the lower lip is critical for oral competence, speech, and eating. The orbicularis oris (OO) and several other muscles contribute to upper lip function. There are various insertion points for animation muscles, including the upper lip dermis, OO, and modiolus. Special attention should be paid to the philtrum, Cupid's bow, and vermilion border during reconstruction. Advantages and disadvantages of the Abbe, Estlander, and Karapandzic flaps are presented. Knowledge of mechanics, indications, and properties of local flaps while considering unique characteristics of upper lip anatomy and function are crucial for optimal aesthetic and functional outcomes.

Background: Labial frenum is a fold of mucous membrane whose function is to attach lips and cheek to the alveolar mucosa, gingiva and underlying periosteum. The maxillary labial frenum has lot of variation in shape, size location. This study was aimed to assess the variation of maxillary labial frenum in the indigenous Chepang community of Nepal.Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among the Chepang community at Madi municipality in Chitwan, Nepal. The clinical examination was done by distending the upper lip upward for viewing. The obtained data was classified according to Mirko and Sewerin classification. Data was entered into Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 16 and descriptive statistics was performed.Results: All the Chepang participants 102 (100 %) had mucosal type of maxillary frenum. Among the variations normal frenum was mostly present 74 (72.5%). This type was mostly present in male participants 44 (43.1%). Apart from this frenum with nodules and appendix was also observed.Conclusions: The mucosal type of frenal attachment was prevalent in Chepang Community and normal frenum was the most common type of frenal morphology. Keywords: Chepang community; maxillary labial frenum; mucosal

The current investigation represented the first anatomical description of the buccal cavity of the grey gurnard Eutrigla gurnardus. For the achievement of this study, 10 heads of mature fish were used for SEM examinations. The morphological characteristic appearance of the buccal cavity has shown several adaptations in relation concerning its feeding habits. The median fissure of the upper lip divided the upper lip into two halves, this fissure appeared to be formed from many micro-tubercles with numerous taste buds which aid in holding mucus secretion to the cell surface, help in mucus spread, and provide mechanical protection to the epithelium. Velum had two regions: median and peripheral region. The epithelium covering of the median region of the upper velum had dots-like epithelial protrusion that carrying numerous taste buds, meanwhile, the epithelium covering of the lower velum not carried taste buds but instead carried numerous small scales-like structures. The palate is divided into two semicircular regions by small region of microridges into the anterior and posterior region. The slightly bifid tongue had a median tubercle with numerous small taste buds on its dorsal surface. Concluded, these data were necessary to understand the adaptation of fish to its habitat and in developing a new and better method for fishing of this type of fish.

Pyogenic granuloma (PG) is a granulomatous elevated lesion that occurs on the skin and mucous membranes. We herein report two cases of intra-oral PG that developed during the administration of ramucirumab for gastric cancer. Case 1 involved a 55-year-old man with a 6-mm tumor on the right tongue, and case 2 involved a 67-year-old man with a 5-mm tumor on the upper lip. The imbalance in angiogenesis caused by ramucirumab and the deterioration in the local oral environment were suggested to have caused the PG. Medical and dental collaboration is essential during the administration of ramucirumab.

Wnt signaling plays a critical role in the development of many organs, including the major movable craniofacial organs tongue, lip, and eyelid. Four members of the R-spondin family (Rspo1–4) bind to Lgr4/5/6 to regulate the activation of Wnt signaling. However, it is not fully understood how Rspos/Lgrs regulate Wnt signaling during the development of movable craniofacial organs. To address this question, we examined the expression of Rspos, Lgrs, and Axin2 (major mediator of canonical Wnt signaling) during tongue, lip, and eyelid development. The expression of Axin2, Rspos and Lgrs was observed in many similar regions, suggesting that Rspos likely activate canonical Wnt signaling through the Lgr-dependent pathway in these regions. Lgr expression was not detected in regions where Axin2 and Rspos were expressed, suggesting that Rspos might activate canonical Wnt signaling through the Lgr-independent pathway in these regions. In addition, the expression of Rspos and Lgrs were observed in some other regions where Axin2 was not expressed, suggesting the possibility that Rspos and/or Lgrs are involved in non-canonical Wnt signaling or the Wnt-independent pathway. Thus, we identified a dynamic spatiotemporal expression pattern of Rspos and Lgrs during the development of the eyelid, tongue, and lip.

Introduction Many materials and techniques were used for lip augmentation, whereas in the last years all attention is paid for filling material, and long-lasting surgical techniques were ignored. Materials and methods This study includes 12 candidate patients for upper lip augmentation; all are females, their age range 21–24 years. Standardized anterior and lateral photographs of each subject were taken at: preoperative, 2, 4, and 12 months later, and were analysed using digital imaging software to quantify postoperative changes. We used t-test of correlated samples to detect any statistical significance and Interclass correlation coefficient test (ICC) for reliability that proved the reliability and reproducibility of our method. Results there were statistically significant improvements in al parameters that characterize the fullness of the upper lip. These changes was observed from the 2nd month (P 0.05). These changes were at the 12th month postoperative in: upper white lip (-9%), upper red lip (53%), upper red lip area (63%), protrusion (41%) and nasolabial angle (-7%). There was no statistical significance in the change of Cupid's bow curvature (P-value = 0.104 > 0.05). Conclusions VY in VY for upper lip augmentation improves the parameters that define the youthful and fully appearance of the upper lip and the progress of results may be predictable. These improvements appear to be stable from the 4th month. Also, it doesn't change the Cupid's bow curvature.

This method is suitable for defects involving ½ of the upper lip. It utilizes a sliding flap of lip and cheek tissues on both sides of the defect to reconstruct the missing upper lip. When the defect is smaller, a unilateral sliding flap would suffice, whereas bilateral flaps could be considered for larger defects [1, 2].

Most of the labial deformities are due to lip tumor resection, with a small number of cases secondary to trauma. Majority of the labial tumor involve the lower lip, with a minority involving the upper lip.

The lips form the most important esthetic and functional structure of the lower third of the face [1]. They are complex and delicate organs that require special mention. The most notable feature of the upper lip is the Cupid’s bow, which is formed by the harmonious union of the philtrum, philtrum crest, and the upper vermillion border. Both the upper and lower lips have a cutaneous zone, a vermilion zone, and an oral mucosal zone. The vermillion zones of the upper lip to the lower lip are normally in the ratio of 1:2. The thickness of the lips is not uniform, with the middle being the thickest and thereafter slowly tapering toward the lip commissures. These features must be understood and adhered to for the success of any esthetic surgery involving the lips.

Illustration showing a unilateral lower lip defect after tumor resection. Design the Estlander flap on the left side of upper lip of one and half the width of the defect. Design the sliding flap with a triangular incision inferior to the defect as shown (Fig. 19.2).

Background: The principle goal of orthognathic surgery is to establish a balanced and stable dento-skeletalfacial complex. This mandates the surgeon and the orthodontist to be able to predict the soft tissue changesto the orthognathic surgery precisely, which is accurately possible using 3-D imaging.Aims: To evaluate the soft tissue changes following mandibular advancement and mandibular setbackorthognathic surgeries using 3-D imaging.Methods and Material: This review was conducted according to Preferred Reporting Items for SystematicReviews and meta-Analyses guidelines systematically searching the six databases including PubMed,Cochrane, Google Scholar, LILACS, Directory of Open Access Journals, and OpenGrey.Conclusion: In mandibular advancement surgeries, the hard to soft tissue movement ratio was 1:0.97. Thereis an increase in volume of both lip area and chin. In mandibular setback, there was increased gradient ofchange from upper lip and lower lip to the chin. It was also seen to extend from the midline ( stomion ) to thelateral ( Chelion). The ratio of the soft tissue to bony movement was about 66 % at the Li point.

The recommended minimum requirements for a basic fetal anatomic survey during the mid trimester of pregnancy includes evaluation of the upper lip for possible cleft anomaly. Routine evaluation of the palate or the identification of palatine cleft is not currently included in the guidelines. However, once a cleft lip is detected, an extended evaluation of the fetal face is necessary to assess cleft extension into the palate. Hence every sonographer makes an attempt to evaluate the palate in case of cleft lip, even though it is not included as a part of the routine anatomic survey. Though sonographic markers like “the equal sign” for visualizing the uvula has been proposed, we are yet to arrive at a consensus of whether to include the sign in our routine protocol. As of now, there are no guidelines on screening for palatine clefts, but there is a need to develop a methodical approach to assess the palate in mid trimester.

Mark point 3 as the intended corner of the upper lip and point 2 as the intended corner of the lower lip. Point 1 is located on the vermillion border at about 5 mm distal to point 3, while point 4 is on the vermillion border 5 mm medial to point 2. Draw a 4 mm line from point 1 to point 5 on the lip mucosa (Line 1–5). Similarly, draw a 4 mm line from point 4 to point 6 on the lip mucosa (Line 4–6). Draw a continuous line along the vermillion border from points 3 and 4 to the corner of the cleft (Point A) (Fig. 12.1).

Statement of problem Dentists strive to create natural looking teeth for their patients. However, much of the research on esthetic dentistry has used artificial and computer-generated images to establish esthetic norms. Altered images are helpful in determining personal preferences but may be misleading for natural norms. Purpose The purpose of this report from the Committee on Research in Fixed Prosthodontics of the American Academy of Fixed Prosthodontics was to establish an evidence base for clinical guidelines on lip mobility and the visibility of oral tissues. Material and methods A systematic search was conducted to collect data on the lip border movements and the visibility of teeth and gingiva of human participants. Results One thousand and ninety-six articles were processed, and, based on inclusion criteria, 48 articles were reviewed. The findings determined that the upper lip lengthens with age resulting, at rest, in less display of the maxillary teeth and more of the mandibular arch. When evaluating the maxillary incisal edge position at rest, the canines are the most reproducible. Women tend to display more gingiva in a social smile than men, but this may not be so for a true smile of joy. Both the middle and lower facial thirds should be evaluated to detect a maximal smile. Care must be taken not to classify a person incorrectly as having a low smile line because they could still have a potential to show gingiva. Conclusions Evidence-based clinical guidelines are offered to reduce the risk of esthetic failures.