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Land use change and agricultural intensification have increased food production but at the cost of polluting surface and groundwater. Best management practices implemented to improve water quality have met with limited success. Such lack of success is increasingly attributed to legacy nutrient stores in the subsurface that may act as sources after reduction of external inputs. However, current water‐quality models lack a framework to capture these legacy effects. Here we have modified the SWAT (Soil Water Assessment Tool) model to capture the effects of nitrogen (N) legacies on water quality under multiple land‐management scenarios. Our new SWAT‐LAG model includes (1) a modified carbon‐nitrogen cycling module to capture the dynamics of soil N accumulation, and (2) a groundwater travel time distribution module to capture a range of subsurface travel times. Using a 502‐km2Iowa watershed as a case study, we found that between 1950 and 2016, 25% of the total watershed N surplus (N Deposition + Fertilizer + Manure + N Fixation − Crop N uptake) had accumulated within the root zone, 14% had accumulated in groundwater, while 27% was lost as riverine output, and 34% was denitrified. In future scenarios, a 100% reduction in fertilizer application led to a 79% reduction in stream N load, but the SWAT‐LAG results suggest that it would take 84 years to achieve this reduction, in contrast to the 2 years predicted in the original SWAT model. The framework proposed here constitutes a first step toward modifying a widely used modeling approach to assess the effects of legacy N on the time required to achieve water‐quality goals. For nearly a century, we have used nitrogen fertilizers to boost crop yields. However, the environmental effects of fertilizer use have been severe. Drinking water with high nitrate levels threatens human health, and high nitrogen loads in rivers lead to the creation of dead zonesin coastal waters that make it impossible for fish or underwater plants to survive. Although we have tried for decades to reduce nitrogen levels in our waterways, the results have been disappointing. Scientists now believe that improvements may be slow to come because there are large amounts of nitrogen that have accumulated in soil and groundwater—legacy nitrogen—that continue to pollute our rivers even after farmers have reduced fertilizer use or improved management. However, policymakers still struggle to predict how long it will take to improve water quality. In our work, we have created a new model, Soil Water Assessment Tool‐LAG, that allows us to predict the time lags caused by legacy nitrogen. Using an agricultural watershed in Iowa as a case study, we show that it can take as long as 80 years to see the full effects of new management practices and that these time lags must be considered when setting policy goals. A novel approach was developed to incorporate nitrate lag times in commonly used water‐quality model for watershed managementSWAT‐LAG model showed that lag times to achieve Nutrient Task Force's recommended 60% nitrate load reduction can vary from 6 to 80 yearsGreater implementation of new management practices lead to shorter lag times to achieving water‐quality goals

Freshwater chloride concentrations have been increasing in North American surface waters for decades, largely driven by increases in the use of road salt, which is commonly applied as a deicer. In Chicago, thousands of tons of road salt are applied to roadways each winter, and increases in surface water chloride concentrations have been noted across the region since the mid‐1960s. While much of the applied salt runs directly off to nearby waterways during snowmelt events, some percolates to groundwater, affecting public supply wells and increasing the amount of chloride released to streams as baseflow during the non‐salting season. In the present study we have developed a spatially distributed chloride mass balance across the Chicago Metropolitan Statistical Area (CMSA) for a 30‐year period (1990–2020) to better our understanding of long‐term chloride fluxes and storage. Our results show that inputs of road salt to the region increased by 33% between 1990 and 2020. During this same period, riverine chloride loads across the region increased by 60%. Despite these increases in riverine chloride export, we find that chloride is accumulating in CMSA groundwater at a rate of ∼480 ktons year−1. We show that shallow aquifers, <30 m, exhibit only seasonal chloride storage, without long‐term accumulation. In contrast, at depths below 30 m, we find chloride concentrations to be increasing over time, indicating that legacy chloride is accumulating at deeper depths in CMSA groundwater. The present results highlight the importance of legacy chloride to long‐term water quality dynamics in North American cities. The amount of salt used on roads to melt snow and ice has been increasing for many years in North America. This salt can make its way into nearby surface waters and groundwater, and can cause problems for public water supplies and aquatic ecosystems. In Chicago, where thousands of tons of road salt are used each winter, researchers have found that the amount of salt entering rivers has increased by 60% since 1990. However, they have also found that a lot of the salt is accumulating in the deeper parts of the groundwater system, which means that even if less salt is used in the future, it will take a long time for the system to recover. This study highlights the importance of considering the long‐term effects of salt use on water quality in cities. Road salt application in Chicago increased by ∼30% between 1990 and 2020Downstream chloride export from the Chicago region to the Illinois River totals ∼1,000 ktons year−1Groundwater is a major sink for legacy chloride in the Chicago region at depths below 30 m Road salt application in Chicago increased by ∼30% between 1990 and 2020 Downstream chloride export from the Chicago region to the Illinois River totals ∼1,000 ktons year−1 Groundwater is a major sink for legacy chloride in the Chicago region at depths below 30 m

The unpredictable biodegradation of fluorotelomer (FT)-based per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) causes complicated risk management of PFAS-impacted sites. Here, we have successfully used redundancy analysis to link FT-based precursor biodegradation to key microbes and genes of soil microbiomes shaped by different classes of carbon sources: alcohols (C2–C4), alkanes (C6 and C8), an aromatic compound (phenol), or a hydrocarbon surfactant (cocamidopropyl betaine [CPB]). All the enrichments defluorinated fluorotelomer alcohols (n:2 FtOH; n= 4, 6, 8) effectively and grew on 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonate (6:2 FtS) as a sulfur source. The butanol-enriched culture showed the highest defluorination extent for FtOHs and 6:2 FtS due to the high microbial diversity and the abundance of desulfonating and defluorinating genes. The CPB-enriched culture accumulated more 5:3 fluorotelomer carboxylic acid, suggesting unique roles of Variovoraxand Pseudomonas. Enhanced 6:2 FtOH defluorination was observed due to a synergism between two enrichments with different carbon source classes except for those with phenol- and CPB-enriched cultures. While the 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonamidoalkyl betaine was not degraded, trace levels of 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonamidoalkyl amines were detected. The identified species and genes involved in desulfonation, defluorination, and carbon source metabolism are promising biomarkers for assessing precursor degradation at the sites.

•Longitudinal analysis of corresponding measurements of plasma ctDNA and Tumor burden of melanoma subjects during therapy.•Evidence to explain the poor correlation between tumor burden measurements and plasma ctDNA concentration is due to differences in disease status.•Work has implications relative to the interpretation of ctDNA test results and reconciliation with radiographic standard of care.

ABSTRACTMontrose Wolf provided a definition and outline of the importance of the assessment of social validity as it applies to the field of applied behavior analysis. Since Wolf’s seminal paper, researchers have conducted analyses of the social validity trends of the first 31 years (1968-1998) of the Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis (JABA). The purpose of the current review is to extend the findings those analyses by assessing the trends of the assessment of social validity in JABA from 1999-2016. Overall, the results of the present review indicated that social validity measures were reported in an average of 12% of articles published within JABA that met the inclusion criteria. The results are discussed within the context of the potential implications for the field of applied behavior analysis as well as areas of future research to improve the reporting of the assessment of social validity.

Environmental contextMetabolomics can be used to provide a snapshot of an organism’s physiology as the organism is exposed to varying environmental conditions. In this study, laboratory-reared amphibians were exposed to multiple pesticides, analogous to field exposures, resulting in an impact to both pesticide body concentrations and the amphibians’ hepatic metabolome. These data can be used in the environmental and ecological risk assessment of multiple pesticides in non-target species. AbstractPesticide mixtures are frequently co-applied throughout an agricultural growing season to maximise crop yield. Therefore, non-target ecological species (e.g. amphibians) may be exposed to several pesticides at any given time on these agricultural landscapes. The objectives of this study were to quantify body burdens in terrestrial phase amphibians and translate perturbed metabolites to their corresponding biochemical pathways affected by exposure to pesticides as both singlets and in combination. Southern leopard frogs (Lithobates sphenocephala) were exposed either at the maximum or 1/10th maximum application rate to single, double or triple pesticide mixtures of bifenthrin (insecticide), metolachlor (herbicide) and triadimefon (fungicide). Tissue concentrations demonstrated both facilitated and competitive uptake of pesticides when in mixtures. Metabolomic profiling of amphibian livers identified metabolites of interest for both application rates; however, the magnitude of changes varied for the two exposure rates. Exposure to lower concentrations demonstrated downregulation in amino acids, potentially owing to their usage for glutathione metabolism and/or increased energy demands. Amphibians exposed to the maximum application rate resulted in upregulation of amino acids and other key metabolites likely owing to depleted energy resources. Coupling endogenous and exogenous biomarkers of pesticide exposure can be used to form vital links in an ecological risk assessment by relating internal dose to pathophysiological outcomes in non-target species.

Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HCT) continues to evolve with the treatment in higher risk patient population. This practice mandates stringent update and validation of risk stratification prior to undergoing such a complex and potentially fatal procedure. We examined the adoption of the new comorbidity index (HCT-CI/Age) proposed by the Seattle group after the addition of age variable and compared it to the pre-transplant assessment of mortality (PAM) that already incorporates age as part of its evaluation criteria.

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This article traces the history of the Bulletin of Sociological Methodology(BMS) from 1983 – the date of the publication of the first issue – to today. It emphasises the long-term collaboration between the four members of the original editorial team: Karl M. van Meter, Philippe Cibois, Marie-Ange Schiltz and Lise Mounier. It evokes the institutional difficulties encountered and the solutions found, in France and abroad; the partnership established with the methodology section of the International Sociology Association; and the incorporation of the journal into the SAGE journals catalogue.

Evidence‐based assessment (EBA) streamlines literature reviewing and organizing clinical assessment by targeting the vital few topics, “satisficing,” and focusing on three major phases of clinical activity: prediction of diagnoses or other criteria, prescription of treatment or moderating factors, and process measurement. EBAis an organizing framework for applying a dozen steps to guide treatment. Technology is changing clinical assessment by increasing the efficiency and accuracy of scoring and feedback, as well as innovations that make more intensive assessment feasible. Fully implementing EBAsuggests changes in training and requires a practice overhaul in exchange for greater efficiency, more accurate decisions, incrementally better outcomes, and increased service accessibility that could enable psychological science to help more people.

Thirty years of almost annual Agoramétrie surveys of opinions in France on social conflicts have shown the existence of a very stable two-dimensional structure with a “closure” / “openness” axis and a second “emotional” axis. These same results also show the existence of “trunk questions” which systematically appear in these surveys. On the other hand, in social representation, Serge Moscovici and his colleagues have shown through the method of “associated words”, among others, that there is a very stable “core” or “nucleus” of social representations that generates and largely determine all the others. In this article, we present these two approaches and their results, and show that the set of “trunk questions” and the “heart” of social representations are more than just similar and perhaps identical.

Global flows of reactive nitrogen (N) have increased significantly over the last century in response to agricultural intensification and elevated levels of atmospheric deposition. Despite widespread implementation conservation measures, N concentrations in surface waters are often remaining steady or continuing to increase. Although such lack of response has been attributed to time lags associated with legacy N stores in subsurface reservoirs, it is unclear what the magnitudes of such stores are and how they are partitioned between shallow soil and deeper groundwater reservoirs. Here we have synthesized data to develop a 214?year (1800–2014) trajectory of N inputs to the land surface of the continental U.S. We have concurrently developed a parsimonious, process-based model, Exploration of Long-tErM Nutrient Trajectories (ELEMeNT) that pairs this input trajectory with a travel time-based approach to simulate transport and retention along subsurface pathways. Using the model, we have reconstructed historic nitrate yields at the outlets of two major U.S. watersheds, the Mississippi River Basin (MRB) and Susquehanna River Basin (SRB). Our results show significant N loading above baseline levels in both watersheds before the widespread use of commercial N fertilizers, largely due to the conversion of forest and grassland to row crop agriculture. Model results also allow us to quantify the magnitudes of legacy N in soil and groundwater pools and to highlight the dominance of soil legacies in MRB and groundwater legacies in SRB. Approximately 55% and 18% of the current annual N loads in the MRB and SRB were found to be older than 10?years of age. Global flows of nitrogen have increased significantly over the last century in response to high use of agriculatural fertilizers. Despite the widespread implementation of conservation measures, nitrogen concentrations in rivers and streams are often remaining steady or continuing to increase. Although many attribute this lack of response to stores of legacy nitrogen in soil and groundwater, it remains unclear how much nitrogen is being stored beneath the surface. Here we have synthesized data and developed a simple modeling approach to simulate the transport and retention of nitrogen along subsurface pathways. Using the model, we have reconstructed historic nitrate yields for two major U.S. watersheds, the Mississippi River Basin and Susquehanna River Basin. Our model results show that nitrogen dynamics in the Mississippi River Basin are dominated by soil nitrogen legacies, and that those in the Susquehanna River Basin are dominated by groundwater legacies Approximately 55% of the current annual nitrogen loads in the Mississippi River Basin and 18% of the loads in the Susquehanna River Basin were found to be older than 10 years. Legacy nitrogen contributes 85% of annual nitrate-N loads in the Mississippi River Basin and 47% in the Susquehanna River BasinNitrate-N has accumulated in groundwater aquifers on the order of 500-1000?kg?ha in the two study watershedsOur results indicate a strong hysteresis effect, with changes in annual N loads lagging behind decreases in annual N surplus values

Typical assessment training and practice have not kept pace with advances in evidence‐based practices due to shortcomings of clinical judgment, misperceptions about burden, and literature gaps about matching assessment and treatment. We offer an evidence‐based approach to assessment, focusing on principles to select high‐utility methods for key clinical functions of prediction (i.e., identifying risk factors, quantifying symptoms), prescription (i.e., matching treatment with diagnosis and patient values), or process (i.e., monitoring progress, defining goals). Each function emphasizes different psychometrics. Assessing youths adds issues of development, multiple informants, and confidentiality. Knowing base rates for common problems and matching these with curated tools creates an efficient assessment process that will yield more accurate diagnoses, better patient engagement, and improved outcomes.

Femoral and tibial shaft fractures are common injuries in the United States. Since their introduction, reamed intramedullary nails have become the treatment of choice for most of these fractures. However, delayed union and nonunion can complicate treatment in up to 10% of patients. Removal of interlocking screws, or dynamization, can promote fracture healing in cases of delayed union or nonunion. The efficacy of nail dynamization has been reported to range from 19% to 82%. This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of dynamization, identify the factors associated with its success or failure, and analyze the cost compared with exchange nailing. The authors retrospectively reviewed charts from 2011 to 2014 and searched billing records for Current Procedural Terminology codes 27506 and 27759, for intramedullary nailing of femoral and tibial shaft fractures, and code 20680, for removal of deep hardware. This search identified 34 patients with 35 fractures treated with dynamization for delayed union or nonunion. Dynamization was effective in creating union in 54% of patients. The factor that best correlated with the success of dynamization was the diameter of the fracture callus at the time of dynamization. Direct costs associated with dynamization were nearly $10,000 less than those associated with exchange nailing. Dynamization can be an effective first-line treatment for delayed union and nonunion of femoral and tibial shaft fractures. The union rate in the current study is similar to previously published rates, and cost data suggest that dynamization is a viable alternative to exchange nailing for some patients with delayed union or nonunion. [Femoral and tibial shaft fractures are common injuries in the United States. Since their introduction, reamed intramedullary nails have become the treatment of choice for most of these fractures. However, delayed union and nonunion can complicate treatment in up to 10% of patients. Removal of interlocking screws, or dynamization, can promote fracture healing in cases of delayed union or nonunion. The efficacy of nail dynamization has been reported to range from 19% to 82%. This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of dynamization, identify the factors associated with its success or failure, and analyze the cost compared with exchange nailing. The authors retrospectively reviewed charts from 2011 to 2014 and searched billing records for Current Procedural Terminology codes 27506 and 27759, for intramedullary nailing of femoral and tibial shaft fractures, and code 20680, for removal of deep hardware. This search identified 34 patients with 35 fractures treated with dynamization for delayed union or nonunion. Dynamization was effective in creating union in 54% of patients. The factor that best correlated with the success of dynamization was the diameter of the fracture callus at the time of dynamization. Direct costs associated with dynamization were nearly $10,000 less than those associated with exchange nailing. Dynamization can be an effective first-line treatment for delayed union and nonunion of femoral and tibial shaft fractures. The union rate in the current study is similar to previously published rates, and cost data suggest that dynamization is a viable alternative to exchange nailing for some patients with delayed union or nonunion. [Orthopedics.2016; 39(6):e1117–e1123.]

The accumulation of damage caused by oxidative stress has been linked to aging and to the etiology of numerous age-related diseases. The longevity gene, sirtuin 6 (SIRT6), promotes genome stability by facilitating DNA repair, especially under oxidative stress conditions. Here we uncover the mechanism by which SIRT6 is activated by oxidative stress to promote DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair. We show that the stress-activated protein kinase, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), phosphorylates SIRT6 on serine 10 in response to oxidative stress. This post-translational modification facilitates the mobilization of SIRT6 to DNA damage sites and is required for efficient recruitment of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) to DNA break sites and for efficient repair of DSBs. Our results demonstrate a post-translational mechanism regulating SIRT6, and they provide the link between oxidative stress signaling and DNA repair pathways that may be critical for hormetic response and longevity assurance.

We tested the effects of an intervention on the learning of introductory thermodynamics principles. This intervention, OEM‐Thermo, is designed to prompt the cognitive operations of meaningful learning: organization, elaboration, and monitoring. We also sought evidence to show that execution of these operations was associated with learning gains and that cognitive operations are influenced by different intervention exercises. Study 1: Students who complete OEM‐Thermo will gain more conceptual knowledge than students who complete traditional problems. Study 2: First, elaboration and monitoring contribute to learning with OEM‐Thermo. Second, students engage in elaboration and monitoring at a higher rate when answering elaboration questions than when completing matrix exercises. Study 1: A two‐group, pre‐ and post‐test experimental design tested OEM‐Thermo effectiveness. Study 2: A one‐group, pre‐ and post‐test design where participants thought aloud while completing OEM‐Thermo tested deep and surface reasoning as well as the frequency of elaboration and monitoring events. Study 1: A significant interaction between test time (pre‐ and post‐test) and condition shows that OEM‐Thermo promoted development of conceptual reasoning more effectively than did traditional homework problems. Study 2: Significant partial correlations were found between post‐test scores on one of two deep reasoning categories and the frequency of elaboration and monitoring events in the think‐aloud protocols. Differences were also found in the rate of elaboration across intervention exercises. An intervention that includes tasks designed to stimulate the cognitive operations of meaningful learning improves students' conceptual reasoning.

•Providing a definitive diagnostic test for an emerging infectious disease as rapidly as possible is critical for limiting disease spread, developing and deploying medical countermeasures, and mitigating the social and economic harms of a disease emergency.•The US government should facilitate transparent, bilateral contracts with testing manufacturers and laboratories before a disease emergency, so that testing can be rapidly scaled up.•A permanent public-private testing coordinating body is required in the US government for information sharing, clinical sample access, and improved cooperation among private and public partners.•Early in a disease emergency, the US should swiftly establish billing codes, widespread coverage, and appropriate national payment rates for new tests.•The COVID-19 and monkeypox public health emergencies have demonstrated that the diagnostic testing ecosystem is part of the nation’s critical infrastructure and should receive support for the good of public health, both pre-event and during a response effort.

The article discusses developments in the career of actor Kit Harington, who plays the character of Jon Snow in the television series "Games of Thrones" as of June 2015. Also cited are the lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) characters in the show, Harington's reluctance to become a sex symbol, and the comment by "Game of Thrones" executive producers David Benioff and D. B. Weiss on Harington.