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Global warming may alter microbial ecosystem functions through reshaping of microbial diversities, compositions and interactions. Here, the community compositions, assembly processes and microbial interactions of prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) were compared between the warming year of 2014 and 2016 in the Chukchi Sea. Our results indicated that prokaryotic diversity was significant higher in the warmer year of 2016. Furthermore, stochastic processes always dominated archaeal assembly processes, but bacterial assembly processes were mainly shaped by deterministic processes in 2016. And more keystones were detected in bacteria than that in archaea to maintain prokaryotic community stability. Both bacterial and archaeal community variations had significant correlations with environmental factors, although many of these factors (such as TN, TP, TOC and heavy metals) had not changed significantly from 2014 to 2016. Our study provides some new insights into microbial responses to climate warming in marine sediments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The anterosuperior portion of the bulla lamella can extend into the frontal sinus and form the supra bulla frontal cell (SBFC) and supraorbital ethmoid cell (SOEC). This can affect the frontal drainage pathway and make surgery more challenging. Objectives: The aim of the study was to compare the anatomical characteristics of SBFC and SOEC in Chinese chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) patients and explore the relationship between the cells and frontal sinusitis (FS). The surgical skills in dealing with these cells were also studied. Methods: We prospectively identified SBFC and SOEC in 114 patients with CRS by computed tomography (CT). The sides of the patients were divided into groups A (with FS) and B (without FS). CT scans were analyzed to distinguish the SBFC, SOEC, and the drainage pathway. Statistical analysis was conducted to determine whether the cells were associated with the occurrence of FS. Results: The prevalence of frontal cells was as follows: SBFC: 9.65%, SOEC: 21.93%. There was an association between the presence of SBFC and FS (p < 0.05). The anterior drainage pathway was present in patients with SBFC and SOEC, anterolateral pathway in those with SBFC/SOEC coexisting with the frontal septal cell, and anteromedial pathway in those with SBFC/SOEC coexisting with the supra agger frontal cell. Conclusions: There was an association between the presence of SBFC and the occurrence of FS. Extension of the anterosuperior portion of the bulla lamella into the frontal sinus obstructed the drainage pathway posteriorly. Understanding the anatomy may help surgeons thoroughly dissect the bulla lamella. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research has been conducted on the oxidative metabolism. The preparation of naphthamides which contain fluorine atoms in the B-ring and block block oxidative metabolism is described.

Research suggests that 2-hydroxylated imines mediate competitive delivery of the oxidant and produce products enriched in syn adducts. Data indicate that in these compounds, adjacent hydroxylgroups preferentially undergo syn oxidant addition, whereas imines with adjacent methoxy groups favor attack anti to the alkoxy substituent.

Background: Low temperature, which is one of the main environmental factors that limits geographical distribution and sucrose yield, is a common abiotic stress during the growth and development of sugar beet. As a regulatory hub of plant response to abiotic stress, activity in the chloroplasts is related to many molecular and physiological processes, particularly in response to low temperature stress. Results: The contents of chlorophyll (Chl) and malondialdehyde (MDA), relative electrical conductivity (REL), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were measured. The results showed that sugar beet could manage low temperature stress by regulating the levels of Chl, REL and MDA, and the activity of SOD. The physiological responses indicated that sugar beets respond positively to low temperature treatments and are not significantly damaged. Moreover, to determine the precise time to response low temperature in sugar beet, well-known abiotic stresses-responsive transcript factor family, namely DEHYDRATION RESPONSIVE ELEMENT BINDING PROTEIN (DREB), was selected as the marker gene. The results of phylogenetic analyses showed that BvDREBA1 and BvDREBA4 were in the same branch as the cold- and drought-responsive AtDREB gene. In addition, the expression of BvDREBs reached its maximum level at 24 h after low temperature by RNA-Seq and qRT-PCR analysis. Furthermore, the changes in chloroplast proteome after low temperature at 24 h were detected using a label-free technique. A total of 416 differentially expressed proteins were identified. GO enrichment analysis showed that 16 GO terms were significantly enriched, particularly chloroplast stroma, chloroplast envelope, and chloroplast thylakoid membrane. It is notable that the transport of photosynthetic proteins (BvLTD and BvTOC100), the formation of starch granules (BvPU1, BvISA3, and BvGWD3) and the scavenging of reactive oxygen species (BvCu/Zn-SOD, BvCAT, BvPrx, and BvTrx) were the pathways used by sugar beets to respond to low temperatures at an early stage. Conclusions: These results provide a preliminarily analysis of how chloroplasts of sugar beet respond to low temperature stress at the translational level and provide a theoretical basis for breeding low temperature resistant varieties of sugar beet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The total synthesis of himbacine and himbeline as well as isohimbacine, an unnatural isomer of himbacine, initially involved the use of an intramolecular Diels-Alder reaction followed by a [3 + 2] cycloaddition with nitrone to generate the isoxazolidine derivative. The [3 + 2] nitrone cycloaddition was used to incorporate the trans-2,6-disubstituted piperidinyl ring system. Methylation followed by catalytic reduction yielded 12'-hydroxyhimbacine, the dehydration of which produced isohimbacine.

Background: This study aims to investigate the effect of PSMC2 expression on the clinical prognosis of glioma patients and its molecular mechanism. Methods: TCGA multi-tumor screening and survival analysis were combined to explore the differential expression of PSMC2 in multi-tumor. PSMC2 expression in glioma and normal tissues was detected by Western blot and RT-qPCR. Kaplan-Meier survival curve was used to visualize the effect of PSMC2 expression on the overall survival rate and disease-free survival rate of patients with glioma. The highly expressed cell line U343MG was selected to construct a PSMC2 knockdown model by siRNA transfection, and the effect of PSMC2 knockdown on cell proliferation ability was evaluated by CCK-8 assay. Gene-set enrichment analysis of PSMC2 co-expression genes was carried out to predict the molecular mechanism of their regulation of tumor cell phenotypes, and the analysis results were verified by flow cytometry and Western blot. Results: Through broad-spectrum screening of 31 kinds of tumors, we found that PSMC2 was upregulated in most tumors, but PSMC2 was most significantly overexpressed in gliomas and correlated with poor prognosis in glioma patients. The results of Western blot and qRT-PCR showed that PSMC2 was significantly overexpressed in glioma tissues. Further survival analysis revealed that the overall survival and disease-free survival of patients with low PSMC2 expression were significantly better than that of patients with high PSMC2 expression. The proliferation of U343MG cells was significantly inhibited after PSMC2 knockdown. Enrichment analysis of PSMC2 co-expression genes indicated that PSMC2 affected the apoptosis process. The expression of apoptosis-related proteins also significantly changed following PSMC2 knockdown. Conclusions: PSMC2 promotes the proliferation of glioma cells and inhibits the apoptosis, which is expected to be a potential therapeutic target for glioma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Agricultural soil contamination by heavy metals is a serious environmental problem, and developing feasible and effective soil remediation technologies is a top priority. In this study, a microbial consortium dominated by sulfur-oxidizing bacteria was constructed to enhance Cd and Zn removal from contaminated soil. Materials and methods: During treatments, changes in pH and Eh and the removal efficiencies of Cd and Zn were investigated. Fractionation of Cd and Zn, soil fertility indexes, and the microbial community were also analyzed before and after bioleaching. Results and discussion: The results show that under the same conditions, the best removal efficiencies for Cd and Zn were observed in the bioleaching group compared to other treatments (acid leaching and sulfur treatment). When the sulfur concentration was 15 g/kg, 79.3% of Cd and 45.2% of Zn were removed, while undissolved Cd and Zn mainly remained in the residual fraction, accounting for 93.1% and 84.0% of their remaining totals, respectively. After remediation, the bioleaching group showed a reduction of the total phosphorus and available potassium, with a decrease of 53.7% and 41.2%, respectively. Furthermore, the exogenous microbes in the inoculum had a competitive advantage and became the dominant population at the end of the run. Conclusions: The consortium obtained in this study can effectively improve remediation processing and be used to remediate heavy metal-contaminated soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 1H NMR spectra of spirocyclic oxaziridines derived from substituted cyclcohexanones and benzylamines were examined. The results showed that both compounds exhibited upfield shift of the cyclohexyl methylene or methine protons with a 1,3-diaxial relationship to the oxaziridine N-substituent, an effect of the conformation that places an aromatic group above the cyclohexane ring. The conformations were verified by solid-state X-ray crystallography and molecular mechanic calculations.