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To analyze the tensile properties for the single-strap butt joint of a carbon fiber reinforced composite, a finite element model was established using no. 22 and no. 185 materials based on LS-DYNA with the test data and the theoretical solutions reported by Li et al. Then, the tensile properties influenced by three factors were analyzed, i.e., the connection strength, the failure mode of the composite, and the adhesive stress. The results show that the adhesive interface of 0° stacking can greatly improve the tensile strength and reduce the composite matrix tensile damage. With the increase of the adhesive thickness, the connection strength decreases first and then increases. As for the overlap length, its increase is conductive to the tensile strength but detrimental to the lightweight design. Therefore, these factors should be taken into consideration when designing the joint. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There has been great interest in phytoestrogens, which are polyhydric compounds that are derived from plants and have a structure similar to that of the mammalian steroid hormone 17β-estradiol. The present study examined the estrogenic effects of a new natural uridine derivative, lepidiumuridine A (LA), that was isolated from the seeds of Lepidium apetalum. The structure was clarified and determined via analysis of extensive spectroscopic data interpretation. The activity of LA was investigated by measuring the levels of estradiol (E2), luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), and the uterus growth in mice. The proliferation experiment of MCF-7 breast cancer cells was also conducted. Western blot, in-cell western, and antagonist assays with methyl piperidino-pyrazole (MPP) were used for exploring the mechanism of the effects of LA. The results showed that LA elevated the uterine coefficient, the levels of E2, and FSH significantly. In addition, LA significantly elevated ERα expression in the uterus and MCF-7 cells. MPP inhibited the proliferation of LA-stimulated MCF-7 cell and ERα expression in MCF-7 cells. Taken together, LA had an estrogen-like effect, which was mainly mediated by the estrogen receptor ERα. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a laboratory and field investigation of pull-out resistance of wood bolts in rammed earth heritages. The laboratory testing involved axial tensile tests of four grout specimens prepared in specially designed moulds using PS-F (Potassium Silicate solution-Fly ash) slurry to investigate the performance of anchors. The field testing involved pull-out tests of three wood anchors installed in rammed earth heritages by gravity grouting. Experiments reveal that the failure mode is the pull-out of bolt from grout and average skin friction resistance of bolt–grout interface is approximately 0.34MPa. Load–displacement curves and elastic–residual displacement derived from cyclic loading indicate such anchor system has strong ductility with small elastic deformation and large residual deformation. Bond collapse firstly occurs at the loaded end and then propagates towards the full bonded length. Bond stress distribution is not uniform along the bonded length. Maximum bond stress distributes at the range from 0.3 m to 0.4 m. Emergence of compressive strain in the interface reveals such anchor system enjoys the advantages of both tensile and compressive anchor types, which significantly differs from results from other regular bolts. The research conclusion makes scientific senses to traditional material and craft in rammed earth heritages. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The work reported here is a systematic study to evaluate the compatibility of using PS-F (potassium silicate with high modulus – fly ash) slurry in the conservation of adobe structures. Firstly, the optimum mixing proportion (0.47) was determined by flow meter. Then the experimental program was divided into two parts: one part studied changes in physical and mechanical properties with increase in setting time by means of the measurement of moisture content, compressive and flexural strength, elastic-wave velocity, density, and porosity; the other part studied the durability of PS-F slurry through temperature and humidity cycles, freeze–thaw cycles, water stability, tensile testing, and alkali resistivity tests. The results show that the consolidation process with the slurry can meet the requirements of conservation applications and provide a timely anchoring force, and the slurry and soil mass of adobe-based structures have good compatibility in physical and mechanical properties. In addition, the slurry can strongly resist freeze–thaw cycles, temperature-moisture cycles, and tensile stress and has a relatively weak resistance to alkali solutions and water immersion. In conclusion, PS-F with a mixing ratio of 0.47 is a suitable slurry for conservation of adobe structures. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Ultrasound vascular imaging (UVI) is a valuable tool for monitoring the physiological states and evaluating the pathological diseases. Advancing from conventional two-dimensional (2D) to three-dimensional (3D) UVI would enhance the vasculature visualization, thereby improving its reliability. Row-column array (RCA) has emerged as a promising approach for cost-effective ultrafast 3D imaging with a low channel count. However, ultrafast RCA imaging is often hampered by high-level sidelobe artifacts and low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), which makes RCA-based UVI challenging. In this study, we propose a spatial-temporal similarity weighting (St-SW) method to overcome these challenges by exploiting the incoherence of sidelobe artifacts and noise between datasets acquired using orthogonal transmissions. Simulation, in vitro blood flow phantom, and in vivo experiments were conducted to compare the proposed method with existing orthogonal plane wave imaging (OPW), row-column-specific frame-multiply-and-sum beamforming (RC-FMAS), and XDoppler techniques. Qualitative and quantitative results demonstrate the superior performance of the proposed method. In simulations, the proposed method reduced the sidelobe level by 31.3 dB, 20.8 dB, and 14.0 dB, compared to OPW, XDoppler, and RC-FMAS, respectively. In the blood flow phantom experiment, the proposed method significantly improved the contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) of the tube by 26.8 dB, 25.5 dB, and 19.7 dB, compared to OPW, XDoppler, and RC-FMAS methods, respectively. In the human submandibular gland experiment, it not only reconstructed a more complete vasculature but also improved the CNR by more than 15 dB, compared to OPW, XDoppler, and RC-FMAS methods. In summary, the proposed method effectively suppresses the side-lobe artifacts and noise in images collected using an RCA under low SNR conditions, leading to improved visualization of 3D vasculatures.

Obtaining lignin-based graphite-like microcrystallites at a relatively low carbonization temperature is still very challenging. In this work, we report a new method based on condensed structures, for regulating graphite-like microcrystalline structures via the incorporation of 4,4'-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI) into the main structure of lignin. The effects of MDI on the thermal properties of lignin and the graphite-like microcrystalline structure of lignin-based ultrafine carbon fibers were extensively studied and investigated. The incorporation of MDI decreased the thermal stability of lignin, increased the carbon yield and enhanced the formation of graphite-like microcrystallites, which are beneficial for reducing energy consumption during the preparation of lignin-based carbon fibers. The modified lignin-based ultrafine carbon fibers (M-LCFs) demonstrated satisfactory electrochemical performance, including high specific capacitance, low charge transfer resistance, and good cycle performance. The M-LCFs-3/2 electrode had a specific capacitance of 241.3 F g -1 at a current density of 0.5 A g -1 , and a residual ratio of 90.2 % after 2000 charge and discharge cycles. This study provides a new approach to control the graphite-like microcrystalline structure and electrochemical performance while also optimizing the temperature., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest I would like to declare on behalf of my co-authors that we have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Five new compounds were identified from the stems of Ephedra equisetina Bunge. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods, involving UV, IR, NMR spectrum and HRESIMS analyses. The absolute configuration of compound 2 was proved by comparing their experimental and calculated ECD spectrum. The vitro bioactive assay of all compounds suggested that compound 1, 3, 4, 5 and 6 may have potential anti-asthmatic activities., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors have declared that there is no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Vascular endothelial cell premature senescence plays an important part in stroke. Many microRNAs (miRNAs) are known to be involved in the pathological process of vascular endothelial cell premature senescence. The present study aimed to investigate the mechanism of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced premature senescence in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and effect of miR-142-3p on hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced premature senescence. HUVECs were exposed to H2O2 to establish a model premature senescence in endothelial cells. CCK-8 assay was performed to detect cell viability. Senescence-associated β-galactosidase staining assay and senescence-related proteins p16 and p21 were used to detect changes in the degree of cell senescence. RT-qPCR and Western blot were conducted to measure mRNA and protein levels, respectively. The scratch wound-healing assay, transwell assay, and EdU assay were performed to evaluate the ability of migration and proliferation, respectively. miRNA-142-3p and silencing information regulator 2 related enzyme 1 (SIRT1) binding was verified using Targetscan software and a dual-luciferase assay. We found that miRNA-142-3p is abnormally up-regulated in HUVECs treated with H2O2. Functionally, miRNA-142-3p inhibition may mitigate the degree of HUVEC senescence and improve HUVEC migration and proliferation. Mechanistically, SIRT1 was validated to be targeted by miRNA-142-3p in HUVECs. Moreover, SIRT1 inhibition reversed the effects of miRNA-142-3p inhibition on senescent HUVECs exposed to H2O2. To our knowledge, this is the first study to show that miRNA-142-3p ameliorates H2O2-induced HUVECs premature senescence by targeting SIRT1 and may shed light on the role of the miR-142-3p/SIRT1 axis in stroke treatment., (© 2024 The Author(s).)

Twelve undescribed compounds, including five flavonoids and seven phenols, were isolated from the stems of Ephedra equisetina Bunge. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods, including NMR spectroscopy and HRESIMS analysis. Their absolute configurations were elucidated by comparing their experimental and calculated ECD spectra. In the in vitro bioactive assay, all compounds were tested for their anti-asthmatic activities by releasing β-Hex in C48/80-induced RBL-2H3 cells. The β-Hex release rates of compounds 3, 8, 10, and 11 were 0.8502 ± 0.0231, 0.8802 ± 0.0805, 0.7850 ± 0.0593, and 0.8361 ± 0.0728, respectively, suggesting that compounds 3, 8, 10, and 11 have potential anti-asthmatic activities., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Tanshinone IIA (Tan-IIA) is the main bioactive component of Chinese herbal medicine salvia miltiorrhiza (Danshen). Sodium sulfonate of Tan-IIA is widely used in the treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Tan-IIA also has inhibitory effects on tumor cells such as gastric cancer, but its therapeutic effect and mechanism on human neuroblastoma have not been evaluated, so its pharmacological mechanism is systematically evaluated by the combined method of network pharmacology and molecular docking. PharmMapper and SwissTargetPrediction predicted 331 potential Tan-IIA-related targets, and 1,152 potential neuroblastoma-related targets were obtained from GeneCards, DisGeNET, DrugBank, OMIM and Therapeutic Target databases (TTD), 107 common targets for Tan-IIA and neuroblastoma. Through gene ontology (GO) functional annotation, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomesa (KEGG) pathway enrichment, protein-protein interaction (PPI) network and cytoHubba plug-in, 10 related signal pathways (Pathways in cancer, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, Prostate cancer, etc.) and 10 hub genes were identified. The results of molecular docking showed that Tan-IIA could interact with 10 targets: GRB2, SRC, EGFR, PTPN1, ESR1, IGF1, MAPK1, PIK3R1, AKT1 and IGF1R. This study analyzed the related pathways and targets of Tan-IIA in the treatment of human neuroblastoma, as well as the potential anticancer and anti-tumor targets and related signaling pathways of Tan-IIA, which provides a reference for us to find and explore effective drugs for the treatment of human neuroblastoma., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Tang, Wang, Miao, Zhao, Cao, Sun, Zhang, Sui and Li.)

Six previously undescribed sesquiterpenoids, chrysanthterpenoids H-M (1-6), were isolated from the stem and leaves of Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. Structure elucidation of isolated compounds was unambiguously determined based on extensive 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic analyses. Furthermore, computational prediction of ECD was used to propose the absolute configurations of the compounds. All compounds were evaluated for their anti-asthma effects on RBL-2H3 cells in vitro. The results showed that Compounds 2 and 3 significantly inhibited the release of β-aminohexosidase and improved RBL-2H3 degranulation by chromogenic substrate and high-content imaging. These results suggest that Compounds 2 and 3 may exhibit anti-asthma activities., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Erectile dysfunction (ED) caused by cavernous nerve injury (CNI) is refractory to heal mainly ascribed to the adverse remodeling of the penis induced by ineffectual microvascular perfusion, fibrosis, and neurotrophins scarcity in cavernosum. Phosphodiesterase type V inhibitors (PDE5i) have been regarded as an alternative candidate drug for avoiding penile neuropathy. However, the therapeutic efficacy is severely limited due to poor accumulation under systemic medication and endogenous nitric oxide (NO) deficiency in cavernosum. Herein, an innovative liposomal microbubble (MB) loaded with both Sildenafil (one of PDE5i) and NO was designed. Ultrasound-targeted MB destruction (UTMD)-mediated efficient release and integration erectogenic agents into corpus cavernosum with high biosafety. On a bilateral CNI rat model, the multifunctional MB-cooperated UTMD improved microvascular perfusion in penis, simultaneously, alleviated hypoxia and oxidative stress, indicating successful activation of NO-cyclic guanosine monophosphate pathway. Also, evaluation of the endothelial/muscular composition, intracavernosal pressure, and neural integrity in the penis proved that coordinated intervention reversed the abnormal structural remodeling and promoted the recovery of functional erection. Our work demonstrates that MB loading Sildenafil and NO combined with UTMD hold great promise to "awaken" the efficacy of PDE5i in neurogenic ED, which provided a superior option for ensuring penile rehabilitation., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflicts of interest. The authors declare that the figure of Schematic was designed by our team, and do not acquire from any copyrighted source, without acknowledgement., (© 2023 The Authors. Bioengineering & Translational Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Institute of Chemical Engineers.)

Recently, the coding metasurface has gained significant attention due to its exceptional potential in controlling electromagnetic (EM) waves with the rapid development of wireless communication systems. Meanwhile, graphene shows tremendous promise for the implementation of reconfigurable antennas due to its high tunable conductivity and its unique property that makes it a very suitable material for realizing steerable coded states. In this paper, we first propose a simple structured beam reconfigurable millimeter wave (MMW) antenna using a novel graphene-based coding metasurface (GBCM). Different from the previous method, its coding state can be manipulated by altering the sheet impedance of graphene instead of bias voltage. Then, we design and simulate several most popular coding sequences, including dual-, quad-and single-beam-generated implement, 30° beam deflection, as well as a random coding sequence for radar cross-section (RCS) reduction. The theoretical and simulation results show that graphene has great potential for MMW manipulation applications, which lay a foundation for the subsequent development and fabrication of GBCM.

Epimesatines A-I, nine undescribed prenylated flavonoids, along with ten known analogues, were isolated from the aerial parts of Epimedium sagittatum Maxim. The structures and absolute configurations of epimesatines A-I were determined using a combination of spectroscopic data, Rh 2 (OCOCF 3 ) 4 -induced electronic circular dichroism (ECD) experiments, ECD comparisons, and X-ray crystallography analysis. Epimesatines A and I displayed notable activities on the viabilities of human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) A549 cells with IC 50 values of 1.77 and 9.97 μM, respectively. Furthermore, epimesatines A and I significantly inhibited the expression of sphingosine kinase 1 (SPHK1) in A549 cells. In addition, none of these compounds showed obvious toxicity on normal human lung bronchial epithelial BEAS-2B cells., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Compressed sensing-based synthetic transmit aperture (CS-STA) was previously proposed to recover the full radio-frequency (RF) channel dataset of synthetic transmit aperture (STA) from that of a smaller number of randomly apodized plane wave (PW) transmissions. In this way, the imaging frame rate (FR) and contrast are improved with maintained spatial resolution, compared with those of STA. Because CS-STA reconstruction is repeated for all receive elements and RF samples (with a high sampling frequency), the recovery of STA dataset in RF domain is time-consuming. In the meantime, a large amount of RF data needs to be transferred and stored, resulting in an increase of system complexity and required memory space. In this study, CS-STA is extended to in-phase/quadrature (IQ) domain (with lower sampling frequency) for the recovery of baseband STA IQ dataset to accelerate the CS-STA reconstruction by reducing the amount of data to be processed. More importantly, CS-STA reconstruction using IQ data is of practical importance, as clinical ultrasound systems typically record baseband IQ signal instead of RF signal. Simulations, phantom and in vivo experiments verify the feasibility of CS-STA in IQ domain for the recovery of STA dataset. More specifically, CS-STA using IQ data achieves similar image quality and appreciably improves reconstruction speed (by ∼3 times) compared with that using RF data. These findings demonstrate that IQ-domain CS-STA is capable of relieving the computational and storage burdens, which may facilitate the implementation of CS-STA in practical ultrasound systems., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

H 2 S donors are substitutes of H 2 S with various biological activities like inhibiting the inflammatory response and protecting myocardial cells from injury. In order to confirm whether the H 2 S donors have drug-like properties, two series thiophosphamide H 2 S donors were evaluated including toxicity, bioactivity and pharmacokinetic properties in vivo and in vitro. The following results were obtained. Firstly, all the compounds released H 2 S under measuring condition; with the increase of pH value, the H 2 S release rate of all the compounds decreased and the amount reduced, but pH value had little effect on the maximum release of H 2 S. Secondly, in the organs and tissues of rats, the compounds released H 2 S in the same way as in PBS. In plasma, compound 1 reached the C max after administration 55 min, and no compound 1 was detected after 12 h; for compound 18, the C max reached only after administration 100 min, and after 6 h, compound 18 was not detected; in organs and tissues, the H 2 S-release rates were different from those in PBS, but the mechanism of H 2 S release was the same. Thirdly, in the test of toxicity, all the compounds displayed low toxicities to 5 cancer cells and W138 cell lines; compounds 1 and 18 had slight effect on the physiological tissue and function of rat liver at low concentration; the compounds had almost no effect on the hatching rate, survival rate of zebrafish embryos, and the spontaneous movement of zebrafish embryos at below 0.5 μM, but when they were over 1 μM, the compounds displayed inhibitory effect in the manner of concentration dependence. Fourthly, in the course of anti-inflammatory test, all the tested compounds significantly reduced the level of TNF-α and increased the level of IL-10; when they were 100 μM, the levels of IL-10 were three times as high as those in the control group. Among them, compounds 10 and 18 displayed stronger activities than the others. In addition, the compounds protected H9c2 cells from injure and improved myocardial injury through anti-oxidation pathway. In summary, the compounds have druglike properties due to low toxicity, better activity and good pharmacokinetic property. Therefore, they have potential to be as candidates to investigate further., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Based on the structures of nicotinic acid and chlorfibrate, a series of new H 2 S donors were synthesized and their anti-atherosclerosis activities using Ox-LDL RAW 264.6 cells as model were evaluated. The release test showed that all the compounds could release H 2 S effectively and showed low cytotoxicity. In the bioactivity experiments, compounds 1, 3, 9 and 14 increased the survival rate of HUVEC cells treated by ox-LDL; among four compounds, compounds 1 and 3 displayed higher activity than the others. In the foam cell model, compounds 1 and 3 were found to inhibit the formation of foam cells and significantly reduced the content of TC and FC in foam cells. They had more obvious effects on lipid reduction than those of nicotinic acid and chlorfibrate. In anti-oxidation, compounds 1 and 3 significantly reduced ROS and MDA and increased the expression level of SOD, whereas the precursor compounds, niacin and chlorfibrate had little antioxidant effect. In addition, both compounds also inhibited the inflammatory response in foam cells, with reducing pro-inflammatory factor TNF-α and increasing anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. WB assay showed that the tested compounds inhibited the expression levels PI3K, Akt and NF-κb proteins. In conclusion, the compounds as H 2 S donors could protect HUVEC cells from damage and inhibit the formation of foam cells by inhibiting PI3K/Akt/NF-κb signal pathway. All these suggest the compounds have potential to be candidate for anti-atherosclerosis medicines., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

On the basis of our previous study, the H 2 S donors based on nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) were further evaluated with regard to the following aspects: animal blood and urine analyses, liver and kidney toxicities, gastrointestinal protection, anti-hypertension, and myocardial protection. The test results showed that after the successive administration of the compound for 14 days, the number of white blood cells in the blood of rats reduced, and protein and leukocytes appeared in urine; further, α-lipoic-acid-acetaminophen ester ( 1 ) and ibuprofen-ADTOH ester ( 2 ) had a certain effect on the physiological tissue and function of rat liver, and their side-effects on the kidneys were obvious. However, when compared with NSAIDs as the precursors, the tested compounds displayed much fewer side-effects; particularly, for the gastrointestinal mucosa of rats, there were hardly any side-effects. Moreover, all the three compounds decreased blood pressures in spontaneously hypertensive rats in a concentration-dependent manner, even though this antihypertensive effect was weaker than those induced by nifedipine and captopril. In addition, three compounds protected H9c2 cells from injury via an antioxidation pathway; and they improved myocardial injury in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Compound 2 is the derivative of ibuprofen and has lower toxicity to rat cardiomyocytes than ibuprofen. Therefore, it may become a better substitute of ibuprofen in patients due to its lower cardiotoxicity.

A series of H 2 SCO dual-donors [Mn(CO) 4 CS 2 NR 1 R 2 ] was synthesized, and evaluated from toxicity and bioactivity. The COH 2 S measuring test showed all the complexes not only released CO, but released H 2 S. The resulting data of cytotoxicity showed all the complexes had activities against the cell proliferation; among them, complexes 1, 2 and 7 displayed higher activities than the others, and their potencies were close to cis-platinum (DDP); whereas the precursors A 1 -A 22 had almost no activities against all five tumor cell lines and W138 cell line proliferation. It is worth noting that complex 1 displayed the highest activity to MCF-7, complex 2 displayed the highest activity to HePG2, and complex 7 showed selectivity inhibition to both A549 and HeLa. The developmental toxicities of the complex were assessed using zebrafish embryos. The results showed complexes 1 and 2 had effect on the mortality and hatching rate of zebrafish embryos in dose-dependent manner. They caused zebrafish malformations when they were over 10 μM. Meanwhile, they displayed dose-dependent toxicities to larval zebrafish. In the test of bio-activities, complexes 1 and 2 had strong anti-inflammatory activities; they not only down-regulated the expression levels of iNOS and TNF-α, up-regulated the expression of HO-1 and IL-10, but also up-regulated COX-2 levels. In contrast, the precursor compound (A 1 or A 2 ) displayed lower anti-inflammatory activity than the corresponding complex, which suggests both the CO and H 2 S from the complex took synergistic effects in the process of anti-inflammation. In addition, the complex showed antihypertensive effect and myocardial protection. This effect also possibly resulted from this synergistic effect. All these suggest the complexes have potential to be candidate medicines., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To compared 3 approaches to establishing Balb/c mouse models of hind-limb ischemia suitable for studies of regenerative medicine., Methods: Thirty eight-week-old male Balb/c mice were randomly divided into 3 groups for establishing models of hind-limb ischemia by both ligating and transecting the femoral artery proximal to the origin of the deep femoral artery branch, ligating the femoral artery proximal to the origin of the deep femoral artery branch, or ligating the femoral artery distal to the femoral artery trunk. The mice were continuously observed for 5 days after the operation, and hind-limb blood perfusion was monitored by laser Doppler imaging on the second postoperative day., Results: All the 3 surgical approaches caused blood flow block in the hind-limbs of the mice. In mice with ligation and transaction of the femoral artery proximal to the origin of the deep femoral artery branch, dry gangrene occurred in the whole hind-limb. Dry gangrene also occurred in the legs and paws of mice with ligation of the femoral artery proximal to the origin of the deep femoral artery branch. In mice with femoral artery ligation distal to the origin of the deep femoral artery branch, the sole of the foot was dry with scaling skin and necrosis of several digits; microscopically examination revealed a large quantity of necrotic muscles accompanied by muscle regeneration., Conclusion: Ligating the femoral artery distal to the origin of the deep femoral artery branch can be optimal for establishing Balb/c mouse models of hind-limb ischemia.