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The electro-optic power pumping system model using the inline successive technique within the modified add-drop filter is proposed. A pumping system consists of a closed loop Panda ring resonator, from which the optical power is coupled inline into the system. By controlling the two side phase modulators, the whispering gallery mode (WGM) is generated by the amplitude-squeezed light within the modified add-drop filter. By using the proposed circuits, the low current can be applied into the system via a gold layer connection, from which the amplified output current can be obtained at the throughput port, which can be functioned as the electronic operational amplifier (op-amp). In application, the WGM output is the amplified signal that can be used for the up (down) link in free space communication network called light fidelity (LiFi). The electro-optic signals conversion can be performed by the stacked layers of silicon-graphene-gold materials. The results obtained have shown that large gain is obtained at the WGM output, which is ~ 5 × 10-6cm2(VsW)-1, when the pumping saturation time is ~ 2 fs. It concludes the suitability of our proposed model for light fidelity, LiFi up-down link conversion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The design of the microsensor system for biosensors using the plasmonic island is proposed. The sensor head is formed by the stacked layers of silicon-graphene-gold materials. The dual-mode operations of the sensor can be performed using the relationship of the changes between the electron mobility and optical phase, where the exciting environment can be light intensity (phase), electrical transient, heat, pressure, flavour and smoke, The change in light phase (intensity) in silicon and conductivity (mobility) in gold layers cause change in the output measurands. The design and simulation interpretation of the sensor is presented. The sensor manipulation using the MCM arrangement is simulated and interpreted for biosensor applications 3D imaging can also be applied to the MCM function, where the 3D in situ sensor function is possible. The sensor sensitivity of 2.0 × 10−21 cm2 V−1 s−1 (mW)−1 via simulation is obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The plasmonic electronic component consists of the stacked layers of silicon-graphene-gold materials can be integrated with the driven group velocity system, which is nonlinear microring resonator. This determines the suitable driven velocity in controlling the side ring phase modulators. In such a case, the proposed system can give the advantage of the greater switching speed and the hybrid function between electronic and light signals. The obtained I-V output characteristics of the transmitted results have shown that the proposed circuit can function to be the electronic devices with very high stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: We present a design of micro‐conjugate mirror using a nonlinear microring resonator, which is made of GaAsInP/P, is rapidly achieving widespread option in several three‐dimensional (3D) imaging applications. By exploiting the conjugate mirror properties, the 3D light probes can be formed by the whispering gallery modes (WGM) in which the WGM probe is also available within a nonlinear microring resonator. It is important to understand, these light probes use the similar functional principle to provide structured light through the object, just as the reference beams to light up and develop a hologram using the holographic method. The interference of 2 beams constructs the 3D image which can be seen by the naked‐eye while providing the 3D perception. The simulation results obtained from the transmission of 3D imaging are processed using MATLAB and OptiFDTD are compared and analyzed. These convincing theoretical results suggest that the proposed method can be used in practice to realize the naked‐eye 3D imaging with convincing visual perception and efficient transmission while providing the ultimate mode of convenience for viewers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salinity magnitude changes are a critical factor for determining the chemistry of natural water bodies and biological processes. Label-free refractive index sensors are promising devices for detecting these changes. A polymer optical fiber (POF) sensor modified with cladding treatment and a bi-layer zinc oxide/silver (ZnO/Ag) nanostructure coating to determine sodium chloride concentration changes through refractive index variations in water is experimentally demonstrated. The use of three ZnO nanostructure shapes, nanoparticles and horizontally and vertically oriented nanorods, as an external layer and a broad spectrum light source from the visible (Vis) to the near infrared (NIR) region are investigated to achieve optimum sensitivity. The rms roughness, optical band-gap and zeta potential (ZP) value for the vertically oriented sample are 148 nm, 3.19 eV and 5.96 mV, respectively. In the NIR region the wavelength-intensity sensitivity values of probes coated with ZnO nanoparticles and horizontally and vertically oriented nanorods are 104 nm RIU -1 -12 dB RIU -1 , 63 nm RIU -1 -10 dB RIU -1 and 146 nm RIU -1 -22 dB RIU -1 , respectively, and in the Vis area the values are 65 nm RIU -1 -14 dB RIU -1 , 58 nm RIU -1 -11 dB RIU -1 and 89 nm RIU -1 -23 dB RIU -1 , respectively. The maximum amplitude sensitivity is obtained for the probe coated with vertically aligned ZnO nanorods in the NIR area due to the deeper penetration of evanescent waves, a higher surface-volume ratio, better crystallinity, more adhesive interactions with salt molecules, larger surface roughness and higher-order dispersion compared to the other coated ZnO nanostructures., Competing Interests: There is no conflicts to declare., (This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry.)

A conventional Michelson interferometer is modified and used to form the various types of interferometers. The basic system consists of a conventional Michelson interferometer with silicon-graphene-gold embedded between layers on the ports. When light from the monochromatic source is input into the system via the input port (silicon waveguide), the change in optical path difference (OPD) of light traveling in the stacked layers introduces the change in the optical phase, which affects to the electron mean free path within the gold layer, induces the change in the overall electron mobility can be seen by the interferometer output visibility. Further plasmonic waves are introduced on the graphene thin film and the electron mobility occurred within the gold layer, in which the light-electron energy conversion in terms of the electron mobility can be observed, the gold layer length is 100 nm. The measurement resolution in terms of the OPD of ∼ 50 nm is achieved. In applications, the outputs of the drop port device of the modified Michelson interferometer can be arranged by the different detectors, where the polarized light outputs, the photon outputs, the electron spin outputs can be obtained by the interference fringe visibility, mobility visibility and the spin up-down splitting output energies. The modified Michelson interferometer theory and the detection schemes are given in details., (© 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)

Efficiency improvement of the industrial scale solar cells to capture sunlight as an important renewable energy source is attracting significant attention to prevent the consumption of a finite supply of unsustainable fossil fuels. ZnO nanoparticles decorated with an imine-linked receptor have been used in the fabrication of a photocathode based on dye-sensitized solar cells for the purpose of photovoltaic efficiency enhancement. Various characterization techniques have been employed to investigate the structural, morphological, and optical behaviors of the solar cell having ZnO nanoparticles and ZnO nanoparticles decorated with an organic ligand as a photocathode layer. The decorated nanoparticles have a stable wurtzite structure and an average grain size of ∼45 nm, confirmed by the TEM image and XRD through the Scherrer equation. The ZnO sample emits wide peaks in the visible range, and the emission intensity of the ZnO-DOL sample increases along with a red-shift (0.38 eV) in the band gap. This shift can be explained using deep level transition, surface plasmon energy of a surfactant, and coupling of ZnO with local surface plasmon energy. UV-vis absorption spectra together with photoluminescence spectra confirm the higher absorption rate due to organic ligand decoration on ZnO nanoparticles. The greatest solar power-to-electricity conversion efficiency ( η ) of 3.48% is achieved for the ZnO-DOL sample. It is enhanced by 3.13% as compared to that of the ZnO-based solar cell. The ZnO-DOL device exhibits a higher external quantum efficiency (EQE), responsivity ( R λ ), and photocurrent-to-dark current ratio; this confirms the improvement in the solar cell performance., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts to declare., (This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry.)