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As humanity continues to grow in size, questions related to human rights and the existing unequal distribution of food resources have taken on greater urgency. Is inequality in food access unjust or a regrettable consequence of the geographic distribution of biophysical resources? To what extent are there obligations to redress inequalities in access to food? We draw from a human rights perspective to identify obligations associated with access to food and develop a quantitative framework to evaluate the fulfillment of the human right to food. We discuss the capacity of socioeconomic development to reduce inequalities in per capita food availability with respect to the distribution of biophysical resources among countries. Although, at the country level, international trade shows the capacity to reduce human rights deficits by increasing food availability in countries with limited food production, whether it actually improves the fulfillment of the right to food will depend on within-country inequality.

From 10 to 18 November 1945, an exhibition was held in the Arti et Amicitiae artists’ society in Amsterdam that lasted only a week but received a great deal of attention in various newspapers. The subject was ‘Bouwen van woning tot stad’ (Building from house to city), ‘a study of housing development plans which were produced in the years 1943-1945 by the architects A. Boeken, J.H.L. Giesen, A. Komter, A. Staal, K.L. Sijmons Dzn., S. van Woerden and P. Zanstra for a book to be published’ on behalf of a group of ten building contractors. The designs were held together by an alternative expansion plan to replace the General Expansion Plan (AUP), approved by the municipal council in 1935. ‘The new plan suggests such healthy and fresh ideas that de Volkskrant [newspaper] – despite all the current criticism – believes it should be brought to the attention of the public. Above all, however, because we are of the opinion that factors of prestige and power should not be decisive for the question of what the capital of the Netherlands will look like in the year 2000.’ Arthur Staal, one of the architects, had spoken to the press, saying, ‘Our plans may seem unacceptable to many, but who dares to say that the 1935 plan is the only solution for Amsterdam? Adding new districts has nothing to do with urban planning. [...] There is still relatively little building activity, but the 1935 plan is pursued. Amsterdam is being nailed to it almost unnoticed, until it becomes a fact. We will then be carrying Amsterdam to its grave – sacrificing its architectural image on the altar of scientific figures.’ The municipality had responded to the invitation for the opening of the exhibition with a message saying it would not be attending.

This paper addresses the question of gender scripts in the Pastoral Epistles from the point of view of masculinities studies. Two of the Pastoral Epistles will be studied in particular, Titus and 1 Timothy, given their high degree of comparability when it comes to the questions of (a) Pauline self-presentation and (b) the outline of various roles in the communities addressed through these epistles. By analyzing key aspects of the gender (and more specifically, masculinity) scripts in play, it will be shown that the Pastoral Epistles espouse a view of masculinity that suited the (dominant) contemporary ideals of what a “real man” looked like. This, it will be suggested, is in fact an expression of what may well be called “precarious” masculinity: masculinity that feels threatened and therefore establishes control over others, attempting to safeguard its own position and standing. This may shed light on the provenance of the Pastoral Epistles: out of a marginal milieu. Also, it will be argued that the agreement in gender scripts among these two pastorals would suggest that they stem from the same social milieu and may well have been considered as a corpus from a very early stage onward. Finally, a hermeneutical observation will be made concerning the reception of the views on masculinity in these two pastorals (and the Pastorals at large).

Exposure to low levels of environmental contaminants, including pesticides, induces neurodevelopmental toxicity. Environmental and food contaminants can reach the brain of the fetus, affecting brain development and leading to neurological dysfunction. The pesticide endosulfan is a persistent pollutant, and significant levels still remain detectable in the environment although its use is banned in some countries. In rats, endosulfan exposure during brain development alters motor activity, coordination, learning, and memory, even several months after uptake, and does so in a sex-dependent way. However, the molecular mechanisms driving these effects have not been studied in detail. In this work, we performed a multiomics study in cerebellum from rats exposed to endosulfan during embryonic development. Pregnant rats were orally exposed to a low dose (0.5 mg/kg) of endosulfan, daily, from gestational day 7 to postnatal day 21. The progeny was evaluated for cognitive and motor functions at adulthood. Expression of messenger RNA and microRNA genes, as well as protein and metabolite levels, were measured on cerebellar samples from males and females. An integrative analysis was conducted to identify altered processes under endosulfan effect. Effects between males and females were compared. Pathways significantly altered by endosulfan exposure included the phosphatidylinositol signaling system, calcium signaling, the cGMP-PKG pathway, the inflammatory and immune system, protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum, and GABA and taurine metabolism. Sex-dependent effects of endosulfan in the omics results that matched sex differences in cognitive and motor tests were found. These results shed light on the molecular basis of impaired neurodevelopment and contribute to the identification of new biomarkers of neurotoxicity.

Fire has a diverse range of impacts on Earth's physical and social systems. Accurate and up to date information on areas affected by fire is critical to better understand drivers of fire activity, as well as its relevance for biogeochemical cycles, climate, air quality, and to aid fire management. Mapping burned areas was traditionally done from field sketches. With the launch of the first Earth observation satellites, remote sensing quickly became a more practical alternative to detect burned areas, as they provide timely regional and global coverage of fire occurrence. This review paper explores the physical basis to detect burned area from satellite observations, describes the historical trends of using satellite sensors to monitor burned areas, summarizes the most recent approaches to map burned areas and evaluates the existing burned area products (both at global and regional scales). Finally, it identifies potential future opportunities to further improve burned area detection from Earth observation satellites.

Purpose: A multiphase model for experiences of family members of persons with mental illness that considers both positive and negative aspects is proposed. Design and Methods: Mixed methods (semistructured interviews, life history timelines, focus group discussions, and the Experience of Caregiving Inventory) were used with caregivers accessing outpatient services of a nongovernmental organization in urban and rural locations around Chennai, India. Findings: Based on our results, we constructed a multiphase model, which we named The Banyan model of caregiver experiences. The phases are (1) manifestation of symptoms, (2) seeking help, (3) helplessness and attribution, (4) relative control and insight, (5) loss and worries, and (6) finding new meaning. Practical Implications: Our multiphase model allows us to identify in more detail the needs of caregivers at various stages.

Unidad de excelencia María de Maeztu MdM-2015-0552 Archetypes are increasingly used as a methodological approach to understand recurrent patterns in variables and processes that shape the sustainability of social-ecological systems. The rapid growth and diversification of archetype analyses has generated variations, inconsistencies, and confusion about the meanings, potential, and limitations of archetypes. Based on a systematic review, a survey, and a workshop series, we provide a consolidated perspective on the core features and diverse meanings of archetype analysis in sustainability research, the motivations behind it, and its policy relevance. We identify three core features of archetype analysis: Recurrent patterns, multiple models, and intermediate abstraction. Two gradients help to apprehend the variety of meanings of archetype analysis that sustainability researchers have developed: (1) understanding archetypes as building blocks or as case typologies and (2) using archetypes for pattern recognition, diagnosis, or scenario development. We demonstrate how archetype analysis has been used to synthesize results from case studies, bridge the gap between global narratives and local realities, foster methodological interplay, and transfer knowledge about sustainability strategies across cases. We also critically examine the potential and limitations of archetype analysis in supporting evidence-based policy making through context-sensitive generalizations with case-level empirical validity. Finally, we identify future priorities, with a view to leveraging the full potential of archetype analysis for supporting sustainable development.

Cyber-foraging is a technique to enable mobile devices to extend their computing power and storage by offloading computation or data to more powerful servers located in the cloud or in single-hop proximity. In previous work, we developed a set of reusable architectural tactics for cyber-foraging systems. We define architectural tactics as design decisions that influence the achievement of a system quality. In this article we present the results of three case studies to validate the application of the tactics to promote their intended functional and non-functional requirements. The first two case studies focus on the identification of architectural tactics in existing cyber-foraging systems. The third case study focuses on the development of a new cyber-foraging system using the architectural tactics. The results of the case studies are an initial demonstration of the validity of the tactics, and the potential for taking a tactics-driven approach to fulfill functional and non-functional requirements for cyber-foraging systems. (C) 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Paulus ist in der Regel nicht bekannt als ein Theologe des Körpers – sein Ruf ist im Gegenteil sogar eher körperfeindlich. In diesem Beitrag werden seine Äusserungen über die Zusammenkünfte der Gemeinde in Korinth (1. Korinther 11,17-34) in ein Gespräch gebracht mit dem Denken Judith Butlers über Protestversammlungen und deren performative und körperliche Dimensionen. Es stellt sich dabei heraus, dass Paulus durchaus ein Denker ist, dessen Überlegungen gerade bei körperlichen Erfahrungen einsetzen.

Prefetching network requests has been advocated as a highly effective way of reducing network latency experienced by the user since it allows network responses to be generated immediately from a local cache. In this paper we discuss how user navigation patterns can be used for developing navigation-aware techniques for personalized prefetching of network requests of Android apps. The proposed idea opens for a new family of prefetching opportunities since it focusses at a higher level of abstraction with respect to state-of-the-art approaches for network requests prefetching. The proposed idea allows the development of approaches which adapt their prefetching behaviour according to the unique navigation patterns each user exhibits while interacting with a mobile app.

Unidad de excelencia María de Maeztu CEX2019-000940-M The recent phenomenon of large-scale land acquisitions (LSLAs) is associated with what has been described as a global agrarian transition. New forms of land exploitation and concentration have led to profound socio-environmental transformations of rural production systems in Latin America, South-East Asia and Sub Saharan Africa. Scholars have pointed out that the expansion of transnational land investments is often associated with detrimental social outcomes, has negative environmental impacts and can represent a potential impediment to the achievement of many SDGs. In this paper, our primary concern is on the mounting evidence that LSLAs preferentially target the commons, in the process altering long-standing customary resource governance systems. While it has been shown that in many instances of commons grabbing associated with LSLAs, different types of social conflict emerge, it is less clear what forms of social mobilization and organized collective re-actions are taking place to defend the commons and contest such processes of dispossession and enclosure. The main aim of this contribution is to fill this gap by synthesizing and describing the different typologies of social mobilization and collective re-actions that emerge as a result of commons grabbing associated with the transnational expansion of the agribusiness frontier. In order to do this our research synthesizes information from the Environmental Justice Atlas (EJAtlas) shedding light on some of the key characteristics associated with the different forms and dynamics of social mobilization that are organized in reaction to agribusiness-related commons grabbing.

Chlorinated paraffins (CPs) are high production chemicals, which leads to their ubiquitous presence in the environment. To date, few studies have measured CPs in humans and typically at relatively low concentrations, despite indications that exposure may be high compared to various persistent organic pollutants. The aim of this study is to investigate the in vitro biotransformation of CPs by human liver fractions. We determined the changes of the CP concentrations after the enzymatic transformation with human liver microsomes using a two-tiered in vitro approach. CP concentrations decreased with human liver microsomes, with the decreases of 33–94% after incubating with different groups of enzymes for 2 h. The profiles of CP rapidly shifted after the incubation with human liver microsomes. In addition, the concentrations of CPs and the biotransformation products were tentatively measured using high-resolution mass spectrometric analysis, including very short CP (carbon chain length >17). The ketone products may be investigated as CP exposure biomarker in biomonitoring studies.

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.

Using gridded daily temperature and rainfall data covering 30 years (1988&ndash, 2017), this study investigates trends in rainfall, temperature, and extreme events in three agro-ecological settings in central Ethiopia. The Mann Kendall test and Sen&rsquo, s slope estimator were used to examine the trends and slope of changes in climate indices. The profile of farmers whose perception converges with or diverges from meteorological data was characterized using polling. The average annual temperature has increased by 0.4 and 0.3 &deg, C per decade in the lowland and midland areas, respectively. Average annual rainfall has increased only in the midland areas by 178 mm per decade. Farmers&rsquo, perception of increasing temperature fairly aligns with meteorological data. However, there is a noticeable difference between farmers&rsquo, perception of rainfall and meteorological data. The perception of farmers with poor economic status, access to media, and higher social capital aligns with measured trends. Conversely, the perception of economically better-off and uneducated farmers diverges from meteorological data. Accurate perception is constrained by the failure of the traditional forecast methods to describe complex weather variabilities and lack of access to down-scaled weather information. The findings highlight the importance of availing specific and agro-ecologically relevant weather forecasts to overcome perceptual problems and to support effective adaptation.

This inaugural World Development Symposium on Development and Poverty Alleviation brings together contributions from a range of disciplines, scholars, practitioners, and countries to mark the recognition of Abhijit Banerjee, Esther Duflo and Michael Kremer (BDK) through the 2019 Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel. Contributors examine how BDK's work has changed the methods and study of Development Economics, and their extended impact in other social science and interdisciplinary fields. Although experimental evaluation has had a profound impact on the conduct of much research and policy making, further development of RCT approaches, and collaboration across methods and disciplines, and between scholarship and practice, remain crucial to address the most pressing challenges of sustainability and development.

The authors regret that the chemical formula of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) was not correct in Fig. S7 in the Supplementary material. The authors would like to apologise for any inconvenience caused.

Spatially distributed anthropogenic and open burning emissions are fundamental data needed by Earth system models. We describe the methods used for generating gridded datasets produced for use by the modeling community, particularly for the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6. The development of three sets of gridded data for historical open burning, historical anthropogenic, and future scenarios was coordinated to produce consistent data over 1750–2100. Historical data up to 2014 were provided with annual resolution and future scenario data in 10-year intervals. Emissions are provided on a sectoral basis, along with additional files for speciated non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs). An automated framework was developed to produce these datasets to ensure that they are reproducible and facilitate future improvements. We discuss the methodologies used to produce these data along with limitations and potential for future work.

Natural and human-ignited fires affect all major biomes, altering ecosystem structure, biogeochemical cycles, and atmospheric composition. Satellite observations provide global data on spatiotemporal patterns of biomass burning and evidence for rapid changes in global fire activity in response to land management and climate. Satellite imagery also provides detailed information on the daily or subdaily position of fires that can be used to understand the dynamics of individual fires. The Global Fire Atlas is a new global dataset that tracks the dynamics of individual fires to determine the timing and location of ignitions and fire size, duration, daily expansion, fire line length, speed, and direction of spread. Here we present the underlying methodology and Global Fire Atlas results for 2003–2016 derived from daily moderate resolution (500 m) Collection 6 MCD64A1 burned area data. The algorithm identified 13.3 million individual fires over the study period, and estimated fire perimeters were in good agreement with independent data for the continental United States. A small number of large fires dominated sparsely populated arid and boreal ecosystems, while burned area in agricultural and other human-dominated landscapes was driven by high ignition densities that resulted in numerous smaller fires. Long-duration fires in the boreal regions and natural landscapes in the humid tropics suggest that fire-season length exerts a strong control on fire size and total burned area in these areas. In arid ecosystems with low fuel densities, high fire spread rates resulted in large, short-duration fires that quickly consumed available fuels. Importantly, multi-day fires contributed the majority of burned area in all biomass burning regions. A first analysis of the largest, longest, and fastest fires that occurred around the world revealed coherent regional patterns of extreme fires driven by large-scale climate forcing. Global Fire Atlas data are publicly available through www.globalfiredata.org/ and https://doi.org/10.3334/ORNLDAAC/1642, and individual fire information and summary data products provide new information for benchmarking fire models within ecosystem and Earth system models, understanding vegetation-fire feedbacks, improving global emissions estimates, and characterizing the changing role of fire in the Earth system.

Understanding what determines the truth-telling of economic agents towards their regulator is of major economic importance from banking to the management of common-pool resources such as European fisheries. By enacting a discard-ban on unwanted fish-catches without increasing monitoring activities, the European Union (EU) depends on fishermen's truth-telling. Using a coin-tossing task in an artefactual mail field experiment with 120 German commercial fishermen, we test whether truth-telling in a baseline setting differs from behavior in two treatments that exploit fishermen's widespread ill-regard of their regulator, the EU. We find, first, that fishermen misreport coin tosses more strongly to their advantage in a treatment where they are faced with the EU flag, and, second, that misreporting is consistent with behavior in other hidden tasks. We also find some supportive evidence for our first result in a conceptual replication with 1200 UK citizens who voted ‘leave’ in the Brexit referendum. Our findings imply that lying is more extensive towards an ill-regarded regulator and that policy needs to account for this endogenously eroding honesty base.

This book provides an overview of theories in social psychology, almost without exception written by the parent(s) of the theory.

Critical analyses of infrastructural violence have mostly approached infrastructure as a top-down imposition that allows markets and state governments to expand and inflicts suffering on local populations. Here we take as our analytical starting point a different kind of infrastructural harm, namely the one that comes not from building the local environment, but from leaving it unbuilt. From this vantage point, we are foremost interested in local forms of socio-spatial organization that emerge in regions suffering from political abandonment. Drawing on fieldwork in gold-mining regions in Colombia and Suriname, we show that in resource frontiers where people criticize the state for being absent, informal mining stakeholders create their own infrastructures that provide them with a means to gain legitimacy and protest their social exclusion. While these ‘insurgent infrastructures’ take place outside the legal framework, they create the symbolic and material conditions for the state to appear.

Teaching software architecture is a challenge because of the difficulty to expose students to actual meaningful design situations. Games can provide a useful illustration of the design decision making process, and teach students the power of team interaction for making sound decisions.We introduce a game –DecidArch– developed to achieve three learning objectives: 1) create awareness about the rationale involved in design decision making, 2) enable appreciation of the reasoning behind candidate design decisions proposed by others, and 3) create awareness about interdependencies between design decisions.The game has been played by 22 groups with a total of 83 players, all of them students of the VU software architecture course. We present some of the lessons learned, both from our observation and through participant survey. We conclude that the game well supports our three learning objectives, and we identify several improvement points for future game editions.

Mij is gevraagd in deze bijdrage te reflecteren op mijn proefschrift getiteld De bevrijdende verjaring (2008). Ik zal drie aspecten belichten, te weten (i) de ‘methode’ van het onderzoek, (ii) de opkomst van de klachtplicht van artikel 6:89 BW en (iii) de mate waarin het proefschrift in praktijk en wetenschap weerklank heeft gevonden.

Introductie op lopend onderzoek.

A growing number of international and transnational cooperative initiatives, including thousands of state, non- and sub-state actors, engage in governance for biodiversity beyond the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). While this trend provides new opportunities for effective biodiversity governance beyond the formal international regime, it also raises questions about broader normative questions such as accountability. This report analyses how accountability is operationalized, i.e. the mechanisms to hold actors responsible for their commitments and actions, across 99 initiatives, focusing on whether monitoring, reporting and verification (MRV) frameworks are in place. MRV is not only important for accountability but might also tell us something about ambition levels and potential effectiveness. The results show that the number of international and transnational cooperative initiatives monitoring their activities is relatively large, but decreases quickly when moving on to reporting and verification. While 82% of the initiatives monitor their performance, only 34% have quantitative targets. 66% of the international and transnational cooperative initiatives publicly present their performance results in the form of a report. Only 34% conduct annual reporting. Finally, performance is verified in less than a quarter of the sample. 23% of initiatives conduct verification themselves and 18% have an independent body or consultant checking their performance. Sanctions are applied in only 10% of the cases. This analysis provides better understanding of accountability mechanisms among non- and sub-state actors. It offers useful insights for policy-makers, environmental organisations or researchers. The MRV of biodiversity governance requires further investigation to identify to whom the initiatives report and how these mechanisms can support the primary goal of halting biodiversity loss.

Contextuele Bijbelinterpretatie heeft vaak een wat exotische reputatie. Exotisch omdat het zich buiten de gebaande paden van de ‘gewone’ Bijbelwetenschap beweegt en exotisch omdat het zich vaak met Bijbelinterpretatie ‘overzee’ bezighoudt. Beide zijn ze echter wel degelijk van belang omdat ze verder leren kijken dan het gebruikelijke, hoe waardevol dat ook is, en zo buiten de eigen bubbel laten stappen. De keerzijde is dat de eigen context, in dit geval de Nederlandse, buiten beeld raakt.

There is a growing body of opinion that what the financial world needs is a way to identify those pathological risk- takers in advance and, perhaps more importantly, to make sure that the financial institutions that employ them discover and control them. Such an approach to financial governance might be characterized as "soft" supervision: rather than relying on prescribing, proscribing, andpunishing specific actions, it would focus on education and persuasion (still backed up by the threat of sanctions) to encourage financialinstitutions to head off excessive risk-taking before it occurs.In this Article, we report on an in-depth study of the first major effort to put this theory into practice: De Nederlansche Bank's (DNB; the central bank of the Netherlands) novel initiative to promote a healthy corporate culture in the large banks that it supervises.

Stel je voor dat het VU-beleidsplan uit zou gaan van kwetsbaarheid. En dat we ons gaan richten op de verbindende kracht tussen mensen. Dan veranderen ook de criteria voor topopleidingen