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SUMMARY The dentitions of representatives of the principal families of Insectivora are described and their functions and the types of lateral jaw movement present are deduced from a study of the wear patterns on the crowns of the teeth. The Tenrecoida are compared with the Talpidae and Soricidae, and it is concluded that whereas the latter families have teeth which are capable of both cutting and grinding actions, the Tenrecoidea are specialized for a pure cutting action. The Erinaceidae and Macroscelididae are specialized for a grinding action, with some variation in the latter family, while the Tupaiidae are again generalized. Consideration is given to the differing types of horizontal jaw movement encountered.

SUMMARY The skull of the leptictid insectivore Ictops, from the White River Oligocene, is redescribed, and compared with Echinosorex and other primitive Erinaceidae. It is concluded that Ictops is much more primitive than any known erinaceid, and at the same time possesses characters which indicate that the Leptictidae and Erinaceidae have specialized in divergent directions. The characters which Ictops shares with the Erinaceidae are almost wholly primitive insectivore characters, not indicative of special relationship. The Leptictidae are therefore removed from the Erinaceoidea and placed in a separate superfamily, the Leptictoidea. A new classification of the insectivores is proposed, based on characters of the skull. The Lipotyphla are regarded as an order, with two suborders: (1)Erinaceomorpha, a primitive group consisting of the Leptictoidea and Erinaceoidea; (2)Soricomorpha, a specialized group, probably derived from an erinaceomorph ancestry, and comprizing the Tenrecoidea, Soricoidea and Chrysochloroidea. The chrysoehlorids are regarded as highly specialized derivatives of a soricomorph stock. The Macroscelididae, Tupaiidae, Lemuroidea and Dermoptera are interpreted as forming a natural group (Archonta), with an ancestry near the Erinaceomorpha. The Macroscelididae are related to the Tupaiidae, and thus to the Primates; they are in some ways more primitive than the Tupaiidae, and have developed in a divergent direction, in some respects paralleling the Erinaceidae. They are not closely related to the Lipotyphia, and are placed in a new order, Macroscelidea. The superorder Archonta thus consists of three orders: (1)Macroscelidea, (2)Dermoptera (3)Primates (including Tupaiidae).

The morphological and physiological characters of strains of Trichophyton terrestre isolated from the cutaneous appendages of hedgehogs are described. The strains grow slowly, forming granular furrowed colonies and producing a wine-coloured pigment in the medium. They appear to form a homogeneous group showing several characters which distinguish them from soil isolates. Their failure to grow in sterile soil and certain other attributes suggest that these organisms are true inhabitants of the skin of hedgehogs rather than contaminants from the soil. No pathogenic effects in guinea-pigs hedgehog or human skin could be demonstrated.

MicroRNA haploinsufficiency has been associated with developmental defects in only a limited number of cases. Here we report a de novo genomic microdeletion that includes the LINGO2 gene as well as two microRNA genes, MIR873 and MIR876, in a patient with craniofacial abnormalities - in particular macrocephaly and hypertelorism - and learning difficulties. Subsequent analysis revealed that the microRNAs affected by this de novo microdeletion form a mammalian-lineage, neuronal tissue-enriched cluster. In addition, bioinformatic analysis and experimental data indicate that miR-873 is involved in the regulation of the Hedgehog signaling, an essential pathway involved in craniofacial patterning and differentiation. Collectively these observations are consistent with a role of the miR-873/miR-876 microRNA cluster in physiological cranial bone development and indicate that mutations affecting these microRNAs could be a rare cause of developmental defect in humans. © 2015 Elsevier B.V. 561 95 100 Cited By :5

Paraechinus aethiopicus (Ehrenberg, 1833). Symb. Phys. Mamm., 2, sig. K. TYPE LOCALITY: Sudan (Anglo-Egyptian Sudan), deserts of Dongola. DISTRIBUTION: Morocco and Mauritania to N. Somalia, Egypt through Arabia to Iraq. COMMENT: Includes blancalis, deserti (syn. wassifi), dorsalis and pectoralis as subspecies; see Corbet, 1974, Part 1.4:2; but see also Osborn and Helmy, 1980, Fieldiana Zool., n.s., 5:64,70, who listed deserti and dorsalis as distinct species. ISIS NUMBER: 5301403005010001001., Published as part of James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman & James W. Koeppl, 1982, Order Insectivora, pp. 58-106 in Mammal Species of the World (1 st Edition), Lawrence, Kansas, USA :Alien Press, Inc. & The Association of Systematics Collections on page 67, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7353001, {"references":["Corbet, G. B. 1974. Family Macroscelididae. Part 1.5, Pp. 1 - 6, in The mammals of Africa: An identification manual (J. Meester and H. W. Setzer, eds.) [issued 10 Sep 1974]. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D. C., not continuously paginated.","Osborn, D. J., and I. Helmy. 1980. The contemporary land mammals of Egypt (including Sinai). Fieldiana: Zoology, 5: 1 - 579."]}

Family Erinaceidae REVIEWED BY: G. B. Corbet (GBC); O. L. Rossolimo (OLR) (U.S. S. R.); R. G. Van Gelder (RGVG); S. Wang (SW) (China). COMMENT: Reviewed by Corbet, 1974, Part 1.4:1-3. ISIS NUMBER: 5301403005000000000., Published as part of James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman & James W. Koeppl, 1982, Order Insectivora, pp. 58-106 in Mammal Species of the World (1 st Edition), Lawrence, Kansas, USA :Alien Press, Inc. & The Association of Systematics Collections on page 65, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7353001, {"references":["Corbet, G. B. 1974. Family Macroscelididae. Part 1.5, Pp. 1 - 6, in The mammals of Africa: An identification manual (J. Meester and H. W. Setzer, eds.) [issued 10 Sep 1974]. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D. C., not continuously paginated."]}

Erinaceus Linnaeus, 1758. Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1:52. REVIEWED BY: J. Meester (JM). COMMENT: Includes Atelerix and Aethechinus; see Corbet, 1974, Part 1.4:2. ISIS NUMBER: 5301403005008000000 as Erinaceus. 5301403005006000000 as Aethechinus. 5301403005007000000 as Atelerix., Published as part of James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman & James W. Koeppl, 1982, Order Insectivora, pp. 58-106 in Mammal Species of the World (1 st Edition), Lawrence, Kansas, USA :Alien Press, Inc. & The Association of Systematics Collections on page 65, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7353001, {"references":["Corbet, G. B. 1974. Family Macroscelididae. Part 1.5, Pp. 1 - 6, in The mammals of Africa: An identification manual (J. Meester and H. W. Setzer, eds.) [issued 10 Sep 1974]. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D. C., not continuously paginated."]}

Erinaceus concolor Martin, 1838. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1837:103. TYPE LOCALITY: Turkey, near Trebizond. DISTRIBUTION: E. Europe; S. Russia; Asia Minor to Israel. COMMENT: Formerly included in europaeus; but see Kratochvil, 1975, Zool. Listy, 24:297-312; Kral, 1967, Zool. Listy, 16:239-252; Orlov, 1969, in II All-Union Theriol. Conf., p. 6, Novosibirsk. OLR includes this species in europaeus, as did Gureev, 1979:164, and Gromov and Baranova, 1981:9. Includes roumanicus; see Corbet, 1978:14., Published as part of James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman & James W. Koeppl, 1982, Order Insectivora, pp. 58-106 in Mammal Species of the World (1 st Edition), Lawrence, Kansas, USA :Alien Press, Inc. & The Association of Systematics Collections on page 65, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7353001, {"references":["Kratochvil, J. 1975. Zur Kenntnis der Igel der Gattung Erinaceus in der CSSR (Insectivora, Mamm.). Zoologeskii Listy, 24: 297 - 312.","Kral, B. 1967. Karyological analysis of two European species of the genus Erinaceus. Zoologeskii Listy, 16: 239 - 252.","Orlov, V. N. 1969. Khromosomnye nabory ezhei vostochnoi Evropy [Chromosomal complements of hedgehogs in eastern Europe]. Pp. 6 - 7, in Materialy ko II Vsesoyuznykh Teriologicheskich Soveshchen po mlekopitayushchim [Materials in II All-Union Theriological Conference about mammals]. Novosibirsk.","Gureev, A. A. 1979. Fauna SSSR, Mlekopitayutschie, tom. 4, vyp. 2. Nasekomoyadnye ... [Fauna of the USSR, Mammals, vol. 4, pt. 2. Insectivores (Mammalia, Insectivora)]. Nauka, Leningrad, 501 pp. (in Russian).","Gromov, I. M., and G. I. Baranova (eds.). 1981. Katalog mlekopitayushchikh SSSR [Catalog of mammals of the USSR]. Nauka, Leningrad, 456 pp. (in Russian)."]}

Erinaceus europaeus Linnaeus, 1758. Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1:52. TYPE LOCALITY: Sweden, S. Gothland Isl., Wamlingbo. DISTRIBUTION: Europe and W. Siberia; Shensi (China) east to W. and S. Korea, Manchuria, and adjacent Siberia. COMMENT: Includes amurensis; see Corbet, 1978:14; Gromov and Baranova, 1981:9. Also see Corbet and Hill, 1980:24, who treat it as a species; GBC now believes amurensis is best treated as a separate species until relationships with europaeus and concolor are resolved. ISIS NUMBER: 5301403005008002001., Published as part of James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman & James W. Koeppl, 1982, Order Insectivora, pp. 58-106 in Mammal Species of the World (1 st Edition), Lawrence, Kansas, USA :Alien Press, Inc. & The Association of Systematics Collections on page 65, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7353001, {"references":["Gromov, I. M., and G. I. Baranova (eds.). 1981. Katalog mlekopitayushchikh SSSR [Catalog of mammals of the USSR]. Nauka, Leningrad, 456 pp. (in Russian).","Corbet, G. B., and J. E. Hill. 1980. A world list of mammalian species. British Museum (Natural History), London, 226 pp."]}

Neotetracus Trouessart, 1909. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 4:389. ISIS NUMBER: 5301403005004000000., Published as part of James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman & James W. Koeppl, 1982, Order Insectivora, pp. 58-106 in Mammal Species of the World (1 st Edition), Lawrence, Kansas, USA :Alien Press, Inc. & The Association of Systematics Collections on page 66, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7353001

Hemiechinus dauuricus (Sundevall, 1842). K. Sven. Vetenskapsakad Akad. Handl., 1841:237. TYPE LOCALITY: U.S. S. R., Transbaikalia, Dauuria. DISTRIBUTION: S. Lake Baikal to Ningsiahiu (China), and east to N.E. China (SW). COMMENT: Includes sibiricus; see Corbet, 1978:15 Bull. Zool. Nomenci., 35: 123-124; Russian authors usually spell this name dauricus., Published as part of James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman & James W. Koeppl, 1982, Order Insectivora, pp. 58-106 in Mammal Species of the World (1 st Edition), Lawrence, Kansas, USA :Alien Press, Inc. & The Association of Systematics Collections on page 66, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7353001

Erinaceus sclateri Anderson, 1895. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1895:415. TYPE LOCALITY: "Somaliland.” DISTRIBUTION: N. Somalia. COMMENT: Provisionally distinct from albiventris; see Corbet, 1974, Part 1.4:3., Published as part of James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman & James W. Koeppl, 1982, Order Insectivora, pp. 58-106 in Mammal Species of the World (1 st Edition), Lawrence, Kansas, USA :Alien Press, Inc. & The Association of Systematics Collections on page 66, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7353001, {"references":["Corbet, G. B. 1974. Family Macroscelididae. Part 1.5, Pp. 1 - 6, in The mammals of Africa: An identification manual (J. Meester and H. W. Setzer, eds.) [issued 10 Sep 1974]. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D. C., not continuously paginated."]}

Neotetracus sinensis Trouessart, 1909. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 4:390. TYPE LOCALITY: China, Szechwan, Tatsienlu, 2545 m. DISTRIBUTION: N.E. Burma; N. Vietnam; Yunnan; Szechwan; Kweichow (China) (SW). ISIS NUMBER: 5301403005004001001., Published as part of James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman & James W. Koeppl, 1982, Order Insectivora, pp. 58-106 in Mammal Species of the World (1 st Edition), Lawrence, Kansas, USA :Alien Press, Inc. & The Association of Systematics Collections on page 67, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7353001

Hemiechinus sylvaticus Ma, 1964. Acta Zootax. Sin., 1:35. TYPE LOCALITY: China, Shansi Prov., N. slope of Li-shan Mtn., Qin-shui Dist. DISTRIBUTION: Known only from type locality. COMMENT: Erinaceus hughi Thomas, 1908 is probably conspecific (GBC), but was included in E. europeaus by Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951:21, and in H. dauuricus by Corbet, 1978:15., Published as part of James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman & James W. Koeppl, 1982, Order Insectivora, pp. 58-106 in Mammal Species of the World (1 st Edition), Lawrence, Kansas, USA :Alien Press, Inc. & The Association of Systematics Collections on page 66, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7353001, {"references":["Ellerman, J. R., and T. C. S. Morrison-Scott. 1951. Checklist of Palaearctic and Indian mammals 1758 to 1946. Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History), London, 810 pp."]}

Neohylomys hainanensis Shaw and Wong, 1959. Acta Zool. Sin., 11:422. TYPE LOCALITY: China, Hainan IsL, Pai-sa Hsian. DISTRIBUTION: Hainan (China). COMMENT: The name Wong is also spelled Wang in other publications (R. S. Hoffmann). ISIS NUMBER: 5301403005003001001., Published as part of James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman & James W. Koeppl, 1982, Order Insectivora, pp. 58-106 in Mammal Species of the World (1 st Edition), Lawrence, Kansas, USA :Alien Press, Inc. & The Association of Systematics Collections on page 66, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7353001

Podogymnura Mearns, 1905. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 28: 436. ISIS NUMBER: 5301403005005000000., Published as part of James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman & James W. Koeppl, 1982, Order Insectivora, pp. 58-106 in Mammal Species of the World (1 st Edition), Lawrence, Kansas, USA :Alien Press, Inc. & The Association of Systematics Collections on page 67, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7353001

Hylomys Muller, 1839. In Temminck, Verhandl. Nat. Gesch. Nederland Overz. Bezitt., Zool., 50. ISIS NUMBER: 5301403005002000000., Published as part of James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman & James W. Koeppl, 1982, Order Insectivora, pp. 58-106 in Mammal Species of the World (1 st Edition), Lawrence, Kansas, USA :Alien Press, Inc. & The Association of Systematics Collections on page 66, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7353001

Hemiechinus Fitzinger, 1866. Sitzb. Math-Nat. K. Akad. Wiss., 1:565. REVIEWED BY: J. Meester (JM). COMMENT: May be a subgenus of Erinaceus; see Gureev, 1979:168; Gromov and Baranova, 1981:9. Corbet, 1978:15 considered Hemiechinus a distinct genus. ISIS NUMBER: 5301403005009000000., Published as part of James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman & James W. Koeppl, 1982, Order Insectivora, pp. 58-106 in Mammal Species of the World (1 st Edition), Lawrence, Kansas, USA :Alien Press, Inc. & The Association of Systematics Collections on page 66, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7353001, {"references":["Gureev, A. A. 1979. Fauna SSSR, Mlekopitayutschie, tom. 4, vyp. 2. Nasekomoyadnye ... [Fauna of the USSR, Mammals, vol. 4, pt. 2. Insectivores (Mammalia, Insectivora)]. Nauka, Leningrad, 501 pp. (in Russian).","Gromov, I. M., and G. I. Baranova (eds.). 1981. Katalog mlekopitayushchikh SSSR [Catalog of mammals of the USSR]. Nauka, Leningrad, 456 pp. (in Russian)."]}

Erinaceus frontalis A. Smith, 1831. S. Afr. Quart. J., 2: 10,29. TYPE LOCALITY: South Africa, " Cape Colony"; N. Graaff Reinet Dist. DISTRIBUTION: South Africa; Zimbabwe; Namibia; S.W. Angola. COMMENT: Includes angolae; see Corbet, 1974, Part 1.4:2. Type locality restricted by Ellerman et al., 1953:18. PROTECTED STATUS: CITES - Appendix II. ISIS NUMBER: 5301403005006001001 as Aethechinus angolae., Published as part of James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman & James W. Koeppl, 1982, Order Insectivora, pp. 58-106 in Mammal Species of the World (1 st Edition), Lawrence, Kansas, USA :Alien Press, Inc. & The Association of Systematics Collections on pages 65-66, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7353001, {"references":["Corbet, G. B. 1974. Family Macroscelididae. Part 1.5, Pp. 1 - 6, in The mammals of Africa: An identification manual (J. Meester and H. W. Setzer, eds.) [issued 10 Sep 1974]. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D. C., not continuously paginated."]}

Podogymnura truei Mearns, 1905. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 28:437 TYPE LOCALITY: Philippine Isis., Mindanao, Davao, Mount Apo. DISTRIBUTION: Mindanao. ISIS NUMBER: 5301403005005001001., Published as part of James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman & James W. Koeppl, 1982, Order Insectivora, pp. 58-106 in Mammal Species of the World (1 st Edition), Lawrence, Kansas, USA :Alien Press, Inc. & The Association of Systematics Collections on page 67, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7353001

Paraechinus Trouessart, 1879. Rev. Mag. Zool. Paris, ser. 3, 7:242. REVIEWED BY: J. Meester (JM). COMMENT: May be a subgenus of Erinaceus; see Gureev, 1979:176. Corbet and Hill, 1980:25 and Corbet, 1978:16, considered Paraechinus a distinct genus. ISIS NUMBER: 5301403005010000000., Published as part of James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman & James W. Koeppl, 1982, Order Insectivora, pp. 58-106 in Mammal Species of the World (1 st Edition), Lawrence, Kansas, USA :Alien Press, Inc. & The Association of Systematics Collections on page 67, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7353001, {"references":["Gureev, A. A. 1979. Fauna SSSR, Mlekopitayutschie, tom. 4, vyp. 2. Nasekomoyadnye ... [Fauna of the USSR, Mammals, vol. 4, pt. 2. Insectivores (Mammalia, Insectivora)]. Nauka, Leningrad, 501 pp. (in Russian).","Corbet, G. B., and J. E. Hill. 1980. A world list of mammalian species. British Museum (Natural History), London, 226 pp."]}

Echinosorex Blainville, 1838. C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, 6: 742. COMMENT: Gymnura Lesson, 1827, is preoccupied; see Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951:17; Medway, 1977:15. ISIS NUMBER: 5301403005001000000., Published as part of James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman & James W. Koeppl, 1982, Order Insectivora, pp. 58-106 in Mammal Species of the World (1 st Edition), Lawrence, Kansas, USA :Alien Press, Inc. & The Association of Systematics Collections on page 65, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7353001, {"references":["Ellerman, J. R., and T. C. S. Morrison-Scott. 1951. Checklist of Palaearctic and Indian mammals 1758 to 1946. Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History), London, 810 pp.","Medway, L. 1977. Mammals of Borneo: Field keys and an annotated checklist. Second ed. Monograph, Malay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, 7: 1 - 172."]}

Echinosorex gymnurus (Raffles, 1821). Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., 13:272. TYPE LOCALITY: Indonesia, Sumatra, Bencoolen. DISTRIBUTION: S., E., and N.C. Borneo; Labuan Isl.; Peninsular Thailand; Malay Peninsula; Sumatra. ISIS NUMBER: 5301403005001001001., Published as part of James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman & James W. Koeppl, 1982, Order Insectivora, pp. 58-106 in Mammal Species of the World (1 st Edition), Lawrence, Kansas, USA :Alien Press, Inc. & The Association of Systematics Collections on page 65, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7353001

Paraechinus micropus (Blyth, 1846). J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 15: 170. TYPE LOCALITY: Pakistan, Bhawalpur. DISTRIBUTION: Pakistan and N. W. India; S. India. COMMENT: Includes nudiventris and intermedins; see Corbet, 1978:16- 17. Gureev, 1979:176, listed this as a subspecies of aethiopicus without comment. ISIS NUMBER: 5301403005010003001., Published as part of James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman & James W. Koeppl, 1982, Order Insectivora, pp. 58-106 in Mammal Species of the World (1 st Edition), Lawrence, Kansas, USA :Alien Press, Inc. & The Association of Systematics Collections on page 67, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7353001, {"references":["Gureev, A. A. 1979. Fauna SSSR, Mlekopitayutschie, tom. 4, vyp. 2. Nasekomoyadnye ... [Fauna of the USSR, Mammals, vol. 4, pt. 2. Insectivores (Mammalia, Insectivora)]. Nauka, Leningrad, 501 pp. (in Russian)."]}

James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (1982): Order Insectivora. In: James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman, James W. Koeppl (Eds): Mammal Species of the World (1st Edition). Lawrence, Kansas, USA: Alien Press, Inc. & The Association of Systematics Collections: 58-106, ISBN: 0-89327-235-3, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7353001

Erinaceus albiventris Wagner, 1841. Schreber's Saugethiere, Suppl. 2: 22. TYPE LOCALITY: Unknown, Senegambia? DISTRIBUTION: Senegal to S. Somalia and the Zambezi River. COMMENT: Includes pruneri, spiculus, Atelerix faradjius, A. langi, and A. spinifex; see Corbet, 1974, Part 1.4:2, and Ansell, 1974, Puku, suppl., 1: 1-48. Gureev, 1979:167, listed this as a subspecies of frontalis, without comment. See Allen, 1939:20 for discussion of type locality. ISIS NUMBER: 5301403005007001001 as Atelerix albiventris., Published as part of James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman & James W. Koeppl, 1982, Order Insectivora, pp. 58-106 in Mammal Species of the World (1 st Edition), Lawrence, Kansas, USA :Alien Press, Inc. & The Association of Systematics Collections on page 65, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7353001, {"references":["Corbet, G. B. 1974. Family Macroscelididae. Part 1.5, Pp. 1 - 6, in The mammals of Africa: An identification manual (J. Meester and H. W. Setzer, eds.) [issued 10 Sep 1974]. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D. C., not continuously paginated.","Gureev, A. A. 1979. Fauna SSSR, Mlekopitayutschie, tom. 4, vyp. 2. Nasekomoyadnye ... [Fauna of the USSR, Mammals, vol. 4, pt. 2. Insectivores (Mammalia, Insectivora)]. Nauka, Leningrad, 501 pp. (in Russian).","Allen, G. M. 1939. A checklist of African mammals. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, 83: 1 - 763."]}

Neohylomys Shaw and Wong, 1959. Acta Zool. Sin., 11:422. ISIS NUMBER: 5301403005003000000., Published as part of James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman & James W. Koeppl, 1982, Order Insectivora, pp. 58-106 in Mammal Species of the World (1 st Edition), Lawrence, Kansas, USA :Alien Press, Inc. & The Association of Systematics Collections on page 66, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7353001

Paraechinus hypomelas (Brandt, 1836). Bull. Sci. St. Petersb., 1:32. TYPE LOCALITY: "N. Persia,” probably N. Iran, Khorassan. DISTRIBUTION: Arabia; Tanb Isl. (Persian Gulf); Iran; Afghanistan; Turkmenia, Tadzhikistan, and W. Kazakhstan (S. U.S. S.R.); N.W. India. COMMENT: Gureev, 1979:176; Gromov and Baranova, 1981: 10 listed this as a subspecies of aethiopicus; see Corbet, 1978:16, who considered hypomelas a distinct species. See Ognev, 1927, Zool. Anz., 69: 210-212 for discussion of type locality. ISIS NUMBER: 5301403005010002001., Published as part of James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman & James W. Koeppl, 1982, Order Insectivora, pp. 58-106 in Mammal Species of the World (1 st Edition), Lawrence, Kansas, USA :Alien Press, Inc. & The Association of Systematics Collections on page 67, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7353001, {"references":["Gureev, A. A. 1979. Fauna SSSR, Mlekopitayutschie, tom. 4, vyp. 2. Nasekomoyadnye ... [Fauna of the USSR, Mammals, vol. 4, pt. 2. Insectivores (Mammalia, Insectivora)]. Nauka, Leningrad, 501 pp. (in Russian).","Gromov, I. M., and G. I. Baranova (eds.). 1981. Katalog mlekopitayushchikh SSSR [Catalog of mammals of the USSR]. Nauka, Leningrad, 456 pp. (in Russian).","Ognev, S. I. 1927. Zur Frage uber die systematische Stellung einiger Vertreter von Paraechinus Trouessart. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 69: 209 - 218."]}

Erinaceus algirus Lereboullet, 1842. Mem. Soc. Hist. Nat. Strasbourg., 3(2), art. QQ:4. TYPE LOCALITY: Algeria, Oran. DISTRIBUTION: Mauritania; Rio de Oro; S. W. Morocco to Libya; Canary Isis.; Balearic Isis.; Malta; coastal France and Spain (probably introduced). COMMENT: Gureev, 1979:167, listed this species as a subspecies of frontalis, without comment. ISIS NUMBER: 5301403005008001001., Published as part of James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman & James W. Koeppl, 1982, Order Insectivora, pp. 58-106 in Mammal Species of the World (1 st Edition), Lawrence, Kansas, USA :Alien Press, Inc. & The Association of Systematics Collections on page 65, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7353001, {"references":["Gureev, A. A. 1979. Fauna SSSR, Mlekopitayutschie, tom. 4, vyp. 2. Nasekomoyadnye ... [Fauna of the USSR, Mammals, vol. 4, pt. 2. Insectivores (Mammalia, Insectivora)]. Nauka, Leningrad, 501 pp. (in Russian)."]}

Erinaceus [gen. nov.] Dentes Primores II, paralleli, subcuneati, longiores, distantes: superiores remotiores. Laniarii II ubique, antrorsum decumbentes, parvi. Molares III s. IV acuti, lobati. Corpus spinis obtectum., Published as part of Linnaeus, Carolus, 1758, Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae: secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis, Stockholm :Laurentius Salvius on page 52, DOI: 10.5962/bhl.title.542, http://zenodo.org/record/3922206

Erinaceus europaeus [spec. nov.] Erinaceus. Fn. sv. 16. Syst. nat. 6. It. Goth. 264. Echinus s. Erinaceus terrestris. Gesn. quadr. 368. Aldr. quadr. 459. Jonst. quadr. 119. t. 68. Raj. quadr. 231. Seb. mus. 1. p. 78. t. 49. f. 1. 8. Habitat in Europa. Mitis, ambrosiacus, polyphagus, nocturnus, monogamus, hybernans, nidificans e Musco in fruticibus, metu se contrahens, naribus cristatis. Anatome E. N. C. d. 2. an. obs. 65. & an. 6. obs. 105. & cent. 10. app. 447. Barth. act. 1671. n. 90., Published as part of Linnaeus, Carolus, 1758, Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae: secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis, Stockholm :Laurentius Salvius on page 52, DOI: 10.5962/bhl.title.542, http://zenodo.org/record/3922206

Five new fur-inhabiting mites of the superfamily Sarcoptoidea (Acariformes: Astigmata) are described from small mammals associated with tower karstic landscape in Khammouane Province of Laos: Listrophoroides oconnori sp. n. from Saxatilomys paulinae Musser et al. (Rodentia: Muridae) and Atopomelus megalotis sp. n. from Hylomys megalotis Jenkins and Robbinson (Erinaceomorpha: Erinaceidae)—Atopomelidae; Afrolistrophoroides laonastes sp. n. from Laonastes aenigmamus Jenkins et al. (Rodentia: Diatomyidae), A. saxatilomys sp. n. from Saxatilomys paulinae, and Pteromychirus menetes from Menetes berdmorei (Blyth) (Rodentia: Sciuridae)—Listrophoridae.

The distributions of C-heterochromatin blocks and nucleolar organizer regions (NORs) were studied in hedgehogs from the European (Thrace) and the Asiatic (Anatolia) parts of Turkey. Karyotypes with 48 chromosomes were found in all the specimens examined. The distribution of large heterochromatic blocks in autosomes was different between samples from Thrace and Anatolia in respect of the presence of a distal block in the autosome no. 15. These two chromosomal types correspond to the karyotypes designated as E II and E I by Mandahl (1978). The comparison with other published data shows that the karyotype E II is found within the range of Erinaceus roumanicus, whereas the karyotype EI occurs within the range of E. concolor. Both the species thus differ consistently in the distribution of C-heterochromatin blocks in their karyotypes. The NORs were found in five autosomal pairs of E. roumanicus, and in four autosomal pairs of E. concolor. The position of NORs in individual autosomal pairs may be variable, and two distinct variants were observed in the samples from northern and central/southern Anatolia, respectively. This variation may reflect the presence of two lineages within E. concolor that were indicated in previous phylogeographic studies.

Detailed knowledge of the Hedgehog signaling pathway is fundamental to an understanding of vertebrate development as well as several birth defects in humans. Here we review various aspects of Hedgehog synthesis, secretion, distribution and function in the context of the most common anomaly of the developing forebrain in humans, holoprosencephaly. Genetic studies in numerous model organisms are beginning to elucidate the factors that are likely candidates for the causes of early embryonic defects in humans, including holoprosencephaly.

I REPORT here that toxic secretions evolved in prey organisms such as toads (Bufo) as chemical anti-predator mechanisms are used by hedgehogs (Insectivora, Erinaceidae) to enhance their own mechanical anti-predator adaptations—the spines, modified hairs, of the back. The secretions are taken into the mouth and licked on to the spines. In spite of interest in chemical, mechanical and behavioural anti-predator adaptions of both invertebrates and vertebrates1 there have been no reports of the behavioural utilisation of the anti-predator secretions of one species by another for its own defence. Toad skin is one of many irritating substances used by hedgehogs in self-anointing, and the presence of any of these, fresh or dried, on the spines would probably increase the pain or potential of infection to the would-be predator.