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Introduction: Due to more resistance of pathogenic bacteria to new and current antibiotics researchers are looking to find the agents of herbal with antimicrobial activities in order to replace chemical drugs. Methods: The herbal extract of Withani somnifera was done by using a rotary vacuum, 20 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were isolated from urinary infections hospitalized patients in city of Zabol hospital. The MIC Withani somnifera were determined by dilution method in various concentrations. Sensitivity of strains to multiple antibiotics was evaluated by standard disk diffusion Kirby-Bauer. Results: The result showed that P. aeruginosa were resistance to 4 of the agents including ampicillin (85%), nitrofurantoin (65%), nalidixic acid (65%), ciprofloxacin (15%) and for 5 strains of Pseudomonas showed MIC with activity of 100 ppm. Conclusion: This study has suggested the effect of winter cherry extract on P. aeruginosa in the in vitro assay. It s effectiveness of on in vivo system can be examined in future.

Cucumber is a nutritious vegetable containing a large amount of nutrients. Due to its numerous health benefits, and even after the blind taste test, it can be used as a beverage by blending it with other suitable juices. Therefore, an attempt has been made in the present study for the development of a cucumber-based blended herbal beverage using sugarcane juice, citric acid, mint and coriander extract (30:30:30) along with salt (white salt:black salt 1:1) at varying concentrations using the response surface methodology. The physicochemical (TSS, titratable acidity, pH, reducing sugars, total sugars, total proteins, total phenols, ascorbic acid, tannins and antioxidant activity) and sensory analysis revealed that the best blend was obtained with a sugarcane juice concentration (of 30.14%, a salt concentration of 1.5%, citric acid, mint and a coriander extract concentration of 1%. It is apparent from the study that cucumber juice can be successfully blended with sugarcane juice to enhance its sensory properties, as well as the phytochemical potential with 0.953 desirability, which will open a new door in the beverage industry.

Antibiotics have been used in both human and animal therapeutics. The present study aimed to investigate antibiotic resistance in E. coli isolated from goats. The antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) in these isolates was performed using broth microdilution. From 86 E. coli isolates, 2, 1, and 6 isolates were resistant to imipenem, ciprofloxacin, and colistin, respectively. Only one isolate could analyze the whole-genome of antibiotic-resistant E. coli. It was strain Y5.4.5 and by the MLST revealed that it belonged to ST345. This isolate harbored several antibiotic-resistant genes, including aadA1, aadA2, blaTEM-1B, cmlA1, dfrA12, floR, qnrS1, sul1, sul2, sul3, tet (A), conferring resistance to streptomycin, ampicillin, chloramphenicol, trimethoprim, ciprofloxacin I/R, sulfisoxazole, tetracycline. The Inc and Col-like plasmids were also identified in the isolate. There kinds of herbal, Cinnamomum porrectum (Roxb.) Kosterm , Caesalpinia bonduc and Acalypha indica L. were selected for extraction and analyzed the activity against antibiotic-resistant E. coli. The ethanol crude extract of A. indica L. could inhibit E. coli growth with the MIC of 25 mg/ml. The time-kill assay revealed that the crude extract started its inhibition activity at 4 h. It was less bactericidal but bacteriostatic was found. Our study presents the whole genome of antibiotic-resistant E. coli strain Y5.4.5 isolated from goats, and the A. indica L. extract might be combined with other antibiotics or herbal extracts as alternative medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the major causes of death on the globe is cancer. It has remained a significant obstacle for current therapies and has not yet been effectively treated. Conventional treatment strategies available for cancer such as surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy etc. have severe adverse effects. The use of herbal active constituents in cancer treatment has tremendous potential to increase the effectiveness of conventional cancer therapy. Natural plant active components have been reported to have strong in vitro pharmacological activity but narrow in vivo absorption. In order to increase their bioavailability and absorption and get around the drawbacks and negative effects of traditional herbal extracts, Phytosomes are one of the growing nanotechnologies that can be used to improve the miscibility of bioactive phytoconstituents in lipid-rich barriers and overcome their poor bioavailability. Many novel drug delivery carriers are employed for targeted delivery of phytoconstituent at the site of action. Phytosomes are well-known biocompatible nanocarriers that can be employed to increase the solubility and permeability of phytopharmaceuticals among various novel drug delivery systems (NDDS). This review mainly focused on various conventional as well as novel approaches and various Nano carrier used in cancer therapies. Also comprising summary of the most recent research on the development and use of phytosomes as a better carrier for herbal constituents in the treatment of cancer. Additionally provides information about the formulation, characterization technique and mechanism of drug release from phytosome. Some of the major herbal active constituents made of phytosome which have shown proven anticancer activity are also studied. Finally, challenges and future perspective related to phytosome in cancer treatment are also discussed., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2023 The Authors.)

Broilers under oxidative stress from high ambient temperatures may benefit from the use of additives that have antioxidant properties. This experiment investigated the efficacy of a herbal extract mixture (HEM; aqueous extracts from Ferula gummosa, Thymus vulgaris, and Trachyspermum copticum) in day-old chicks, injected intramuscular (deep pectoral muscle; (0, 30, 60, and 90 μL/0.1 mL of sterilized and distilled water)), and supplemented in drinking water (0 and 0.25 mL/L) during the rearing period. Broilers were reared in battery cages under summer temperature conditions, with average maximum temperature of 35.5°C, average minimum temperature of 25.5°C, and average relative humidity of 50-60%. A total of 400 1-day-old Ross 308 male broiler chicks were randomly assigned to 8 treatment groups (5 replicates/treatment with 10 birds per replicate). From d1 to d10, the indoor air temperature was adjusted to match fluctuating outdoor summer temperatures, and was set at 30-34°C and 50-60% relative humidity; and from d10 onwards, no adjustments were made. Injection of HEM linearly decreased feed:gain (P = 0.005), heterophile-to-lymphocyte (H/L) ratio (P = 0.007), and serum concentrations of cholesterol (P = 0.008), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) (P < 0.001), malondialdehyde (P = 0.005), and cortisol (P = 0.008). The 60 μL of HEM injection produced the best results in terms of final body weight (BW; P = 0.003), overall average daily gain (ADG; P = 0.002), European performance index (P < 0.001), carcass yield (P < 0.001), and serum glutathione peroxidase activity (P < 0.001). Supplementation of HEM in drinking water also increased final BW (P = 0.048), overall ADG (P = 0.047), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P = 0.042), and total antioxidant capacity (P = 0.030), while decreasing the H/L ratio (P = 0.004) and serum LDL concentration (P = 0.031). There were interactions between injection and water supplementation for BW (day 24; P = 0.045), carcass yield (day 42; P = 0.014), and serum superoxide dismutase activity (day 42; P = 0.004). In conclusion, administering an injection of HEM at a dose of 60 μL at the time of hatching, followed by supplementation at a dose of 0.25 mL/L via drinking water during the rearing period could be a useful strategy for improving the performance and health status of heat-stressed broiler chickens., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.)

The purposes of this study were to examine the characteristics of Helicobacter pylori and the effect of Rumex Aquaticus Herba extract on the expression of cytokines in H. pylori-infected gastric epithelial cells. Cultured human adenocarcinoma gastric cells (AGS) were infected by H. pylori in RPMI 1640 media. Cell growth was measured by trypan blue assay. Western blot analysis was performed to investigate effect of extract containing Quercetin-3- O-β- d-glucuronopyranoside (ECQ) on the expression of inflammatory factors and the inhibition on cell growth. Furthermore, we compared the inhibitory effects with various combinations of clarithromycin, amoxicillin, omeprazole, and ECQ. The urease test with Christensen's Urea Agar was performed to identify the urease activity of H. pylori and the effect ECQ has on urease activity. When the cells were exposed to H. pylori, the trypan blue assay revealed a decrease in the rate of cell growth. Western blot analysis showed that H. pylori-infected cells had increased levels of degraded IκB-α and inflammatory factors. Pretreatment with ECQ inhibited interleukin expression induced by H. pylori in a dose-dependent manner. A combination of ECQ and antibiotics inhibited cytokine expression more effectively than other treatments. H. pylori displayed significant urease activity. ECQ did not significantly inhibit urease activity. These data suggest that H. pylori infection has cytotoxic effects against AGS cells, and ECQ may inhibit the production of proinflammatory cytokines in H. pylori-infected AGS cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the role of polysaccharide from Acanthopanax senticosus (ASPS) in preventing lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced intestinal injury, 18 mice (at 5 wk of age) were assigned to three groups with 6 replicates of one mouse each. Mice were administrated by oral gavage with or without ASPS (300 mg/kg body weight) for 14 days and were injected with saline or LPS at 15 days. Intestinal samples were collected at 4 h post-challenge. The results showed that ASPS ameliorated LPS-induced deterioration of digestive ability of LPS-challenged mice, indicated by an increase in intestinal lactase activity (45%, p<0.05), and the intestinal morphology, as proved by improved villus height (20.84%, p<0.05) and villus height:crypt depth ratio (42%, p<0.05), and lower crypt depth in jejunum (15.55%, p<0.05), as well as enhanced intestinal tight junction proteins expression involving occludin-1 (71.43%, p<0.05). ASPS also prevented intestinal inflammation response, supported by decrease in intestinal inflammatory mediators including tumor necrosis factor a (22.28%, p<0.05) and heat shock protein (HSP70) (77.42%, p<0.05). In addition, intestinal mucus layers were also improved by ASPS, as indicated by the increase in number of goblet cells (24.89%, p<0.05) and intestinal trefoil peptide (17.75%, p<0.05). Finally, ASPS facilitated mRNA expression of epidermal growth factor (100%, p<0.05) and its receptor (200%, p<0.05) gene. These results indicate that ASPS can prevent intestinal mucosal barrier injury under inflammatory conditions, which may be associated with up-regulating gene mRNA expression of epidermal growth factor and its receptor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Working in the field of profiling and identification of bioactive compounds in herbal extracts is faced with the challenge that common chromatographic methods do not directly link to bioactive compounds. Direct bioautography, the combination of TLC/HPTLC with bioassays, linked to structure elucidating techniques is demonstrated to overcome this challenge. The combination of TLC and Bacillus subtilis bioassay was already demonstrated to detect the antibiotics in samples. However, previous studies in this field were faced with some challenges, like being time-consuming, leading not to a homogenous plate background or being restricted to a non-acidic mobile phase. In this study, these aspects were investigated and a streamlined HPTLC- B. subtilis bioassay was developed that generated a homogenous plate background, which was crucial to yield a good baseline for biodensitometry. Two commonly used broths for B. subtilis and a self-designed medium were compared with regard to their capability of detection and baseline noise. The workflow developed allowed the use of acidic mobile phases for the first time. To prove this, 20 herbal extracts were screened for antimicrobial substances developed in parallel with an acidic mobile phase. The main antimicrobial substance in Salvia officinalis tincture detected was further characterized by microchemical reactions, Aliivibrio fischeri , β-glucosidase and acetylcholinesterase (bio)assays as well as mass spectrometry. Scientists looking for new herbal-based medicine may benefit from this time-saving and streamlined bioactivity profiling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The adipocyte differentiation-inhibiting efficacies of cubic phase nanoparticle/herbal extract mixture suspensions were much higher than those of herbal extract suspensions (grape, apple, mugwort, barberry root, and green tea). Confocal laser scanning microscopy and fluorescenceactivated cell sorting analysis revealed that cubic phase nanoparticle promoted the internalization of a watersoluble dye ( e.g. calcein) into adipocyte cell. Cubic phase nanoparticle/herbal extract mixture suspensions decreased the blood contents of aspartate aminotransferase, total cholesterol, triglyceride, urea nitrogen, and low density lipoprotein more than herbal extract suspensions. Cubic phase nanoparticle also promoted the efficacy of the herbal extracts in suppressing the body weight gain and the liver weight of rats. The amount permeated through hairless mouse skin was higher when cubic phase nanoparticle was included in barberry root extract suspension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was to determine the effects of topical silicone plus herbal extract gel in comparison with Aloe vera gel in preventing scar formation after dermal burn. 70 patients were included in this study had dermal burns which are able to heal without skin grafts. The patients were randomized into two treatment groups: topical silicone plus herbal extract gel group (study group) and A. vera gel group (control group). Two (2) physicians, who do not know which treatment method was used, examined all subjects for 24 weeks from the date of wound healed. Post-burn scar was graded using the Modified Vancouver scar scale (MVSS – with the following parameters: pigmentation, vascularity, height, pliability, itching and pain) and the results from both groups were compared using T -test. Total MVSS were different in the two treatment groups and was statistically significant from week 12 ( p < 0.05). The pigmentation and vascularity scores in the study group were significantly lower than control group at week 16 ( p < 0.05). There were no statistical differences in pain and height between both groups ( p > 0.05). In conclusion, the silicone plus herbal extract gel appears to be superior to A. vera gel in prevention of hypertrophic scars formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Periodontitis is inflammation of supporting tooth structure. Most individuals get affected by this disease if oral hygiene is not maintained. There are various mechanical and chemical methods for oral hygiene maintenance. In recent past, interest has been diverted toward the herbal/traditional product in oral hygiene maintenance as they are free from untoward effect. Aim: To assess the efficacy of subgingival irrigation with herbal extract (HE) as compared with 0.2% chlorhexidine (CHX) on periodontal health in patients who have been treated for chronic periodontitis, and still have residual pocket of 3-5 mm. Materials and Methods: This was a controlled, single-blind, randomized study for 3 months. Patients were allocated in two groups (n = 15 each): (1) 0.2% CHX (control group); (2) HE consisting of Punica granatum Linn. (pomegranate), Piper nigrum Linn. (black pepper), and detoxified copper sulfate (test group). Solutions were used for the irrigation using pulsated irrigating device, WaterPik. Clinical outcomes evaluated were plaque index (PI), sulcus bleeding index (SBI), probing depth at baseline, 15th, 30th, 60th, and 90th day. Microbiologic evaluation was done at baseline and 90th day. Results: Significant reduction in PI was seen in the group of irrigation with HE. While comparing SBI, irrigation with CHX shows a better result. Other parameters such as probing pocket depth and microbiological counting were similar for both groups. Conclusion: Irrigation with HE is a simple, safe, and noninvasive technique with no serious adverse effects. It also reduces the percentage of microorganism in periodontal pocket. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Antibiotic resistance is a major problem with inadvertent usage. Thus, there is a need to search for new antimicrobial agents of herbal origin to combat antibiotic resistance. One such plant is Morus alba which has a long history of medicinal use in traditional Chinese medicine.Aim: To compare the antibacterial activity of ethanolic extract of M. alba leaves with chlorhexidine gluconate against Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Tannerella forsythia.Settings and Design: Experimental in vitro study.Methodology: Crude extract from the leaves of M. alba were prepared by Soxhlet extraction method by using ethanol as a solvent. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the extract was assessed against A. actinomycetemcomitans, P. gingivalis and T. forsythia, and compared with that of chlorhexidine gluconate by broth dilution method.Results: P. gingivalis was the most sensitive organism against the M. alba extract with an MIC value of 1.95 mg/ml; while T. forsythia and P. gingivalis both were most sensitive organisms against chlorhexidine gluconate with MIC values of 0.00781 mg/ml.Conclusion: M. alba possess good antibacterial activity against A. actinomycetemcomitans, P. gingivalis and T. forsythia and thus would be beneficial for the prevention and treatment of periodontal disease. However, chlorhexidine gluconate was found to be more effective when compared to M. alba. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to examine the efficacy of alginate recoating on viability of Lactobacillus casei 01, Lactobacillus acidophilus LA5 and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BB-12 capsules in simulated gastrointestinal conditions and in Mao juice containing herbal extracts (i.e. cashew flower, roselle and green tea) or standard antioxidants (i.e ascorbic acid and α-tocopherol). It was found that the increasing of the survival rates of the cultures was observed at the recoated capsules with 0.3% alginate in the simulated gastrointestinal environments. This condition was chosen to recoat the probiotic beads for the storage assessment in Mao juice combining with herbal extracts and antioxidants. During refrigerated storage at 4°C, the results displayed that cashew flower extract, green tea extract and ascorbic acid noticeably improved the stability of free and entrapped probiotics in Mao juice as compared to the control sample, whereas roselle extract and α-tocopherol had no impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The extraction method of bioactive compounds is an important step in the manufacturing of herbal medicines, because secondary metabolites with therapeutic potential are usually found in small quantities in plant materials. Objective: Due the potential of Apeiba tibourbou Aubl, this study aimed to evaluate the impact of the extraction method on the quality of herbal extract and optimize the extraction of fatty acid, rosmarinic (Ra) and caffeic (Ca) acid from A. tibourbou. Materials and Methods: Determinations of residual moisture (Rm), proteins (Pt), lipids (Lp), total fiber (Tf), and carbohydrate (Cy) were performed in triplicate samples according assessment of antioxidant capacity. Extraction of fatty acids was carried out by two different methods: (i) By shoxlet and (ii) bligh and dyer. The optimized conditions were determined by surface response methodology (RSM), and the criterion of desirability was the maximum extraction of Ra and Ca. Results: The method of bligh and dyer was able to extraction more total Lp than the shoxlet. However, the extraction of fatty acid was different for the two methods. The optimized conditions to extract RA and Ca was calculated by RSM, 42°C, 30% (alcohol degree) and 24 min, this conditions maximize simultaneously the extraction of Ca (0, 04%) and Ry (1.89), Conclusion: It was observed that the extraction method alters the chemical composition of extract, and it is possible to extract Ca and Ra from A. tibourbou's leaves using ultrasound-assisted extraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herbal medicine is a popular complementary or alternative treatment for prostate cancer. Wedelia chinensis has at least three active compounds, wedelolactone, luteolin, and apigenin synergistically inhibiting prostate cancer cell growth in vitro . Here, we report a systematic study to develop a standardized and effect-optimized herbal extract, designated as W. chinensis extract (WCE) to facilitate its future scientific validation and clinical use. Ethanolic extract of dried W. chinensis plant was further condensed, acid hydrolyzed, and enriched with preparative chromatography. The chemical compositions of multiple batches of the standardized preparation WCE were quantified by LC/MS/MS, and biological activities were analyzed by in vitro and in vivo assays. Furthermore, the pharmacokinetics of the holistic WCE were compared with the combination of the equivalent principal active compounds through oral administration. The results indicated that quantitative chemical assay and PSA (prostate-specific antigen)-reporter assay together are suitable to measure the quality and efficacy of a standardized Wedelia extract on a xenograft tumor model. The presence of minor concomitant compounds in WCE prolonged the systemic exposure to the active compounds, thus augmented the anti-tumor efficacy of WCE. In conclusion, a combination of LC/MS/MS and PSA reporter assay is suitable to qualify a standardized preparation of WCE. Furthermore, the pharmacokinetics and oral bioavailability of active compounds demonstrate that holistic WCE exerted additional pharmacological synergy beyond the multi-targeted therapeutic effects caused by more than one active compound. WCE merits a higher priority to be studied for use in prostate cancer treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lime based RTS beverages were prepared using Tulsi and Arugampul herbal extract. Lime RTS beverage prepared from the selected herbs were filled in glass bottles and stored at room temperature (27 ± 3°C) for 150 days and evaluated physico-chemically, organoleptically and microbiologically at an interval of 30 days. A marginal increase in TSS, pH, and total sugars were observed in all beverages for 150 days of storage, whereas acidity and Vitamin C showed decreasing trend. The increase in microbial load for 150 days of storage was negligible and safe for consumption. Sensory evaluation indicated that all the beverages were highly acceptable throughout the storage period. Overall acceptability scores o f 8.3, 8.2 and 8.0 were observed for control, Lime + Tulsi juice extract, and Lime + Arugampul juice extract respectively for 150 days of storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Certain herbs used in traditional Chinese medicine may produce a growth-enhancing effect by promoting the secretion of growth hormone (GH) by the pituitary gland or mimicking the function of GH. In this study, we aimed to identify herbs that could serve as GH alternatives. A reporter gene assay for GH was developed, and 100 different herbal extracts were assayed. We found that Rhizoma Anemarrhenae (RA) water extracts exhibited transactivation activities that stimulate the activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5). The growth-promoting effect of RA in NB2–11 cells was inhibited by co-treatment with GH receptor (GHR)-Fc fusion protein. Unlike GH, RA extracts did not enhance the growth of B16F10 melanoma cells. The activation of the Janus kinase 2-STAT5 signaling pathway was confirmed in both NB2–11 cells and WI-38 human normal lung fibroblasts; the activation was inhibited by co-treatment with GHR-Fc fusion protein. Docking analysis of the active ingredients of RA, including mangiferin, neomangiferin, isomangiferin, anemarsaponin E, 7-O-methylmangiferin, officinalisinin I, timosaponin BII, timosaponin AI, and timosaponin AIII, using SWISSDOCK indicated a direct interaction of these compounds with GHR. The growth-promoting effects and activation of STAT5 were also confirmed. Moreover, we found that RA extract significantly increased the height of the tibial growth plate and stimulated the production of insulin-like growth factor 1 in the serum, liver, and muscle tissues. Our findings provide evidence that herbal extracts, particularly, RA extracts, can promote growth by mimicking GH bioactivity. [Display omitted] • Rhizoma Anemarrhenae (RA) extract can promote growth by mimicking growth hormone bioactivity. • RA extract does not stimulate the growth of cancer cells. • Compounds in RA extract directly bind to growth hormone receptor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Root-knot nematode,Meloidogyne javanica,is a major problem confronting greenhouse’s productions, field crops, vegetables, grapevines and almond rootstocks in Kermanshah province, Iran. Nematicides are not affordable to control this nematode. In the search for alternatives to chemicals control of nematodes, this research has dealt with nematicidal effects of crude herbal extracts on the root-knot nematodes. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of 21 endemic and exotic herbal extracts belong to 12 families of flowering plants in comparison with chicken manure and chemical nematicide (Temik) to control root-knot nematodes inin vitroconditions. The nematodes were pured and mass multiplied on tomato in the soil at greenhouse conditions. In order to study the effect of herbal extracts on mortality of second-stage juveniles (J2), a 6 mL of each extract was poured in sterilised Petri dish and 54 ± 4 juveniles were added. Distilled water was used as control and treatments replicated four times and incubated at ambient temperature. The LC50value of each extract was determined by assessing the mortality of juveniles (in the range of 5–95%) after 24, 48 and 72 h. Comparison between LC50value of the extracts indicated thatCinnamomum zeylanicumandEugenia caryophillataare the most effective crude extracts on the mortality of juveniles and they were 15.4 and 17.9 mg mL−1, respectively. Meanwhile, the extract of tobacco, ferulago, garlic, eucalyptus, persan lilac, rattle, oliveria, licorice, russian knapweed, turnsole, sicilian sumac and chicken manure did not have any antinematode activity against fresh second-stage juveniles of the root-knot nematode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Due to more resistance of pathogenic bacteria to new and current antibiotics researchers are looking to find the agents of herbal with antimicrobial activities in order to replace chemical drugs. Methods: The herbal extract of Withani somnifera was done by using a rotary vacuum, 20 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were isolated from urinary infections hospitalized patients in city of Zabol hospital. The MIC Withani somnifera were determined by dilution method in various concentrations. Sensitivity of strains to multiple antibiotics was evaluated by standard disk diffusion Kirby-Bauer. Results: The result showed that P. aeruginosa were resistance to 4 of the agents including ampicillin (85%), nitrofurantoin (65%), nalidixic acid (65%), ciprofloxacin (15%) and for 5 strains of Pseudomonas showed MIC with activity of 100 ppm. Conclusion: This study has suggested the effect of winter cherry extract on P. aeruginosa in the in vitro assay. It s effectiveness of on in vivo system can be examined in future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eucommia ulmoides is one of the popular tonic herbs for the treatment of low back pain and bone fracture and is used in Korean medicine to reinforce muscles and bones. This study was performed to investigate the effects of E. ulmoides extract on longitudinal bone growth rate, growth plate height, and the expressions of bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) in adolescent female rats. In two groups, we administered a twice-daily dosage of E. ulmoides extract (at 30 and 100 mg/kg, respectively) per os over 4 days, and in a control group, we administered vehicle only under the same conditions. Longitudinal bone growth rate in newly synthesized bone was observed using tetracycline labeling. Chondrocyte proliferation in the growth plate was observed using cresyl violet dye. In addition, we analyzed the expressions of BMP-2 and IGF-1 using immunohistochemistry. Eucommia ulmoides extract significantly increased longitudinal bone growth rate and growth plate height in adolescent female rats. In the immunohistochemical study, E. ulmoides markedly increased BMP-2 and IGF-1 expressions in the proliferative and hypertrophic zones. In conclusion, E. ulmoides increased longitudinal bone growth rate by promoting chondrogenesis in the growth plate and the levels of BMP-2 and IGF-1. Eucommia ulmoides could be helpful for increasing bone growth in children who have growth retardation. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many studies have been carried out on bioactivities of individual herbs/fruits using in cosmetics or as a diet products, however, no collective study on their comparative antioxidant activities against oxidative damage or on cytotoxicity effect has been reported. The aim of this work was study the cytotoxicity and antioxidative activity of eight extracts with hypothetical antioxidative influence in vitro. To further elucidate of a possible role of herbals/fruits extracts on cell protection was used on the healthy and UV-A damaged mouse fibroblast cells. The cell viability was detect using MTT assay. Kinetic production of reactive oxygen species, identification of cell death, cell cycle and gene expression C- FOS were measured. Intracellular and mitochondrial transmembrane potential was evaluate with JC-1 fluorescence probe. Comet assay was employed to detect the UV-A induced DNA damage. The results indicated that using the extracts decreased ROS production. It can lead to greatly enhance and promote the viability of cells. As the most effective antioxidant in quenching of the ROS, in cell viability and DNA presentation was determined Prunella Vulgaris. However, one of them (Wheat Germ Oil) caused increased production of ROS and low cell viability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the most common cause of nosocomial infections, that known as one of the most resistant bacteria against antibiotics and show resistance to a lot of common treatment. On the same basis, the aim of the present study is evaluation of the antibacterial activity of aqueous extracts of four kinds of Iranian native plants on the growth of P.aeroginosa and compare them with antibiotics. Materials and Methods: Aqueous extracts of herbs were prepared by the soxhlet extractor and after preparing dilution, antimicrobial effect of them was determined by well diffusion and Broth dilution method on 3 different concentration Results & Conclusion: In this study, the highest anti-bacterial effect have been relative to Hippophae rhamnoides (17.6 mm). The minimum inhibitory concentration of Zataria multiflora Boiss, Juglans regia L and Origanum vulgare was 25% and was recorded 12.5% for Hippophae rhamnoides. At this research, difined all of the herbal extracts have antibacterial effect on the studied strain and this activity due to the culture, origin, growing season and effective material in plants could be different. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the effect of dietary Acanthopanax senticosus polysaccharide (ASPS) on growth performance, immunity, blood parameters and mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in immunologically challenged piglets, an experiment employing 2×2 factorial arrangement concerning dietary ASPS treatment (0 or 800 mg/kg) and immunological challenge (lipopolysaccharide [LPS] or saline injection) was conducted with 64 crossbred piglets (weaned at 28 d of age, average initial body weight of 7.25±0.21 kg) assigned to two dietary ASPS treatments with 8 replicates of 4 pigs each. Half of the piglets of per dietary treatment were injected with LPS or saline on d 14. Blood samples were obtained at 3 h after immunological injection on d 14 and piglets were slaughtered to obtain spleen samples on d 21. Dietary ASPS did not affect average daily gain (ADG) (p = 0.634), average daily feed intake (ADFI) (p = 0.655), and gain:feed (p = 0.814) prior to LPS challenge. After LPS challenge, for LPS-challenged pigs those fed ASPS had higher ADG and ADFI than the non-supplemented group (p<0.05), and an interaction between LPS×ASPS was observed on the two indices (p<0.05). Dietary ASPS improved lymphocyte proliferation among saline-injected and LPS-injected pigs (p<0.05). Interaction between LPS×ASPS was also revealed on lymphocyte proliferation (p<0.05). Circulatory concentration of IgG was influenced neither by ASPS (p = 0.803) or LPS (p = 0.692), nor their interaction (p = 0.289). Plasma concentration and spleen mRNA expression of interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-a were induced to increase (p<0.05) by LPS challenge, in contrast, these indices were decreased by dietary ASPS (p<0.05), and interactions were found on these cytokines (p<0.05). For LPS-challenged pigs, dietary ASPS also reduced the circulating concentration and spleen mRNA expression of IL-1μ, IL-6 as well as TNF-a (p<0.05). The interaction between LPS×ASPS was also observed on the circulating concentration of insulin-like growth factor- I, a-acid glycoprotein (a-AGP), nonesterified fatty acid, and glucose (p<0.05). The results of this study demonstrate that dietary ASPS can modulate the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines during immunological challenge, which might enable piglets to achieve better growth performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of the phytogenic product, Ruchamax® (Ayurvet, India), on the productivity of sows and the performance of their first litters. Ruchamax® contains a blend of herbal extracts from Adrographis paniculata, Phyllanthus emblica, Curcuma longa, Zingiber officinale and Allium sativum. It was incorporated into a lactation concentrate mixture (E) at an inclusion rate of 1 kg per 1000 kg. A total of 40 primiparous sows (PIC) were allocated to two equal groups: untreated (control (C)) and herb-supplemented (E). Treatments were from day 1 to 28 of lactation. Nursing sows fed the herb-supplemented diet had significantly increased average daily feed intake (5.84 vs. 5.46 kg) and milk output (7.58 vs. 6.71 kg). The experimental factor had a positive effect on the condition of sows (lower reduction of thickness during lactation). Changes in backfat thickness (farrowing-weaning) were significantly different (-6.45 vs. -9.40 mm). There were no differences in initial litter size and litter birth weight (BW) between groups. The average BW of piglets was similar (ca. 1.6 kg) in both groups. The herb-supplemented diet affected 28-day litter weight (69.95 vs. 63.40 kg), average piglet body weight (7.27 vs. 6.74 kg) and daily litter growth rate (1.79 vs. 1.68 kg) significantly compared with the control. It can be concluded that the sows receiving an herb-supplemented diet were characterized by better productivity indices than the control group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the effect of mixture of herbal extracts and supplementary formula (FNP-C) on hangovers and antioxidant enzymes in alcohol-induced liver damage in rats. HepG2 cells were used as the experimental cells and divided into five groups: non-treated control (normal), alcohol-induced control (control), mixture of herbal extracts (FNP-B), FNP-C, and a commercial treatment of liver diseases (Livers ® ); inhibition of detoxification and alcohol-induced damage was confirmed in vivo. Blood alcohol and acetaldehyde concentration after alcohol consumption were measured in a timely manner; alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH), glutathione transferase (GST), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels were measured in the liver. FNP-C exhibited the highest effect. When FNP-C was administered to alcohol-induced animals, blood alcohol and acetaldehyde concentration decreased compared to FNP-B and Livers ® . FNP-C reduced ADH levels and improved LDH, GSH, GST, and SOD levels. The FNP-C group was effective in preventing alcohol-induced hangovers and liver damage. Thus, FNP-C improves hangovers and increases antioxidant activity in an alcohol-induced model. Adding amino acids and vitamins to natural ingredients can potentially enhance the effect of improving hangovers., Competing Interests: Conflict of interestNot applicable., (© The Author(s) 2022.)

Strongyloidiasis could be a significant global health issue undervalued in several countries, which is caused by Strongyloides spp. Challenges stemming from the use of anthelmintic chemotherapy, such as the development of resistance, the progressive cost of medicines, environmental toxicity of chemicals, and residuals in beast products have increased interest in promoting alternative means of control for the use of plant-based parasite control methods. A study on herbal extracts may offer a less expensive yet equally effective alternative for the prevention and treatment of helminthic multi-resistance. We systematically searched the Web of Sciences, PubMed/MEDLINE, and Scopus databases to explore original publications related to medicinal plants and Strongyloides in English on September 29, 2021. The keywords of medicinal plant, traditional medicine, plant extract, herbal medicine, herbal extract, natural drug, Strongyloides , strongyloidiasis, Strongyloides infection, and helminth were used in our search. Researchers can make use of this review as a quick reference. In this study, we have summarized recent advancements and published investigations on herbal and naturally derived medicines in treating strongyloidiasis undertaken by several researchers worldwide. These medicinal herbs, as well as the active and significant compounds they contain, such as alkaloids, phenolic derivatives, tannins, and terpenes, have been outlined in recent articles. Various studies on herbal remedies to treat strongyloidiasis have been undertaken to date, but further research is still required on moderately effective and low harmful substances., Competing Interests: Conflict of interestThere are no conflicts of interest., (© Indian Society for Parasitology 2022, Springer Nature or its licensor holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.)

According to the World Health Organisation, 80% of the world population relies on plant material based herbal medicines for primary health care. Nine herbal products used in Ayurvedic medicine were studied for heavy metal content and assessed for their health risks. Nine herbal plant products Tagar (Valeriana jatamansi), Arjun (Terminalia arjuna), Guggulu (Commiphora wightii), Pushkarmoola (Inula racemosa), Shilajeet (Asphaltum punjabianum), Shallaki (Boswellia serrata), Haritaki (Terminalia chebula), Neem (Azadirachta indica), and Bahera (Terminalia bellirica), were collected from the local market and analyzed for heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Zn, Ni, Fe, Cu, Mn, Cr) using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The risk assessment of heavy metals in Ayurvedic herbal products in terms of the Average Daily Dose was calculated to assess the long-term consumption risk of the medicine, the estimated daily intake (EDI) was determined and the health risk due to the consumption of herbal medicine is described in term of target hazard quotient (THQ). The health risk of each herbal medicine due to the cumulative effect of the heavy metals was assessed in terms of hazard index (HI). All the Ayurvedic products tested contained heavy metals, in low quantities. Chromium was below the detectable limit. In terms of standards given by various agencies for heavy metals dietary intake the studied Ayurvedic products when consumed in the recommended dose were found to contain heavy metals within the standard limits and pose insignificant health risks (HI= >1). The essentiality of certain heavy metals at low and ultra-low concentrations, for proper growth and physiological functioning in animals, is discussed. The study concludes that the human uptakes of heavy metals through the recommended medicinal dose of the studied Ayurvedic plant products are within the safe limits recommended by various agencies and pose a minimal health risk in short term as well as in long term consumption. • Heavy metals concentration in nine Ayurvedic herbal products. • Recommended dose of the herbal products was < the maximum daily dose. • Heavy metals in low quantity may be essential. • Given Ayurvedic herbal products are under safe limit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Osteoporosis (OP) is one of the most serious diseases in the modern world, and OP patients frequently suffer from fragility fractures in the hip, spine and wrist, resulting in a limited quality of life. Although bisphosphonates (BPs) are the most effective class of anti-bone-resorptive drugs currently available and the most commonly prescribed for the clinical treatment of OP, they are known to cause serious side effects such as bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw. Novel therapeutic materials that can replace the use of BPs have therefore been developed. Methods We commenced an institutional collaborative project in which candidates of herbal extracts were selected from more than 400 bioactive herbal products for their potential therapeutic effects not only in OP, but also in oral and skeletal diseases. In the present study, we report on 3 Chinese medical herbal extracts from the root barks of Melia azedarach, Corydalis turtschaninovii, and Cynanchum atratum. Results All of these extracts inhibited osteoclast proliferation and induced apoptosis by up-regulation of caspase activity and increase of mitochondrial pro-apoptotic proteins expression. Furthermore, the extracts enhanced differentiation, but did not affect proliferation of both osteoblasts and chondrocytes. The osteo-inducible effect was also observed in cultured primary bone marrow cells. Conclusions Although these extracts have been utilized in traditional Chinese medicine for hundreds of years, there are no reports to our knowledge, on their therapeutic effects in OP. In this study, we elucidate the potency of these herbal extracts as novel candidates for OP therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

HT042 is a new herbal prescription consisting of Astragalus membranaceus, Phlomis umbrosa and Eleutherococcus senticosus, which are used in Korean medicine to stimulate growth in children. We investigated the effects of HT042 on the body weight, longitudinal bone growth, and bone length in spontaneous dwarf rats (SDR). Male and female SDRs were divided into three groups: the control group (DW, 10 mL/kg/day), the recombinant human GH group (rhGH; 500 μg/kg/day), and the HT042 (100 mg/kg/day) group. Each group received the respective treatments for 10 days. Body weight was measured on day 10 of treatment. On day 8, tetracycline (20 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally into all individuals to form a fluorescent band on the newly synthesized bone. On day 10, femur and tibia lengths were measured using PIXImus. Body weight, longitudinal bone growth, and bone length were not affected in the HT042 group. In contrast, the rhGH group showed significantly increased body weight, longitudinal bone growth, and bone length. In conclusion, HT042 does not act through a GH-like effect to promote longitudinal bone growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was undertaken in order to evaluate the effects of processing and feed composition variables on the retention of volatile compounds and product properties during spouted bed drying of pepper-rosmarin extract ( Lippia sidoides Cham.). The product loss on drying, LD, moisture content, Xp, water activity, Aw, concentration of bioactive markers (flavonoid, TF, polyphenol, TPF and thymol contents, TT), antioxidant activity, IC50, powder flow properties, powder morphology and crystalline state were the responses analysed. Processing conditions and feed composition significantly affected the product quality, leading to noticeable changes in the retention of bioactive substances. Results of this study show that the concentration of bioactive markers in the dried product tended to increase with the feed flow rate of the feed composition relative to the maximum dryer evaporation capacity, Ws /Wmax, and conversely with the concentration of drying carriers added to the feed composition. The dried extract showed significant antioxidant activity, although significant losses of bioactive marker compounds ( TF, TPF and TT) were observed in some processing conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstarct: Herbal extracts targeting at the brain remain a continuous challenge to pharmacology. Usually, a number of different animal tests have to be performed in order to find a potential clinical use. Due to manifold possibly active ingredients biochemical approaches are difficult. A more holistic approach using a neurophysiological technique has been developed earlier in order to characterise synthetic drugs. Stereotactic implantation of four semi-microelectrodes into frontal cortex, hippocampus, striatum and reticular formation of rats allowed continuous wireless monitoring of field potentials (EEG) before and after drug intake. After frequency analysis (Fast Fourier Transformation) electric power was calculated for 6 ranges (delta, theta, alpha1, alpha2, beta1 and beta2). Data from 14 synthetic drugs – tested earlier and representative for different clinical indications – were taken for construction of discriminant functions showing the projection of the frequency patterns in a six-dimensional graph. Quantitative analysis of the EEG frequency pattern from the depth of the brain succeeded in discrimination of drug effects according to their known clinical indication (Dimpfel and Schober, 2003). Extracts from Valerian root, Ginkgo leaves, Paullinia seed, Hop strobile, Rhodiola rosea root and Sideritis scardica herb were tested now under identical conditions. Classification of these extracts based on the matrix from synthetic drugs revealed that Valerian root and hop induced a pattern reminiscent of physiological sleep. Ginkgo and Paullinia appeared in close neighbourhood of stimulatory drugs like caffeine or to an analgesic profile (tramadol). Rhodiola and Sideritis developed similar frequency patterns comparable to a psychostimulant drug (methylphenidate) as well to an antidepressive drug (paroxetine). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In preparation of microcapsules encapsulated herbal extract for clinical treatment, it is necessary to develop an appropriate method for maximizing the herb loading inside the microcapsules and increasing encapsulation efficiency. In order to design an appropriate method for microcapsules preparation, an orthogonal experimental design was used for determination of the optimum level of each variable in the process. In this study, there are four types of polymer used for developing microcapsules - chitosan (CMC), chitosan-sodium alginate (CSA), gelatin (GMC), and gelatin-arabic gum (GAG). Emulsion-chemical cross-linking method was used in preparing these four types of polymer microcapsules. An orthogonal array was employed to vary four independent variables including core-to-shell ratio (A), concentration of shell material in % (B), agitation speed in rpm (C) and cross-linking time in minutes (D) to optimize two dependent variables - particle size and yield of making such four types of polymer microcapsules. Based on the results, an optimum level of each variable and the order sequence of the importance of each variable in production of polymer microcapsules were determined. It is useful for practitioners in effectively preparation of encapsulated the herbal extract in microcapsules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder and these days a lot of emphasis is given on the treatment of this disease using herbal medicines. The present study evaluates the neuroprotective effect of Withania somnifera (Ws) root extract on Parkinsonian mice. The mice were divided into three groups; the first group served as control, the second group was given maneb (MB) and paraquat (PQ) and the last group was administered MB-PQ along with Ws root extract for 3, 6 and 9 weeks. The behavioral studies showed a significant improvement in the motor movement patterns and gripping ability of Ws root extract exposed Parkinsonian mice. Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunostaining was reduced in the substantia nigra of MB-PQ exposed mice, while Ws co-exposure restored TH immunostaining significantly. Additionally, our results also demonstrate generation of oxidative stress in the nigrostriatal region of MB-PQ exposed mice. There was a marked decline in the level of catalase and a simultaneous increase in the level of nitrite and lipid peroxidation in Parkinsonian mice. Thus, the Ws root extract have shown to counteract the pro-oxidants and their associated oxidative stress in the PD model studied here. Our results clearly indicate the usefulness of Ws root extract in providing protection against MB-PQ induced nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurodegeneration and marked improvement in the behavioral, anatomical and the biochemical deformities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]