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(1984). The Cuts in British Higher Education: a symposium. British Journal of Sociology of Education: Vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 167-181.

An enantioselective synthesis of the new, orally absorbable, totally synthetic β-lactam antibiotic, loracarbef (LY163892/KT3777) is described.

Tyrosine hydroxylase activity was undetectable in the plasma of haemolymph immediately after collection from diapausing larvae of Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner). Activation occurred rapidly, and peak titres were reached in from 2 to 4 minutes. Maximum tyrosine hydroxylase activity persisted in haemolymph plasma maintained under oil, but steadily diminished in samples exposed to air. Activation occurred at equal rates in blood samples diluted with either aerated or nitrogenated buffers, although dilution produced a lag phase in the activation. At o° C. the much expanded time course, of activation assumed a sigmoidal character, consistent with an autocatalytic mode of activation. Gel filtration of fresh haemolymph prevented tyrosine hydroxylase activation; gel filtration of previously activated samples greatly reduced their activity. By combining the proteinaceous portion of the gel column effluent with successive fractions, however, it was possible to restore substantial activity. The activator was heat-labile (boiling) but was not precipitated by ammonium sulphate. Our results suggest that the activation of tyrosine hydroxylase involves a small, water-soluble, thermolabile molecule that reversibly associates with a proenzyme.

Intramolecular reaction of stabilised γ-acylphosphoniumylides derived from esters, thiolesters and amides withγ-lactone carbonyl groups resulted in the formation, by a Wittig-type cyclisation, of tetronic, thiotetronic and tetramic γ-lactones respectively.

Les esters bromo-6α penicillanates sont prepares a partir des acides correspondants, d'halogenures d'alkyle et de triethylamine dans l'acetone; ces esters reagissent avec le zinc dans le dioxanne avec une agitation aux ultrasons et donnent des composes organozinciques intermediaires qui sont hydrolyses en esters d'acide penicillanique

An enantioselective synthesis of the new, orally absorbable, totally synthetic β-lactam antibiotic, loracarbef (LY163892/KT3777) is described.

A case—control study of adult depressed outpatients derived from a U.S. sample confirmed previous Australian reports of a significantly greater likelihood for depressives to report an earlier lack of parental care as well as parental overprotection. Only 32% of the patients, as against 62% of the non-psychiatric controls, reported ‘optimal bonding’, as defined by the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI), from one or both parents. By contrast 62% of the depressives and 27% of the controls reported exposure to PBI-defined ‘affectionless control’ from one or both parents. As in previous studies, a raw PBI care score of less than 10 was highly discriminating, being reported by 32% of the depressives and only 3% of the controls.

Intramolecular reaction of stabilised γ-acylphosphoniumylides derived from esters, thiolesters and amides withγ-lactone carbonyl groups resulted in the formation, by a Wittig-type cyclisation, of tetronic, thiotetronic and tetramic γ-lactones respectively.

Within the counseling/psychotherapy field, the extent to which empathy is a communication skill, an inner experience of the counselor, or the client’s perception is controversial (Gladstein, 1983). The empathy training literature has, however, taken the position that empathy is a behavioral communication skill, emphasizing skill acquisition and performance. Behavioral training technology has been developed to equip trainees with a repertoire of counseling skills. The inner experience of the trainee has been neglected, however, by the empathy training literature (Hackney, 1978; Mahon & Altman, 1977). Partly, this neglect is due to the lack of an adequate conceptualization of empathy that links the complex nature of empathy with the available training technology. A view of empathy is needed that takes into account the counselor’s inner experience, but is still pragmatic enough to relate to the available training technology.

The vapours of yttrium and gadolinium react with 1,3,5-tri-t-butylbenzene to afford the metal(0) complexes [(M(η-But3C6H3)2], M = Y, Gd; the X-ray crystal structure of the gadolinium complex shows the molecule to possess the parallel ring sandwich structure.

The title compound was prepared in good yield via intramolecular insertion of an α-alkoxycarbonyl, α-sulphonyl carbene into the NH bond of an azetidinone.

New ionic reactions are reported of several arenediazonium salts (derived from corresponding acylarylnitrosamines), involving suppression of the normal radical chain decomposition by addition of 1,1-diphenylethene. Thus p-chloro-N-nitrosoacetanilide (p-CI-NNA) gave p-hydroxybenzenediazonium chloride (27%) and acetic anhydride (62%), and o-CI-NNA gave o-chlorobenzenediazonium chloride (62%) and acetic anhydride (62%). That these reactions proceed via unprecedented nucleophilic substitution of aromatic chloride by acetate ion, followed by ionic deacetylation of the resultant o- or p-acetoxybenzenediazonium ions to give acetic anhydride and 2- or 4-diazocyclohexadienone, follows from the results of corresponding 1,1-diphenylethene-promoted reactions of o- and p-AcO-NNA. Decomposition of the former in boiling xylene gave 2-cyclopentadienyldiene-1,3-benzo-dioxole (22%), formed by reaction of 2-diazocyclohexadienone with the product of its decomposition, the carbene 2-oxocyclohexa-3,5-dienylidene.Decomposition of o-AcS-NNA in benzene gives 1,2,3-benzothiadiazole (70%).

The presence of 1,1-diphenylethene (1 equiv.) as a radical chain suppressor in decompositions of o- and p-chlorobenzenediazonium acetates formed in situ from the corresponding N-nitrosoacetanilides, in benzene at 50 °C, promotes previously unobserved ionic displacements of chloride by acetate, followed by deacetylation to give, for example, clean precipitation of p-hydroxybenzenediazonium chloride; extension of the reaction leads conveniently to the generation of 2-oxocyclohexa3,5-dienylidene from N-nitroso-o-acetoxyacetanilide and of 1,2,3-benzothiadiazole from N-nitroso-o-thioacetoxyacetanilide.

• Computed tomography (CT) of the abdomen and pelvis was performed on 30 patients with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) as part of their pretreatment staging evaluation. Twenty-two patients also had liver-spleen radionuclide scans. Physical examination revealed limited cutaneous plaque disease in five patients, extensive plaque disease in 11 patients, cutaneous tumors in six patients, and exfoliative erythroderma in eight patients. Generalized palpable adenopathy was detected in 11 patients, localized palpable adenopathy in ten patients, and no adenopathy in nine patients. Peripheral lymph node biopsy specimens showed CTCL in seven patients and dermatopathic lymphadenitis or sinus histiocytosis in 17 patients. Two patients were at disease stage la, five were at stage lb, seven were at stage IIa, two were at stage IIb, seven were at stage III, and seven were at stage IVa. The CT did not reveal intra-abdominal, retroperitoneal, or pelvic adenopathy, or hepatic or splenic abnormalities in any patient. Radionuclide scans demonstrated nonspecific abnormalities in five patients, but did not appear to reflect disease involvement. Computed tomography of the abdomen and liver-spleen radio-nuclide scans should not be routine staging procedures for CTCL. ( Arch Dermatol 1986;122:884-886)

Phenyl radicals derived from N-nitrosoacetanilide, dibenzoyl peroxide, or di-t-butyl peroxide–triphenylarsine react with dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate (DMAD) to give tetramethylnaphthalene-1,2,3,4-tetracarboxylates, the maximum yield being 0·5 mol per mol of radical source, obtained in the case of dibenzoyl peroxide. Substituted dibenzoyl peroxides [(XC6H4CO2)2; X = 2-NO2, 2-Cl, 3-Cl, 3-Br, 3-Me, 4-Cl, 4-Br, 4-Me, or 4-CN] undergo this annelation less successfully to give the corresponding tetramethyl X-naphthalene-1,2,3,4-tetracarboxylates. Di-2-naphthoyl peroxide similarly gave a mixture of tetramethylanthracene- and phenanthrene-1,2,3,4-tetracarboxylates, and dibenzoyl peroxide in ethyl propiolate gave a mixture of diethyl naphthalenedicarboxylates.That the annelation probably proceeds via reaction of first-formed styryl radicals with DMAD followed by cyclisation is indicated by the additional formation of dimethyl diphenyl-maleate and -fumarate when dibenzoyl peroxide decomposed in a mixture of benzene and DMAD. In accord with this, decomposition of bis-α-methylcinnamoyl peroxide in DMAD gave a small yield of dimethyl 3-methylnaphthalene-1,2-dicarboxylate.Di-2-thenoyl peroxide behaved differently on decomposition in DMAD, giving dimethyl thenoylmaleate (20%), the trans-isomer being absent, and trimethyl 5-methoxyfuran-2,3,4-tricarboxylate (5%). A mechanism is advanced.

2-Methyl-5-azabicyclo[2.2.0]hex-2-en-6-one, a photoisomer of 4-methyl-2-pyridone, is transformed upon ozonolysis and reduction into two diastereoisomeric azetidin-2-ones, substituted at the 3- and 4-positions.

Absorvedores de vibração são comumente usados em aplicações com intuito de reduzir indesejadas amplitudes de vibração de estruturas e maquinas vibrantes. O conceito de um absorvedor de vibração linear consiste na ideia de projetar um subsistema com frequência de ressonância coincidente com uma dada frequência de interesse, tal que a amplitude de vibração do sistema primário e significativamente reduzida quando comparada a situação original, sem o absorvedor de vibração. Porem, uma deficiência dos absorvedores de vibração lineares típicos e sua estreita faixa de frequência de operação. Para superar essa deficiência, muitas tentativas de solução usando subsistemas não lineares tem sido propostas na literatura, ja que se apropriadamente projetados, eles podem aumentar a faixa de frequência de absorção de vibração e/ou melhorar a redução das amplitudes de vibração do sistema primário. Contudo, a síntese e o projeto de tais absorvedores não lineares não e tão simples e direta como no caso linear. Baseado na geometria de uma topologia proposta e encontrada na literatura, que compreende a inclusão de uma montagem do tipo snap through truss no lugar da mola linear do absorvedor de vibração, este trabalho tem intenção de apresentar um estudo sobre o projeto e otimização de um absorvedor dinâmico de vibrações não linear. Portanto, o efeito dos parâmetros do absorvedor e analisado quanto as perspectivas de redução das amplitudes de vibração do sistema principal como também de aumento da faixa de frequência de operação. A analise paramétrica do absorvedor foi promovida para responder questões sobre as variáveis de projeto, tanto físicas como geométricas. Realizou-se otimização do absorvedor com objetivo de sintoniza-lo a frequência de trabalho desejada, através de busca extensiva e algoritmos genéticos. Os resultados mostram que o absorvedor não linear proposto pode ser mais efetivo que seu correspondente linear em ambos os aspectos, na redução da máxima amplitude de vibração e no aumento da faixa de frequência de absorção. Portanto, apesar da dificuldade inicial de projeto, esse tipo de absorvedor representa uma alternativa interessante na atenuação das amplitudes de vibração ao longo de uma extensa faixa de frequência. Dynamic vibration absorbers are commonly used in several applications in order to reduce undesired vibration amplitudes of vibrating machinery and structures. The concept of a linear vibration absorber is based on the idea of designing a subsystem with a resonance frequency coincident with a given frequency of interest such that the vibration amplitude of the primary system is significantly reduced when compared to the original situation (without the vibration absorber). But one of the known handicaps of typical linear vibration absorbers is their narrow frequency range of operation. To overcome this handicap, a number of tentative solutions have been proposed in the literature using nonlinear subsystems. If properly designed, they could enlarge the frequency range of vibration absorption and/or improve vibration reduction of the primary system. However, the synthesis and design of such nonlinear absorbers are not as straightforward as for their linear counterpart. A proposed design found in the open literature consists of replacing the linear spring of the vibration absorber by a nonlinear snap-through truss. This work aims to present a study on the design and optimization of a nonlinear dynamic vibration absorber based on snap-through absorber geometry. The effect of the absorber parameters was analyzed on both, the primary system vibration amplitude reduction and the frequency range of operation. Parametric analyses of the absorber were carried out to answer questions about the physical and geometric design variables. The absorber optimization was performed in two different ways, by extensive search and genetic algorithms, in order to tune it in the desired working frequency. The results show that the proposed nonlinear vibration absorber may be more effective than its linear counterpart both in terms of maximum vibration amplitude reduction and absorption frequency-range. Therefore, despite the increased design complexities such an absorber is an interesting alterna- tive in attenuating vibration amplitudes over a wide frequency range.

Aptamers are single-stranded nucleic acids that can bind a wide variety of targets. The target-binding events involved structural changes of an aptamers and have been exploited to create fluorescent reporters. Aptamer-based fluorescent sensors are highly sensitive and selective and can be adapted as signaling components in detection assays. Previously, an aptamer that binds GTP was isolated by in vitro selection from a random-sequence DNA library. Guanosine-5’-triphosphates (GTP) is an important biological cofactor that is widely utilized by many biological receptors and enzymes. Assays that monitor these receptors and enzymes, such as radioactive binding assays using GTP analog [35S] GTPγS, are not homogeneous and required extensive sample treatments. In contrast, fluorescent reporters made using functional nucleic acids, such as aptamers, are convenient to use and provide real-time detection for a plethora of targets. If the latter detection method could be applied for the detection of GTP, this would provide a more simple and convenient alternative to current methods. In this thesis, we explore the possibility of designing a novel assay that unifies aptamer characterization with structure-switching. We used this assay to analyze the sequence requirement and recognition specificity of this GTP-binding DNA aptamer. And, we found that binding activity can be retained with up to 40% of nucleotides removed and the sequence identity can be simplified to only guanine and thymine residues. The sequence information about this aptamer can facilitate the development of an efficient fluorescence-signaling aptamer for real-time detection of GTP. Master of Science (MSc)