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The industrial process of terephthalic acid (TPA) production suffers from many environmental and economical drawbacks. Liquid-phase catalytic oxidation of alkylbenzene by oxygen is usually initiated by bromine in a corrosive acetic acid solvent. A recent catalytic system used environmentally benign n-hydroxysuccinimide (NHSI) as a free radical promoter rather than the more hazardous bromine molecules. Manganese dioxide and Cu–Mn mixed oxide nanoparticles with different ratios (CuMn11, CuMn12, and CuMn13) were prepared and examined as oxidation catalysts for p-toluic acid (p-TA) to produce TPA under an oxygen atmosphere. These catalyst samples were characterized by HRTEM, XRD, and N2-adsorption–desorption isotherm techniques. The catalytic activity of the prepared nanocatalysts for TPA was studied under different conditions (reaction time, catalyst dosages, reaction solvent, and various oxygen pressures and reaction temperatures) to maximize the yield (%) and selectivity (%) towards TPA synthesis. Catalyst characterization indicated that the CuMn11 sample had a new phase with a spinel structure. Furthermore, it was the most active catalyst that provided 99.5% and 99.6% yields in acetonitrile and ethylacetate solvents, respectively, under the oxygen pressure of 20 atm. at 150 °C.

Aim This paper aims to assess the evidence in the literature reporting orthodontically induced inflammatory root resorption (OIIRR) in treatment with orthodontic clear aligners using 3D measurements. Materials and methods Following preferred reporting Items for systematic reviews (PRISMA) statement, eight electronic databases were searched for relevant published and unpublished records. Data collected according to restricted inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results A total of 236 articles were identified as relevant to our topic. Duplicates were excluded resulting in 226 papers, out of which 31 papers were relevant after screening titles and abstracts. Only 2 high-level evidence papers out of the 31 met the inclusion criteria for the qualitative synthesis. Conclusion Based on the available studies with high level of evidence in the literature, we conclude that orthodontic clear aligners are non-inferior to light-force fixed orthodontic appliances, and superior to heavy-force fixed orthodontic appliances in terms of the risk for developing apical root resorption. Clinical significance Orthodontists can be more assured about the low-risk of OIIRR associated with clear aligners compared to other orthodontic treatment modalities, and it remains up to the practitioner's assessment to select the appropriate treatment on a case by case basis.

Let G be a finite group and let N be a fixed normal subgroup of G. In this paper, a new kind of graph on G, namely the intersection graph is defined and studied. We use to denote this graph, with its vertices are all normal subgroups of G and two distinct vertices are adjacent if their intersection in N. We show some properties of this graph. For instance, the intersection graph is a simple connected with diameter at most two. Furthermore we give the graph structure of for some finite groups such as the symmetric, dihedral, special linear group, quaternion and cyclic groups.

Background: Adipose tissue hormones, Adipokines, play an important role in obesity-associated complications. Apelin has recently been added to the family of adipokines. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between serum apelin levels and metabolic abnormal parameters in Egyptian obese women. Materials and methods: The study included 400 unrelated women; they were 200 obese women and 200 non- obese matched healthy women. All participants underwent clinical, anthropometric and biochemical examinations. Insulin resistance (IR) was determined by the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). Serum apelin levels and obesity biomarkers were measured using enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) kits. Fat mass was measured by Tanita Body Composition Analyzer. Results: Obese women showed significant higher levels of serum apelin, leptin, triglycerides, LDL-C, total cholesterol, fasting insulin HOMA-IR and blood pressure levels than controls. Significant positive correlations between apelin and leptin levels with abnormal metabolic markers were noted in obese women. Conclusion: The present study suggests the significant role that might be mediated by apelin for developing abnormal metabolic parameters among Egyptian obese women.

residual activity and persistence of deltamethrin on different surfaces against Sitophilus oryzae (L.) and Rhizopertha dominica (F.) adults was investigated. Three rates of deltamethrin (0.4, 0.3 and 0.2 mg A.I /cm2) was applied to steel, ceramic tile, plywood and cement (wall or floor surfaces) and plastic, damour, polypropylene and jute (fabric surfaces). Adults were released on surfaces after 24 hrs. from application (0 time) then after oneweek interval during 6 months. The adult mortality percentages were recorded after 24hrs. from exposure. Results indicated that: - The residual activity of deltamethrin against the two tested insect species adults was concentration, surface and time after application –dependent . -Adults of S.oryzae adults were more susceptible than R. domonica with all detamethrin concentrations on different surfaces in all period intervals. - Steel and ceramic surfaces with all concentrations of deltamethrin gave greatest residual activity with complete mortality for 6 months against the two insect species. - Also, the residual effect of insecticide was high on plastic, polyethylene surfaces, followed with plywood and damour surfaces. - Deltamethrin with cement surface deteriorated rapidly starting from the initial time and failed to give 100% kill to the two tested insect species. - Also, values of gross persistence indicated that, non-porous surfaces ( steel ,ceramic, plastic and polyethylene ) were the most ideal to retain deltamethrin efficacy compared with the other porous surfaces.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of pressurized CO2, N2 and atmospheric air against the immature stages and adults of two secondary insect species of stored products [Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.) and Stegobium paniceum (L.)]. The insects were exposed to 5 levels (1-5 bars) of the pressurized gases in a metal gas cylinder for two exposure periods (one day and two days) at average of 20°C. The results showed generally that, Co2 was the most effective as it induced the highest mortality percentages followed by N2 then atmospheric air. Sensitivity of the two tested insect species to CO2 and N2 was approximately the same, while S. paniceum was more sensitive to the pressurized air than O. surinamensis. Egg stage of the two insect species was the more tolerant stage, while adult stage exhibits the highest level of sensitivity to all tested gases for any level of pressure and the both periods of exposure. Larvae of S. paniceum as exceptional case were more tolerant to the pressurized CO2 than the other stages. It was noticed also that mortality of all insect stages of both species was significantly increased as the exposure period to the tested gases increased. Mortality of insects increased as the level of gas pressure increased recording the highest percentages of insect mortality at the highest level of gas pressure (5 kg/cm2).

Objectives Introducing advanced radiographic techniques, like CT, in the field of forensic human identification is crucial. Sex and age are important biological attributes to be estimated during forensic identification process. The diagnostic value of sternum as an indicator for accurate sex and age estimation for an Egyptian population is still questionable. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the validity of sex estimation using sternal metric measurements and age estimation using fusion of manubrio-sternal joint (MSJ) and xiphi-sternal joint (XSJ) on MDCT images of a sample of Egyptian population. Materials and methods For sex estimation, a total of 165 MDCT images were assessed. Five sternal measurements were assessed on 88 MDCT images of known sex to develop a logistic regression equation which was then tested for its validity on 77 MDCT images of unknown sex. For age estimation, 88 MDCT images of known age were assessed for MSJ and XSJ fusion stages. Logistic regression analysis was done to denote the accuracy of estimating age (above or below 45 years) for both sex-specific and pooled-sex samples. Results For sex estimation, validity of logistic regression equation was as follows: sensitivity (85.7%), specificity (90.5%), and accuracy (88.3%). As regards to age, MSJ and XSJ fusions were highly variable and overall logistic regression results demonstrated low accuracy rate. Conclusion We concluded that sternal measurements assessed using MDCT may represent a valid metric method for sex estimation in Egyptian population. On the other hand, MSJ and XSJ fusion stages were of limited value for age estimation.

The therapy of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) stays a challenging issue. During the last decade, there has been an interest in the expansion of anti-diabetic drugs especially those of natural sources. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess the anti-hyperglycemic and the anti-hyperlipidemic effects as well as the anti-oxidant activities of navel orange hydroethanolic extract and its constituting flavonoids naringin and naringenin on nicotineamide (NA)/streptozotocin (STZ)-induced type 2 diabetic rats. To induce T2DM, 16h-fasted rats were intraperitoneally injected with STZ at dose of 50mg/kg body weight (b. w.), 15min after the intraperitoneal administration of NA (120mg/kg b. w.). The NA/STZ-induced type 2 diabetic rats were orally treated with navel orange peel hydroethanolic extract, naringin and narengenin at dose level of 100mg/kg b. w./day for 4 weeks. The treatments with navel orange peel hydroethanolic extract, naringin and narengenin potentially alleviated the lowered serum insulin and C-peptide levels, the depleted liver glycogen content, the elevated liver glucose-6-phosphatase and glycogen phosphorylase activities, the deteriorated serum lipid profile, and the suppressed liver antioxidant defense system of NA/STZ-induced type 2 diabetic rats. The treatments also enhanced the mRNA expression of insulin receptor β-subunit, GLUT4 and adiponectin in adipose tissue of STZ/NA-induced type 2 diabetic rats. In conclusion, the navel orange peel hydroethanolic extract, naringin and naringenin have potent anti-diabetic effects in NA/STZ-induced type 2 diabetic rats via their insulinotropic effects and insulin improving action which in turn may be mediated through enhancing insulin receptor, GLUT4 and adiponectin expression in adipose tissue.