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Since the dissolution of the USSR and advent of market relations, small and medium-sized Russian cities have experienced many economic and social problems due to their peripheral status. At the same time, they form the main framework for the settlement of the northern territories. The research aims to reveal the importance of small and medium-sized cities in the set- tlement system of 13 regions of the Russian North by studying their demographic dynamics. We examined the hypothesis that the demographic sustainability of these cities depends on the time of their formation. A proposed methodology for assessing the demographic sustainability of cities is based on five groups: demographically sustainable, relatively sustainable, unsustainable, critically unsustainable, instability. Four periods of the formation of small and medium-sized cities are defined: colonisation of the Russian North (1584–1917); industrialisation and urbanisation of the northern territories (1918–1959); from coercion to encouragement — northern romance (1960–1989); from settlement to abandonment — depopulation (1990–2020). For each period, the cities were assessed in terms of their demographic sustainability. The current sustainability of the cities was shown to be dependent on the period of their formation. Compared with the rest of Russia, the structure of settlements in the North revealed both similarities (concentration of the population in large cities) and differences (the proportion of the population living in small and medium-sized cities is higher, but lower in rural areas). Future research will focus on developing a methodology for assessing the «saturation» of small and medium-sized cities in the Russian North.

The paper features the first results of the latest archaeological study investigations in 2020 were conducted at the Pesochnoe settlement located within the city boundaries of the Leninsky District of Saratov and was part of the medieval rural district of the Golden Horde city of Ukek. Excavation 1 (size 6×10 m) allowed to examine the cultural layer of the second half of the 13th – 14th centuries. The collection of mass ceramic materials comprised 150 fragments of medieval ceramic vessels. It includes 5 groups of both local and imported origin (Ukek, Northern Black Sea region, Byzantium), which, in addition to import directions, mark the presence of the Russian and Mordovian components among the population of the village. The ceramic collection, despite its small size, demonstrates all archaeological markers characteristic of rural settlements in the Ukek of the Golden Horde regions.

Khorasan saints have a role in the Turkification and Islamization of Anatolia. With their settlementin Anatolia, Turks attributed holiness to various places such as mountains, stones, trees and cavesin order to perpetuate the homeland and make the geography where they lived. In addition, theyassigned a position to many saints in order to share their homeland and to be together with themin the geography they lived in, and made them holy. It is possible to see these structures in everyregion of Anatolia. It is seen that the aforesaid saints and various material-spiritual elements live inthe most vivid way, especially in the Alevi society, either considering the holiness of the space or thestructuring of the rituals around the space.Within the Alevi belief system, visiting rituals have an important place in understanding andinterpreting the theological and mystical background of Alevism. These rituals, which have adynamic structure shaped by their own practices, are sacred structures that enable the individualto make sense of new knowledge and experiences by bringing social awareness in human life. Therituals in question are an important tool for creating social consciousness and reaching the oldest, thatis the sacred. On the other hand, it can be said that visiting rituals fulfil a basic function in makingsense of belief and culture. Khorasan saints have a role in the Turkification and Islamization of Anatolia. With their settlement in Anatolia, Turks attributed holiness to various places such as mountains, stones, trees and caves in order to perpetuate the homeland and make the geography where they lived. In addition, he assigned a position to many saints in order to share their homeland and to be together with them in the geography they lived in, and made them holy. It is possible to see these structures in every region of Anatolia, it is seen that the aforesaid saints and various material-spiritual elements live in the most vivid way, especially in the Alevi society, either considering the holiness of the space or the structuring of the rituals around the space. Within the Alevism belief system, visiting rituals have an important place in understanding and interpreting the theological and mystical background of Alevism.

We carried out a full-coverage survey of the Yautepec Valley in the 1990s to reconstruct demography and settlements and their changes through time. We investigated the extent to which well-documented developments in the adjacent Basin of Mexico were paralleled in Yautepec, as well as the impact of regional empires and economies on local society. Our analyses focused on Teotihuacan relations in the Classic period and relations with the Aztec empire and the Mesoamerican world system in the Middle and Late Postclassic periods. In addition to locating, mapping, and describing sites and taking grab-bag artifact collections, we also made a series of systematic intensive surface collections (5 × 5 m) and test excavations at samples of Classic and Postclassic sites. In this paper, we describe the survey and changing settlement patterns in the Yautepec Valley. We also present several analyses of changing patterns of urbanization through the Prehispanic era. We conclude with a synthesis of changing social and cultural dynamics in this region.

We study optimal methods for Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR), a technique to achieve settlement and avoid costly adversarial hearings. Participation is voluntary. Disputants are privately informed about their marginal cost of evidence provision. If ADR fails to engender settlement, the disputants can use the information obtained during ADR to determine what evidence to provide in an adversarial hearing. Optimal ADR induces an asymmetric information structure but makes the learning report-independent. It is ex ante fair and decreases the disputants’ expenditures, even if they fail to settle.We highlight the importance of real-world mediation techniques, such as caucusing, for implementing optimal ADR. Johannes Schneider gratefully acknowledges support from the Ministerio Economía y Competitividad (grant ECO2017-87769-P), and Comunidad de Madrid (grant MAD-ECON-POL-CM, H2019/HUM-5891). Funding for APC: Universidad Carlos III de Madrid (Read & Publish Agreement Wiley CRUE-CSIC 2021)

Purpose Traditional houses are living spaces that the user shapes over time according to specific environmental factors and needs, which come together in a certain pattern forming some key parts of the traditional settlement texture. This pattern, which also reflects the local culture, is created by the relationships among the public, private, and intermediate spaces.The traditional Siverek architectural settlement is quite rich in such spaces. The main elements that form the urban pattern are the squaresand streets that form public spaces, the houses representing the private space, and the in-between spaces such as texture-specific dead-end streets and archways that bridge these two types of spaces. However, due to the uninformed and miscalculated interventions in the original texture, mistimed protection measures, and failure to produce solutions for preservation, these architectural gems are at risk of extinction. At this point, two problems have been identified. The first is the preservation of the historical fabric. Another problem is the incompatibility of the newly planned areas with the old texture and housing layout. The purposeof this study is to provide guidance for new planning by analyzing the spatial arrangement of the traditional Siverek settlement. Design/Methodology/Approach In this context, from public spaces to residential private spaces, the spaces and their spatial relationships in the Siverek settlement plan were examined in a hierarchical order. The interrelationships among the spatial elements specific to the original texture of Siverek were discussed, and their status regarding their functional and spatial features in the urban texture were explained.Findings As a result of the study, it is stated that the traditional settlement texture and architecture of Siverek should be documented and preserved. Furthermore, considering the fact that the physical and social components that shape the spatial elements of the traditional fabric remain valid today, the need to transfer spatial formations and spatial hierarchies between public and private spaces to new designs on the settlement scale and building scale was emphasized.Social/Practical Implications It willserve as a guide for consideration in future designs of the cityof Siverek, not by imitating traditional forms, but by analyzing spatial setup.Originality/Value This study is the first study on the public and private space relationship in Siverek.

Quinta Monroy is an award-winning co-designed settlement for 93 families on half a hectare of land at Iquique in northern Chile. Neighbors' complaints about the disorderly settlement peaked after the landowner's death and provoked untenured residents to seek government subsidies to redevelop the settlement. From 2003, a government social housing project was coordinated by the “Elemental” architecture firm with US$10,000 per household. With the resident's temporary relocation, 93 modular and interlinked apartments were built around a series of courtyards. These apartments, which were designed as “half-houses,” were subsequently co-opted by residents adding rooms in locations planned in advance by Elemental. Many households have since doubled the size of their apartment and reformed the settlement in ways not anticipated by Elemental. This paper details a spatial and ethnographic study of the Quinta Monroy settlement since redevelopment to identify opportunities and risks that accompany this type of social housing model. The study reveals evidence that residents' capacities to enlarge apartments commonly exceeds the architect's expectations and that unregulated expansions often compromise the settlement's livability. This research anticipates further opportunities for expansion in this semi-regulated settlement and investigates possibilities that another contested slum settlement may emerge.

In this century the nature of many conflicts has changed: instead of common interstate feuds, the world has faced intrastate conflicts but with an international background. The active participation of nonstate actors in modern conflicts has made them much less manageable and their resolution much more complicated, including the efforts undertaken by international intermediaries. In the middle and the second half of the 2010s, the countries of the West, first of all, France and Germany, focused enormous efforts on resolving an armed conflict in the Republic of Mali. At first glimpse, these efforts contradict the uprising of Mali’s military in August 2020 which removed from power the national civil government headed by the incoming president. The questions raised in this article concern what new elements appeared in the course of relaunching the peace settlement in Mali in 2020 and to what extent nonstandard practices meet the interests of the members of the Euroatlantic Community represented by Germany. This country is chosen as an example due to the long-term trend for the growth of its influence in Africa and the World in general.

The need to introduce the institution of mediation in the domestic legal system is based on the positive results of the practical application of the institution of reconciliation in many countries around the world, which indicates its effectiveness. The use of an alternative, non-judicial way of resolving disputes, particularly, mediation, will provide an opportunity to solve the problem of court congestion. The article is devoted to the research of the introduction of the practice of settling administrative disputes through the mediation procedure in Ukraine. The problematic issues that need to be regulated in the legislation have been identified, that are principles and procedure for conducting mediation: from its initiation to the moment of termination; the legal status of the mediator, particularly, the conditions for acquiring the status of a mediator, the content of his rights and obligations, liability for violation of the law on mediation, as well as the categories of disputes in which it can be used. The feature of administrative proceedings is that one of the parties in the dispute is the subject of power. Thus, the feature of alternative dispute resolution, in particular mediation, in administrative proceedings is the peaceful settlement of relations between a state agency, on the one hand, and with a natural or legal person, on the other. There are several possibilities for legalization of the status of a mediator: the first is the implementation of mediation by professional independent mediators (for example, members of a professional association of mediators); the second is judicial mediation: or the settlement of a dispute with the participation of a judge. The issues of determining the categories of cases in which mediation can be used, in particular administrative disputes, remain unresolved. Resolving these issues will help expand the practice of mediation in the settlement of administrative disputes.

In this paper we will focus on one of the five areas of dispersed settlement in Slovakia – Novobanská štálová area and the forecast of its development on the example of selected characteristics (household income and its use, population). The analysis of historical development by using historical maps can relatively and accurately locate areas with permanently low intensity of use and areas that have fulfilled a stabilizing function in the cultural landscape throughout the observed development. At the same time, based on the analysis of the historical development of settlements, we can interpret the trend of the development of land use in the future. The originality of this type of landscape with a dispersed type of settlement also in the sense of the European Landscape Convention lies in its limited occurrence. Besides Slovakia, it occurs only in the Czechia and especially on the Czech-Slovak border. The analysis of demographic characteristics of selected municipalities also indicates qualitative and quantitative changes leading to the gradual extinction of the territory. The presented area as a part of small dispersed settlement has some unique cultural, historical and natural values, which are a reflection of human life and activities in difficult mountain conditions.

The article considers the development of education in Kyiv in the early twentieth century. Particular attention is paid to the efforts of the City Council to build a network of educational institutions and implement the task of meeting the educational needs of the population of the suburbs and outskirts. It is revealed that the activity of the Duma, the cadence of 1906–1910s in the field of education was mainly limited to financial and economic affairs. Discussion of land allocation for the construction of educational institutions became the subject of sharp political discussions of vowels and became an obstacle to the rapid settlement of urgent educational processes. Through the efforts of the Duma of 1906–1910, the network of educational institutions was expanded to meet the needs of the growing city. During the cadence, 7 new single-grade schools were opened, a four-grade school named after Tsarevich Oleksiy and a women’s two-grade school. The Duma helped ensure access to education in all corners of the city, thanks to which the sixth gymnasium was opened in Lukyanivka, where until 1908 there were no educational institutions at all. Kyiv City Duma has repeatedly turned its attention to the maintenance of schools and their financial support. All of this required the flexibility of public decisions to settle the cost of school equipment and rent payments. The most important achievement was the development of a project of the city school network with a financial plan for general education with a implementation period of 12 years. A significant achievement was the census of school-age children. Based on the obtained statistical data, the school commission was able to make calculations and set an approximate vector of educational needs for Kyiv. The most informative sources that allow to cover in detail the decision-making process and the political struggle over the development of education are Kyiv periodicals, in particular, «Kyivlianyn» and «Rada».

In spite of the parity relations between the medieval towns and their country surroundings and the high level of development of the settlement structures tracked during the wide-scale research of the settlements of the Southern Russ, the new excavations in the non-fortified settlements keep brining certain discoveries. This is remarkable at Khodosivka-Roslavske settlement found by the Northern Expedition in 2007. The working over of the results of the excavations in 2007—2011 allowed testify highly-developed household and significant level of the inhabitants’ wellbeing. Some peculiarities of the inhabitants’ material culture were characterized, a regular publication was devoted to the specifics of their outfit. The collected spindles and weights for weaving allow imagine the production of threads and cloth, prints on ceramics — specifics of the latter, needles — for clothes making. The osteological collection and leather making tools indicate leather and fur making; awls, sewings, and, rarely, piercers — further processing of the raw material. Leather / fur or thick cloth outfit is marked with a button made of the half of a spindle. The elements of the belt set (buckles, endings, rings-distributors), although a part of them could belong to the horse harness, bags etc., remained better and allow analyze this very specifics of the outfit, especially in view of the whetstones, steel fire strikers and the rest, which had been worn on belts before appearance of pockets in XVII—XVIII cent. Not fully indentified remains the fragment of bronze item which can be attributed to either front plate of bronze bag buckle or one of the variety of Christian incense burner. Substantial supplement of an outfit are the adornments. Aside from the items made of glass, among which, unexpectedly, there are a plenty of bracelets’ fragments, and of amber produced at the settlement, it is necessary to mention a range of metal items. They are temple rings, earrings, necklaces. Among the latter prevailing are the ones produced within the settlement. Together with the glass and amber, the necklaces included mineral components. Fibulas collected on the site have the analogies from the Baltic lands, the same relates to the other items. Arms and hands jewels are represented with bracelets and signet rings. In spite of the rather small researched area of 1041 m2 and so, not too extensive collection of the mentioned findings, its analysis tracks the original peculiarities of the researched settlement.

Urbanization and urban growth are considered as a modern way of life which manifests economic growth and development in many countries. On the other hand, it yields a number of evils, especially unplanned (squatter) settlement. The study conducted on the area of squatter settlement in Jimma town is aimed to explore the socioeconomic factors contributing for squatter settlement and its effect on social, economic and institutional conditions of settler and development of the town. The study was guided by qualitative research approach and employed cross-sectional and phenomenological design in which primary data required for the analysis was collected through key informant interview, focus group discussion, non-participant observation as well as secondary data from document and analyzed by thematic analysis. The findings of this study revealed that, the root cause identified for squatter settlement is shortage of residential house and its consequential high price of house rent, the need of holding large plot of land and inefficient land administration system. Other findings indicated that squatter settlement incur costs on both the government and the squatter. Squatter settlement creates fear and dearth of confidence on the land they hold illegally, poor infrastructure due to lack of government interventions and low social service delivery, and social distress within the community. The study also found out that squatting displaces the host ex-farmers from their farmland and leads to consequent poverty and livelihood disasters. It is recommended that, political will in accessing residential land and financial commitment of the government is required. Active participation of the public and abiding legal procedures in accessing residential land is vital.

Chernobyl was mentioned in Ipatievsky Chronicle in the 1193 for the first time. In 2003 the location of the chronicles Chernobyl was identified by archaeological research. During 2004—2020 the area of 360 m2 was excavated, another 30 m2 was partly explored and inhibited. As a result of the works the cultural layer since the late Stone Age till the modern times has been found. The cultural layer of the pre-chronicle period of Old Rus Chernobyl from the end of the tenth century is fixed. More than 300 archaeological objects, many artifacts and fauna remains were found. There the considerable number of artifacts of the «city» type is represented: martial arrowheads, locks and keys, the elements of horse harness, pieces of window-sill, stylus, a huge number of decorations of glass and metal. About 50 % of osteological remains belong to the wild animals such as taurus, bear, deer. Such findings make it possible to consider Chernobyl confidently the border fortress with an urban lifestyle, founded not later the late tenth century by the end of the eleventh century. It became the important and probably the main fortified outpost of the Northern Kyiv region which controlled the river route to Kyiv from the North. In the last years of the excavations of settlement the task was to find fortifications and study them. As a result, in 2017 at the most likely location of Old Rus defensive structures, the double moat of the XI—XII centuries was recorded. As a result of exploration on the territory of modern Chernobyl and in its outskirts in 2016—2020 two settlements of the XI—XII centuries and four localities of Old Rus ceramics were found. In 2020 during the study of the Lelev settlement the cultural layer of the twelveth century was recorded. In the close future it is necessary to recognize the structure of fortifications and take the necessary activities to protect the chronicle archaeological point.

In Aotearoa New Zealand, the arrival of imperial ideologies in the 19th century led to devastating land-loss and cultural marginalisation for Māori at the hands of settlers and successive governments. This article examines the damaging effects of a Crown-imposed treaty claims settlement system designed to address injustices inflicted on Māori. Interview data from a Taranaki-based (a West Coast region, central North Island of Aotearoa New Zealand) hapū (sub-tribe) that engaged with this system foreground the adversarial nature of this system and its continuation of trauma. We argue that, while the process provides voice to Māori, it does so within a paradigm that pits kin-groups against each other, unjustly limits redress and fails to resolve tension. A tikanga framing provides insights into how tensions are set up and ways tikanga (underlying values and principles that guide practice) can be used outside the redress system to seek healing and resolution.

This chapter examines the psychological and sociocultural adaptation of ethnocultural youth with the following broad question in mind: "How well adapted are youth with an immigrant background in their society of settlement?" It considers how well immigrant youth are doing with respect to psychological well-being, and how satisfied they are with their lives. The chapter looks at the extent of their adjustment in school and their behavioral problems. It discusses the conceptual and empirical background to our broad questions, and the instruments used to measure the constructs. The chapter explains a comparative overview of adaptation patterns across the different countries. It analyses the aptation of immigrant youth in the different societies of settlement. The chapter explores the relationship between the various adaptation outcomes and the factor structure of adaptation. It also explores how the various adaptation outcomes are related to each other and how these relate to the four acculturation profiles identified.

Background: Active restoration is necessary to enhance the recovery of Ostrea edulis reefs, which contribute to many ecosystem services. Restoration can be integrated within aquaculture practices, bringing positive environmental changes while maximising space utilisation. The restoration project MAREA (MAtchmaking Restoration Ecology and Aquaculture) aims to bring back O. edulis in the North-West Adriatic addressing the feasibility of its cultivation. Both successful restoration and sustainable aquaculture require a thorough understanding of the ecological needs, as the requirements of both activities (e.g. to maximise ecosystem services, seed production, settlement for maintaining population and for starting a new culture) need to be harmonized. Therefore, one of the preliminary activities before embarking on the pilot was the completion of a thorough literature review to identify research directions and gaps required for ‘restorative aquaculture’, aiming to gather the most up to date O. edulis knowledge on a global and local scale. Methods: Internet (Web of Science, Scopus, Google scholar) and physical resources (libraries) were searched for all available global and local knowledge on O. edulis. Bibliometrix was used to identify the main research topics using keywords, titles and abstracts analyses. Studies were then manually screened and summarised to extract knowledge specific to restoration and aquaculture. Results: While restoration studies are recent, evidence for the loss of this species and potential causes (and solutions) have been discussed since the end of the 19th century. While diseases was a leading cause for reef loss, substratum limitation appears to be one of the leading limiting factors for both restoration and aquaculture of O. edulis, and was already mentioned in the early texts that were found. Conclusions: Information regarding the best materials, location and timing for larval settlement were collated in this review, and the focus of MAREA will be shifted to the crucial stage of settlement.

This article explains the role of coercion in international mediation of violent conflict involving atrocity crimes from the parties’ perspectives. It draws on coercion theory and expands the framework of atrocity mediation, examining the successful yet controversial African Union mediation in Kenya. Coercion theory aims to solve what this study reads as the agent-coercion problem in the international system: agents retain choice despite coercion by more powerful actors. The framework argues that conflict parties are rational, legitimate voluntary agents who always have choices. Strategy requires mediators to create ripeness using enticing mediation or settlement proposals. Then coercion’s role would be to build consensus on peace offers, persuading reluctant parties that compromise is the better choice than resistance. Coercion infuses a sense of urgency in the parties’ contemplation of the cost/benefit implications of their choices, accelerating decision-making. The study contributes to understanding the limits of power mediation in international relations.

This article reads Patrick White’s 1957 novel Voss as an early example of Neo-Victorian fiction, a relatively recent but critically well-established category of postwar and contemporary fiction that has not yet been deployed with reference to Voss. I argue that, while seemingly adopting the elements of Australian narratives of exploration and settlement, White’s Neo-Victorian approach in fact contests these narratives, which began to emerge in the nineteenth century that forms the setting of the novel and were still current in the mid-twentieth century when it was written. In so doing, Voss exposes the tensions and contradictions inherent in settler narratives more generally and shows their reliance on social, cultural, and textual models imported from Britain, primary among them rural domesticity and the pastoral. My reading of Voss challenges existing scholarship on White’s novel, which tends to see Voss either as a contribution to the discourse of Australian national identity or as a work interested in ahistorical, mythological self-realization for the two protagonists, Ulrich Voss and Laura Trevelyan.

The COVID-19 pandemic has changed the lives not only of many people but also significantly affected the economy of individual countries and the world economy as a whole. The world has seen a reduction in production capacity due to the closure of borders between countries and the introduction of self-isolation. The coronavirus pandemic has disrupted the usual relationship between manufacturers and users and has made a major difference in transport. Such changes have been reflected in the regulation of relations regarding civil and criminal liability for offenses in the field of transport relations in a coronavirus pandemic. With this in mind, it is important to analyze the transformations of civil and criminal liability in the field of transport due to the Covid-19 pandemic. The work aims to analyze the civil and criminal liability in the field of transport relations due to the Covid-19 pandemic. The object of the study is a civil and criminal liability in the field of transport due to the Covid-19 pandemic. The subject of the study is the public relations that arise, change, and end during the prosecution of civil and criminal transport in the wake of the Covid-19 pandemic. The research methodology consists of such methods as the analytical method, historical method, method of analysis of legal documents, articles, and monographs, method of generalization, comparison, synthesis, and modeling. The study will analyze the changes that have taken place in the field of transport, namely the peculiarities of civil and criminal liability for violations in the field of transport during the Covid-19 pandemic, as well as clarify the problematic issues of prosecution in the field of transport and controversial aspects pre-trial settlement of conflicts by the parties. The research also identified the main trends in the transport sphere in the context of the Covid-19 pandemic and explained what changes need to be made to establish a mechanism for civil and criminal liability in the field of transport due to the Covid-19 pandemic.

The article points to the critically insufficient compliance of Ukraine's stock market infrastructure with the relevant international recommendations, first of all in the segment of securities settlements. The author states that despite the creation of market infrastructure in Ukraine and the possibility to avoid problems related to the evolutionary errors, the market participants face numerous difficulties, such as risks in legal empowerment and in the activities of key infrastructure actors, limited competition, excessive transaction costs, ongoing defragmentation of the system of depository accounting, as well as inconvenience and limitations of the existing risk management systems. The study on the evolution of securities settlement models in Ukraine revealed that the radical reform of infrastructure in 2013 led to contradictory consequences, in particular, the abuse by the settlement bank and the central counterparty of its monopolistic positions, active participation of this monopolist in high-profile market abuse, stagnation in clearing and settlement technologies, and a slowdown in the development of the derivatives market. It was found that, despite lengthy discussions, the updated legislation in the field of organized capital markets, which is designed to implement a number of EU laws and should enter into force in 2021, does not really rectify the problems in the existing infrastructure, in particular due to a rather dubious proposed procedure of securities settlement and conservation for a few more years of the monopoly in the field of settlement and clearing services. It is substantiated that Ukraine has constructive practical experience and skills that can allow to implement the best international standards for building a system of cash settlements in "central bank money", organically integrated into Ukrainian payment system and able to adapt to European payment systems.

Understanding the mechanisms underlying floating migrants’ settlement intentions is vital for guiding evidence-based policies for China’s urbanisation and regional economic development. While prior studies have identified various determinants of migrants’ settlement decisions, little attention has been paid to the effects of environmental pollution on these decisions. To fill this gap, this study utilises a unique data set combining individual-level data from a national survey and city-level data obtained from various sources to investigate the effects of air pollution on floating migrants’ settlement intentions in China. Using a novel instrumental variable, our regression results show significantly negative impacts of air pollution on both migrants’ permanent settlement intention and their expected length of settlement. Additionally, these impacts are stronger for the skilled migrants compared to the less skilled ones. These findings imply that environmental pollution should be seriously considered when promoting urbanisation in China and beyond.

Zharkovo 3 settlement is located in the south of Western Siberia in the steppe Altai. The site was studied by archaeologists of the Altai State University and they discovered two building horizons: one of the Andronovo time (one house was studied) and the other of the Late Bronze Age (two structures and a soot pit). The paper presents the results of a comprehensive analysis of the Andronovo (Fedorovo) ceramics of the Zharkovo 3 settlement. Fragments of 74 different vessels were used to analyze the ornamentation. The method of V.F. Gening was used. The authors conducted the analysis of shapes and ornamentation of the ancient tableware, and analysis of the technology of its manufacture. It has been established that the collection contains vessels of cap- and pot-shaped forms, the predominant technique of ornamentation of which is stamping. The ornamental compositions mainly consist of four or more different motifs. A series of 49 samples, apparently from 47 vessels, was subjected to technical and technological analysis. The method of study of ceramics, developed by A.A. Bobrinsky and follow-ers of his school within the framework of the historical and cultural approach, was used. The potters of the village preferred medium-plastic clay of medium iron content as the raw material. The main recipe for the paste composi-tion was ‘clay + chamotte + organics’. Research into the construction of the pottery has revealed consistent skills in its manufacture. The patchwork-lumpy and spiral-patchwork methods of forming the vessel hollow body, recorded in the settlement, are characteristic of the Andronovo ceramics throughout its distribution area. It can be stated that the Andronovo population, who left the pottery of the Zharkovo 3 settlement, achieved a certain unity of cultural traditions in selection of the raw materials and paste composition. Almost all vessels of the site exhibited the use of the same type of mineral additives — chamotte. Deviations in concentration and dimension of its particles are associated with individual differences in the skills of the potters of the settlement. The presence on the site of individual vessels with pronounced differences in manufacturing technology should be regarded as examples of imports.

With the advent of the British in India, the colonial institutions were introduced throughout the country. In the Bahawalpur State, the Agency government stimulated the fiscal patterns of British India particularly its settlement policy, which brought amelioration in the native revenue system. This paper traces the historical process of land settlement for revenue generation and their impact over the agrarian economy of the State. These settlements became the major contributing factor towards the economic advancement. The different phases of settlement of land, along with the extent of government demand are established in this research. The third phase of land settlement resulted by the beginning of weir control water system, brought some revolutionary changes in the land pattern and revenue structure therefore, it has been particularly focused in this paper. The data for this study is mainly based on unpublished archival documents and unpublished assessment reports.

An important problem of small towns in settlement systems is the development and the need to preserve the natural and historical environment through the use of relief, water bodies and other measures. At the stage of developing master plans of small towns, the composition of project materials should provide effective management of the formation of the urban environment and architectural and artistic appearance. To this end, it is necessary to expand the range of issues addressed in separate sections of the master plans: in particular, the scheme of formation of architectural and artistic appearance of the city should highlight the most significant compositional areas and elements of its planning structure and ways of their development; develop a system of city-wide visual landmarks and provide visual connections of the main nodes of the city with the most valuable areas of the natural landscape; to develop the concept of the color decision of architectural and spatial structure of the city; to plan creation of new axes of formation of visual perception of a kind of the city taking into account real processes of development and distribution in its territory of central functions. It is necessary to actively use the compositional possibilities of forming the main ensembles on the basis of existing areas, as well as to take into account the need to improve the quality of the architectural and spatial environment while maintaining the typological diversity of buildings. Keep in mind that the shape of the square affects the spatial orientation and sequence of the ensemble's review and perception. Specific spatial characteristics of small towns require a special approach to the development of intersettlement relations. The environment of small towns is formed mainly under the influence of external intersettlement factors. Features and principles of formation of small towns interconnected both with the significant city-center of settlement system, and rural settlements are investigated. The use of these principles in project practice will improve the public service system in small towns through group resettlement and increase the level of service to urban and rural populations.

The subject of the research is the gender characteristics of the world and Ukrainian labor markets. The purpose of the work is to study gender problems in the labor market, describe the causes of women's unemployment and occupational inequality, take into account gender, conduct a structured assessment of the current state of the Ukrainian labor market, take into account the experience of women's segregation in the world. The methodological basis of the article was both general scientific and special methods of scientific knowledge. The article used scientific research methods: abstract-logical - to assess the world and Ukrainian labor market; system-structural analysis and synthesis - to identify the causes of gender inequality; analytical and computational; statistical and economic; settlement and constructive. Results of work.The article analyzes gender issues in the labor market. The causes of women's unemployment and occupational inequality are described. Taking into account gender features, the current state of the Ukrainian labor market was assessed, and the direction of solving the problem of gender inequality in Ukraine was determined. The field of application of results. The results of this study can be used in the regulation of unemployment in the labor market of Ukraine, the educational process in the teaching of the discipline "Labor Economics and socio-economic relations". Conclusions. Gender discrimination is a big problem all over the world. And this is one of the main causes of inequality in general. Nowhere in the world do women have equal opportunities in the labor market with men.

This article explores connections between language and the social inclusion of immigrants. It analyses three different models of immigration settlement: assimilation, integration through social cap...

Статья посвящена особенностям формирования территориально-административной структуры территории Торопецкого уезда в трудах отечественных историков. Пристальное внимание обращено на развитие Торопца в период его вхождения в состав Великого княжества Литовского. В этот период продолжали развиваться тенденции - налоговые, политические и промысловые - древнерусского периода. Среди факторов, оказавших влияние на формирование территориально-административного деления и поселенческой структуры, выделены периферийное положение Торопца, его статус господарского населенного пункта, прямой сбор налогов и одновременно сохранение относительной самостоятельности, что вызвало споры в отечественной историографии. В историографии отмечается также вовлеченность населения в промысловую деятельность, что повлияло на формирование особых территорий - перевар - в Торопецком уезде. Выявлена также специфическая организация поселенческой структуры в виде гнезд поселений. The article is devoted to the characteristic of the formation of the territorial-administrative structure of the territory of Toropetsky uezd in Russian historiography. Much attention is given to the development of Toropets as a part of Lithuania, it was continuing to develop the taxing, political and working tendencies of ancient Russia. Among the factors that have influenced on the formation of the territorial-administrative division and settlement structure, there are the boundary position of Toropets, its status as a Grand Duke’s settlement, direct tax collection and at the same time the preservation of relative independence, which caused controversy in Russian historiography. In historiography there is also the engagement of people in forest bee-keeping that have influenced on the formation of special territories - perevaras - in Toropetsky uezd. The specific organization of the settlement structure in the form of settlement nests is also revealed.

This study aims to analyze student errors in resolving word problems, which are then formulated into characteristics of student errors according to gender. The subject selection was done randomly from male and female students of grade VII who made mistakes in solving the questions. Research data from the test results of 2 items word problem type. The form of student error is based on misconceptions, procedures, and techniques. The results showed the students' misconceptions, don’t understand question commands, do not write information correctly, misinterpret question information, do not simplify fractions correctly, do not understand the value of fractions, misunderstand number signs/symbols and do not understand number signs/symbols, incorrectly determine signs/symbols of operations. Procedural error, incorrectly determining the settlement operation Technical errors, incorrectly using calculation operation marks, incorrectly performing calculation operations, incomplete settlement steps, incomplete simplification, incorrect simplification. Technical errors, namely calculations are not in accordance with the command, less careful (careless) writing answers, errors in writing answers and it do not match the command questions (conclusion). The reason is not understanding the reading and not being familiar with the questions. Students' understanding and knowledge of reading have an important role in identifying, interpreting, and even selecting or determining completion strategies.

This article examines the role and importance of the judicial system in the consideration and resolution of labor disputes in Uzbekistan. Labor disputes that should be considered directly in the courts were identified and analyzed. A comparative legal analysis of the settlement of labor disputes in foreign countries is carried out. As part of the consideration and resolution of individual labor disputes by the courts, proposals and recommendations related to the current Labor Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan were developed.

Settlement planning is becoming an important reality in developing countries as economic, social and environmental sustainability are dependent on it. As they urbanize, there is the need for these settlements to be linked in an integrated manner so that there will be both sector and spatial development. The investigation is on rural-urban integration and spatial planning in Edo State, Nigeria. The paper reviews literature on environment, economy, and society in both the developed and less developed countries. The reviewed literature formed the basis for evaluating the context of Edo State’s rural-urban integration and spatial planning. It concluded that there is no proper spatial integration among rural and urban settlements in Edo State. It recommends spatial cohesion, rural master planning and the linking of rural and urban economies together for sustainable settlement spatial planning.

Jatkosodan jälkeen vuonna 1945 säädettyyn maanhankintalakiin kuului kielipykälä, joka rajoitti suomenkielisen siirtoväen asutustoimintaa ruotsin- ja kaksikielisissä kunnissa. Pykälä ja sen merkitys nousivat 1945–1946 merkittävän keskustelun alaisiksi, etenkin pääministeri J .K. Paasikiven taistellessa pykälän puolesta. Artikkelissa käydään läpi kielipykälän syntyyn johtanutta keskustelua, pykälän perusteella laadittuja sijoitussuunnitelmia ja kielipykälän muita vaiheita. Artikkeli perustuu vähän käytettyihin J. K. Paasikiven ja maatalousministeriön asutusasiainosaston arkistojen asiakirjoihin. Tarkemmassa tutkimuksessa useat asiaan vaikuttaneet tahot osoittautuvat huomattavasti moniulotteisemmiksi ja ongelmia ennakoivimmiksi kuin on uskottu. Kielipykälä ja sen perusteella tehdyt sijoitussuunnitelmat olivat jo omana aikanaan hyvin tulkinnanvaraisia, mikä johti pitkään kiistelyyn ja konkreettiseen asutustoiminnan hidastumiseen. Tämä vaihe on huonosti tunnettu osa sodan jälkeistä asutustoimintaa, mikä on johtanut historiantutkijoita useisiin väärintulkintoihin. Keskeistä oli tulkinta epäselvän pykälän sanamuodon merkityksestä ja tätä seurannut kiistely siitä, saisiko kuntiin sijoittaa suomenkielistä siirtoväkeä 2 % vai 4 % puitteissa. Samalla kiisteltiin myös siitä, koskiko kielipykälä vain suurempia tilamuotoja vai myös pienempiä. Käytännössä kielipykälän ankarin, toteutunut versio esti yli 10 000 suomenkielisen evakon asuttamisen maanhankintalain nojalla. Maanhankintalain kanssa samaan aikaan suunniteltu maankäyttölaki osoittaa, että asutusviranomaiset pitivät maanhankintalakia selvästi poikkeuslakina asutuslainsäädännössä, eivät sen jatkumona, ja osasivat ennakoida tulevaisuutta yllättävän hyvin. Tämän lainsäädännön yhteydessä ruotsinkieliset yrittivät laajentaa asutustoimintaa rajoittavan kielipykälän myös muuhun asutuslainsäädäntöön., Land Acquisition Act, which was enacted in 1945 to settle evacuees and other groups of people, included the a language paragraph which restricted the amount of Finnish speaking internally displaced persons, which could be settled into Swedish speaking and bilingual municipalities. Paragraph and its meaning were debated in 1945–1946, especially when prime minister Paasikivi struggled for the paragraph. This article studies the discussion surrounding the paragraph, the Settlement Plans made according to the paragraph and other phases of the paragraph. Article is based on previously less studied archive material. In closer inspection many relevant participants turn out to be more multifaceted and they also were able to predict future problems more than is believed. Language paragraph and settlement plans made according to it were ambiguous, which lead to long debates and prolonging of actual settlementing. This phase is less known by historians. Interpretation of paragraphs unclear meaning was pivotal, as well as the followed discussion if the Finnish speaking population could increase by 2 % or 4 %. Debate also considered if the smaller dwelling sites were included into the amounts. Because stricter 2 % was verified, approximately over 10 000 Finnish speaking evacuees had to be settled elsewhere.

Tribal population across the world, especially in Asia and Africa, face violence and abuse in the name of conservation that carries a heavy human cost. A report on the eviction of populations from 34 protected areas in Africa made it evident that the Congo DRC, Cameroon, Gabon, the Central African Republic of Congo had displaced whole villages leading to conflict and multiple human rights abuses. Recently in India, around 400 families from Amchang wildlife sanctuary in Assam and 78 families from Satkosia wildlife sanctuary in Odisha were forcefully evicted and their houses demolished. The population thus forcefully evicted from wildlife sanctuaries are subjected to disruption of the original settlement, cultural shift and scattered kinship groups. Studies have also highlighted the consequences of displacement on health since it leads to collapses in mutual help in childcare and deteriorates healthcare trends. The present study was conducted among the displaced tribal communities from wildlife sanctuaries in Odisha and Chhattisgarh States in India. The paper analyzes the acculturation process observed among the displaced tribals and the ways in which they adapted themselves into host communities.

One of the most influential decisions that immigrant parents must make for their children involves establishing a set of rules and norms governing what language(s) they will be raised with and how they will acquire proficiency in the dominant languages of the host society, a process known as family language policy. Such decisions can have long lasting effects for immigrant children into adulthood by influencing their integration into the host society and transition towards adult life. Using retrospective, in-depth interview data collected from young immigrant adults, this study explores the ways that parental decisions made throughout an immigrant child’s life course regarding language use and learning shape their multilingual identity and attitude towards the use of multiple languages in their everyday adult life. Findings suggest that the linguistic decisions parents make in the early years of an immigrant youths’ life have lasting impacts on them in terms of connecting to family members and culture in adulthood. We found that when parents created either a flexible or strict family language policy, such policies produced more positive experiences in the migration and early settlement process for immigrant youth compared to those whose parents did not form a family language policy.

Using data drawn from consultations and interviews with young people from young people of refugee background in Melbourne, Australia, we examine how young people negotiate their lives in the context of settlement, specifically during the current COVID-19 pandemic. We listened to stories about the challenges they faced, and the initiative and actions they took during the lockdown of nine towers in public housing estates of inner Melbourne during June and July of 2020. In this research, we have found that, despite many pre-existing disadvantages, young people of refugee background have responded to the crisis through public health promotion, volunteering, and innovation. The pandemic has highlighted the role that young people play in supporting their families and communities in the settlement/integration process and the added responsibilities young people have assumed in the context of COVID-19. In negotiating these, young people have drawn upon embodied and communal ways of coping. This paper starts with an exploration of refugee young people’s narratives about their lives and experiences during the pandemic. We adopt intersectionality as a method and analytical tool to interpret these experiences and the roles in which young people have enacted during this time—as navigators, carers, providers, and innovators. We end by evaluating the policy gaps these reflect and highlight.

This article explores managed retreat as a climate change adaptation option for small-scale, yet complicated, informal settlements in a flood-prone urban area. Shezidao is located at the confluence of the Keelung and Tamsui rivers in the heart of Taiwan’s capital city, Taipei. Since floods are common in Shezidao, dwellers have attempted to mitigate the risks with improvised structures that fall short of a comprehensive solution. This article suggests the issue of informal settlement on a flood plain must be solved through managed, rather than haphazard, retreat. The article further suggests aligning the central and local governments’ public objectives and connecting social housing policy for the potential relocation of informal settlers as main strategies to provide solutions to the communities at risk. As climate change continues unabated, adaptation measures should be planned to mitigate future disaster risks that might occur in urban informal settlements.

This paper examined the socio-physical characterization of indigenous architectural spaces of built-form of Yoruba settlement in southwest Nigeria using sign and symbols. Data were gathered qualitatively, and participant observations, interviews and extensive desktop research were involved. The study found that the sign, symbols of people is directly correlated to their built-form and that their architecture depicts, culture in terms of homage, food, hospitality, and cultural security, this were found through built-form in the study area. The study further established that spaces offer a stronghold of cultural values as houses in the architecture as well as names of the spaces thus communicating their cultures in terms of feelings, form, sharp. The study recommends the needs for cultural embracement and archiving of all words and symbol relevant to built-form in the study area.

The future of refugees in different countries is uncertain. They need support to provide hope for a successful future. Young refugees have their perspectives on the reflection of their personal experiences, needs, accessibility to services, and relevant opportunities. It is a common observation that most of the refugees remain silent regarding their experiences, feelings, and wishes during the journey of arrival in a new country. Nowadays, the voices of young refugees have been penned downed in literature; heard by practitioners, and by those who are involved in policymaking. For the current study, the objectives were to explore the experiences faced by Afghan refugees during their journey for higher education in Pakistan. This was a qualitative study and interview protocol was adopted as a tool for the collection of data. Data was collected through interviews with refugees’ students by the researcher. 20 students were selected through purposive sampling technique from four higher education institutions of Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa in which 17 students were interviewed. Thematic analysis was done, and themes were generated from interviews. Through this study, it was recommended that the implementation of educational policies for refugees may be checked by the higher authorities so that young refugees may be facilitated in the journey of higher education.

Zalduako aztarnategi arkeologikoa Ibañetako pasabidearen magalean kokatuta dago,gaur egungo Auritz/Burguete eta Aurizberri/Espinal (Erroibar/Valle de Erro) herrienartean. Bertan egindako hainbat motatako ikerketek eta eskuhartzeek (geofisikoak,geoarkeologikoak eta arkeologikoak, nagusiki) erromatar garaiko herrigune bat identifikatudute, K.a. I. eta IV. K.o. mendeen bitartekoa eta Pirinioak zeharkatzen zituengaltzadari lotuta izanen zena. 2017-2020 urteen artean gehien ikertu den eraikinetakobat kokagunearen erdialdean dagoen termagunea da, izan ere, eremu horretan zentratubaitira indusketa arkeologikoko kanpainak.

Chế định thừa kế là một chế định đặc biệt quan trọng trong ngành luật dân sự Việt Nam, điều chỉnh một loại quan hệ xã hội hết sức phổ biến, gần gũi với thực tiễn cuộc sống. Trên thực tế, số vụ tranh chấp về thừa kế luôn chiếm tỷ trọng lớn trong các tranh chấp dân sự. Đặc biệt, các tranh chấp về thừa kế hết sức đa dạng và có tính phức tạp cao, đôi khi còn tồn tại nhiều quan điểm khác nhau trong quá trình Tòa án áp dụng pháp luật để giải quyết tranh chấp. Trên cơ sở nghiên cứu một bản án cụ thể về giải quyết tranh chấp về thừa kế tài sản là quyền sử dụng đất và tài sản trên đất, bài viết tập trung bình luận và đưa ra phương hướng áp dụng pháp luật về thừa kế trong một tình huống cụ thể.

The shift in punishment in the criminal justice system prioritizes justice for victims and perpetrators of criminal acts in addition to alternative punish- ments such as social work and others carried out with a restorative justice approach. Focusing on the process of direct criminal responsibility from the perpetrator to the victim and society, if the perpetrator and victim and the community whose rights have been violated feel that justice has been achieved through collective deliberation efforts, punishment can be avoided. The perpetrator is not the main object of the restorative justice approach, but the sense of justice and conflict recovery itself are the main objects. The Supreme Court of the Republic of Indonesia, on December 22 2020, through the Director-General of the General Courts Agency, has made Decree Number: 1691/DJU/SK/PS.00/12/2020 concerning the Enforcement of Guidelines for the Implementation of Restorative Justice in the Indonesian General Courts. With the normative juridical research method, with the nature of qualitative descriptive research, by examining secondary data obtained through the Decree of the Director-General of the General Courts of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Indonesia Number: 1691/DJU/SK/PS.00/12/2020 and other related regulations which has relevance to the implementation of restorative justice in the Indonesian general courts’ environment. The results of the research show the implementation of restorative justice in the Indonesian general courts, as stated in the Decree of the Director-General of the Supreme Courts Number: 1691/DJU/SK/PS.00/12/2020, which must apply and be applied by all district courts in Indonesia, especially in terms of case settlement in action. Minor offenses, child cases, women in conflict with the law and nar- cotics cases. The existence of alternative case resolution through restorative justice can realize the principles of fast, simple and low cost with balanced justice.

This article introduces the concept of bargaining power as a framework for understanding varieties of migration experience and behavior. We argue that migration and settlement experiences vary according to a migrant’s leverage — or bargaining power — afforded by their individual cultural and socioeconomic capital (internal bargaining power) and their home country’s political and physical security characteristics (external bargaining power). These two dimensions of bargaining power interact with a host country’s social and political structures to produce specific experiences of (dis)advantage. We apply our framework to the Arab Gulf states, where large and diverse foreign populations experience complex and interconnected forms of inclusion and exclusion. Utilizing data from a nationally representative survey of a highly diverse sample of foreign residents in Qatar, we use our framework, first, to generate a typology of Gulf migration experience and, then, to statistically predict migrants’ reported life satisfaction in the host country and intentions for long-term settlement. We also use widely available secondary data to examine objective correlates of bargaining power, offering an alternative pathway for future research that does not require individual-level survey data. We conclude by describing the relevance of our bargaining power framework to the study of varieties of migration experience in other migration regimes.

Indonesia has a variety of (ethnic) cultures spread throughout Indonesia, one of which is in Central Sulawesi (ToKaili). The evolutionary process that is the object of observation is in the ToKaili community, which focuses on seTeori sosiologis klasik menjadikan sosiologis sebagai teori dasar. Di antara hipotesis yang muncul berkaitan dengan idealisme, materialisme dan sistem ekonomi, nilai lebih, dan dinamika perubahan sosial mempengaruhi teori perubahan sosial dari bentuk-bentuk rasionalisme yang dimiliki. Kelompok-kelompok yang dibentuk berdasarkan kepentingan tertentu, menunjukkan konfigurasi kelas (berbasis ekonomi), status (berdasarkan kondisi dan kepentingan sosial), partai (berdasarkan kepentingan politik). Dalam berpikir, rasionalitas, terdapat empat pandangan berbeda tentang model yang ada di antara orang-orang. Di antara keberadaan rasionalitas yang dapat menderita sendirian tetapi juga dapat menjadi rujukan bagi perilaku orang dalam kehidupan mereka (Doyle Paul Johnson, 1986) 9ttlement development. The evolution method does not just happen but has a long process to achieve the ideal form of housing and housing. This study aims to uncover what is behind the phenomenon of home / personal life in ToKaili from traditional architecture. his research uses a qualitative method with a phenomenological approach. This analysis found several development periods ranging from nomadic settlements to permanent settlements, and its development at that time the solution became an ideal settlement.

Rapid urban growth due to unprecedented rural–urban migration is putting pressure on urban food systems. The general impression is that households engaged in urban agriculture experience improved n...

Some scholars view Philistine settlement in the southern Levant as the dominant, colonizing imposition of a new urbanism following a period of small cities and structural realignment during the Lat...