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Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on some contributions of computation to semigroups and groupoids. It describes the automorphism groups and the total number of groupoids. It also discusses the significance of a new concept general product, which uses a machine to get a suggestion for an important problem on the extension of semigroups. A groupoid G is isomorphic onto either a right zero semigroup or a left zero semigroup. Every permutation group on a set G, |G| ≤ 4, is the automorphism group of a groupoid (G, Q) for some Q.

Background Red coloration of fruit skin is one of the most important traits in peach (Prunus persica), and it is mainly due to the accumulation of anthocyanins. Three MYB10 genes, PpMYB10.1, PpMYB10.2, and PpMYB10.3, have been reported as important regulators of red coloration and anthocyanin biosynthesis in peach fruit. In this study, contribution of PpMYB10.1/2/3 to anthocyanin accumulation in the fruit skin was investigated in the Japanese peach cultivars, white-skinned ‘Mochizuki’ and red-skinned ‘Akatsuki’. We then investigated the relationships between allelic type of PpMYB10.1 and skin color phenotype in 23 Japanese peach cultivars for future establishment of DNA-marker. Results During the fruit development of ‘Mochizuki’ and ‘Akatsuki’, anthocyanin accumulation was observed only in the skin of red ‘Akatsuki’ fruit in the late ripening stages concomitant with high mRNA levels of the last step gene leading to anthocyanin accumulation, UDP-glucose:flavonoid-3-O-glucosyltransferase (UFGT). This was also correlated with the expression level of PpMYB10.1. Unlike PpMYB10.1, expression levels of PpMYB10.2/3 were low in the skin of both ‘Mochizuki’ and ‘Akatsuki’ throughout fruit development. Moreover, only PpMYB10.1 revealed expression levels associated with total anthocyanin accumulation in the leaves and flowers of ‘Mochizuki’ and ‘Akatsuki’. Introduction of PpMYB10.1 into tobacco increased the expression of tobacco UFGT, resulting in higher anthocyanin accumulation and deeper red transgenic tobacco flowers; however, overexpression of PpMYB10.2/3 did not alter anthocyanin content and color of transgenic tobacco flowers when compared with wild-type flowers. Dual-luciferase assay showed that the co-infiltration of PpMYB10.1 with PpbHLH3 significantly increased the activity of PpUFGT promoter. We also found close relationships of two PpMYB10.1 allelic types, MYB10.1-1/MYB10.1-2, with the intensity of red skin coloration. Conclusion We showed that PpMYB10.1 is a major regulator of anthocyanin accumulation in red-skinned peach and that it activates PpUFGT transcription. PpMYB10.2/3 may be involved in functions other than anthocyanin accumulation in peach. The peach cultivars having two MYB10.1-2 types resulted in the white skin color. By contrast, those with two MYB10.1-1 or MYB10.1-1/MYB10.1-2 types showed respective red or pale red skin color. These findings contribute to clarifying the molecular mechanisms of anthocyanin accumulation and generating gene-based markers linked to skin color phenotypes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12870-015-0664-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

著者人数: 69名, Accepted: 2006-10-02, 資料番号: SA1000626000

著者人数: 16名, Accepted: 2006-09-20, 資料番号: SA1000366000

We present the results from a new 120 ks XMM-Newton observation of Sersic 159-03. A previous XMM-Newton observation of this cluster shows the presence of a soft X-ray excess in the outer parts of the cluster, which is possibly connected to the interaction between the cluster and the gas from the surrounding filaments. We exploit the long exposure time to constrain the excess emission and discuss the relation to the warm-hot intergalactic medium. Furthermore, we show a high-resolution RGS spectrum of the core of the cluster and radial profiles from EPIC, which allow us to constrain the internal temperature structure and elemental abundances.

In this paper the author proves that S S is a finitely generated steady N \mathfrak {N} -semigroup if and only if S S is isomorphic to the direct product of a finite abelian group and the infinite cyclic semigroup; and also studies the homomorphisms of a finitely generated steady N \mathfrak {N} -semigroup into another.

Let S be a semigroup. This paper proves that the smallest semilattice congruence po containing a compatible binary relation 4 on S equals the natural equivalence of the smallest lowerpotent positive quasi-order ao containing 4.