Search

Vprašanje pomembnosti logistike postaja danes zelo aktualno, saj je logistika funkcija, kateri se daje v sodobnih in razvijajočih se podjetjih vedno večji poudarek. Vse od nabave do prodaje proizvodov se podjetje sooča z logističnimi storitvami. Logistika je del vsake funkcije v podjetju in velikega pomena za medsebojno sodelovanje ter povezanost z vsemi ostalimi funkcijami (nabava, proizvodnja, prodaja, finance, informatika …). V diplomskem delu se bomo omejili na podsistem logistike, distribucijsko logistiko, ki bi jo lahko najbolje povezali s funkcijo prodaje. Opisuje pot izdelka iz skladišča podjetja do končnega cilja — kupca. Naloga je razdeljena na teoretični in praktični del. V teoretičnem delu želimo prikazati osnovne značilnosti logistike, podrobno predstaviti distribucijsko logistiko in opisati vse sestavine in elemente le-te. V praktičnem delu pa želimo predstaviti in analizirati potek procesa distribucijske logistike v izbranem podjetju Štore Steel, d. o. o. V prvem poglavju teoretičnega dela bomo na kratko opisali logistiko kot pojem in predstavili vse njene podsisteme. Logistika predstavlja le uvod v naslednje poglavje, kjer bo sledila predstavitev podsistema distribucijske logistike. V naslednjem poglavju, kot smo že omenili, bomo opisali distribucijsko logistiko in podrobno prikazali vse njene elemente. Opisali bomo dokumentacijo v procesu in na kratko predstavili osnove transportnega zavarovanja na osnovi Incoterms klavzul. Praktični del naloge bomo pričeli s kratko predstavitvijo podjetja in nadaljevali s podrobno analizo poteka distribucijske logistike v njem. Na primeru podjetja bomo predstavili elemente distribucijske logistike, podkrepljene s slikovnim in grafičnim materialom. Na koncu bomo predstavili dosežene cilje prodaje v letu 2007 in predstavili plan za leto 2008. S tem bomo zaokrožili praktični del in na samem koncu naloge podali seznam literature in virov. Logistics is considered to be very actual nowadays as it is a function having everhigher impact on modern and emerging companies'performance. A company is faced with logistical services in the whole line-from purchase of input material to sale of final products. Logistics is a part of each function in a company and of great importance to matual cooperation and interaction with all other functions (purchasing, production, sales, finance, IT,…). This diploma work is concentrated into a subsystem of logistics-a distribution logistics-which is the best associated with the function of sale. The basic principle of distribution logistics is to deliver a product having an appropriate quality to a customer at the right place and at the right time with minimum cost. This thesis is divided into a theoretical and a practical part. The theoretical part explains basic features of logistics as well as details of distribution logistics, its components and elements. In the practical part we want to describe and analyze the course of process of distribution logistics in the company Štore Steel d.o.o.. In the first chapter of the theoretical part, we will briefly describe logistics as a concept and will present all of its subsystems. Logistics means here only an introduction to the next chapter where the subsystem of distribution logistics is represented. In the next chapter we will describe distribution logistics showing details of all elements composing it. We will describe documentation needed in the process and briefly present some elements of transport insurance on the basis of Incoterms clauses. The practical part of the thesis will start with a brief presentation of the company Štore Steel d.o.o. being after that continued with a detailed analysis of the termination of distribution logistics in it. Using this company as an example we will present the elements of distribution logistics, supported by graphic and pictorial material. At the end we will estimate the volume of sale achieved in the year 2007 and present plans for the year 2008.

V diplomskem delu z naslovom Notranja logistika v proizvodnem podjetju, smo najprej predstavili logistiko skozi teorijo, v drugem delu pa smo na dejanskem primeru podjetja predstavili še vse faze notranje logistike od vstopa materiala v podjetje, do končnega izdelka in njegove prodaje. V teoretičnem delu smo kot prvo opredelili logistiko, kasneje pa skozi različne avtorje predstavili razvoj logistike, naloge, cilje in njen pomen za podjetje in celotno narodno gospodarstvo. Skozi vse elemente logističnega podsistema in njihove splošne opredelitve smo prišli do notranje logistike in natančnejše razdelitve njihovih prvin, ki so bile podlaga za kasnejše analiziranje le teh na dejanskem podjetju. V empiričnem delu smo se tako osredotočili na notranjo logistiko in njene prvine v izbranem proizvodnem podjetju. V tem delu smo začeli s predstavitvijo izbranega proizvodnega podjetja in dejavnostjo s katero se podjetje ukvarja, v nadaljevanju pa smo poleg možnosti racionalizacije notranje logistike, prikazali in opisali vse elemente notranje logistike od vstopa materiala v poslovni sistem do prejema proizvodov v izvozno skladišče. In the diploma thesis with the title Internal Logistics in the Manufacturing Company, the first part presents logistics through theory, while in the second part all phases of internal logistics are presented on the actual case of the company: from the entry of the material into the company to the final product and its sale. The theoretical part in the first place defines logistics, while in addition the development of logistics, tasks and objects, and the importance of logistics for the company and for the entire national economy are presented. The diploma thesis analyzes all the elements of logistics subsystem and their general definitions, through which it reaches the internal logistics and more detailed division of their elements, which were the base for further analyses of the elements on the case of the actual company. The empirical part thus focuses on the internal logistics and its elements in the selected manufacturing company. This part begins with the presentation of the selected manufacturing company and its activity. In addition, all the elements of internal logistics are presented and described – from the entrance of the material into the business system to receipt of products in an export warehouse – besides all the possibilities of rationalizing the internal logistics.

V diplomski nalogi je na kratko predstavljena »logistična podpora« delovanju skladiščno distribucijskega centra. To pomeni, da mora biti usklajen pretok informacij in blaga — od nabave blaga pri dobavitelju, preko prevzema, skladiščenja ter izdaje blaga, pa do oskrbe kupcev. V diplomski nalogi se bolj podrobno ukvarjam s »srednjim« delom te logistične poti — prevzem, skladiščenje in izdaja blaga. To so vse funkcije, ki se neposredno odvijajo v samem območju SDC-ja. Ves ta sistem ne sme biti v nobenem trenutku zaprt za informacije, ker se v vsakem trenutku lahko pojavijo novi kupci, oz. njihova nova mesta dostave blaga, ki pa se tudi menja iz dneva v dan (opustitve programov, novo blago). Vse to zahteva učinkovito logistično podporo, tako da lahko v vsakem trenutku vsak udeleženec v tej logistični verigi pravilno ukrepa. In my diploma paper is briefly introduced »logistical support« to activity storage distribution center. This means, that must be reconciled flux of informations and of goods - from purchase of goods at supplier , over takeover, of storage and of edition of goods, to supply of buyers. In my diploma paper detailed occupy with middle part you logistical way - takeover, storage and issues of goods. This are all function, which directly unscrew in the range of the SDC. All this system no may to be in none moment closed for information, because in every moment can appear new buyers, respectively their new places of delivery of goods, which also changes from day to day (of abandonment of programmes, new goods). All this demands efficiently logistically support, so that can in every moment every participant in this logistical chain correctly takes steps.

Danes, v času globalizacije gospodarstva je postala nabava v sodobnih podjetjih ena med pomembnejšimi poslovnimi funkcijami. Uspeh nabave je odvisen od notranje organiziranosti podjetja, od učinkovitega sodelovanja z ostalimi poslovnimi funkcijami v podjetju, od sodelovanja z zunanjim okoljem podjetja in od uporabe sodobnih informacijskih tehnologij. Namen diplomskega dela je preučiti in poudariti vlogo in pomen nabave živil v gostinskem podjetju, predvsem z vidika HACCP sistema. Poudarek je na povezanosti z ostalimi poslovnimi funkcijami v podjetju in z dobavitelji, s katerimi so vzpostavljeni partnerski in profesionalni odnosi. Cilj diplomskega dela je prikazati nabavo živil in njen pomen za podjetje. Skozi celotni nabavni postopek je potrebno upoštevati in spoštovati številna zakonska določila in priporočila o neoporečnosti in ravnanju z živili. In today's time of global economy the procurement became one of the most important commercial functions in modern companies. Success of procurement depends on company's internal organizational structure, on efficient co-operation with other commercial functions, on co-operation with external environment and use of modern information technology. The purpose of this diploma work is to study and to stress the role of foodstuff procurement in catering industry, especially from HACCP system point of view. The emphasis is put on connections with other commercial functions and suppliers by which partnerships and professional relations are established. The objective of this diploma is to present the foodstuff procurement and its importance for the company. Through the whole procurement procedure numerous legal provisions have to be considered and respected as also the references about irreproachability and dealing with foodstuffs.

V diplomskem delu, ki je sestavljeno iz teoretičnega in praktičnega dela, sem najprej predstavil teoretična izhodišča poslovne logistike, ki ima nalogo zagotoviti optimalen pretok blaga v celotni logistični oziroma oskrbovalni verigi. Nato sem v teoretičnem delu opisal še nabavo, ki je ena izmed osnovnih funkcij vsakega podjetja in poleg prodaje edina, ki ima neposreden stik z zunanjim okoljem. Nabavna funkcija se mora ustrezno vključevati v celotni proces podjetja, postaviti smotrno notranjo organizacijo svojega delovanja, zagotoviti strokovnost dela in povezanost službe, zagotoviti preglednost svojega dela, zanesljivost in točnost opravljanja vseh nalog ter ustrezno informiranost same službe in vseh povezanih dejavnosti. V nadaljevanju sem predstavil teoretične vidike nabavne logistike, ki znotraj nabavne funkcije skrbi za nemoteno distribucijo materiala celotnemu poslovnemu sistemu, kar pomeni, da se vključuje v sistem celotne logistike podjetja. Nabavna logistika kot podsistem poslovnega sistema logistike skrbi za njegovo oskrbo s prostorsko določenimi dejavnostmi prevzema in dostave potrebnega blaga v ustrezni količini, kakovosti in v pravem času. V praktičnem delu je najprej predstavljeno izbrano podjetje, podjetje Marines d.o.o., nato je opisano stanje dejavnosti nabavne logistike v podjetju. Na koncu praktičnega dela sem podal še nekatere predloge za izboljšanje obstoječega stanja nabavne logistike v izbranem podjetju. This paper, comprising both a theoretical and a practical part, will first feature the theoretical origins of business logistics, which has the assignment of ensuring the optimal flow of goods throughout the logistics or supply chain. The theoretical part also incorporates purchasing activities, being one of the basic functions in every company and the only activity besides sales, which is in direct contact with the external environment. Purchasing activities must be adequately incorporated into the entire business process, must exihibit a suitable internal organisational structure of its operations, ensure expertise and the interoperability of the function, all the while also being transparent, reliable and accurate in all of its operations. All required information must also be passed to the purchasing and related activities. All of the above is followed by the theoretical aspects of purchase logistics, which as part of the purchasing activities ensure uninterrupted distribution of goods throughout the business system, meaning it is thus included into the complete logistics system of the company itself. As a subsystem of logistics, purchase logistics takes care of supply pertaining to the spatially determined actions of acquisition and delivery of the adequate quantity and quality of required goods at the right time. The practical part of the work first shows the chosen company, being Marines d.o.o., going on to describe the purchase logistics activities withing it. The conclusion of this part features a few proposals on how to improve the existing condition of the purchase logistics in the captioned company.

Za podjetja je zelo pomemben nadzor nad zalogami, saj skušajo po eni strani znižati nivo zalog, po drugi strani pa ohranjajo zaloge zaradi zadovoljevanja kupcev. Podjetje Odelo Slovenija d. o. o. uporablja tri glavne sisteme oskrbe materiala. Vsak izmed njih je za podjetje pomemben ter pripomore k učinkovitejšemu ravnanju z zalogami. Olajšuje delo logistike ter proizvodnje. Ti sistemi so JIT, konsignacija ter naročanje na osnovi signalne zaloge. Kateri sistem oskrbe bo podjetje uporabilo, pa je v glavnem odvisno od ABC-analize. Nekatere službe v podjetju težijo k večjim, nekatere službe pa k manjšim zalogam. Zato prihaja v podjetju do nesoglasij, ki zadevajo vprašanje, kakšna naj bo velikost zalog: majhna ali velika. Kakorkoli že, podjetje mora imeti takšno raven zalog, ki ne bo manjša od signalne oziroma varnostne zaloge, saj pri signalni zalogi že sprožimo postopek za novo naročilo. In če to zalogo zamudimo, lahko v podjetju povzročijo zastoj v proizvodnji ter nepotrebne stroške. It is very important for companies to have a control over the supplies because on the one hand they want to cut the storage supplies and on the other hand they want to keep the amount of supplies to satisfy the needy consumers. The company Odelo Slovenija d. o. o. uses the three main systems of material supplies. Each of them is a vital part of the company because it contributes to an efficient management of supplies and it makes the work of logistic and production easier. These systems are the JIT, the consignation and the ordering the supplies based on the storage. It depends on the ABC analysis which system will be used in the process. Some departments of the company want to have larger storage supplies and some departments tend to have lower storage supplies. That often results in a disagreement within the company. Whatever they decide, one thing is certain, the storage supplies in the company should never fall under the safety limit because that triggers the procedure of ordering new supplies. If we don't order new supplies when the level is critical, the company can have a standstill in the production work and also some unnecessary costs.

Diplomsko delo je sestavljeno iz teoretičnega in praktičnega dela. V teoretičnem delu smo predstavili logistiko, posebej razbremenilno logistiko. Praktični del pa je bil namenjen proučevanju dejavnosti razbremenilne logistike na konkretnem primeru bioplinarne Nemščak, proizvodnji bioplina iz ostankov oz. odpadkov, proučevali smo kako razbremenilna logistika vpliva na okolje in na sam image podjetja, opredelili smo razvoj podjetja, cilje in organizacijsko strukturo. The theoretical part presents a logistics process and it subsystems with emphasis on Relieving Logistics. In the practical part the Relieving Logistics process in Biogasworks Nemščak is described. In the last chapter we introducet Company Panvita-Biogasworks Nemščak, discribed his development, production program, goals, and they introducet organizational structure of Company.

Nabava je za trgovinska podjetja izrednega pomena. Z učinkovitim izvajanjem politike nabave, lahko podjetja pridobijo prednost pred konkurenco. Uspeh nabavne funkcije je odvisen od načina organiziranosti in koordiniranosti z ostalimi funkcijami v podjetju. Dobavitelji za nas niso nasprotniki od katerih zahtevamo nižje cene,ampak so lahko naši partnerji pri poslovanju. Z dolgoročnim sodelovanjem lahko dosegamo obojestransko doseganje ciljev in tako lažje sledimo spremembam ki nastajajo skozi čas. Nenehno je treba slediti dogajanju na trgu, ker bi lahko ena sama napaka ohromila delovanja podjetja.Družba PAMI d.o.o. je bila ustanovljena leta 1993. Osnovna dejavnost je trgovina z obutvijo in vsemi drugimi izdelki, ki spadajo v prodajo obutve. Podjetje se je odločilo za razvoj lastne blagovne znamke in širjenje lastne maloprodajne mreže. Od leta 1998 pa do danes je tako odprlo več kot 90 maloprodajnih mest po Sloveniji in na Hrvaškem. Glavni prihodek dosega danes z maloprodajo in načrtuje odprtje novih prodajaln in s tem povečanju prometa. Še vedno se ukvarja tudi s trgovino na debelo z obutvijo, vendar le s kupci, ki so zanesljivi plačniki ali pa plačujejo blago v naprej.Trgovine LA SCARPA in PAMI prodajajo obutev, ki se odlikuje po ugodnem razmerju med ceno in kakovostjo ter je namenjena širšemu krogu kupcev, obutev za mlade prodajajo v trgovinah PAPRIKA, prodajalne z imenom ARS pa ponujajo obutev višjega cenovnega in kakovostnega razreda za zahtevnejše kupce. Purchase is of extreme importance for trading companies. With effective implementation of purchase policy companies can gain advantage over competition. Function of purchase depends on the way it is organised and coordinated with other functions of the company. Suppliers are not our enemies of which we demand lower prices, but can also be our business partners. The long-term cooperation can result in reaching mutual objectives and consequently easier adaptation to changes occurring over time. Changes on the market should be carefully observed because each mistake could weaken performance of the company. PAMI d.o.o. company was established in 1993. Its principal activity is trading of footwear and other products connected to footwear. The company decided to develop their own brand and to widen their retail network. From 1998 on it has opened more than 90 retail shops in Slovenia and Croatia. Main income is coming from retail trade, so it is aiming to open new stores to increase the sales. Wholesale business of footwear is being done only with customers that are reliable payers or those paying in advance. Shops LA SCARPA and PAMI sell footwear with favourable relation between price and quality and are intended for wider range of customers. Footwear for the young is being sold in shops PAPRIKA, and stores named ARS are offering shoes of higher price and quality and are intended for demanding customers.

Diplomsko delo z naslovom Distribucijska logistika v podjetju Lama Dekani, d.d., v svojem teoretičnem delu zajema opredelitev samega pojma in pomena logistike ter elementov logističnega sistema. V nadaljevanju so opredeljeni logistični podsistemi v proizvodnem podjetju, kamor spadajo nabavna, notranja, distribucijska ter poprodajna logistika. V aplikativnem delu diplomskega dela je predstavljeno podjetje Lama Dekani, d.d. ter opis panoge, v kateri podjetje deluje. Podrobneje je opisana distribucijska logistika v podjetju oziroma elementi logističnega sistema v podjetju (zunanji transport, notranji transport in skladiščenje) ter proces priprave blaga od naročila do izvedbe. V zadnjem delu diplomskega dela je razčlenjena težava s skladiščnim prostorom ter predlogi za njeno rešitev. The Diploma paper work entitled Distribution logistics in Lama Dekani d.d., in his theoretical work includes the definition of the concept and importance of logistics and logistics elements of the logistics system. Afterwards there are defined logistics systems in the manufacturing enterprise including the purchase, internal logistics, distribution and after-sales logistics. In the application-part of Diploma work we have the presentation of the company Lama Dekani d.d. and a description of the industry in which the company operates. In detail I have described distribution logistics, other elements of the logistics (external transport, internal transport and warehousing) and the process of the preparation of the goods from the received order till the dispatch. In the last part of my Diploma work I have exposed the problem of warehouse space in pick and pack area and some proposals for resolving it.

Živimo v času, ko že vsako podjetje spremlja, meri in optimira vse faze svoje dejavnosti. Tako je pozornost v Emo Orodjarni d.o.o. namenjena tudi optimiranju stroškov embaliranja, pakiranja in transporta izdelkov. To pa lahko podjetje doseže z optimalnim izborom embalaže, pakiranja samega izdelka ter dobrim poznavanjem transportnih poti. Embalaža s svojimi lastnostmi in značilnostmi sicer opravlja najrazličnejše funkcije. Najstarejša je zaščitna funkcija, ki je poleg funkcije ekonomičnosti in varstva okolja, za naše podjetje edina in najbolj pomembna, saj proizvodu omogoča, da do kupca prispe nepoškodovan. Namen diplomskega dela je bil pregledati poslovanje na področju embaliranja in pakiranja, ter ugotoviti pomen pakiranja za logistične procese na primeru podjetja. V teoretičnem delu smo najprej prikazali razvoj in cilje logistike ter podali definicije in izhodišča o embalaži in pakiranju. Teoretično ustrezna embalaža in ustrezno izbran postopek pakiranja zagotavljata nemoten potek notranjih in vseh nadaljnjih logističnih procesov. V drugem delu smo na primeru podjetja Emo Orodjarna d.o.o., prikazali pomen pakiranja kot predpogoj za dober potek nadaljnjih logističnih procesov. Ugotovili smo, da je podjetje zelo specifično, saj je njegova dejavnost naravnava na proizvodnjo orodij, ki jih kupci nadalje uporabljajo za izdelavo vgradnih delov v avtomobilski industriji. Zato pride do izraza predvsem in samo transportna embalaža, ki ščiti in varuje izdelke predvsem pred mehanskimi vplivi. Success of every Company today depend on monitoring, measuring and optimization of each of it' s activity. In Emo Orodjarna d.o.o. special team of experts were established to optimize costs of logistics process. This can be achieved by an optimal choice of packaging, packaging process and good knowledge of transportation possibilities. Those are number of different functions of packaging. Probably the oldest is to protect the product against damages for Emo Orodjarna d.o.o. is beside economic and environment protection, this function the most important regarding to our products. We can conclude that the main purpose of packaging for our company is, that the product remains undamaged during the logistic process. Main purpose of this text is to describe the present activities in packaging process and to define the influence of packaging in the logistics process in Emo Orodjarna d.o.o.. In theoretical part of this text we describe the development and aims of logistics and some definitions about packaging and packaging process. Theoretically, the correct packaging and packaging process is the base for successful internal and external logistics process. Second part of this text describes the importance of packaging for further logistic process in Emo Orodjarna d.o.o.. Emo Orodjarna d.o.o. is very specific company regarding logistics process. Production program is developing on construction of tools, which are used in car industry. In this case the transportation packaging with function of protection the product against mechanical damage, is used.

Nabava predstavlja v vsakem podjetju posebno vlogo, saj je njena funkcija ena od pomembnejših poslovnih funkcij v podjetju. Če želijo biti podjetja poslovno uspešna, morajo posvetiti veliko pozornosti sami nabavi, saj le gospodarna in učinkovita nabavna funkcija pripomore k uspešnosti podjetja. Njena temeljna naloga je, da pravočasno, v ustrezni količini, primerni kakovosti in ob ustrezni ceni oskrbuje podjetje s potrebnimi surovinami in storitvami. Izbira primernega, ustreznega dobavitelja je ključna naloga nabave, saj dobavitelj vpliva na uspeh in konkurenčnost podjetja. Na izbiro primernega dobavitelja vpliva zelo veliko dejavnikov. Pogoj za pravilno izbiro sta dobra raziskava potencialnih dobaviteljev in pravilen postopek izbire. Podjetje si mora pred začetkom izbire in ocenjevanja potencialnih dobaviteljev oblikovati spisek zahtev in kriterijev, ki naj bi jih izbrani dobavitelji čim bolje zadovoljili. Z izbiro dobavitelja se naloga nabave ne konča. Podjetje mora določiti kakšen bo njegov odnos do izbranega dobavitelja, tega dobavitelja spremljati in ta odnos z njim razvijati. In every company purchasing represents a speacial role, since her function in one of the major business functions in the company. If companies wish to provide successful business, they must devote a lot of attention to their own purchase, since only efficient and effective purchasing function contributes to the success of the company. Its fundamental task is to supply company with the necessary raw materials and services in time, in appropriate quantity, at appropriate quality and price. Selecting the suitable supplier is the key task of supply management, since the approriate supplier has the impact on the success and competitivness of company. Many factors influence the selection of the suitable supplier. Terms for the proper selection are research of potencial suppliers and the right procedure of selection. Before selection and evaluation, company must make a list of demands and criteria that the chosen supplier should meet in the best possible way. By selecting supplier, the task of supply is not completed. The company must also define its relation to the selected supplier, that means monitoring and developing an appropriate relationship with him.

Nabavni proces je vse zahtevnejši in ima vedno večji strateški pomen za konkurenčnost podjetja. Tako nabava ne predstavlja več zgolj podporne funkcije za zagotavljanje nemotene proizvodnje ali prodaje, temveč prestavlja način zagotavljanja prihranke sredstev za celotno poslovanje podjetja. Prav tako je potrebno sprotno spremljanje nabavnega procesa, da se lahko hitro odzove podjetje na spremembe. Najpomembnejša faza v nabavnem procesu pa je zagotovo izbira najprimernejšega dobavitelja. V teoretičnem delu diplomske naloge sem opisala kako poteka izbiranje primernega dobavitelja, kateri so kriteriji, ki jih podjetje upošteva v skladu s svojimi željami. Prav tako pa je v teoretičnem delu predstavljeno ocenjevanje dobaviteljev, ki ga morajo podjetja izvesti, da imajo pregled nad dobaviteljem, ter njegovo učinkovitostjo. V drugem delu, aplikativnem, sem predstavila izbiranje in ocenjevanje dobaviteljem na primeru podjetja Aha Emmi d.o.o.. V podjetju najprej izbirajo informacije o potencialnih dobaviteljih. Nato na podlagi kriterijev naredijo ožji izbor. Najpogostejši kriteriji, ki vplivajo na izbor so: • kakovost materiala • reference podjetja • cena • plačilni pogoji • dobavni pogoji • sistem kakovosti podjetja • transport • proizvodne zmogljivosti • lokacija dobavitelja. Vendar na koncu mora dobavitelj še izpolnjevat naslednje pogoje: • izdeluje v skladu z referenčnim vzorcem • ima certifikat kakovosti ISO 9001 • in je 1x letno izveden audit pri njem. Ko podjetje Aha Emmi, izbere določene dobavitelje izvaja vsaj enkrat letno ocenjevanje, kjer so pomembna tri področja, ki so: • kakovost (število reklamacij, sistem kakovosti) • cena, plačilni pogoji • fleksibilnost dobavitelja. Na koncu diplomske naloge sem še naredila analizo med štirimi dobavitelji, ki imajo povsem drugačni geografski izvor. Glede na primerjavo kitajskega z evropskim ter slovenskim, sem ugotovila, da bistvene razlike med njimi ni. Vsi so enako kakovostni ter konkurenčni s cenami ter plačilnimi pogoji, imajo enake sisteme kakovosti ter so v vseh pogledih konkurenčni med seboj. Zaradi tega razloga je v podjetju Aha Emmi veliko tujih ter prav tako veliko domačih dobaviteljev. The purchase business is more and more demanding and extended. The acyuisition is not anymore just a support infunction to ensure undisturbed manufacturing or sale, but it is guarantying saving, to the overall company business. For simultaneusly taken steps in purchase it is necessary to control it regularly. The most important decision that the purchase department must take, if the company wishes to be competitive, is to decide on a suitable supplier. In first part, the theoretical part of diploma, is based on evaluating and choosing a supplier. That is really important, because company can chose a supplier that is most suitable for them. The assessment of suppliers is also important, because throught assessment of the criteria, it gives us an insight into their business. That is important for the buyer and also for the supplier, beacuse the feedback can be used to take stapes to improve the cooperation. The second part, the practical part, is based on concrete way of choosing and evaluating the supplier for the company Aha Emmi. The first step in company is choosing information about potencial supplier and then they have the following set of criteria, which they evaluate before choosing a supplier. Criteria are: • quality • refernece of company • price • payment • delivery terms • quality sistem of company • transport • production • location. But supplier must to have also: • produce with reference sample • quality certificat ISO 9001 • supplier audit. The evaluation of the supplier is made at least once per year in the company Aha Emmi. Evaluation of supplier is based on presupposed criteria for evaluating a supplier and combines 3 categories • quality (reclamation, sistem of quality) • financial demands (price, payment) • fleksibility of company. In the end of diploma, I did analysis between suppliers. I found, that all suppliers, no mather, where are they from, are the same in quality and financial demands. Because of this reasons have Aha Emmi suppliers from all the world.

Osnovni namen diplomske naloge je, definirati temeljne nabavne koncepte, s pomočjo domače in tuje strokovne literature. V praktičnem delu sem predstavila podjetje Nautic service d.o.o. in pomen nabavne funkcije za izbrano podjetje. Temeljna naloga nabavne funkcije je preskrba surovin in materiala v pravi količini, ustrezni kakovosti, primerni ceni in ob pravem času. Nabava mora prevzeti odgovornost pri izbiri dobavitelja ter njegovo kasnejše spremljanje. Pravilna izbira dobavitelja lahko pripomore k zniževanju stroškov nabave, boljšemu poslovanju in večji uspešnosti podjetja. Za uspešno vodenje nabave je potrebno, da le-ta sodeluje tudi z drugimi funkcijami v podjetju. The basic intention in theoretical part was, using home and foreign literature, to define fundamental purchasing conception. In practical part is presented the company and the meaning of purchasing function in Nautic service. Basic purchasing task is supplying raw materials in suitable quantity and price on the right time. Task of purchasing is also to select the supplier and to take the control of delivery. Correct choice of supplier can contribute to reducing of costs of purchase, to better business and larger successfulnesses of the company. For successfull purchasing polici is necessary to communicate with all other functions in company.

V teoretičnem delu sem predstavil poslovno logistiko in njeno vpetost v poslovne procese. Posebej sta obdelani vrednostna in oskrbna veriga. Pomembna ugotovitev je, da so logistični stroški zelo pomembni in večkrat tudi odločilni za uspešnost podjetja. Poglavitni cilj logistike kot komponente integralnega logističnega managementa je, da skrajša čas celotne oskrbne verige. V tretjem poglavju sem predstavil podjetje Unior d.d. in njegove programe. Podjetje ima pet zaokroženih programov. Štirje programi so v kovinskopredelovalni branži. Peti program pa je posegel v terciarni sektor, saj se ukvarja s turizmom. Za obravnavo sem izbral program »Ročno orodje«. V empiričnem delu naloge pa sem na konkretnem primeru predstavil problem prodajne logistike s predlogom racionalizacije. S pomočjo simulacij sem izdelal primerjavo med obstoječim in predlaganim sistemom. Ob koncu sem predstavil nekatere predloge racionalizacije. In the theoretical part, I have introduced the business logistics and its integration in business processes. I have especially introduced the value chain and supply chain. An important observation is that the logistic costs are very important and most often play a critical role in company’s success. The primary goal of logistics as a component of an integral logistic management is to reduce the time needed for the entire supply chain. The third chapter introduces Unior d. d. and its programmes. The company offers five complete programmes. Four of them are associated with metal processing industry. The fifth programme concerns the tertiary sector of economy, since it deals with tourism. The one I selected for closer examination is programme »Hand tools«. In the empiric part of my thesis, I used a practical example to introduce the problem of outbound logistic. I have also included a proposition for rationalization. I have made a comparison between the existing and proposed system by using simulations. Finally, I have introduced some propositions for rationalization of logistics.

V diplomskem delu obravnavamo in proučujemo pomen zalog za podjetje in problematiko njihovega upravljanja. V vsebinskem smislu je diplomsko delo razdeljeno na dva dela. V prvem delu opisujemo teoretična izhodišča za obravnavo zalog. Vsebinsko drugi del pa se nanaša na proučevanje upravljanja z zalogami v konkretnem podjetju. Po uvodni predstavitvi področja in metodologije raziskovanja v prvem poglavju sledi teoretična obravnava zalog v drugem poglavju, kjer zraven njihovega pomena za podjetje, predstavljamo tudi delitve zalog po vrstah. Zraven obravnave stroškov zalog in z njimi povezane problematike, ne moremo mimo dejavnikov, ki vplivajo na obseg zalog. V okviru tretjega poglavja obravnavamo značilnosti in cilje upravljanja zalog ter možne pristope k spremljanju njihovega obsega. Zaradi različnega pomena in vpliva posameznih postavk zalog na poslovanje podjetja je potrebna poglobljena analiza zalog, ki jo v izbranem poglavju predstavljamo skozi koeficient obračanja zalog in ABC analizo. Četrto poglavje je namenjeno predstavitvi modelov uravnavanja zalog ob pomoči katerih si podjetja skušajo zagotoviti optimalno količino naročila, ki bi se odražala v minimalnih stroških zalog. Osredotočamo se predvsem na proučevanje modelov zalog povezanih z neodvisnim povpraševanjem. Predstavljamo model optimalne količine, model optimalne količine z upoštevanjem popustov ter Q sistem in P sistem spremljanja zalog. Skozi teoretični del diplome, ki obsega navedena poglavja od 1 do 4, prehajamo na praktični del naloge, kjer v petem poglavju predstavljamo konkretno trgovsko podjetje Slovenijales trgovina, njegov zgodovinski razvoj ter organiziranost. Opisujemo obstoječe stanje na področju upravljanja z zalogami ter analiziramo zaloge po posameznih prodajnih programih. Skozi preučitev dejanskega stanja na koncu podajamo predloge, s katerimi bi lahko povečali učinkovitost na področju upravljanja z zalogami. The diploma thesis deals with the importance of inventories and inventory management issues in companies. In terms of contents, the thesis is divided into two parts. The first part contains a theoretical approach to inventory management, and the second part, however, refers to inventory management in a specific company. Chapter 1 provides an introduction to the research area and methodology, followed by a theoretical treatment of inventories in Chapter 2, indicating their importance for companies, and various types of inventories. Other issues include inventory-related costs and factors impacting inventory volumes. Chapter 3 deals with the characteristics and objectives of inventory management and potential approaches to monitoring their volume. Varying importance and impact of specific inventory items on company performance require an in-depth inventory analysis presented in the relevant chapter through inventory turnover ratio and ABC analysis. Chapter 4 is intended to present inventory control models used by companies to ensure optimum order volumes reflected in minimum inventory costs. The focus is mainly on assessing inventory control models related to independent demand. A description is provided of optimal quantity model, optimal quantity model by taking account of discounts as well as Q- and P- systems of inventory control. Chapters 1 to 4 constitute a theoretical part of my diploma thesis, followed by a practical part, in which Chapter 5 contains a presentation of Slovenijales trgovina, a trading company, its historical development and organisation. An overview of the current inventory management situation is provided and inventories analysed by sales programmes. Finally, suggestions are indicated on how to increase inventory management efficiency.

Zunanja oskrba ali angl. outsourcing pomeni pogodbeni prenos nekaterih ponavljajočih se aktivnosti v podjetju na zunanjega izvajalca. Podjetja prepuščajo zunanjemu izvajalcu različne dejavnosti, predvsem tiste, ki ne predstavljajo osnovne dejavnosti podjetja. Med najpogosteje izločenimi dejavnosti v podjetju spada tudi logistika. V Sloveniji prepuščajo zunanjim izvajalcem med logističnimi dejavnostmi predvsem storitve transporta in skladiščenja. Najpogostejši razlogi za uvajanje zunanje oskrbe so znižanje stroškov, usmeritev podjetja na strateško pomembna področja, pozitivni vpliv na finančni položaj in na delovno silo, povečanje kakovosti storitev in konkurenčnosti podjetja. Ustrezna izbira zunanjega izvajalca je prva predpostavka za nadaljnji uspeh. Ključnega pomena je, da podjetje z zunanjim izvajalcem razvije dober partnerski odnos, ki temelji na visoki stopnji strokovnosti in medsebojnem zaupanju. V podjetju Talum d.d. so se zaradi težnje k racionalizaciji poslovanja odločili, da predajo v zunanjo oskrbo različne dejavnosti, ki niso ključnega pomena za njihovo poslovanje. Med njimi sta tudi zunanji transport in špedicijske storitve. S tem so dosegli veliko prednosti, med drugim: prihranek pri stroških in zaposlenih, izognili so se vlaganjem v kapacitete, dosegli so višjo raven kakovosti opravljene storitve, nad izvajalcem pa imajo popoln nadzor. Auslagerung der Versorgung (englisch „outsourcing“) bedeutet vertragliche Übertragung einigen wiederholenden Aktivitäten in dem Unternehmen an äußere Ausführende. Unternehmen überläsen äußeren Ausführenden verschiedene Aktivitäten, besonders die, die nicht die grundlegende Tätigkeiten sind. In meisten Fällen wird die ausgelegte Aktivität in dem Unternehmen gerade die Logistik. In Slowenien überlassen äußeren Ausführendem in der logistischen Aktivitäten gerade die Versorgung des Transports und des Lagers. Die häufigste Ursachen für die Einführung der Auslagerung von Versorgung sind die Kostenminderung, die Ausrichtung des Unternehmens auf strategisch wichtige Gebiete und die Konkurrenzfähigkeit des Unternehmens. Die richtige Auswahl des äußeren Ausführenden ist die erste Voraussetzung für weiteren Erfolg. Von großer Bedeutung ist, das der Unternehmen mit dem äußeren Ausführenden gute Beziehung schafft, die auf hochem Grad der Fachkompetenz und Vertrauen beruhen. Im Unternehmen Talum d.d. haben sich im Hinsicht auf Rationalisierung der Geschäftstätigkeiten entschieden, um die Auslagerung der Versorgung verschiedener Tätigkeiten, die für ihre Geschäftstätigkeit nicht schlusselbedeutend sind. Dabei sind auch Außentransport und Spedition. Damit haben die viele Vorteile erreicht: Ersparnise bei Kosten und Beschäftigten, Umgehung der Investitionen in Kapazitäten, sie haben hocheren Niveau der Qualität erledigter Dienstleistung erreicht und über den Ausführenden haben sie vollständigen Aufsicht.

Namen moje diplomske naloge je bil predstavitev uglednega trgovskega podjetja Drogerie Markt. Predstavila sem nabavno funkcijo v podjetju, kot tudi njeno organiziranost nabave in njeno vlogo v podjetju. Predstavila pa sem tudi nabavni proces vse od naročila do izdaje blaga v poslovalnice. The purpose of my diploma work was the presentation of the prestigious trading company Drogerie Markt. I presented a purchase function in the company, as well as the organization's acquisition and its role in the company. I also presented the process of purchasing from order until the issue of merchandise.

V teoretičnem delu diplomske naloge je predstavljen povzetek splošnih dejstev o nabavnem poslovanju. Gre za opredelitev pojmov same nabave, njenih temeljnih ciljev in nalog. Opisan je potek nabavnega procesa in potek raziskave nabavnega trga. Nekaj pozornosti sem posvetila tudi dobaviteljem in nabavnemu trženju. Podrobneje sem opisala trgovsko podjetje na debelo, nabavno poslovanje v takem podjetju in skladiščno poslovanje. Praktični del naloge predstavlja oris nabavnega poslovanja v konkretnem podjetju, kjer sem zaposlena. Predstavila sem osnovne značilnosti podjetja, opisala s kakšnim trgovskim blagom trgujemo, kdo so naši dobavitelji in kupci. V osrednjem delu sem se osredotočila na potek nabavnega poslovanja, oz. na faze nabavnega procesa. Nalogo sem zaključila s konkretnimi predlogi za izboljšanje nabavnega poslovanja v podjetju. The theoretical part of the degree represents the summary of general facts about supply managament. It defines the purchase, its aims and tasks. I made a presentation of the course of purchasing process and the course of purchasing market research. Some attention is also given to suppliers and supply marketing. Then follows the detailed description of trading company in the wholesale, supply managament in such a company and some facts about warehousing. Practical part of degree covers supply managament in actual company, where I work. I presented the basic features of the company, its merchandise and its suppliers and buyers. In the central part I focused on the course of supply managament process or on the phases of the process. I concluded a degree with some concrete suggestions for improvement of supply managament in the company.

V diplomskem delu sem predstavil nabavno funkcijo in management zalog, ki sta medsebojno odvisna. Nabava je pomembna da do zalog sploh pride, management zalog pa te zaloge vodi in nad njimi izvaja kontrolo. Obe funkciji pa sta pomembni, da podjetje lahko nemoteno proizvaja proizvode ali storitve. Za podjetje je zelo pomembna količina oziroma raven zalog, saj zaloge predstavljajo za podjetja strošek, ki neposredno vpliva na uspešnost podjetja. Zato vsa podjetja stremijo k optimalnim zalogam, ki so tista višina zalog, pri katerih so stroški skladiščenja, stroški nabave in stroški financiranja zalog najnižji na enoto proizvodnje. Da bi bile zaloge v podjetju čim bolj optimalne, pa mora biti vodenje zalog čimbolj natančno in dosledno. Pri tem si podjetja pomagajo z ABC analizo, katero uporabljamo pri izbiri politike zalog, ki je najprimernejša za posamezne izdelke ali skupine izdelkov. Ker so prvine poslovnega procesa redke in drage je treba z njimi racionalno gospodariti. Zato je potrebna dobra kontrola zalog, da materialne izgube odpravimo. To pa lahko dosežemo z rednimi inventurami. V delu sem predstavil podjetje Steklarna Rogaška d.d. in njihov management zalog ter predloge izboljšav, ki so vezani na vodenje in kontrolo zalog. In my diploma paper I presented the purchase function and the management of stock which are mutualy dependent. The purchase is important for making stock, the management has control over it. Both functions are important for the company to produce products and services undisturbed. The amount or level of stock is very important for the company as stock represents cost for the company which indirectly influences the success of the company. That is why all companies strive to optimal stock where costs of storage, costs of purchase and costs of funding stock are the lowest on unit of production. For stock in company to be optimal, the management of stock must be accurate and consistent. ABC analysis helps companies and is used in choosing the policy of stock which is the most appropriate for individual products or groups of products. Because elements of business process are rare and expensive, they should be racionally managed. That is why the good control of stock is neccessary to abolish the material loss. We can achive this with regular stock-takings. The company Steklarna Rogaška d.d. was presented in this paper including its stock management and improvement proposals which are connected to stock management and control.

Bolnišnica ima na medicinskih oddelkih organizirane zaloge zdravil in zdravstvenega materiala, da lahko nemoteno opravlja svojo dejavnost. Poslovni cilj bolnišnice je vzdrževati čim manjše zaloge, kajti večje kot so zaloge več finančnih sredstev je vezanih v njih. V diplomskem delu smo analizirali zaloge zdravil in zdravstvenega materiala oddelčnih lekarn bolnišnice. Glavna ugotovitev analize je, da bi bolnišnica lahko izboljšala upravljanje s temi zalogami predvsem, če bi uvedla informacijski sistem, ki bi omogočal vodenje porabe materiala po bolniku, uporabo črtnih kod pri prevzemih in izdajah materiala v skladiščih in na medicinskih oddelkih ter avtomatsko ugotavljanje realizacije naročil preko prevzemnic. Prav tako bi upravljanje zalog izboljšale spremembe v organizaciji dela v nabavni službi in na medicinskih oddelkih ter pravočasno pošiljanje poročil o poslovanju in poročil o porabi materiala predstojnikom oddelkov. Medical material and inventory is held in departments of the hospital in order to perform the tasks without any disturbances. The hospital’s business goal is to keep the minimum of stocks, for the bigger the stocks the bigger the investment connected to stocks. In this diploma paper we have analyzed the stocks of medical material and inventory of hospital departments’ pharmacies. The main outcome of the analysis is the following – the hospital could improve the inventory management if an information system was introduced. Such a system should be able to trace the medical material usage per patient. Bar code should be used while accepting or giving out the material in the warehouse and the hospital’s departments. And an automatic assessment of order realization should be established. Inventory management would help to improve the work organisation in the purchasing and other departments as well as sending annual reports and medical material situation reports to department heads.

Namen diplomskega dela je s pomočjo proučevanja teorije in analize planiranja ter vodenja proizvodnje v podjetju Roto Lož d. o. o. predlagati izboljšave pri sestavi vratnih zapor in zmanjšati nepotrebne zaloge. Kot v večini proizvodnih podjetij se tudi v našem podjetju srečujemo s problemom neenakomerne oskrbe delovnih mest z materiali, kar pomeni večje potrebe po priročnih skladiščih ob delovnih mestih in zastoje ob čakanju na material ter prevelike stroške zalog. Vedno večje so želje oziroma zahteve po dodatnih logističnih sredstvih – viličarjih, da je reakcija lahko hitra, kar pa v praksi pomeni njihovo slabo izkoriščenost. Medfazne zaloge so neoptimalne in njihovo kopičenje v proizvodnji krči prostor za postavitve novih tehnologij proizvodnje. Dejansko smo ugotovili, da je zaradi slabih in nezanesljivih podatkov nemogoče narediti analizo, koliko delovnega časa v proizvodnji izgubimo zaradi zgoraj naštetih aktivnosti. Poleg tega imajo nosilni proizvodi Roto Lož d. o. o., vratne zapore, veliko različnih sestavnih delov, ki jih izdelujejo različni dobavitelji. Nekateri deli so si med seboj zelo podobni, zato obstaja tudi velika verjetnost njihove medsebojne zamenjave. V podjetju Roto Lož d. o. o. si prizadevamo doseči učinkovit proizvodni proces, ki bi proizvajal kakovostne kose ob pravem času in ob konkurenčnih stroških, kar je v veliki meri odvisno od izbire koncepta planiranja in vodenja proizvodnje. V svetu so se razvili različni koncepti, ki uporabljajo različne metode, v osnovi pa se delijo na potisne in vlečne. Idejna zasnova rešitve temelji na osnovnem modelu kanbana. Osnovni namen uvedbe kanban sistema za upravljanje proizvodnje je povečanje fleksibilnosti proizvodnje, skrajšanje pretočnih časov, zmanjšanje koordinacijskih aktivnosti in zmanjšanje zalog. Uvedba upravljanja proizvodnje po principu kanban pomeni korenito spremembo v organizaciji, predvsem pa miselnosti zaposlenih. V kanban sistemu proizvodnjo narekuje izključno poraba oziroma odjem in ne izkoriščenost delovnih sredstev (»pull« namesto »push« principa). The purpose of diploma paper is to make suggestions about the improvements of door locks composition and to lessen the unnecessary stocks with the help of the study of theory and analysis of planning and production management in the company Roto Lož d. o. o. Like in most production companies, our company also faces the problem of unequal supply of places of work with the materials which consequently leads to bigger needs of handy warehouses beside the places of work and the stoppage while waiting for the material and also to too big expenses of the stocks. In order to react quickly, the demands for additional logistic means – fork-lift trucks are getting bigger and bigger however, this in practice denotes their poor exploitation. The in-between stocks are not optimal their accumulation in production reduces the place for the setting up of new technologies of production. As a matter of fact, we found that due to bad and unreliable data it is impossible to make an analysis of how much of work time in production it is lost due to the above mentioned activities. In addition to this, the supporting products of Roto Lož d. o. o. have door locks and many different composite parts made by different suppliers. Because some parts resemble each other very much, there is a great possibility of making a mistake and changing one for the other. We in the company Roto Lož d. o. o. strive to achieve the effective production process which would produce quality pieces at the right time with competitive expenses which is mostly dependent on the choice of the concept of planning and management of production. In the world different concepts which use different methods were developed however, they are basically divided into pushing and tractional. The outline scheme of the solution is based on the basic model of kanban. The main purpose of introducing a kanban system for the management of production is to enlarge the flexibility of production, shorten the poured times, and reduce co-ordination activities and stocks. The introduction of production management on the principle of kanban denotes a radical change in organization, but mostly the change of employees’ manner of thinking. In the kanban system the production is dictated by exclusively by the use or take away and not the exploitation of the labour resources (“pull” principle instead of “push” principle).