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The trial was carried out in the period 2007-2010 at the experimental field of the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops in Novi Sad, Serbia. Study was based on applied different fertilizer doses (mineral fertilizers and harvest residues of the previous crop). Trial variants were arranged in a randomized block design and they included: 0 kg N ha-1 without ploughing under crop residues; 0 kg N ha-1 + crop residues; 50 kg N ha-1 + crop residues; 150 kg N ha-1 + crop residues; 250 kg N ha-1 + crop residues. There were two trial sub-variants with and without soybean seed inoculation within each variant. Seed of soybean cultivar Proteinka (maturity group 0) was inoculated directly before planting, using microbial fertilizer NS-Nitragin containing a mixture of selected highly effective Bradyrhizobium japonicum strains. Seed inoculation produced statistically highly significant yield increases in all four trial years, while the variants with higher doses of nitrogen applied under a preceding crop showed increases in mineral nitrogen uptake from the soil without adequate increases in soybean yield. The application of microbial fertilizers and ploughing under crop residues evidently ensured high yields of soybean, even with reduced doses of nitrogen fertilizer applied to a preceding crop., Eksperiment je izveden u periodu 2007-2010. godine na oglednom polju Instituta za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo, Novi Sad. Studija je zasnovana na primenjenim različitim varijantama đubriva (mineralna đubriva i biljni ostaci prethodnog useva). Varijante ogleda su raspoređene po slučajnom blok sistemu: 0 kg N ha-1 bez zaoravanja žetvenih ostataka; 0 kg N ha-1 + žetveni ostaci; 50 kg N ha-1 + žetveni ostaci; 150 kg N ha-1 + žetveni ostaci; 250 kg N ha-1 + žetveni ostaci. U okviru svake varijante postojale su dve pod-varijante sa i bez inokulacije semena soje. Seme soje sorte Proteinka (0 grupa zrenja) je neposredno pre setve inokulisano mikrobiološkim đubrivom NS-Nitragin koje sadrži mešavinu odabranih visoko efikasnih sojeva bakterija Bradyrhizobium japonicum. Inokulacija semena dovela je do statistički veoma značajnog povećanja prinosa u sve četiri godine istraživanja, dok su varijante sa visokim dozama azota primenjene pod predusev dovele do povećanja usvajanja mineralnog azota iz zemljišta bez odgovarajućeg povećanja prinosa soje. Primena mikrobioloških đubriva i zaoravanje biljnih ostataka može da obezbedi visoke prinose soje, čak i pri smanjenim dozama azotnih đubriva koje su primenjene u prethodnom usevu.

The objective of this paper was to examine and present the results of soybean grain yield, protein and oil content during a two-year period (2009 to 2010) in agro-ecological conditions of Sombor, Serbia. Data were statistically analyzed by analysis of variance, using the method of two factorial trials (variety, year). LSD was used to compare means for significant differences. Significantly higher yields were recorded in 2010 compared to 2009. Average yield amounted to 4,196 kg ha-1 for analyzed soybean varieties, and ranged from 2,889 kg ha-1 (2009) to 5,503 kg ha-1 (2010). The year 2010 was favourable for protein synthesis. The highest protein content was achieved by Bečejka variety (38.38%) and Proteinka variety (38.33%) in 2010. Proteinka had statistically significantly higher average protein content compared to other tested varieties in the two-year average. The tested soybean varieties had average oil content of 20.93%. The highest oil content was found in Sava variety (23.03%) in 2009. Statistically significantly higher oil content was recorded in 2009 compared to 2010, while variety and their interactions had statistically significant effect (p lt 0.05, p lt 0.01) on yield and grain quality of soybean. Irrigation and appropriate cultural practices are the only measures that could mitigate limitation factors and increase yields., U dvogodišnjim istraživanjima prikazani su rezultati prinosa zrna, sadržaja proteina i ulja u NS sortama soje. Podaci su obrađeni analizom varijanse po metodi dvofaktorijalnog ogleda (sorta, godina). Značajnost razlika testirana je LSD testom. Statistički značajno viši prinosi zabeleženi su 2010. u odnosu na 2009. godinu. Prosečni prinosi, za testirane sorte soje, iznosili su 4.154 kg ha-1 i varirali su od 2.840 kg ha-1 (2009) do 5.467 kg ha-1 (2010). Povoljnija godina za sintezu proteina bila je 2010. Najviši sadržaj proteina u 2010. ostvarile su u proseku sorte Bečejka (38,38%) i Proteinka (38,33%). Sadržaj proteina za sve ispitivane sorte soje iznosio je u proseku 37,03%. Sorta Proteinka imala je, u dvogodišnjem proseku, statistički značajno viši prosečan sadržaj proteina u odnosu na ostale testirane sorte. Prosečan sadržaj ulja, za sve testirane sorte soje, iznosio je 20,93%. Najviši sadržaj ulja u 2009. godini ostvarila je u sorta Sava (23,03%). Statistički značajno viši sadržaj ulja zabeležen je u 2009. u odnosu na 2010. Godina, sorta i njihove interakcije imale su statistički značajan uticaj (p lt 0,05, p lt 0,01) na prinos i kvalitet zrna soje. U aridnim godinama navodnjavanje i pravilna agrotehnika su jedine mere kojima se mogu ublažiti limitirajući faktori i povećati prinosi.

Recently, heavy metals concentrations increased in some agricultural areas due to the consequences of anthropogenic impacts. The aim of this study was to determine the level of heavy metals (As, Cr, Ni and Pb) in Medicago sativa L. and Trifolium pratense L. grown on fluvisol, in order to obtain information on safety of these nutrients. The total content of Pb, As, Cr and Ni in the samples of fluvisol was above the maximum allowable amount. The content of heavy metals in Medicago sativa L. and Trifolium pratense L. was below the critical and toxic concentrations in all samples originating from contaminated soil. It was concluded that the accumulation of heavy metals in plants did not depend only on the total content in soil, but also the affinity of the plant, and individual and interactive effects of various soil properties. No statistically significant differences in the accumulation of heavy metals between Medicago sativa L. and Trifolium pratense L were observed. It is necessary to further control of heavy metals in the investigated area, in order to prevent their entry into the food chain and provide healthy food., U poslednje vreme povećana je koncentracija teških metala na nekim poljoprivrednim površinama usled antropogenog uticaja. Cilj rada je bio da se utvrdi nivo teških metala (As, Cr, Ni i Pb) u nekarbonatnom aluvijalnom (fluvijanom) zemljištu, te njihova akumulacija u Medicago sativa L. i Trifolium pratense L., radi dobijanja informacije o zdravstvenoj ispravnostinosti ovih hraniva. Ukupan sadržaj ispitivanih teških metala u uzorcima zemljišta bio je iznad maksimalno dozvoljene količine, što znači da svi uzorci analiziranih lokaliteta pripadaju kategoriji kontaminiranog zemljišta. Sadržaj teških metala u Medicago sativa L. i Trifolium pratense L. bio je ispod kritičnih i toksičnih koncentracija, kao i maksimalno dozvoljenih količina u hrani za životinje u svim uzorcima poreklom sa kontaminiranog zemljišta. Konstatovano je da akumulacija teških metala u biljkama nije zavisila samo od ukupnog sadržaja u zemljištu, nego i afiniteta biljke, te individualnog ili interaktivnog dejstva raznih zemljišnih svojstava. Nije bilo značajnih razlika u akumulaciji teških metala izmeću Medicago sativa L. i Trifolium pratense L.

Organic agricultural production recorded a continuous growth in output and demand, globally speaking, in order to meet consumer needs for quality and safe food. The plots of the Institute for Field and Vegetable Crops in Bački Petrovac, the experiment performed soybean for method in organic production, in four replications in 2011. This paper studied the influence of foliar nutrition, with microbial fertilizer on the yield and chemical composition of grain, soybean varieties in NS Galina. We studied the following properties: soybean yield (kg/ha), content (%) and yield (kg/ha) of total protein and oil content of soybeans. Have been achieved very high yields of soybean in 5,746 amounted to an average kg/ha. Yields ranged from 5,604 kg/ha in the control variant to 5,887 kg/ha for foliar feeding options. Average grain yield was higher in the variants of foliar feeding of 283 kg/ha or 5.05% compared to the control variant. Differences defined in oil content soybean material between the control and foliar nutrition were not statistically significant, while the protein content was the same in both variants. Higher protein and oil yield in the was recorded as either a foliar nutrition. Were done, the values of the correlation coefficient between the studied traits. There was a significantly high positive correlation between yield and oil content (0.73**) and a negative correlation between yield and protein content (-0.35) and between oil and protein content in soybean (-0.45). The organic production of soybean foliar nutrition proved to be a successful method for improving the yield of soybean. Research to be continued., Organska poljoprivredna proizvodnja beleži kontinuirani rast obima proizvodnje i tražnje posmatrano u globalnim okvirima, u cilju zadovoljenja potreba potrošača za kvalitetnom i zdravstveno bezbednijom hranom. Na parcelama Instituta za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo, u Bačkom Petrovcu, izveden je ogled soje po metodama organske proizvodnje, u četiri ponavljanja, 2011. godine. U radu je proučavan uticaj folijarne ishrane sa mikrobiološkim đubrivom na prinos i hemijski sastav zrna, kod NS sorte Galina. Ispitivana su sledeća svojstva: prinos zrna soje (kg/ha), sadržaj (%) i prinos (kg/ha) ukupnih proteina i ulja u zrnu soje. Ostvareni su izuzetno visoki prinosi soje i u proseku su iznosili 5.746 kg/ha. Prinosi su varirali od 5.604 kg/ha u kontrolnoj varijanti do 5.887 kg/ha u varijanti folijarne ishrane. Prinos zrna soje u proseku bio je viši u varijanti folijarne ishrane za 283 kg/ha ili za 5,05 % u odnosu na kontrolnu varijantu. Definisane razlike sadržaja ulja u zrnu soje između kontrolnog materijala i folijarne ishrane nisu statistički značajne, dok je sadržaj proteina bio isti u obe varijante. Odrađene su vrednosti koeficijenta korelacije između ispitivanih svojstava. Zabeležena je pozitivna visoko statistički značajna korelacija između prinosa i sadržaja ulja (0,73**) i negativna korelacija između prinosa i sadržaja proteina (-0,35) kao i između sadržaja ulja i sadržaja proteina u zrnu soje (-0,45). U organskoj proizvodnji soje folijarna ishrana pokazala se kao moguć metod za poboljšanje prinosa soje. Ispitivanje treba nastaviti.

A four-replicate trial with the three-crop rotation (maize-soya bean-wheat) was carried out in the stationary trial established in the experimental plots of the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops in Rimski Sancevi, Novi Sad Serbia. This study encompasses results obtained from soya bean fields in 2006, 2007 and 2008. The objective of this study was to determine effects of seed inoculation with a microbiological fertilizer and a seed treatment with cobalt and molybdenum, as well as, to reveal effects of fertilizing of the preceding crop, maize, with different rates of nitrogen on Azotobacter abundance and the yield Obtained data were statistically processed by the split-plot two factorial analysis of variance with the impacts of a year. The following factors were observed: year, different rates of N-fertilizer and seed treatments. The significance of differences among treatments was tested by the LSD test. The correlation dependence among all observed traits was established Azotobacter abundance in the stage of full flowering was significantly affected by the year. The number of Azotobacter significantly decreased with the increased rates of applied nitrogen. The application of cobalt and molybdenum increased Azotobacter abundance by 22.18 % in the R(2) stage in relation to the control variant. Azotobacter abundance in the R(2) stage showed high and very high positive correlations with the grain protein content.

Effect of environmental conditions (temperatures and precipitation) on soybean yield and seed quality was examined during two years. Trials with four replications were located at experimental fields of Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops at Rimski Šančevi. Environmental conditions had significant influence on examined traits, and higher yield and seed quality was achieved during beneficial year. There was a moderate positive relationship between yield and seed germination., U dvogodišnjem istraživanju ispitivan je uticaj agrometeoroloških činilaca (temperatura i padavina) na prinos i semenske kvalitete zrna soje. Ogled je postavljen u četiri ponavljanja na oglednim parcelama Instituta za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo na Rimskim Šančevima u 2009. i 2010. Vremenski uslovi značajno su uticali na ispitivana svojstva, odnosno u godini sa povoljnim meteorološkim uslovima (2010) ostvaren je veći prinos i kvalitet semena ispitivanih sorti soje. Uočena je umerena pozitivna korelacija između prinosa i klijavosti semena.

Inoculation is the best way to ensure good nodulation with the proper strain of nitrogen-fixing bacteria for increased yield in an environmentally safe manner. This investigation was conducted on three-year experiment which was set up in four replications with three-crop rotation (maize-soybean-wheat) at experimental field of the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, Novi Sad, Serbia. Effects of application of microbiological fertilizer (with nitrogen-fixing bacteria Bradyrhizobium japonicum) on root mass, number and mass of nodes per plant, soil biogeneity (number of ammonifiers, Azotobacter, actinomycetes), as well as the effect on soybean yield were studied. Obtained results indicated positive impact of inoculation on nitrogen fixation parameters. The higher amounts of mineral nitrogen had negative impact on atmospheric nitrogen fixation, that is, by increasing preplanting mineral nitrogen amount in the soil by 1 kg, the amount of calculated nitrogen from the air was decreased by 1.72 kg. Increasing abundance of studied microorganisms in the rhizosphere, as well as soybean yield using microbiological fertilizer was stimulated by plowing under crop residues. The impact of meteorogical conditions on the effects of inoclutaion was very significant.

Research was conducted during 2008 under ecological and conventional systems of soybean production. The observed factors included three different seeding densities (400.000, 500.000 and 600.000 plants per ha) and three soybean varieties of different maturity groups (‘Galina’, ‘Sava’ and ‘Mima’). The obtained data were processed by analysis of variance method of two factorial split-plot test (variety and seeding density). Yield and protein content were higher under conventional production than under the ecological system, while the oil content was 1.66% lower. Yield significantly depended on variety in both production systems. The effect of sowing density was non-significant in the conventional system and highly significant in the ecological system. Differences between the average values of the protein content of soybean grain were not statistically significant in terms of variety and sowing density in both production technologies. Under conventional production conditions, the variety Mima had a significantly higher oil content of grain as compared to the variety Galina. The ecological production differences were not statistically significant. Sowing density had no impact on the oil content of soybean grain in both production technologies tested. A very significant negative correlation between protein and oil content was established in both ecological and conventional production systems (-0.86** and -0.91**, respectively)., Ispitivanja su izvršena tokom 2008. godine u uslovima ekološke i konvencionalne proizvodnje soje. Praceni su sledeci parametri: tri razlicite gustine sadnje (400.000, 500.000 i 600.000 biljaka/ha) i tri sorte soje razlicite grupe zrelosti (Galina. Sava i Mima). Dobijeni podaci obradeni su analizom varijanse, po dvofaktorijalnom metodu razdeljenih parcela (sorta i gustina sadnje). Prinos i sadržaj proteina bili su viši u konvencionalnoj tehnologiji proizvodnje u odnosu na ekološku, dok je sadržaj ulja bio manji za 1,66%. Prinos je znacajno zavisio od sorte u oba sistema proizvodnje. Uticaj gustine sadnje nije bio znacajan u konvencionalnoj proizvodnji, za razliku od ekološke proizvodnje. Razlike izmedu prosecnih vrednosti sadržaja proteina u zrnu soje nisu bile statisticki znacajne u pogledu sorti i gustine sadnje u ispitivanim tehnologijama proizvodnje. U konvencionalnoj proizvodnji, sorta ‘Mima’ imala je znacajno veci sadržaj ulja u zrnu nego sorta ‘Galina’. Gustina sadnje nije uticala na sadržaj ulja u zrnu soje u ispitivanim tehnologijama proizvodnje. Veoma znacajna negativna korelacija izmedu sadržaja proteina i ulja utvrdena je u ekološkoj i konvencionalnoj proizvodnji (-0,86**, odnosno -0,91**).

A field experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of nitrogen fertilizer applications on some quality components of wheat. For winter wheat genotypes (Ana Morava, Vizija, L-3027 and Perla) were grown at Small Grains Research Centre Kragujevac in three years (2005–2007) at three levels of nitrogen fertilization (N1 = 60 kg N ha−1, N2 = 90 kg N ha−1 and N3 = 120 kg N ha−1). Zeleny sedimentation value and wet gluten content in divergent wheat genotypes were analyzed in depending on the nitrogen nutrition and years. Nitrogen fertilization significantly increased sedimentation value and wet gluten content. The highest increasing of both traits established in N3 variant when applied 120 kg ha−1 of nitrogen. Genotypes reacted differently to N level increasing. Cultivar Perla had the highest value of sedimentation and wet gluten content and this cultivar the best reacted to increasing N levels. Statistically significant differences for sedimentation value and wet gluten content were found among cultivars, years, N-doses and for all their interactions. The results have shown that the best quality of wheat was with nitrogen applied of 120 kg N ha−1. Correlation between nitrogen applications and sedimentation value was significant (r = 0.208*), while between N-doses and wet gluten content was high significant (r = 0.290**). Sedimentation value and wet gluten content positively correlated (r = 0.783**).

This investigation is conducted to determine influence of different doses of nitrogen fertilizer applied under previous crop, on yield, oil and protein content in soybean karnel. The experiment was performed on the plot of the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops in Rimski Sančevi, in four replications, during three years. The highest dose of nitrogen applied under previous crop (200 kgha-1) has contributed decrease of yield for all three years of research, decline of oil content and yield and increase of protein content in 2006. and 2007. year., U trogodišnjem ogledu proučavan je uticaj različitih doza azotnih đubriva primenjenih pod predusev kukuruz, na prinos, sadržaj ulja i proteina u zrnu soje. Ogled je postavljen u četiri ponavljanja, na parceli Instituta za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo u Rimskim Sančevima. Najveće doze azota primenjenog pod predusev (200 kgha-1) doprinele su smanjenju prinosa u sve tri godine istraživanja, smanjenju sadržaja i prinosa ulja i povećanju sadržaja proteina u 2006. i 2007. godini.

A three-year experiment was conducted to study the effect of different doses of nitrogen fertilizer applied under previous crop and seed inoculation with a microbial preparation NS Nitragin on soybean yield and protein content in grain. The experiment was set up in four replications at Rimski Šančevi experiment field of Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, Novi Sad. Presowing seed inoculation contributed to a statistically significant increase in yield and protein content in all three research years, while the highest nitrogen dose had a positive impact on soybean yield only in 2007 and on protein content in 2006 and 2007., U trogodišnjem ogledu proučavan je uticaj različitih doza azotnih đubriva primenjenih pod predusev i inokulacije semena mikrobiološkim preparatom NS-Nitragin na prinos i sadržaj proteina u zrnu soje. Ogled je postavljen u četiri ponavljanja, na parceli Instituta za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo, Novi Sad na Rimskim Šančevima. Inokulacija semena pre setve doprinela je statistički veoma značajnom povećanju prinosa i sadržaja proteina u sve tri godine istraživanja, dok su najveće doze azota imale pozitivan uticaj na prinos soje samo 2007. odnosno na sadržaj proteina 2006. i 2007.