Search

The main objective of this study is an investigation of educational needs of fish is cammon carp Proudation cooperatives and effective factors on mentioned educational needs. This research was applicable from objective point of view and descriptive-correlation method considering its method, which has been done with survey approach. The statistical population is the members of the fish is cammon carp Proudation cooperatives in Guilan&mazandaran Province which were included 2235 persons. Among this population, 160 persons were selected using Cochran formula and proportional stratified random sampling method. Managers production Which were 19 production cooperatives in the province, was census through the survey method Meanwhile, the total number of 38 experienced experts in fishculture of Guilan & mazandaran provinces Fisheries Researeach organization .The main tool for data collection was questionnaire and its reliability was calculated by Cronbach’s alpha coefficient, The main tool for data collection survey questionnaire and its reliability by a panel of experts confirmed were valid questionnaire study using the alpha coefficient to mean parts inventory intensive manufactures 73% and surveys of experts and managers of cooperatives by Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of 78% was calculated More than 70 percent of the average of the current knowledge of warm water fish production in Guilan and Mazandaran is moderate to high. Educational needs of producers fish in warm- water showed a significant relationship between income level and their knowledge. Results showed that the management of health and diseases in warm-water fish farms, fish farms, water management, and site selection and construction of warm water from the producers' point of view, experts and managers of cooperatives is the educational priority.

Investigations of soil failures are subjects touching both geology and engineering. These investigations call the joint efforts of engineering geologists and geotechnical engineers. From the studies of field case records at least two types of soil failures have been distinguished, namely "shear failure" which is main concentration of the current research and "liquefaction failure". Shear failures along shear planes occur when the shear stress along the sliding surfaces exceed the effective shear strength. These slides have been referred to as landslide. An expert system based on artificial neural network has been developed for use in the stability evaluation of slopes under various geological conditions and engineering requirements. The Artificial neural network model of this research uses slope characteristics as input and leads to the output in form of the probability of failure and factor of safety. It can be stated that the trained neural networks are capable of predicting the stability of slopes and safety factor of landslide hazard in study area with an acceptable level of confidence. Landslide hazard analysis and mapping can provide useful information for catastrophic loss reduction, and assist in the development of guidelines for sustainable land use planning. The analysis is used to identify the factors that are related to landslides and to predict the landslide hazard in the future based on such a relationship. Investigations of soil failures are subjects touching both geology and engineering. These investigations call the joint efforts of engineering geologists and geotechnical engineers. From the studies of field case records at least two types of soil failures have been distinguished, namely "shear failure" which is main concentration of the current research and "liquefaction failure". Shear failures along shear planes occur when the shear stress along the sliding surfaces exceed the effective shear strength. These slides have been referred to as landslide. An expert system based on artificial neural network has been developed for use in the stability evaluation of slopes under various geological conditions and engineering requirements. The Artificial neural network model of this research uses slope characteristics as input and leads to the output in form of the probability of failure and factor of safety. It can be stated that the trained neural networks are capable of predicting the stability of slopes and safety factor of landslide hazard in study area with an acceptable level of confidence. Landslide hazard analysis and mapping can provide useful information for catastrophic loss reduction, and assist in the development of guidelines for sustainable land use planning. The analysis is used to identify the factors that are related to landslides and to predict the landslide hazard in the future based on such a relationship.

Περιέχει το πλήρες κείμενο This study has investigated: "Information Literacy of Public Library Users in Mazandaran Province and Role of Them in Its Promotion". The research method was descriptive survey. Data was collected by survey questionnaire. The study population was 56 public libraries in Mazandaran province, but we used a cluster sampling of 14 libraries (viewpoints of resources, information technology and library members has higher degree due to other libraries). We selected a total of 17,687 people with university degrees and based on Krejcie and Morgan. Out of these 376 questionnaires, 349 were returned, giving a response rate of 93%. The study was analyzed through Mann– Whitney U test, Kruskal-Wallis test to confirm or reject hypotheses and via single-sample t test and Friedman to answer research questions by SPSS version 17. Hypothesis test using Mann–Whitney U test, Kruskal- Wallis test indicated significant differences in respondents view while the role of public libraries in the province is to develop information literacy clients. According to the results significant differences occur across different gender, age and education groups.

Background: Northern regions of Iran have been encountered to dominate malignancies of gastrointestinal (GI) tract. We aimed to examine the excess mortality due to the GI tract cancer in Mazandaran province. Methods: Socio-demographic and clinical data of 484 patients with GI cancer collected during the years 1990-1991 were available from Babol Cancer Registry Center in Iran. Patients were followed-up for a maximum period of 15 years by the year 2006. The Coale-Demeny life tables were established for each combination of birth cohort and sex of patients, and were considered as the reference population in estimating excess mortality rates. The relative and additive mortality models for excess mortality estimation were used. Results: The sample of subjects encompassed 66.3% men and 33.7% women, with mean age 58.26 ± 10.90 years. Esophageal cancer appeared to be the most common one, and endoscopy was the general method for cancer detection. Survival rate in 15 years following diagnosis was nearly 6%. Excess mortality estimated by each of the relative and additive models reached the most value in the first two years of observation in both genders and according to each of the Coale-Demeny regional patterns. Conclusion: considering individuals in a population come from different cohorts with different mortality patterns, it might be recommended to construct distinct life tables for different birth cohorts when estimating excess hazard. The West model as a general pattern is recommended to represent mortality patterns in countries whose registration systems either do not exist or are so affected by omission and other errors.

This paper investigates the recreational economic value of bird watching in the Kuşcenneti National Park (KNP) at Lake Manyas, one of the Ramsar sites of Turkey and an important endangered species habitat. The lake and KNP provide considerable benefits for the region, although they have faced many environmental conflicts due to diverse stakeholders' needs. An economic valuation for the benefits provided by the KNP is important data for stakeholders and local authorities. The travel cost method is used to estimate recreational demand for the KNP. The recreational value of the KNP is 103,320,074 USD annually. Results shed light on important policy issues and help to resolve conflicts among stakeholders. This calculated value is considerably higher than the annual investment and operation expenditures of the KNP. Sustainability of the important species around the lake could be achieved if the region's inhabitants are compensated by KNP visitors.

Background: In this present era, the technology development has established certain type of communication. Nowadays education as the fundamental principle in transferring cognition to the learners has found various methods. Recently the concept that social networks could be effective tool in easing the achievement to the educational goals has been under attention. Therefore, this investigation is trying to find out whether, the social networks could play role on the process of education among students? Materials and Methods: This cross sectional descriptive study was performed on 1000 students from 7 medical universities in 2015. The data collection tool was questionnaire that was approved Cronbach's alpha was 0.85. Meanwhile its validity was confirmed too. The obtained data were analyzed by the descriptive statistic, ANOVA, Turkey and used X2 SPSS-19. Results: In this investigation, 940 subjects were under study. 85 used daily the social network. The highest usage was attributed to the Telegram. 52 preferred image suitable for transferring of information. Even though, 73 believed that these networks have significant effects on coordinating of students with in university charges. Conclusion: Considering the findings of the present study, it is proposed that the universities integrate the social networks in the education programs and recognize it as the awareness factor, therefore benefit it in the educational affairs. © 2016 Alireza Ebrahimpour, Farnaz Rajabali, Fatemeh Yazdanfar, Reza Azarbad, Majid Rezaei Nodeh, Hasan Siamian, Mohammad Vahedi.

Feeding habits of different genera of 354 sturgeon specimens (Acipenser persicus, Acipenser nudiventris, Acipenser stellatus) were compared over the years 1999-2000 caught in the coastal waters less than 20 meters deep of Mazandaran and Golestan provinces, southern Caspian Sea. The caught specimens ranged 30-18cm in length. Overall, 16 families of food items were identified in the digestive system of the sturgeon specimens, of which 11 belonged to macro-benthos. The sturgeon fishes preyed on food items composed of Annelids 50.8%, Amphipoda 41.5%, small fish 4.8%, Decapoda 2% and Bivalvia 0.9%. Fish specimens shorter than 40 cm were mostly found feeding on shrimps, polychaets and gamarids. The 41-80cm length class mostly fed on shrimps, gamarids, polychaets, bivalves and smaller fish. Sturgeons longer than 80cm fed mostly on shrimps and smaller fish. Average fat coefficient for Acipenser stellatus was 0.43. A. persicus showed a fat coefficient 0.63 while that of the A. nudiventris was 0.97. Average stomach fullness was 8.3, for Acipenser stellatus, 100 for A. nudiventris and 165 for A. persicus. We found a similar diet between group one fish less than 40 cm long and group two with fish in the length class 41 to 80cm (r=0.7).

BACKGROUND: The aim of present study was to investigate the learning and memorization rate of English based on authentic and traditional assessment approaches in Sari secondary schools. METHODS: It was performed in semi- experimental method. The sample included 60 first year high school male students, selected randomly. Then it has been divided in two groups as experimental and control groups. Assessment devices used in this research included: academic achievement pre-test of English, academic achievement post-test revised questionnaire of attitude toward tests (SAAS-R), and English performance test Before carrying the authentic and traditional assessment approaches into execution, two groups had been taken the scholar academic achievement pre-test in order to assure not to be any significant differences between two groups. After the execution of above mentioned method (about 14 weeks), the academic achievement post-test, and performance test and attitude toward tests (SAAS-R) were performed. Moreover, 2 months after post-test, it was repeated to measure the rate of memorization. In order to analyze data the statistical method, the dependent and independent T- tests were used to determine mean differences of two groups and K2 test was applied to assign the differences of two groups' attitude toward tests. RESULTS: The results implied that: The rate of students' performance learning in authentic assessments is more than the traditional ones. CONCLUSION: There was no significant difference between two group's post-test scores. The rate of memorization in authentic methods is more than the traditional ones. The attitude toward tests in authentic methods is more positive than the traditional ones.

Introduction: Nowadays, regarding the learners’ needs and social conditions, it is obviously needed to revise and reconsider the traditional methods and approaches in teaching. The problem solving approach is one of the new ways in Teaching and learning process. This study aimed at studying and examining the effect of “problem-solving” approach on creative thinking of high school female students. Methods: An experi mental method is used for this research. In this research, 342 out of 3047 female-students from Sari high schools were randomly selected. These 342 students were divided into two groups (experimental and control) in which there were seven classrooms. The total number of students in every group was about 171. After testing them with Jamal Abedi creativity test, it was revealed that two groups were equal in creativity score. The tests were done through Requirements. The experimental group was taught by problem solving method for three months while the control group was taught by traditional method. Results: The research results showed that using descriptive indices and t-test for the two independent sample groups in which problem solving teaching method was used in teaching processes had an effect on creativity level in comparison with traditional method used in the control group. Conclusion: Considering the results of this study, the application of problem-solving teaching methods increased the creativity and its components (fluidity, expansion, originality and flexibility) in learners, therefore, it is recommended that students be encouraged to take classes on frequent responses on various topics (variability) and draw attention on different issues, and expand their analysis on elements in particular courses like art (expansion). To enhance the learner’s mental flexibility and attention to various aspects, they are encouraged to provide a variety of responses.

Background: Multiple medicinal properties of Acorus calamus, a recently rediscovered plant species in Iran were reported. It is not available any information about chemical composition of essential oil of the species in Iran, therefore such study is necessary. Objective: In this research essential oil composition of aerial parts of three populations of Acorus calamus was studied. Methods: Plant materials were collected from their natural habitats in Mazandaran Province (Arzefoon, Pelesk and Alandan). Essential oils were obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed using GC and GC-MS. Results: In total, 41 components were characterized, and are reported for the first time from Iran. The essential oil yield is 0.5 %, 0.45% and 0.48 % in Arzefoon, Pelesk and Alandan populations respectively. The main compounds identified in the oils are cis-asarone (27-53 %), calamusenone (6.6-9.8 %), (E)-caryopyllene (6.3 – 7.3 %), trans-asarone (4.7 – 6.6 %), acorenone (3.6 – 4.9 %) and (E)-β-farnesene (0.8 – 5 %). Conclusion: The results revealed that essential oil compositions of three studied populations are quantitative and qualitatively different from each other and also other samples from various origins which could be attributed to their ecological growing factors such as altitude.

Background: The most efficient application of ionizing radiation is serving medical purposes and using this radiation has caused people to learn that artificial sources of radiation exposure among these resources can be of highest exposure rate. Obiective: The present study is aimed at initially establishing a baseline for localreference dose level in Mazandaran, Iran in 12 projections of the most conventional x-ray examination. Methods: In this study, 13 public hospitals in Mazandaran province were selected for review and required data collected for ten adult patients with mean weight of 70±10kg in each projection. Then, information of each center was separately analyzed. Next, in order to measure x-ray output tube, the dosimeter RTI model Barracuda calibrated has been applied for measuring air karma within energy rage of 40-150kvp. ESAK and ESD parameters, usually used for monitoring DRL in conventional radiography, were calculated. Results: Mean ESDs in this study has been obtained to 1.47±0.98 for skull (PA/ AP), 1.01±0.79 for skull (LAT), 0.67±0.38 for cervical spine (AP), 0.79±0.37 for cervical (LAT), 0.49±0.38 for chest (PA/AP), 1.06±0.44 for chest (LAT), 2.15±0.73 for thoracic spine (AP), 3±0.87 for thoracic spine (LAT), 2.81 ±0.82 for lumbar spine (AP), 4.28±0.78 for lumbar (LAT), 2.07±1.17 for abdomen and 1.90±0.99 for pelvis, respectively. The ESDs calculated for chest examination in both projections, PA and LAT are more than values recommended by the UK (2000), Brazil and Slovenia. Conclusion: The present study has determined wide variations in radiation dose of x-ray examinations among hospitals in Mazandaran, Iran. In order to reduce skin dose, an optimization procedure should be considered. Application of a reference dose (DRL) could be a practical method for this purpose. The role of optimization of radiography parameters for reducing patient dose is a significant issue. Through optimizing parameters, it would be possible to preserve image quality while reduction of patient dose.

Background: In Iran, maize is cultivated in wide areas including northern provinces. It is one of the most important crops for poultry and livestock feeding, which is susceptible to aflatoxins (AFs) contamination. So, pre-harvest maize samples from Mazandaran province, north of Iran were analyzed for AFs contamination. Objective: Methods: Thirty-five pre-harvest maize samples were analyzed using immunoaffinity column and reversed-phase liquid chromatography with post-column derivatization. Results: Data revealed that incidence of AFB1, AFB2 and total aflatoxins (AFT) in maize samples were 66%, 54% and 63% with mean of 9.5 ± 16.3, 1.7 ± 2.6 and 10.4 ± 18.4 ng/g, respectively. Conclusion: The mean level of AFB1 in samples was higher than the Iranian maximum tolerated level (MTL). But, AFT mean level (10.4 ng/g) was lower than the Iranian and US (20 ng/g) MTLs.