277 results on '"Pešić, Vesna"'
Search Results
252. Chronic propranolol treatment affects expression of adrenoceptors on peritoneal macrophages and their ability to produce hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide
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Dimitrijević, Mirjana, Pilipović, Ivan, Stanojević, Stanislava, Mitić, Katarina, Radojević, Katarina, Pešić, Vesna, and Leposavić, Gordana
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PHARMACODYNAMICS , *ADRENERGIC receptors , *IMMUNOCYTOCHEMISTRY , *PROPRANOLOL , *HYDROGEN peroxide , *NITRIC oxide , *MACROPHAGES , *FLOW cytometry - Abstract
Abstract: Using both immunocytochemical and flow cytometric analyses of rat peritoneal exudate cells constitutive expression of tyrosine hydroxylase and both β2- and α1- adrenoceptors on macrophages was revealed. Furthermore, according to the characteristic assemblage of tyrosine hydroxylase and adrenoceptor subtype expression different macrophage subsets were identified. In vitro treatment of macrophages with the non-selective α,β-adrenoceptor agonist arterenol and/or the β-adrenoceptor antagonist propranolol indicated that β-adrenoceptors potentiated nitric oxide (NO) production and suggested α-adrenoceptor-mediated suppression of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production. An increase in H2O2 production in the presence of the α1-adrenoceptor antagonist ebrantil provided support for this. Chronic propranolol treatment in vivo led to increased NO and H2O2 production by peritoneal macrophages. Furthermore, this treatment resulted in opposing effects on the expression of β2- and α1-adrenoceptors on peritoneal macrophages (a stimulatory effect on β2-adrenoceptors and a suppressive effect on α1-adrenoceptors). In conclusion, a subset of resident peritoneal macrophages synthesizes catecholamines, which may exert differential effects on H2O2 and NO production via distinct adrenoceptors. Finally, chronic propranolol treatment affected adrenoceptor expression on peritoneal macrophages and altered their capacity to generate NO and H2O2. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
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- 2009
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253. Catecholamines as immunomodulators: A role for adrenoceptor-mediated mechanisms in fine tuning of T-cell development
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Leposavić, Gordana, Pilipović, Ivan, Radojević, Katarina, Pešić, Vesna, Perišić, Milica, and Kosec, Duško
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CATECHOLAMINES , *T cells , *IMMUNOLOGICAL adjuvants , *ADRENERGIC receptors , *THYMUS , *CELL proliferation , *EPITHELIAL cells - Abstract
Abstract: In its simplest form, effective T cell-mediated immunity emanates from the expansion of specific T cells activated in response to antigen. In establishing and maintaining the peripheral T-cell pool, the thymus plays a critical role. It does so by providing a microenvironment within which T-cell precursors proliferate, differentiate and undergo selection processes to create a fully functional population of major histocompatibility complex restricted, self-tolerant T cells. The control of the thymic function involves intrathymic, as well as sympathetic nervous and endocrine system signalling. In addition to postganglionic noradrenergic fibres, both thymic lymphoid and non-lymphoid cells, including epithelial cells and macrophages, have been demonstrated to express tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), and suggested to form a local non-neural catecholaminergic cell network. A higher level of noradrenaline has been found in male than in female rat thymi, and a role of gonadal hormones in providing this dimorphism has been demonstrated. In addition, thymic lymphoid and non-lymphoid cells, including those expressing TH, have been found to bear β- and α1-adrenoceptors (ARs) and a role of gonadal hormones in regulation of, at least, β-AR density and signalling has been suggested. These findings have also entailed conclusion that catecholamines (CAs) influence T-cell development, not only via neurocrine/endocrine, but also via autocrine/paracrine action. Generally, CAs have been shown to exert an inhibitory influence on thymopoiesis. Role of α1- and β-AR-mediated mechanisms in maintaining thymic homeostasis and in fine tuning of both conventional and regulatory T-cell development is discussed in the manuscript. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
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- 2008
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254. Synergy of oxytocin and citalopram in modulating Itgb3/Chl1 interplay: Relevance to sensitivity to SSRI therapy.
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Stanić, Dušanka, Oved, Keren, Israel-Elgali, Ifat, Jukić, Marin, Batinić, Bojan, Puškaš, Nela, Shomron, Noam, Gurwitz, David, and Pešić, Vesna
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OXYTOCIN , *LYMPHOBLASTOID cell lines , *DESPAIR , *SEROTONIN uptake inhibitors , *AUTISM spectrum disorders , *CITALOPRAM , *ANIMAL-assisted therapy - Abstract
Intranasal treatment with oxytocin showed beneficial effects in post-traumatic stress disorder and autism spectrum disorders; however, it was not investigated as much in depression. Keeping in mind the favorable effects of oxytocin on animal models of anxiety and depression, we postulated that synergy between prescribed first choice drugs, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and oxytocin could improve the treatment outcome compared with SSRI monotherapy. Our previous in vitro genome-wide transcriptomic study on human lymphoblastoid cell lines exposed to paroxetine resulted in increase of integrin β3 (ITGB3) gene expression, and further, ITGB3/CHL1 expression ratio was hypothesized to influence the sensitivity to SSRIs. The aim of this report was to explore molecular mechanisms behind the antidepressant-like oxytocin effect, alone and in synergy with citalopram, on behavioral and molecular level in corticosterone treated rats, a paradigm used to model anxiety and depression in animals. Oxytocin treatment (1) ameliorated corticosterone-induced reduction of neurogenesis and number of parvalbumin-positive interneurons in the hippocampal CA1 region, (2) enhanced anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like effects of citalopram in the open field test, and (3) the SSRI/oxytocin synergy persisted in reversing the reduction of the Itgb3 gene expression and increased Itgb3/Chl1 ratio in the prefrontal cortices. These results support the existence of synergy between citalopram and oxytocin in reversing the molecular and behavioral changes induced by corticosterone treatment and point to possible molecular mechanisms behind antidepressant-like effect of oxytocin. • Oxytocin combined with citalopram attenuates increased despair and anxiety-like behavior. • Oxytocin improves differentiation and survival of hippocampal neuronal progenitors. • Reduced BDNF expression in hippocampus was ameliorated by oxytocin. • Loss of PV+ GABA signaling was restored in CA1 but not in CA2/3 by oxytocin. • Itgb3/Chl1 ratio, potential marker of SSRI response, was reduced in our depression model. • Reduction of Itgb3/Chl1 was fully recovered by combined oxytocin/citalopram treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2021
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255. Altered hedonic, novelty-, stress- and D-amphetamine-induced response due to social isolation in peripuberty.
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Potrebić, Milica, Pavković, Željko, Lončarević-Vasiljković, Nataša, Kanazir, Selma, and Pešić, Vesna
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SOCIAL isolation , *SOCIETAL reaction , *REWARD (Psychology) , *SOCIAL interaction , *SOCIAL contact , *CYCLOSERINE - Abstract
Reduction in direct social contact with peers during early adolescence is thought to be a risk factor for an increase in depressive symptoms, but there is still no clear evidence to suggest early behavioral manifestations and their association with the later outcome of social distancing during this period. To address this question, we used social isolation paradigm in peripubertal rats as the rodent model of adolescence. The litter was an experimental unit. On postnatal day 29, each litter gave group-housed and single-housed males, which were reared and tested one week and two weeks thereafter. Psychomotor/emotional response to novelty in exploration-based tasks, behavioral and neuronal responses to the drug reward (D-amphetamine), motivation/hedonic behavior, physiological and response to physiological stress were examined. Social isolation in peripubertal rats manifested through: hyper-reactivity/agitation and the state anxiety/risk-taking at an early stage; reduced behavioral response to D-amphetamine and altered neural processing of this stimulus, at a later stage; consummatory hypohedonia that deepened over time without changing the motivation to eat; unchanged body weight gain and resting blood corticosterone, cortisol and glucose levels over time; altered blood biochemistry (silenced corticosterone and increased glucose) due to overnight fasting only at an early stage. Our results highlight that the outcome of reduced direct social contact with peers during peripuberty is dynamic, with the cluster of atypical early symptoms that evolve into the syndrome that is delicate for assessment through routinely measurable behavior and biomarkers of stress, but with progressive consummatory hypohedonia and unaffected motivation to eat as stable marks. • Agitation and state anxiety are early signs of social isolation in peripubertal rats. • Consummatory hypohedonia deepens over time in socially isolated peripubertal rats. • Motor activity as response to rewarding nature of D-amphetamine is less in isolated. • Medial prefrontal cortex neural activity after D-amphetamine is higher in isolated. • Basal corticosterone level is unchanged, stress-induced is reduced early in isolation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2021
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256. Efekti anestezije indukovane propofolom na sinaptičku plastičnost, aktivnost dopaminskog sistema i ponašanje juvenilnih pacova
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Pavković, Željko Z., Pešić, Vesna, Dacić, Sanja, and Kanazir, Selma
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epizodična memorija ,propofol ,sinaptička stabilnost ,addication ,spatial habituation ,peripubertet ,anksioznost ,episodic memory ,anxiety ,dopamin ,synaptic activity ,synaptic stability ,prostorna habituacija ,peripuberty ,novel object recognition ,prepoznavanje novog objekta ,dopamine ,sinaptička aktivnost ,zavisnost/adikcija - Abstract
Propofol je često korišćeni anestetik u modernoj medicini. Adiktivni potencijal propofola je uočen, kao i uticaj na memorijski proces. Međutim, oba fenomena su još uvek nedovoljno istražena. Imajući u vidu da je adolescencija period izuzetne osetljivosti na dejstvo adiktivnih supstanci i intenzivne maturacije mnemoničkog potencijala, cilj ovog rada je bio da se ispita uticaj jednokratnog izlaganja propofolskoj anesteziji, što je tipičan način kliničke primene anestetika, na dopaminsku signalizaciju, sinaptičku i neuronsku aktivnost u različitim regionima mozga i ponašanje juvenilnih/peripubertetskih pacova, kao model sistema humanog periadolescentnog razvoja. Efekti su analizirani 4, 24 i 48 sati nakon tretamana, kod mužjaka Wistar pacova starih 35 dana. Dobijeni rezultati su po prvi put ukazali da izlaganje propofolskoj anesteziji izaziva promene u ekspresiji/fosforilaciji signalnih molekula koji su već prepoznati kao značajni za dejstvo adiktivnih supstanci. Od svih analiziranih dopaminoceptivnih moždanih regiona (medijalni prefrontalni korteks, strijatum i talamus) jedino su u talamusu uočene značajne promene u ekspresiji fosforilisane/aktivirane forme DARPP-32 proteina, pokazatelja postsinaptičke dopaminske signalizacije, 4 i 24 sata nakon tretmana, i bile su praćene povećanom ekspresijom FosB/ΔFosB proteina, biohemijskog pokazatelja neuronske aktivnosti. Promene su lokalizovane u paraventrikularnom talamičkom jedru i mediodorzalnom talamusu. U strijatumu i medijalnom prefrontalnom korteksu je uočen porast u ekspresiji fosforilisane forme CaMKIIα, biohemijskog senzora sinaptičke aktivnosti koji ima važnu ulogu u pamćenju prethodnog izlaganja adiktivnim supstancama. Smanjenje u intenzitetu anksioznosti (procenjeno na osnovu rezultata dobijenih u testu svetlo/tamne kutije i uzdignutog krstastog lavirinta) je zabeleženo 24 sata nakon tretmana, kada je uočen i pad u ekspresiji FosB proteina u strijatumu, što se može tumačiti kao traženje senzacija usled smanjene aktivnosti moždanog regiona značajnog za osećaj zadovoljstva i motivisanost. Pojačan motorički odgovor na d-amfetamin i fenciklidin je uočen 24 sata nakon tretmana (ukrštena senzitizacija), kao potvrda da bez obzira na različite primarne mehanizme dejstva propofol i dve korišćene droge koriste iste neuronske puteve za ostvarivanje psihomotoričkih efekata... Propofol is a commonly used anesthetic in modern medicine. Addictive potential of propofol is observed, as well as the impact on the memory process. However, both phenomena are still insufficiently explored. Bearing in mind that adolescence is a period of extreme sensitivity to addictive substances and intense maturation of the mnemonic potential, the aim of this study was to examine the effect of a single exposure to propofol anesthesia, which is a typical method of its clinical application, on dopaminergic signaling, synaptic and neuronal activity in different brain regions and behavior of juvenile/peripubertal rats, as a model system of human periadolescencent development. The effects were analyzed 4, 24 and 48 hours after the treatment, in male Wistar rats aged 35 days. The obtained findings for the first time showed that exposure to propofol anesthesia caused changes in the expression/phosphorylation of signal molecules that are already recognized as significant for the action of the addictive substances. Of all the analyzed dopaminoceptive brain regions (medial prefrontal cortex, striatum and thalamus), significant changes in the expression of the phosphorylated/activated form of DARPP-32 protein, indicator of postsynaptic dopaminergic signalling, were observed only in the thalamus, 4 and 24 hours after the treatment, and were accompanied by increased expression of FosB/ΔFosB protein, a biochemical indicator of neuronal activity. The alterations were localized in the paraventricular thalamic nucleus and the mid-dorsal thalamus. An increase in the expression of the phosphorylated form of CaMKIIα, a biochemical sensor of synaptic activity that has an important role in memory on addictive substances exposure, was detected in striatum and medial prefrontal cortex. Reduction in the intensity of anxiety (estimated in accordence to the data obtained in the light/dark box and elevated plus maze tests) was observed 24 hours after the treatment, along with the decrease in the expression of FosB protein in striatum, which can be interpreted as a sensation seeking due to decreased activity of brain region important for a pleasure/motivation...
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- 2018
257. Uticaj oksitocina na aktivnost osovine hipotalamus-hipofiza-nadbubreg i ponašanje pacova
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Stanić, Dušanka, Pešić, Vesna, Plećaš-Solarović, Bosiljka, and Gurwitz, David
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CHL1 ,corticosterone ,HPA axis ,HPA osovina ,model hroničnog stresa/depresije ,testovi ponašanja ,kortikosteron ,neurogenesis ,neurogeneza ,oxytocin ,citalopram ,behavioral tests ,ITGB3 ,oksitocin ,model of chronic stress/depression - Abstract
Poremećaji raspoloženja, uključujući i depresiju, predstavljaju ozbiljne zdravstvene probleme i prema podacima Svetske zdravstvene organizacije do 2020. godine postaće vodeći uzrok radnog onesposobljavanja na globalnom nivou. Poznato je da je hiperaktivnost osovine hipotalamus-hipofiza-nadbubreg (HPA) čest pratilac depresivnih poremećaja, kao i da je hronična izloženost stresu vodeći faktor rizika u razvoju ovih bolesti. Jedan od najvećih problema farmakoterapije depresije predstavlja prilično veliki procenat neadekvatnog odgovora pacijenata na terapiju selektivnim inhibitorima preuzimanja serotonina (SSRI), koji predstavljaju lekove prvog izbora. Stoga, identifikacija biomarkera povoljnog odgovora na terapiju atnidepresivima, kao i pronalaženje eventualnog dodatnog tretmana koji bi povećao verovatnoću dobrog odgovora na terapiju od velikog je kliničkog značaja. Poslednjih godina pokazano je da hormon oksitocin učestvuje u modulaciji ponašanja i raspoloženja kao i da ima ulogu u adaptaciji organizma na hronični stres. Cilj istraživanja obuhvaćenih ovom doktorskom disertacijom bio je da se ispita uticaj oksitocina na ponašanje i parametre aktivnosti HPA osovine u modelu hroničnog stresa/depresije indukovane dugotrajnom primenom kortikosterona kod pacova Wistar soja. Takođe, cilj je bio i da se u navedenom modelu ispita efekat dodatnog tretmana oksitocinom uz antidepresiv citalopram, lek iz grupe SSRI. Da bi se realizovali postavljeni ciljevi, istraživanja su podeljena u tri faze. U prvoj fazi, ispitivan je uticaj različite dužine tretmana kao i različitih doza oksitocina na ponašanje i nivo biogenih amina u plazmi pacova. U drugoj eksperimentalnoj fazi, ispitivan je uticaj tretmana oksitocinom u dozi 10 IU/400 μL, s.c., tokom 14 dana na ponašanje i parametre aktivnosti HPA osovine u modelu hroničnog stresa/depresije izazvane primenom kortikosterona u dozi 100 mg/L, per os, tokom 21. dana... Mood disorders, with depression leading the way, are severe health problems and according to the World Health Organization, depression is becoming the leading cause of disability worldwide. It is known that depressive disorders are frequently accompanied with hyperactivity of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis, as well as that the chronic stress is one of the most important risk-factors for its development. One of the most important problems of depressive disorders pharmacotherapy is that fairly large percentage of patients does not respond adequately to the therapy with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI), which are the first-line treatment drugs. Therefore, the identification of biomarkers of favorable response to antidepressant therapy, as well as discoveries of potential additional treatments, which would increase the probability of favorable response to the primary therapy is of the major clinical importance. In recent years, it has been shown that the hormone oxytocin modulates mood and behavior, and mediates adaptation feedback-response against chronic stress. The aim of the doctoral dissertation research was to evaluate the influence of oxytocin on the behavior and parameters of HPA axis activity, in the model of the long-term corticosterone administration-induced depression-like symptoms in adult male Wistar rats. Furthermore, the aim was to examine the potential beneficial effect of administering oxytocin alongside citalopram, an antidepressant from SSRI group, in this animal model. In order to fulfil these aims, the experimental work has been conducted in three phases. In the first phase, the effects of different treatment durations and dosages of oxytocin on behavior and plasma levels of biogenic amines were evaluated. In the second experimental phase, the effects of 14-day long oxytocin treatment (10 IU/400 μL, s.c.) on behavior and HPA axis activity in the model of chronic stress/depression induced by 21-day long corticosterone administration (100 mg/L, per os) were investigated...
- Published
- 2017
258. Motivation, risk-taking and sensation seeking behavior in propofol anesthesia exposed peripubertal rats.
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Pavković, Željko, Potrebić, Milica, Kanazir, Selma, and Pešić, Vesna
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SENSATION seeking , *MAZE tests , *NEURAL transmission , *LONG-term synaptic depression , *PHENCYCLIDINE , *NEUROPLASTICITY , *AVERSIVE stimuli , *NEUROTOXICOLOGY - Abstract
Adolescent neurodevelopment confer vulnerability to the actions of treatments that produce adaptations in neurocircuitry underlying motivation, impulsivity and reward. Considering wide usage of a sedative-hypnotic agent propofol in clinical practice, we examined whether propofol is a challenging treatment for peripubertal brain. Motivation/hedonic behavior (sucrose preference test), approach/avoidance behavior (elevated plus maze test) and response to dissociative drug phencyclidine (PCP) were studied in peripubertal rats (the rodent model of periadolescence) after propofol anesthesia exposure (PAE). Neurodegeneration (Fluoro-Jade staining) and the expression of proteins (Western blot) involved in excitatory synaptic transmission and activity-dependent synaptic stabilization in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and striatum (components of motivation/reward circuitry; process both appetitive and aversive events) were examined as well. In peripubertal rats PAE produced 1) transient brain-region specific changes in the expression of N -methyl- d -aspartate (NMDA) receptor subunits NR2A and NR2B, PSD-95 and N-cadherin, without neurotoxicity, 2) hyperlocomotor response to PCP, 3) no changes in preference for palatable 1% sucrose solution and a decrease in food eaten, 4) preference for 20% sucrose solution without changes in food eaten, 5) stretch-attended postures and open arms entries in the elevated plus maze test. Overall, these novel findings show that PAE leaves transient synaptic trace recognized as early form of synaptic plasticity related to passive drug exposure in the brain systems implicated in motivation/reward, increases drug-responsiveness, favors risk-taking and preference of novel/intense stimuli repairing otherwise present motivational deficiency. These findings accentuate multifaceted response to propofol in peripuberty and the importance of environmental stability for the most favorable neurobehavioral recovery. • In peripuberty, propofol gives passing synaptic mark related to passive drug exposure. • Propofol anesthesia increases subsequent behavioral response to phencyclidine. • In peripuberty, propofol anesthesia favors risk-taking during post-anesthesia period. • In peripuberty, propofol produces transient motivational deficiency after awakening. • Propofol exposure promotes sensation-seeking, repairing a motivational deficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2020
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259. The effect of magnesium on parameters of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal and hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis activity in rugby players
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Dmitrašinović, Gordana M., Ignjatović, Svetlana, Pešić, Vesna, Žarković, Miloš, and Radosavljević, Branimir
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LH ,IL-6 ,kortizol ,magnezijum ,magnesium ,amateur rugby ,cortisol ,odnos T/C ,ACTH ,amaterski ragbi ,FSH ,testosterone ,oštećenje DNK perifernih limfocita ,T/C ratio ,testosteron ,peripheral blood lymphocytes DNA damage - Abstract
Uravnotežena ishrana, kojom se obezbeđuje unos svih neophodnih hranjivih sastojaka, od posebnog je značaja za sportiste. Zbog savremenog načina ishrane oni često unose nedovoljne količine magnezijuma i veoma su osetljivi na deficijenciju ovog jona koji ima ključne uloge u mnogim ćelijskim reakcijama u organizmu. Savremeno psihosocijalno okruženje postavlja kompleksne zadatke pred mlade ljude koji često vode stresan način života. Osim toga, mlade osobe koje redovno treniraju i učestvuju u takmičenjima, izložene su dodatnom psihofizičkom stresu. S obzirom da je magnezijum jon izuzetno važan za normalno odvijanje energetskog metabolizma, kao i da je pokazan njegov uticaj na aktivnost hipotalamo-hipofizno-nadbubrežne (HPA) osovine, koja j e u u skoj s prezi s a aktivnošću hipotalamo-hipofizno-gonadne (HPG) osovine, može se pretpostaviti da dodatak suplemenata magnezijuma ishrani ragbista, može imati višestruk uticaj na fiziološki odgovor koji se javlja kao posledica psiho-fizičkog stresa kojem su ragbisti izloženi tokom takmičenja. Hormonski sistem je veoma kompleksan i da bi se dobila jasna slika na koji način funkcioniše potrebno je simultano ispitati više sistema odjednom. Cilj rada bio je da se ispita da li magnezijum utiče na parametre aktivnosti HPA i HPG osovine, kao i na njihov međusobni odnos, i da li je taj uticaj različit kod ragbista u odnosu na efekte kod muškaraca istog uzrasta koji se ne bave sportom. Takođe, cilj je bio da se utvrdi da li i na koji način magnezijum menja dinamiku promene parametara aktivnosti HPA i HPG osovine nakon utakmice kod ragbista. U cilju procene aktivnosti HPA osovine vršeno je određivanje nivoa ACTH, kortizola, IL-6 kao i određivanje ukupnog broja leukocita, njihove diferencijalne formule i stepena oštećenja DNK perifernih limfocita. Procena aktivnosti HPG osovine izvršena je određivanjem nivoa FSH, LH i testosterona, kao i koncentracije eritrocita i hemoglobina. Praćenjem testosteron/kortizol (T/C) odnosa dobijeni su značajni podaci o međusobnoj interakciji ove dve osovine. U ispitivanju su bile uključene dve grupe ispitanika, zdravih muškaraca uzrasta 18 do 25 godina: 1) sedentarna grupa studenata (n=15), koji se nisu bavili nikakvom fizičkom aktivnošću najmanje 6 meseci; 2) grupa aktivnih sportista – amaterskih ragbi igrača (n=23), koji su nakon uzimanja uzoraka za određivanje bazalnih vrednosti, podeljeni u dve grupe: kontrolnu (n=10) i interventnu grupu (n=13). Sedentarna grupa i interventna grupa ragbista uzimali su preparat magnezijuma tokom 28 dana (u ukupnoj d ozi o d 5 00 m g n a d an). Za procenu razlike uticaja magnezijuma na bazalne vrednosti parametara aktivnosti HPA i HPG osovine kod ragbista i fizički neaktivnih osoba, svi parametri su određivani kod obe grupe isitanika pre početka suplementacije i 29. dana od početka eksperimenta... Balanced diet, with proper dietary intake of all necessary nutrients, is of particular importance for athletes. Due to contemporary dietary habits and suboptimal magnesium intake, athletes are very sensitive to deficiency of this ion involved in key intracellular reactions in human body. Contemporary psychosocial environment puts complex tasks in front of young people who often lead stressful way of life. Furthermore, young athletes, who are involved in trainings and competitions on a regular basis, are exposed to additional psycho-physical stress. Since, magnesium ion is extremely important for normal energy metabolism and its effect on activity of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, which is in tight conjunction with activity of hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis, is well proven, it could be presumed that addition of magnesium supplement to the rugby players diet, might have multiple effects on physiological response on psychophysical stress during rugby competition. In order to get a clear picture of how hormonal system functions, simultaneous examinations of several systems are needed. The aim of this study was to examine whether magnesium has an effect on parameters of HPA and HPG axis activity, as well on their interaction, and are these effects different in rugby players compared to the age-matched sedentary individuals. Another goal was to examine if magnesium might have an influence on the dynamics of the change of parameters of HPA and HPG axis activity. In order to evaluate HPA axis activity, the levels of ACTH, cortisol, IL-6, total/differential leucocytes counts, as well the degree of peripheral blood lymphocyte (PLB) DNA oxidative damage, were determined. The evaluation of HPG axis activity was done through determination of FSH, LH and testosterone levels, the number of erythrocytes and hemoglobin concentration. Testosterone/cortisol (T/C) ratio gave us important information on reciprocal interaction of these two axes. The study included two groups of healthy male participants, aged 18-25 years: 1) sedentary group of students (n=15) who had not been involved in any regular exercise for at least six months; 2) the group of active athletes – amateur rugby players (n=23) who were, after basal sampling, randomly assigned to control (N=10) and intervention (N=13) group. The sedentary group and intervention group of rugby players received magnesium supplement during 28 days (total amount 500 mg Mg/day). In order to examine the difference in magnesium effect on basal HPA and HPG axes activity parameters between rugby players and physically non-active persons, all parameters were determined in both groups, before supplementation and on the 29th day of the experiment. The evaluation of magnesium influence on the dynamics of the change of HPA and HPG axes parameters’ activity was done based on the measurement of all parameters on the day of the competition, as well on the first, third and sixth day after the game...
- Published
- 2016
260. Uticaj propofola na signalni put neurotrofina u prednjem mozgu pacova starih 14 dana
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Jelena Popić, Kanazir, Selma, Nedeljković, Nadežda, Pešić, Vesna, and Ruždijić, Sabera
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Physics ,synaptic plasticity ,sinaptička plastičnost ,talamus ,neurotrophic signaling pathway ,neuroapoptosis ,Molecular biology ,rano postnatalno razviće ,postnatal development ,cortex ,signalni put neurotrofina ,thalamus ,kora ,neuroapoptoza ,Propofol - Abstract
Neurotrofini čine familiju signalnih molekula sa brojnim uticajima na rast, preživljavanje, diferencijaciju i sinaptičku plastičnost postmitotskih neurona, kako u adultnom mozgu, tako i u mozgu tokom razvića. Neurotrofini (BDNF, NGF) se sa određenim afinitetom vezuju za Trk receptore, iniciraju njihovu dimerizaciju i autofosforilaciju i na taj način se pokreće aktivacija signalnih puteva kao što su PI3K/Akt i MAPK/ERK. Akt i ERK kinaze imaju ključne regulatorne uloge u mozgu u procesima kao što su neuronalna proliferacija, diferencijacija, razviće, migracija, preživljavanje i dugotrajna sinaptička plastičnost. Aktivan (fosforilisan) Akt štiti ćeliju od apoptoze tako što stimuliše ekspresiju proteina koji favorizuju preživljavanje ćelija i sa druge strane inhibira egzekutorske kaspaze. Aktivacija ERK1/2 kinaze pomoviše preživljavanje, međutim u određenim uslovima ERK1/2 može imati i pro-apoptotske odlike. S obzirom da je uloga neurotrofina u neurotoksičnosti koja je indukovana anestezijom tokom ranog postnatalnog razvića pokazana u nekoliko studija, cilj ove doktorske disertacije je bio da se na molekulskom nivou ispitaju promene u signalnom putu neurotrofina koje nastaju u kori i talamusu postnatalnih pacova nakon primene anestetske doze propofola, kao i da se utvrdi potencijal tretmana da indukuje ćelijsku smrt i/ili promene u sinaptičkoj plastičnosti. Nakon jednokratne primene propofola (25 mg/kg i.p.) ispitana je vremenska i prostorna ekspresija neurotrofina BDNF i NGF, njihovih aktiviranih receptora TrkB, TrkA i p75 receptora, kao i nishodnih kinaza Akt i ERK kod 14 dana starih (PND14) pacova. Ispitan je i potencijal propofolskog tretman da indukuje ćelijsku smrt, praćenjem ekspresije TNF-α, TNFR1, aktivnog fragmenta kaspaze-3, njegovog inhibitora XIAP proteina, kao i transkripcionog faktora NFκB. Finalno je ispitivan potencijal propofolskog tretmana da indukuje promene u ekspresiji markera sinaptičke plastičnosti (MAP-2, drebrina, GAP-43, sinaptofizina, sinukleina-1 i N-kadherina). Promene su praćene u kori i talamusu kao primarnim ciljevima dejstva anestetskog delovanja. Primenom sledećih metoda Western blot analize, RT- i PCR-a u realnom vremenu ispitivane su promene u ekspresiji ciljnih proteina i iRNK, a primenom Fluoro-žad B histološkog bojenja analizirana je pojava neurona u degeneraciji... The neurotrophins are a family of secreted proteins that mediate numerous functions in both the developing and mature nervous system, including growth, survival, differentiation and synaptic plasticity of postmitotic neurons. The binding of neurotrophins (BDNF, NGF) to Trk receptors induces their dimerization which is followed by autophosphorylation of tyrosine residues within the intracellular kinase domain, that leads to the activation of signaling pathways such as the PI3K/Akt and MAPK/ERK pathways. Akt and ERK kinases play a crucial role in regulating various processes in the brain, including neuronal proliferation, differentiation, development, migration, survival and long-term synaptic plasticity. Phosphorylated Akt can protect cells from apoptosis via stimulation of the expression of proteins that favor cell survival and by inhibiting executor caspases. Activation of ERK1/2 generally promotes cell survival, although under certain conditions, ERK1/2 can possess proapoptotic properties. Since several studies have revealed a role for neurotrophins in anesthesia-induced neurotoxicity in the developing brain, the goal of this study was to explore the potential of anesthetic dose of propofol to influence neurotrophic signaling pathway in the cortex and thalamus of 14-day-old (PND14) rats, and also to investigate whether same treatment is able to induce neurodegeneration and/or changes in synaptic plasticity. In this study we monitored the spatial and temporal expression of neurotrophic signaling molecules (BDNF, NGF, TrkA, TrkB, p75, Akt and ERK) in the brain of PND14 Wistar rats after the application of a single propofol dose (25 mg/kg i.p). The potential of propofol treatment to induce cell death was also examined, following the expression of TNF-α, TNFR1, cleaved caspase-3 fragment, XIAP and NFκB. Finally, we investigated the changes in the markers of synaptic plasticity (MAP-2, drebrin, GAP-43, synaptophysin, synuclein-1 and N-cadherin) after the propofol treatment. The structures of interest were the cortex and thalamus as the primary areas of anesthetic actions. Changes of the levels of mRNA and proteins of interest were assessed by RT- or Real Time PCR and Western immunoblot analysis at different time points during the first 24 h after the treatment. Fluoro-Jade B staining was used to follow the appearance of degenerating neurons...
- Published
- 2013
261. Uticaj restriktivnog režima ishrane na plastičnost neurona i glije nakon povrede senzomotorne kore mozga pacova
- Author
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Nataša Lončarević-Vasiljković, Kanazir, Selma, Nedeljković, Nadežda, Pešić, Vesna, Ruždijić, Sabera, and Perović, Milka
- Subjects
2. Zero hunger ,medicine.medical_specialty ,business.industry ,Povreda mozga ,dietary restriction ,Endocrinology ,dijetalna restrikcija ,Internal medicine ,pacov ,medicine ,cerebral cortex ,rat ,Brain injury ,moždana kora ,business - Abstract
Traumatska povreda mozga (engl. traumatic brain injury, TBI) predstavlja povredu moždanog tkiva uzrokovanu mehaničkom povredom glave. TBI je jedan od vodećih uzroka smrtnosti i invaliditeta u svetu, u populaciji ljudi do 45 godina starosti. Posledice TBI zavise od lokalizacije i količine oštećenja moždanog tkiva i mogu varirati od blažih motoričkih i kognitivnih smetnji, pa sve do težih oblika invaliditeta i smrti. Traumatska povreda mozga dovodi do narušavanja krvno-moždane barijere, što rezultuje tačno određenim sledom događaja u povređenom tkivu CNS-a. Naime, akutna faza, označena kao primarna povreda, nastaje direktnim delovanjem mehaničke sile na moždano tkivo i javlja se u trenutku povrede. Događaji koji slede nakon toga označeni su kao sekundarna povreda koja nastaje kao posledica inicijalnog oštećenja, a obuhvata procese koji dovode do daljeg oštećenja tkiva u danima i nedeljama nakon povrede. To su pre svega zapaljenski procesi koji dovode do smrti neurona koji prvobitno nisu bili zahvaćeni mehaničkom povredom. Smatra se da je broj neurona koji umre usled širenja sekundarne povrede daleko veći od broja neurona koji strada usled primarne povrede. Činjenica da se većina procesa u okviru sekundarne povrede odigrava relativno kasno (satima i danima nakon povrede) čini ih podložnim različitim terapeutskim intervencijama. Već decenijama je poznato da restrikcija hrane povoljno deluje na čitav organizam tako što odlaže starosno-zavisne fiziološke promene i smanjuje incidencu različitih obolenja (kancer, autoimunske bolesti, Parkinsonova i Alchajmerova bolest, itd.) Međutim, tek u poslednjih desetak godina intenzivno se istražuje uticaj smanjenog unosa hrane na procese oporavka nakon povrede. Dosadašnja istraživanja na ovom polju su pokazala da restrikcija hrane u trajanju od nekoliko meseci pre povrede CNS-a ima neuroprotektivno dejstvo i promoviše funkcionalni oporavak u nekoliko različitih modela povrede... Traumatic brain injury (TBI) represents a brain tissue injury caused by mechanical head injury. TBI is one of the leading causes of death and disability in the world human population, up to 45 years of age. Consequences of brain injury depend on the location and amount of brain tissue damage, and can range from mild motor and cognitive impairment, to severe forms of disability and death. Traumatic brain injury leads to impairment of blood-brain barrier, resulting in a precisely defined sequence of events in injured CNS tissue. Two main phases could be distinguished: acute phase, which is called the primary injury that occurs by direct action of mechanical forces on the brain tissue and occurs at the time of injury. The events that followed thereafter are called the secondary injury. Secondary injury occurs as a result of the initial damage, and includes the processes that lead to further tissue damage in the days and weeks following injury. These are primarily inflammatory processes that lead to the death of neurons that initially were not affected by mechanical injury. It is believed that the neuronal cell death caused by secondary injury is far greater than the one caused by primary injury. The fact that most of the processes within the secondary injury occur relatively late (hours and days following injury) makes them subject to various therapeutic interventions. For decades, it is known that food restriction has a beneficial effect on the entire organism by delaying age-dependent physiological changes and reducing the incidence of various diseases (cancer, autoimmune disease, Parkinson's and Alzheimer's, etc). However, only in the last ten years has been to investigate the influence reduced food intake in the recovery process following injury. Previous research in this field has shown that several months long food restriction prior to CNS injury has neuroprotective effects and promotes functional recovery in several different models of injury...
- Published
- 2013
262. Uticaj propofola na signalni put neurotrofina u prednjem mozgu pacova starih 14 dana
- Author
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Popić, Jelena, Nedeljković, Nadežda, Kanazir, Selma, Pešić, Vesna, and Ruždijić, Sabera
- Subjects
Postnatal development ,Neuroapoptosis ,Talamus ,Thalamus ,Cortex ,Sinaptička plastičnost ,Kora ,Rano postnatalno razviće ,Signalni put neurotrofina ,Neuroapoptoza ,Neurotrophic signaling pathway ,Propofol ,Synaptic plasticity - Abstract
Neurotrofini čine familiju signalnih molekula sa brojnim uticajima na rast, preživljavanje, diferencijaciju i sinaptičku plastičnost postmitotskih neurona, kako u adultnom mozgu, tako i u mozgu tokom razvića. Neurotrofini (BDNF, NGF) se sa određenim afinitetom vezuju za Trk receptore, iniciraju njihovu dimerizaciju i autofosforilaciju i na taj način se pokreće aktivacija signalnih puteva kao što su PI3K/Akt i MAPK/ERK. Akt i ERK kinaze imaju ključne regulatorne uloge u mozgu u procesima kao što su neuronalna proliferacija, diferencijacija, razviće, migracija, preživljavanje i dugotrajna sinaptička plastičnost. Aktivan (fosforilisan) Akt štiti ćeliju od apoptoze tako što stimuliše ekspresiju proteina koji favorizuju preživljavanje ćelija i sa druge strane inhibira egzekutorske kaspaze. Aktivacija ERK1/2 kinaze pomoviše preživljavanje, međutim u određenim uslovima ERK1/2 može imati i pro-apoptotske odlike. S obzirom da je uloga neurotrofina u neurotoksičnosti koja je indukovana anestezijom tokom ranog postnatalnog razvića pokazana u nekoliko studija, cilj ove doktorske disertacije je bio da se na molekulskom nivou ispitaju promene u signalnom putu neurotrofina koje nastaju u kori i talamusu postnatalnih pacova nakon primene anestetske doze propofola, kao i da se utvrdi potencijal tretmana da indukuje ćelijsku smrt i/ili promene u sinaptičkoj plastičnosti. Nakon jednokratne primene propofola (25 mg/kg i.p.) ispitana je vremenska i prostorna ekspresija neurotrofina BDNF i NGF, njihovih aktiviranih receptora TrkB, TrkA i p75 receptora, kao i nishodnih kinaza Akt i ERK kod 14 dana starih (PND14) pacova. Ispitan je i potencijal propofolskog tretman da indukuje ćelijsku smrt, praćenjem ekspresije TNF-α, TNFR1, aktivnog fragmenta kaspaze-3, njegovog inhibitora XIAP proteina, kao i transkripcionog faktora NFκB. Finalno je ispitivan potencijal propofolskog tretmana da indukuje promene u ekspresiji markera sinaptičke plastičnosti (MAP-2, drebrina, GAP-43, sinaptofizina, sinukleina-1 i N-kadherina). Promene su praćene u kori i talamusu kao primarnim ciljevima dejstva anestetskog delovanja. Primenom sledećih metoda Western blot analize, RT- i PCR-a u realnom vremenu ispitivane su promene u ekspresiji ciljnih proteina i iRNK, a primenom Fluoro-žad B histološkog bojenja analizirana je pojava neurona u degeneraciji. Dobijeni rezultati su pokazali da je propofolski tretman doveo do značajnih promena u nivoima ispitivanih neurotrofina, njihovih receptora i nishodnih efektorskih kinaza. Ove promene nisu povezane sa povećanom neurodegeneracijom ni u kori, ni u talamusu, ali su detektovane značajne promene u zastupljenosti ispitivanih markera sinaptičke plastičnosti. Naši podaci pokazuju da je ekspresija neurotrofina BDNF i NGF različito regulisana u odgovoru na propofolski tretman i da se najznačajnije promene u PND14 mozgu odigravaju preko BDNF signalnog puta i u znatno manjoj meri preko NGF signalnog puta. Smatramo da prekomerna ekspresjia BDNF-a u našem eksperimentalnom modelu nije isključivo ograničena na neuronalno preživljavanje, već i na određene aspekte sinaptičke plastičnosti. Pored promene u ekspresiji neurotrofina, propofolski tretman je indukovao promene u ekspresiji Akt i ERK kinaza na regionalno-specifičan način. Fluoro-žad B histohemijsko bojenje nije pokazalo neuronalnu degeneraciju, uprkos prolaznom povećanju u ekspresiji aktivnog fragmenta kaspaze-3. Detektovane su značajne regionalno-specifične promene u ekspresiji markera sinaptičke plastičnosti nakon propofolskog tretmana. Možemo zaključiti da opšti anestetik propofol ispoljava kompleksne efekte na neurotrofine i njihove nishodne signalne puteve u mozgu pacova tokom ranog postnatalnog razvića. Dobijeni rezultati ukazuju da u mozgu PND14 životinja aktivacija Akt i ERK signalnih puteva predstavlja važan aspekt endogenih odbrambenih mehanizama kojim se mladi mozak štiti od potencijalnih neželjenih efekata izazvanih jednokratnom primenom propofola. Balansirana ekspresija ove dve kinaze u istom regionu mozga je važna za odgovarajući izlazni signal i povoljan fiziološki ishod. Preciznije razjašnjenje molekulskih mehanizama koji se pokreću nakon izlaganja mladih eksperimentalnih životinja opštoj anesteziji može pomoći u boljem razumevanju starosno-zavisne komponente neurotoksičnosti i neuroplastičnosti koje izaziva primena opštih anestetika u kliničkoj pedijatriji. Neurotrofini čine familiju signalnih molekula sa brojnim uticajima na rast, preživljavanje, diferencijaciju i sinaptičku plastičnost postmitotskih neurona, kako u adultnom mozgu, tako i u mozgu tokom razvića. Neurotrofini (BDNF, NGF) se sa određenim afinitetom vezuju za Trk receptore, iniciraju njihovu dimerizaciju i autofosforilaciju i na taj način se pokreće aktivacija signalnih puteva kao što su PI3K/Akt i MAPK/ERK. Akt i ERK kinaze imaju ključne regulatorne uloge u mozgu u procesima kao što su neuronalna proliferacija, diferencijacija, razviće, migracija, preživljavanje i dugotrajna sinaptička plastičnost. Aktivan (fosforilisan) Akt štiti ćeliju od apoptoze tako što stimuliše ekspresiju proteina koji favorizuju preživljavanje ćelija i sa druge strane inhibira egzekutorske kaspaze. Aktivacija ERK1/2 kinaze pomoviše preživljavanje, međutim u određenim uslovima ERK1/2 može imati i pro-apoptotske odlike. S obzirom da je uloga neurotrofina u neurotoksičnosti koja je indukovana anestezijom tokom ranog postnatalnog razvića pokazana u nekoliko studija, cilj ove doktorske disertacije je bio da se na molekulskom nivou ispitaju promene u signalnom putu neurotrofina koje nastaju u kori i talamusu postnatalnih pacova nakon primene anestetske doze propofola, kao i da se utvrdi potencijal tretmana da indukuje ćelijsku smrt i/ili promene u sinaptičkoj plastičnosti. Nakon jednokratne primene propofola (25 mg/kg i.p.) ispitana je vremenska i prostorna ekspresija neurotrofina BDNF i NGF, njihovih aktiviranih receptora TrkB, TrkA i p75 receptora, kao i nishodnih kinaza Akt i ERK kod 14 dana starih (PND14) pacova. Ispitan je i potencijal propofolskog tretman da indukuje ćelijsku smrt, praćenjem ekspresije TNF-α, TNFR1, aktivnog fragmenta kaspaze-3, njegovog inhibitora XIAP proteina, kao i transkripcionog faktora NFκB. Finalno je ispitivan potencijal propofolskog tretmana da indukuje promene u ekspresiji markera sinaptičke plastičnosti (MAP-2, drebrina, GAP-43, sinaptofizina, sinukleina-1 i N-kadherina). Promene su praćene u kori i talamusu kao primarnim ciljevima dejstva anestetskog delovanja. Primenom sledećih metoda Western blot analize, RT- i PCR-a u realnom vremenu ispitivane su promene u ekspresiji ciljnih proteina i iRNK, a primenom Fluoro-žad B histološkog bojenja analizirana je pojava neurona u degeneraciji. Dobijeni rezultati su pokazali da je propofolski tretman doveo do značajnih promena u nivoima ispitivanih neurotrofina, njihovih receptora i nishodnih efektorskih kinaza. Ove promene nisu povezane sa povećanom neurodegeneracijom ni u kori, ni u talamusu, ali su detektovane značajne promene u zastupljenosti ispitivanih markera sinaptičke plastičnosti. Naši podaci pokazuju da je ekspresija neurotrofina BDNF i NGF različito regulisana u odgovoru na propofolski tretman i da se najznačajnije promene u PND14 mozgu odigravaju preko BDNF signalnog puta i u znatno manjoj meri preko NGF signalnog puta. Smatramo da prekomerna ekspresjia BDNF-a u našem eksperimentalnom modelu nije isključivo ograničena na neuronalno preživljavanje, već i na određene aspekte sinaptičke plastičnosti. Pored promene u ekspresiji neurotrofina, propofolski tretman je indukovao promene u ekspresiji Akt i ERK kinaza na regionalno-specifičan način. Fluoro-žad B histohemijsko bojenje nije pokazalo neuronalnu degeneraciju, uprkos prolaznom povećanju u ekspresiji aktivnog fragmenta kaspaze-3. Detektovane su značajne regionalno-specifične promene u ekspresiji markera sinaptičke plastičnosti nakon propofolskog tretmana. Možemo zaključiti da opšti anestetik propofol ispoljava kompleksne efekte na neurotrofine i njihove nishodne signalne puteve u mozgu pacova tokom ranog postnatalnog razvića. Dobijeni rezultati ukazuju da u mozgu PND14 životinja aktivacija Akt i ERK signalnih puteva predstavlja važan aspekt endogenih odbrambenih mehanizama kojim se mladi mozak štiti od potencijalnih neželjenih efekata izazvanih jednokratnom primenom propofola. Balansirana ekspresija ove dve kinaze u istom regionu mozga je važna za odgovarajući izlazni signal i povoljan fiziološki ishod. Preciznije razjašnjenje molekulskih mehanizama koji se pokreću nakon izlaganja mladih eksperimentalnih životinja opštoj anesteziji može pomoći u boljem razumevanju starosno-zavisne komponente neurotoksičnosti i neuroplastičnosti koje izaziva primena opštih anestetika u kliničkoj pedijatriji.
- Published
- 2012
263. Uticaj restriktivnog režima ishrane na plastičnost neurona i glije nakon povrede senzomotorne kore mozga pacova
- Author
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Lončarević-Vasiljković, Nataša, Nedeljković, Nadežda, Kanazir, Selma, Pešić, Vesna, Ruždijić, Sabera, and Perović, Milka
- Subjects
Dijetalna restrikcija ,Pacov ,Dietary restriction ,Povreda mozga ,Moždana kora ,Rat ,Brain injury ,Cerebral cortex - Abstract
Traumatska povreda mozga (engl. traumatic brain injury, TBI) predstavlja povredu moždanog tkiva uzrokovanu mehaničkom povredom glave. TBI je jedan od vodećih uzroka smrtnosti i invaliditeta u svetu, u populaciji ljudi do 45 godina starosti. Posledice TBI zavise od lokalizacije i količine oštećenja moždanog tkiva i mogu varirati od blažih motoričkih i kognitivnih smetnji, pa sve do težih oblika invaliditeta i smrti. Traumatska povreda mozga dovodi do narušavanja krvno-moždane barijere, što rezultuje tačno određenim sledom događaja u povređenom tkivu CNS-a. Naime, akutna faza, označena kao primarna povreda, nastaje direktnim delovanjem mehaničke sile na moždano tkivo i javlja se u trenutku povrede. Događaji koji slede nakon toga označeni su kao sekundarna povreda koja nastaje kao posledica inicijalnog oštećenja, a obuhvata procese koji dovode do daljeg oštećenja tkiva u danima i nedeljama nakon povrede. To su pre svega zapaljenski procesi koji dovode do smrti neurona koji prvobitno nisu bili zahvaćeni mehaničkom povredom. Smatra se da je broj neurona koji umre usled širenja sekundarne povrede daleko veći od broja neurona koji strada usled primarne povrede. Činjenica da se većina procesa u okviru sekundarne povrede odigrava relativno kasno (satima i danima nakon povrede) čini ih podložnim različitim terapeutskim intervencijama. Već decenijama je poznato da restrikcija hrane povoljno deluje na čitav organizam tako što odlaže starosno-zavisne fiziološke promene i smanjuje incidencu različitih obolenja (kancer, autoimunske bolesti, Parkinsonova i Alchajmerova bolest, itd.) Međutim, tek u poslednjih desetak godina intenzivno se istražuje uticaj smanjenog unosa hrane na procese oporavka nakon povrede. Dosadašnja istraživanja na ovom polju su pokazala da restrikcija hrane u trajanju od nekoliko meseci pre povrede CNS-a ima neuroprotektivno dejstvo i promoviše funkcionalni oporavak u nekoliko različitih modela povrede. Efekti dijetalne restrikcije na različite aspekte sekundarne povrede, kao i na sekundarnu ćelijsku smrt nakon traumatske povrede mozga još uvek nisu dovoljno ispitani. Stoga je cilj ovog istraživanja bio je da se utvrdi da li i u kojoj meri dijetalna restrikcija (DR) može uticati na procese koji se u mozgu dešavaju nakon povrede, a pre svega, da li može da utiče na procese sekundarne povrede. Za potrebe eksperimenta, mužjaci pacova Wistar soja stari 3 meseca su podeljeni u dve grupe, ad libitum životinje (AL) i životinje na restriktivnom režimu ishrane (DR). Životinje iz AL grupe imale su neograničen pristup hrani tokom čitavog vremena trajanja eksperimenta, dok su životinje iz DR grupe dobijale 50% normalnog dnevnog unosa hrane. Sa navršenom starošću od 6 meseci životinje su podvrgnute ubodnoj leziji senzomotorne kore prednjeg mozga, a zatim su žrtvovane u različitim vremenskim tačkama: kontrola, 2, 7, 14. i 28. dan nakon lezije. Kako bi se utvrdio efekat dijetalne restrikcije na oporavak nakon traumatske povrede mozga praćeni su procesi inflamacije, sekundarne neurodegeneracije i neuralne plastičnosti. Primenom metoda Western blot analize, RT- i PCR-a u realnom vremenu, histološkog bojenja i imunohistohemije ispitivane su promene u vremenskoj i prostornoj ekspresiji ciljnih iRNK i proteina, markera ovih procesa. Rezultati dobijeni u okviru ove disertacije pokazuju da dijetalna restrikcija u značajnoj meri menja odgovor tkiva mozga na povredu, utičući na brojne procese nakon povrede. Naime, dobijeni rezultati su pokazali da dijetalna restrikcija utiče na procese inflamacije suprimirajući aktivaciju mikroglijskih ćelija, kao i indukciju solubilnog TNF-α proteina nakon povrede. Takođe, DR deluje neuroprotektivno suprimirajući indukciju aktivne kaspaze-3 i sekundarnu smrt neurona u ranoj fazi oporavka nakon povrede mozga. Dijetalna restrikcija povećava ekspresiju proteina sinaptičke plastičnosti GAP-43 i sinaptofizina oko samog mesta povrede, uz istovremenu supresiju aktivacije astrocita i smanjenje sinteze inhibitornog proteoglikana neurokana. Takođe, DR dovodi do izrazitog povećanja koncentracije kortikosterona, kao i posledične promene u fosforilaciji GR-a, i u nivou 11β-HSD1 proteina nakon povrede. Dijetalna restrikcija je uticala i na ekspresiju transkripcionog faktora NF-κB, kao i na ekspresiju iRNK za Bcl-2 i Bcl-xL, antiapoptotskih gena koje reguliše NF-κB. Rezultati ove studije su pokazali da dijetalna restrikcija ima kapacitet da u značajnoj meri oblikuje odgovor povređenog tkiva mozga direktnim uticajem na procese sekundarne povrede, ali i plastičnosti. Takođe, ovi rezultati ukazuju na mogućnost primene dijetalne restrikcije i u kliničkoj praksi kod povreda mozga. Traumatska povreda mozga (engl. traumatic brain injury, TBI) predstavlja povredu moždanog tkiva uzrokovanu mehaničkom povredom glave. TBI je jedan od vodećih uzroka smrtnosti i invaliditeta u svetu, u populaciji ljudi do 45 godina starosti. Posledice TBI zavise od lokalizacije i količine oštećenja moždanog tkiva i mogu varirati od blažih motoričkih i kognitivnih smetnji, pa sve do težih oblika invaliditeta i smrti. Traumatska povreda mozga dovodi do narušavanja krvno-moždane barijere, što rezultuje tačno određenim sledom događaja u povređenom tkivu CNS-a. Naime, akutna faza, označena kao primarna povreda, nastaje direktnim delovanjem mehaničke sile na moždano tkivo i javlja se u trenutku povrede. Događaji koji slede nakon toga označeni su kao sekundarna povreda koja nastaje kao posledica inicijalnog oštećenja, a obuhvata procese koji dovode do daljeg oštećenja tkiva u danima i nedeljama nakon povrede. To su pre svega zapaljenski procesi koji dovode do smrti neurona koji prvobitno nisu bili zahvaćeni mehaničkom povredom. Smatra se da je broj neurona koji umre usled širenja sekundarne povrede daleko veći od broja neurona koji strada usled primarne povrede. Činjenica da se većina procesa u okviru sekundarne povrede odigrava relativno kasno (satima i danima nakon povrede) čini ih podložnim različitim terapeutskim intervencijama. Već decenijama je poznato da restrikcija hrane povoljno deluje na čitav organizam tako što odlaže starosno-zavisne fiziološke promene i smanjuje incidencu različitih obolenja (kancer, autoimunske bolesti, Parkinsonova i Alchajmerova bolest, itd.) Međutim, tek u poslednjih desetak godina intenzivno se istražuje uticaj smanjenog unosa hrane na procese oporavka nakon povrede. Dosadašnja istraživanja na ovom polju su pokazala da restrikcija hrane u trajanju od nekoliko meseci pre povrede CNS-a ima neuroprotektivno dejstvo i promoviše funkcionalni oporavak u nekoliko različitih modela povrede. Efekti dijetalne restrikcije na različite aspekte sekundarne povrede, kao i na sekundarnu ćelijsku smrt nakon traumatske povrede mozga još uvek nisu dovoljno ispitani. Stoga je cilj ovog istraživanja bio je da se utvrdi da li i u kojoj meri dijetalna restrikcija (DR) može uticati na procese koji se u mozgu dešavaju nakon povrede, a pre svega, da li može da utiče na procese sekundarne povrede. Za potrebe eksperimenta, mužjaci pacova Wistar soja stari 3 meseca su podeljeni u dve grupe, ad libitum životinje (AL) i životinje na restriktivnom režimu ishrane (DR). Životinje iz AL grupe imale su neograničen pristup hrani tokom čitavog vremena trajanja eksperimenta, dok su životinje iz DR grupe dobijale 50% normalnog dnevnog unosa hrane. Sa navršenom starošću od 6 meseci životinje su podvrgnute ubodnoj leziji senzomotorne kore prednjeg mozga, a zatim su žrtvovane u različitim vremenskim tačkama: kontrola, 2, 7, 14. i 28. dan nakon lezije. Kako bi se utvrdio efekat dijetalne restrikcije na oporavak nakon traumatske povrede mozga praćeni su procesi inflamacije, sekundarne neurodegeneracije i neuralne plastičnosti. Primenom metoda Western blot analize, RT- i PCR-a u realnom vremenu, histološkog bojenja i imunohistohemije ispitivane su promene u vremenskoj i prostornoj ekspresiji ciljnih iRNK i proteina, markera ovih procesa. Rezultati dobijeni u okviru ove disertacije pokazuju da dijetalna restrikcija u značajnoj meri menja odgovor tkiva mozga na povredu, utičući na brojne procese nakon povrede. Naime, dobijeni rezultati su pokazali da dijetalna restrikcija utiče na procese inflamacije suprimirajući aktivaciju mikroglijskih ćelija, kao i indukciju solubilnog TNF-α proteina nakon povrede. Takođe, DR deluje neuroprotektivno suprimirajući indukciju aktivne kaspaze-3 i sekundarnu smrt neurona u ranoj fazi oporavka nakon povrede mozga. Dijetalna restrikcija povećava ekspresiju proteina sinaptičke plastičnosti GAP-43 i sinaptofizina oko samog mesta povrede, uz istovremenu supresiju aktivacije astrocita i smanjenje sinteze inhibitornog proteoglikana neurokana. Takođe, DR dovodi do izrazitog povećanja koncentracije kortikosterona, kao i posledične promene u fosforilaciji GR-a, i u nivou 11β-HSD1 proteina nakon povrede. Dijetalna restrikcija je uticala i na ekspresiju transkripcionog faktora NF-κB, kao i na ekspresiju iRNK za Bcl-2 i Bcl-xL, antiapoptotskih gena koje reguliše NF-κB. Rezultati ove studije su pokazali da dijetalna restrikcija ima kapacitet da u značajnoj meri oblikuje odgovor povređenog tkiva mozga direktnim uticajem na procese sekundarne povrede, ali i plastičnosti. Takođe, ovi rezultati ukazuju na mogućnost primene dijetalne restrikcije i u kliničkoj praksi kod povreda mozga.
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- 2012
264. Drugs with a negative impact on cognitive functions (part 3): antibacterial agents in patients with chronic kidney disease.
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Liabeuf S, Hafez G, Pešić V, Spasovski G, Bobot M, Mačiulaitis R, Bumblyte IA, Ferreira AC, Farinha A, Malyszko J, Pépin M, Massy ZA, Unwin R, Capasso G, and Mani LY
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The relationship between chronic kidney disease (CKD) and cognitive function has received increased attention in recent years. Antibacterial agents (ABs) represent a critical component of therapy regimens in patients with CKD due to increased susceptibility to infections. Following our reviewing work on the neurocognitive impact of long-term medications in patients with CKD, we propose to focus on AB-induced direct and indirect consequences on cognitive function. Patients with CKD are predisposed to adverse drug reactions (ADRs) due to altered drug pharmacokinetics, glomerular filtration decline, and the potential disruption of the blood-brain barrier. ABs have been identified as a major cause of ADRs in vulnerable patient populations. This review examines the direct neurotoxic effects of AB classes (e.g. beta-lactams, fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides, and metronidazole) on the central nervous system (CNS) in patients with CKD. We will mainly focus on the acute effects on the CNS associated with AB since they are the most extensively studied effects in CKD patients. Moreover, the review describes the modulation of the gut microbiota by ABs, potentially influencing CNS symptoms. The intricate brain-gut-kidney axis emerges as a pivotal focus, revealing the interplay between microbiota alterations induced by ABs and CNS manifestations in patients with CKD. The prevalence of antibiotic-associated encephalopathy in patients with CKD undergoing intravenous AB therapy supports the use of therapeutic drug monitoring for ABs to reduce the number and seriousness of ADRs in this patient population. In conclusion, elucidating AB-induced cognitive effects in patients with CKD demands a comprehensive understanding and tailored therapeutic strategies that account for altered pharmacokinetics and the brain-gut-kidney axis., Competing Interests: Robert Unwin is currently working as a Chief Scientist (Kidney Diseases) in Translational Science and Experimental Medicine, Early CVRM (Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism), BioPharmaceutical R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK. Other authors declare no conflicts of interest related to this work., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the ERA.)
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- 2024
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265. Drugs with a negative impact on cognitive function (Part 1): chronic kidney disease as a risk factor.
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Liabeuf S, Pešić V, Spasovski G, Maciulaitis R, Bobot M, Farinha A, Wagner CA, Unwin RJ, Capasso G, Bumblyte IA, and Hafez G
- Abstract
People living with chronic kidney disease (CKD) frequently suffer from mild cognitive impairment and/or other neurocognitive disorders. This review in two parts will focus on adverse drug reactions resulting in cognitive impairment as a potentially modifiable risk factor in CKD patients. Many patients with CKD have a substantial burden of comorbidities leading to polypharmacy. A recent study found that patients seen by nephrologists were the most complex to treat because of their high number of comorbidities and medications. Due to polypharmacy, these patients may experience a wide range of adverse drug reactions. Along with CKD progression, the accumulation of uremic toxins may lead to blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption and pharmacokinetic alterations, increasing the risk of adverse reactions affecting the central nervous system (CNS). In patients on dialysis, the excretion of drugs that depend on kidney function is severely reduced such that adverse and toxic levels of a drug or its metabolites may be reached at relatively low doses, unless dosing is adjusted. This first review will discuss how CKD represents a risk factor for adverse drug reactions affecting the CNS via (i) BBB disruption associated with CKD and (ii) the impact of reduced kidney function and dialysis itself on drug pharmacokinetics., Competing Interests: S.L., A.F., R.M., G.C., V.P. and G.H. declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship and/or publication of this article. C.A.W. reports honoraria from Kyowa Kirin and Mecice. R.J.U. is currently employed by AstraZeneca BioPharmaceuticals R&D, Cambridge, UK. I.A.B. reports honoraria from Amgen and AstraZeneca. M.B. reports congress invitations from Otsuka, Vifor and Sanofi., (© The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the ERA.)
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- 2023
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266. Magnesium suppresses in vivo oxidative stress and ex vivo DNA damage induced by protracted ACTH treatment in rats.
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Đurić V, Petrović J, Stanić D, Ivanović A, Kotur-Stevuljević J, and Pešić V
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- Humans, Animals, Rats, Male, Reactive Oxygen Species, Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System, Pituitary-Adrenal System, Oxidative Stress, Adrenocorticotropic Hormone pharmacology, DNA Damage, Psychophysiologic Disorders, Magnesium pharmacology, Hydrogen Peroxide
- Abstract
Oxidative stress, arising from disrupted balance between reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) and antioxidant defences, has been implicated in the pathogenesis of stress-related disorders. There is a growing body of evidence that supports the relationship between the activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) stress system, oxidative stress and magnesium (Mg) homeostasis. The present study aimed to explore the gap in our current understanding of antigenotoxic and protective effects of Mg supplementation against excessive ROS production in male rats during chronic treatment with adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). Our findings show that exposure to exogenous ACTH (10 μg/day, s.c., for 21 days), as one of the key mediators of the HPA axis and stress response, produced an increase in superoxide anion levels and a decrease in superoxide dismutase activity in plasma. We observed that Mg supplementation, starting seven days prior to ACTH treatment and lasting 28 days (300 mg/L of drinking water, per os), abolished these effects in experimental animals. Moreover, our study reveals that ACTH increased the susceptibility of peripheral blood lymphocytes to ex vivo H2O2-induced total and high-level oxidative DNA damage, while Mg completely reversed these effects. Collectively, these results highlight the promising role of Mg in stress-related conditions accompanied by increased oxidative stress in animals and support further investigation using human dietary trials.
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- 2023
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267. Changes in the Behavior and Body Weight of Mature, Adult Male Wistar Han Rats after Reduced Social Grouping and Social Isolation.
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Potrebić MS, Pavković ŽZ, Srbovan MM, Dmura GM, and Pešić VT
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- Animals, Rats, Male, Rats, Wistar, Reproducibility of Results, Weight Gain, Body Weight, Exploratory Behavior, Social Behavior, Behavior, Animal, Social Isolation, Amphetamine pharmacology
- Abstract
Changes in housing density, including individual housing, are commonly necessary in animal research. Obtaining reproducibility and translational validity in biomedical research requires an understanding of how animals adapt to changes in housing density. Existing literature mainly addresses acclimatization after transportation. We used a within-subject design to examine changes in behavior and weight gain of 4-mo-old male Wistar Han rats after reduction of their social group (RSG; due to removal of one rat from a cage containing 3 rats) and social isolation (SI; the removed rat) for the subsequent 2 wk. Changes in weight gain and in exploratory and center-avoidance behavior in an inescapable open arena (OA) were measured before (D0) and on days 7 and 14 (D7 and D14, respectively) after social change. The motor response to d-amphetamine (1.5 mg/kg), which stimulates behavioral arousal in response to novelty, was assessed at D14. Within-subject design revealed that RSG rats in OA had less locomotion at D7 but not more center-avoidance behavior and had returned to the D0 activity level at D14; SI rats in OA had consistently less locomotion and more center-avoidance behavior. Rearing behavior during OA exposure did not change in either group. However, SI rats showed more center-avoidance behavior in OA, greater weight gain, and less amphetamine-induced rearing at D14 as compared with RSG rats. These data indicate that after RSG, mature adult male rats require 2 wk to return to their baseline level of OA-related behavior, while after SI they gain weight and acquire maladaptive exploratory and center-avoidance behavior. The finding that SI produces maladaptive behavioral and physiologic alterations in adult male rats deserves attention because these changes could have confounding effects on research findings.
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- 2022
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268. The influence of continuous prenatal exposure to valproic acid on physical, nociceptive, emotional and psychomotor responses during adolescence in mice: Dose-related effects within sexes.
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Podgorac J, Sekulić S, Petković B, Stojadinović G, Martać L, and Pešić V
- Abstract
Clinical findings show that the use of valproic acid (VPA) during pregnancy increases the risk of birth defects and autism spectrum disorder in offspring. Although there is a consensus that monitoring of potential long-term outcomes of VPA exposure is needed, especially in undiagnosed individuals, preclinical studies addressing this issue are rare. The present study examined the effects of continuous intrauterine exposure to a wide dose range of VPA (50, 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg/day) on the physical and behavioral response in peripubertal mice as a rodent model of adolescence. Body weight and the hot plate test [on postnatal days (PND) 25 and 32], the elevated plus-maze test (on PND35), and the open field test (on PND40) served to examine physical growth, the supraspinal reflex response to a painful thermal stimulus and conditional learning, anxiety-like/risk-assessment behavior, as well as novelty-induced psychomotor activity, respectively. VPA exposure produced the following responses: (i) a negative effect on body weight, except for the dose of 100 mg/kg/day in both sexes; (ii) an increase in the percentage of animals that responded to the thermal stimulus above the defined cut-off time interval and the response latency in both sexes; (iii) dose-specific changes within sexes in behavior provoked by a novel anxiogenic environment, i.e., in females less anxiety-like/risk-assessment behavior in response to the lowest exposure dose, and in males more pronounced anxiety-like/risk-assessment behavior after exposure to the highest dose and 100 mg/kg/day; (iv) dose-specific changes within sexes in novelty-induced psychomotor activity, i.e., in females a decrease in stereotypy-like activity along with an increase in rearing, and in males a decrease in stereotypy-like activity only. These findings show that continuous intrauterine exposure to VPA produces maladaptive functioning in different behavioral domains in adolescence and that the consequences are delicate to assess as they are dose-related within sexes., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Podgorac, Sekulić, Petković, Stojadinović, Martać and Pešić.)
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- 2022
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269. The Influence of Social Isolation on Social Orientation, Sociability, Social Novelty Preference, and Hippocampal Parvalbumin-Expressing Interneurons in Peripubertal Rats - Understanding the Importance of Meeting Social Needs in Adolescence.
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Potrebić M, Pavković Ž, Puškaš N, and Pešić V
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The fulfillment of belonging needs underlies a variety of behaviors. In order to understand how social needs unmet during maturation shape everyday life, we examined social motivation and cognition in peripubertal rats, as a rodent model of adolescence, subjected to social isolation (SI) during early and early-to-mid adolescence. The behavioral correlates of social orientation (social space preference), sociability (preference for social over non-social novelty), and social novelty preference (SNP) were examined in group-housed (GH) and single-housed (SH) rats in a 3-chamber test. The response to social odors was examined to gain insights into the developmental role of social odors in motivated social behavior. Differentiation between appetitive (number of visits/approaches) and consummatory (exploratory time) aspects of motivated social behavior was done to determine which facet of social motivation characterizes maturation when social needs are met and which aspect dominates when social needs are unsatisfied. The SI-sensitive parvalbumin-expressing interneurons (PVI) in the hippocampus were examined using immunohistochemistry. The main findings are the following: (1) in GH rats, the preference for social space is not evident regardless of animals' age, while sociability becomes apparent in mid-adolescence strictly through consummatory behavior, along with complete SNP (appetitive, consummatory); (2) SH promotes staying in a social chamber/space regardless of animals' age and produces an appetitive preference for it only in early-adolescent animals; (3) SH promotes sociability (appetitive, consummatory) regardless of the animals' age and prevents the SNP; (4) the preference for a social odor is displayed in all the groups through consummatory behavior, while appetitive behavior is evident only in SH rats; (5) the response to social odors does not commensurate directly to the response to conspecifics; (6) SH does not influence PVI in the hippocampus, except in the case of early-adolescence when a transient decrease in the dentate gyrus is observed. These results accentuate the developmental complexity of social motivation and cognition, and the power of SI in adolescence to infringe social maturation at different functional levels, promoting appetitive behavior toward peers overall but harming the interest for social novelty. The findings emphasize the importance of the fulfillment of basic social needs in the navigation through the social world., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Potrebić, Pavković, Puškaš and Pešić.)
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- 2022
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270. Chronic kidney disease and neurological disorders: are uraemic toxins the missing piece of the puzzle?
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Liabeuf S, Pepin M, Franssen CFM, Viggiano D, Carriazo S, Gansevoort RT, Gesualdo L, Hafez G, Malyszko J, Mayer C, Nitsch D, Ortiz A, Pešić V, Wiecek A, and Massy ZA
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- Humans, Indican, Uremic Toxins, Cerebrovascular Disorders, Renal Insufficiency, Chronic complications, Renal Insufficiency, Chronic therapy, Uremia complications
- Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) perturbs the crosstalk with others organs, with the interaction between the kidneys and the heart having been studied most intensively. However, a growing body of data indicates that there is an association between kidney dysfunction and disorders of the central nervous system. In epidemiological studies, CKD is associated with a high prevalence of neurological complications, such as cerebrovascular disorders, movement disorders, cognitive impairment and depression. Along with traditional cardiovascular risk factors (such as diabetes, inflammation, hypertension and dyslipidaemia), non-traditional risk factors related to kidney damage (such as uraemic toxins) may predispose patients with CKD to neurological disorders. There is increasing evidence to show that uraemic toxins, for example indoxyl sulphate, have a neurotoxic effect. A better understanding of factors responsible for the elevated prevalence of neurological disorders among patients with CKD might facilitate the development of novel treatments. Here, we review (i) the potential clinical impact of CKD on cerebrovascular and neurological complications, (ii) the mechanisms underlying the uraemic toxins' putative action (based on pre-clinical and clinical research) and (iii) the potential impact of these findings on patient care., (© The Author(s) 2021. Published byOxford University Press on behalf of ERA.)
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- 2021
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271. Albuminuria as a risk factor for mild cognitive impairment and dementia-what is the evidence?
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Bikbov B, Soler MJ, Pešić V, Capasso G, Unwin R, Endres M, Remuzzi G, Perico N, Gansevoort R, Mattace-Raso F, Bruchfeld A, Figurek A, and Hafez G
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- Albuminuria complications, Cross-Sectional Studies, Disease Progression, Humans, Risk Factors, Cognitive Dysfunction etiology, Dementia complications, Dementia etiology
- Abstract
Kidney dysfunction can profoundly influence many organ systems, and recent evidence suggests a potential role for increased albuminuria in the development of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or dementia. Epidemiological studies conducted in different populations have demonstrated that the presence of increased albuminuria is associated with a higher relative risk of MCI or dementia both in cross-sectional analyses and in studies with long-term follow-up. The underlying pathophysiological mechanisms of albuminuria's effect are as yet insufficiently studied, with several important knowledge gaps still present in a complex relationship with other MCI and dementia risk factors. Both the kidney and the brain have microvascular similarities that make them sensitive to endothelial dysfunction involving different mechanisms, including oxidative stress and inflammation. The exact substrate of MCI and dementia is still under investigation, however available experimental data indicate that elevated albuminuria and low glomerular filtration rate are associated with significant neuroanatomical declines in hippocampal function and grey matter volume. Thus, albuminuria may be critical in the development of cognitive impairment and its progression to dementia. In this review, we summarize the available evidence on albuminuria's link to MCI and dementia, point to existing gaps in our knowledge and suggest actions to overcome them. The major question of whether interventions that target increased albuminuria could prevent cognitive decline remains unanswered. Our recommendations for future research are aimed at helping to plan clinical trials and to solve the complex conundrum outlined in this review, with the ultimate goal of improving the lives of patients with chronic kidney disease., (© The Author(s) 2021. Published byOxford University Press on behalf of ERA.)
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- 2021
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272. Brain dysfunction in tubular and tubulointerstitial kidney diseases.
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Viggiano D, Bruchfeld A, Carriazo S, de Donato A, Endlich N, Ferreira AC, Figurek A, Fouque D, Franssen CFM, Giannakou K, Goumenos D, Hoorn EJ, Nitsch D, Ortiz A, Pešić V, Rastenyté D, Soler MJ, Rroji M, Trepiccione F, Unwin RJ, Wagner CA, Wieçek A, Zacchia M, Zoccali C, and Capasso G
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- Brain, Child, Child, Preschool, Glomerular Filtration Rate, Humans, Proteinuria etiology, Kidney Diseases diagnosis, Nephritis, Interstitial complications, Renal Insufficiency, Chronic complications
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Kidney function has two important elements: glomerular filtration and tubular function (secretion and reabsorption). A persistent decrease in glomerular filtration rate (GFR), with or without proteinuria, is diagnostic of chronic kidney disease (CKD). While glomerular injury or disease is a major cause of CKD and usually associated with proteinuria, predominant tubular injury, with or without tubulointerstitial disease, is typically non-proteinuric. CKD has been linked with cognitive impairment, but it is unclear how much this depends on a decreased GFR, altered tubular function or the presence of proteinuria. Since CKD is often accompanied by tubular and interstitial dysfunction, we explore here for the first time the potential role of the tubular and tubulointerstitial compartments in cognitive dysfunction. To help address this issue we selected a group of primary tubular diseases with preserved GFR in which to review the evidence for any association with brain dysfunction. Cognition, mood, neurosensory and motor disturbances are not well characterized in tubular diseases, possibly because they are subclinical and less prominent than other clinical manifestations. The available literature suggests that brain dysfunction in tubular and tubulointerstitial diseases is usually mild and is more often seen in disorders of water handling. Brain dysfunction may occur when severe electrolyte and water disorders in young children persist over a long period of time before the diagnosis is made. We have chosen Bartter and Gitelman syndromes and nephrogenic diabetes insipidus as examples to highlight this topic. We discuss current published findings, some unanswered questions and propose topics for future research., (© The Author(s) 2021. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the ERA.)
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- 2021
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273. Magnesium enhances cardiomyocyte proliferation and suppresses cardiac fibrosis induced by chronic ACTH exposure in rats.
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Petrović J, Labudović-Borović M, Vorrink SU, Lauschke VM, Pejušković B, and Pešić V
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- Adrenocorticotropic Hormone, Animals, Cell Proliferation, Corticosterone, Endothelial Cells metabolism, Fibrosis, Magnesium, Myocytes, Cardiac metabolism, Rats, Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System metabolism, Pituitary-Adrenal System metabolism
- Abstract
Chronic stress has been implicated in the development and progression of heart disease. In the past decade, a link between chronic stress and cardiac fibrosis has been described. Here, we focused on investigating the effects of one of the key molecular effectors of the stress response-adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) on cardiac histopathology. More importantly, as the literature data support interplay between magnesium (Mg) and the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) stress system, we explored potential cardioprotective effects of Mg supplementation in a rat model of ACTH-induced cardiac remodeling. Protracted ACTH exposure in rats resulted in a prominent increase in proliferation of fibroblasts and excessive collagen deposition in the heart, accompanied by enhanced proliferation of cardiomyocytes and vascular endothelial cells. Our results show, for the first time, that administration of Mg in rats was effective in ameliorating the development of ACTH-evoked cardiac fibrosis, while facilitating cardiomyocyte proliferation. Furthermore, we propose that Mg supplementation attenuates ACTH-induced HPA axis hyperactivity, as one of the underlying plausible mechanisms, which may contribute to its cardioprotective effects.
- Published
- 2021
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274. Frequencies of clinically important CYP2C19 and CYP2D6 alleles are graded across Europe.
- Author
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Petrović J, Pešić V, and Lauschke VM
- Subjects
- Alleles, Europe, Humans, Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C19 genetics, Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6 genetics, Polymorphism, Genetic, Population genetics
- Abstract
CYP2C19 and CYP2D6 are important drug-metabolizing enzymes that are involved in the metabolism of around 30% of all medications. Importantly, the corresponding genes are highly polymorphic and these genetic differences contribute to interindividual and interethnic differences in drug pharmacokinetics, response, and toxicity. In this study we systematically analyzed the frequency distribution of clinically relevant CYP2C19 and CYP2D6 alleles across Europe based on data from 82,791 healthy individuals extracted from 79 original publications and, for the first time, provide allele confidence intervals for the general population. We found that frequencies of CYP2D6 gene duplications showed a clear South-East to North-West gradient ranging from <1% in Sweden and Denmark to 6% in Greece and Turkey. In contrast, an inverse distribution was observed for the loss-of-function alleles CYP2D6*4 and CYP2D6*5. Similarly, frequencies of the inactive CYP2C19*2 allele were graded from North-West to South-East Europe. In important contrast to previous work we found that the increased activity allele CYP2C19*17 was most prevalent in Central Europe (25-33%) with lower prevalence in Mediterranean-South Europeans (11-24%). In summary, we provide a detailed European map of common CYP2C19 and CYP2D6 variants and find that frequencies of the most clinically relevant alleles are geographically graded reflective of Europe's migratory history. These findings emphasize the importance of generating pharmacogenomic data sets with high spatial resolution to improve precision public health across Europe.
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
275. A New Look at an Old Drug: Cumulative Effects of Low Ribavirin Doses in Amphetamine-Sensitized Rats.
- Author
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Petković B, Kesić S, Ristić S, Pavković Ž, Podgorac J, Stojadinović G, and Pešić V
- Subjects
- Amphetamine pharmacology, Animals, Humans, Male, Motor Activity, Rats, Rats, Wistar, Ribavirin pharmacology, Central Nervous System Stimulants pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Preparations
- Abstract
Background: Psychotic states related to psychostimulant misuse in patients with hepatitis C virus infection may complicate acceptance and reaction to antiviral treatment. This observation equally applies to the widely used ribavirin therapy., Objective: We examined psychomotor and body weight gain responses to low ribavirin doses after cessation of intermittent amphetamine treatment in adult rats to assess its role in neurobehavioral outcome during psychostimulant withdrawal., Method: The model of amphetamine-induced (1.5 mg/kg/day, i.p., 7 consecutive days) motor sensitization and affected body weight gain was established in adult male Wistar rats. Then, additional cohort of amphetaminesensitized rats was subjected to saline (0.9% NaCl; 1 mL/kg/day; i.p.) or ribavirin (10, 20 and 30 mg/kg/day, i.p.) treatment for 7 consecutive days. Animals' motor activity in a novel environment was monitored after the 1st and the 7th saline/ribavirin injection. Body weight gain was calculated as appropriate. Determination and quantification of ribavirin in the brain tissue were performed also., Results: The 1st application of ribavirin to amphetamine-sensitized rats affected/decreased their novelty-induced motor activity only at a dose of 30 mg/kg. After the 7th application, ribavirin 30 mg/kg/day still decreased, while 10 and 20 mg/kg/day increased novelty-induced motor activity. These behavioral effects coincided with the time required to reach maximum ribavirin concentration in the brain. Body weight gain during withdrawal was not influenced by any of the doses tested., Conclusion: Ribavirin displays central effects that in repeated treatment, depending on the applied dose, could significantly influence psychomotor response but not body weight gain during psychostimulant/amphetamine withdrawal., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
276. Critical View on the Usage of Ribavirin in Already Existing Psychostimulant-Use Disorder.
- Author
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Petković B, Kesić S, and Pešić V
- Subjects
- Adenosine agonists, Amphetamine adverse effects, Animals, Brain Chemistry, Humans, Receptors, Dopamine D1, Brain drug effects, Central Nervous System Stimulants adverse effects, Ribavirin adverse effects, Ribavirin therapeutic use, Substance-Related Disorders drug therapy
- Abstract
Substance-use disorder represents a frequently hidden non-communicable chronic disease. Patients with intravenous drug addiction are at high risk of direct exposure to a variety of viral infections and are considered to be the largest subpopulation infected with the hepatitis C virus. Ribavirin is a synthetic nucleoside analog that has been used as an integral component of hepatitis C therapy. However, ribavirin medication is quite often associated with pronounced psychiatric adverse effects. It is not well understood to what extent ribavirin per se contributes to changes in drug-related neurobehavioral disturbances, especially in the case of psychostimulant drugs, such as amphetamine. It is now well-known that repeated amphetamine usage produces psychosis in humans and behavioral sensitization in animals. On the other hand, ribavirin has an affinity for adenosine A1 receptors that antagonistically modulate the activity of dopamine D1 receptors, which play a critical role in the development of behavioral sensitization. This review will focus on the current knowledge of neurochemical/ neurobiological changes that exist in the psychostimulant drug-addicted brain itself and the antipsychotic-like efficiency of adenosine agonists. Particular attention will be paid to the potential side effects of ribavirin therapy, and the opportunities and challenges related to its application in already existing psychostimulant-use disorder., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
277. ACTH, Cortisol and IL-6 Levels in Athletes following Magnesium Supplementation.
- Author
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Dmitrašinović G, Pešić V, Stanić D, Plećaš-Solarović B, Dajak M, and Ignjatović S
- Abstract
Background: Physical exercise activates the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and induces the body's inflammatory response. Due to contemporary dietary habits and increased energy expenditure, athletes are susceptible to depletion of magnesium ions. The aim of our study was to investigate, through assessment of plasma ACTH, serum IL-6, and salivary/serum cortisol levels, if chronic magnesium supplementation might reduce damaging stress effects in amateur rugby players., Methods: Rugby players (N=23) were randomly assigned to intervention and control group. Basal samples were collected before intervention group started a 4-week-long supplementation with magnesium (500 mg Mg/d). Blood and saliva sampling were done a day before the match (Day-1), on the morning of competition (Game), and during a six-day-long recovery period (Day1, Day3 and Day6). ACTH, serum/salivary cortisol, IL-6 and total/differential leukocytes counts were determined at each time point., Results: There was a statistically significant increase in ACTH concentration in intervention group compared to control group, while reductions in cortisol concentrations between the two groups were the greatest at Day-1 (p < 0.01) and at the day of competition (Game) (p < 0.01). Our results revealed that magnesium completely abolished the increase in IL-6 level noted in control group on Day1 and Day3 vs. Day-1 (p < 0.01) and also diminished the rise in neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio in intervention group vs. control group (p < 0.01)., Conclusions: These results suggest the possibly important influence magnesium supplementation might have on the change of parameters of HPA axis activity and reduction of immune response activation following strenuous physical exercise such as a rugby game., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest statement The authors stated that they have no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this article.
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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