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Heavy metal in wastewater is a problem due to its unsafe nature to the surroundings. The adsorption characteristics of brown algae Sargassum myriocystum for Zn2+ ions uptake from metal solutions was investigated. Among various algal pretreatment HCl was found to be the best and was characterized with various methods for example BET, DSC-TGA, proximate and composition analysis, and Point of zero charges. Experiments were performed and adsorption reaches equilibrium at 60 min at pH 5.5 and adsorbate dose decreased when increasing metal concentration 50 g/l and 200 mg/l, respectively. Maximum adsorption efficiencies of Zn2+ ions take place at temperature 30°C and 0.5 g of algae biomass was found to be optimal, with an agitation speed of 150 rpm. Our results suggest that HCl-treated adsorbent could be used as a more effective adsorbent than untreated S. myriocystum for the uptake of Zn2+ from metal solution. Kinetics study was performed for evaluating the sorption kinetics and the obtained data fit best to the pseudo-second-order model for zinc ion when compared with all other given models. It was observed that the Freundlich isotherm showed a good fit to the equilibrium sorption data and shows the highest correlation coefficient values (R2 > 0.90) for zinc, whereas in Van't Hoff plots a positive value of ΔH°, a negative value of the free energy (ΔG°) and a positive value of ΔSo showed increased randomness at the solid/solution interface as well as the process being feasible and spontaneous by plotting 1/T vs ln Kc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) were biosynthesized with the use of an extract derived from seaweed (Sargassum sp.) and used as a sorbent for the removal of Cr(III) ions from wastewater. The biosorption properties of the seaweed itself as well as of the post-extraction residue were investigated for comparison. ZnO NPs were characterized with UV–vis, ICP-OES, FTIR, XRD, and SEM techniques. The sorption capacity of the (bio)sorbents was investigated as a function of contact time at different pH values and initial concentrations of metal ions. Sorption kinetics and isotherms were studied in order to comprehend the sorption nature and mechanism. The sorption kinetic data were well-fitted with the pseudo-second-order model, and the highest sorption capacity was calculated for ZnO NPs (137 mg/g), whereas those calculated for Sargassum sp. (82.0 mg/g) and the post-extraction residue (81.3 mg/g) were comparable (at pH 5 and 300 mg of Cr(III) ions/L). The adsorption isotherms for all sorbents were well described using the Langmuir model. According to these findings, ZnO NPs were superior to the sorption properties of the tested biosorbents and can be used as a potential sorbent for the removal of metal ions from wastewater. Renewable seaweed biomass can be used for the sustainable biosynthesis of nanoparticles used for environmental protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pelagic Sargassum is a buoyant macroalgae that forms rafts at the ocean surface and serves as a biologically rich habitat for hundreds of diverse marine species. Since 2011, massive blooms of Sargassum have occurred in the tropical Atlantic and swept through the western tropical Atlantic, Caribbean Sea, and Gulf of Mexico. These recurring annual events have caused significant disruptions to coastal communities throughout the region, negatively impacting human health, tourism, fishing, navigation, and nearshore ecosystems. We present here the Sargassum Inundation Report (SIR), a product that uses satellite-based methodology to estimate and predict the future coastal inundation of pelagic Sargassum. Results from one year of SIRs show strong spatiotemporal differences in the potential of coastal inundation across the Intra-American Seas, and provide a comprehensive method for assessing its geographic distribution and temporal variation. Comparisons of SIRs to opportunistically collected photographs indicate a qualitative concordance between satellite and in situ observations. This work highlights the value of satellite observations, basin-wide and seasonal monitoring, and emphasises the need for sub-regional and weekly forecasting. SIRs show considerable promise as a tool that can eventually incorporate improved spatiotemporal resolution Sargassum imagery, ocean circulation, wind, and wave conditions to forecast the movement of Sargassum into coastal areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plants and brown algae avoid photoinhibition (decline in photosystem II efficiency, Fv/Fm) caused by excess light energy and oxidative stress through several photoprotective mechanisms, such as antioxidant xanthophyll production and heat dissipation. The heat dissipation can be measured as non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) and is strongly driven by de-epoxidation of xanthophyll cycle pigments (XCP). Although NPQ is known to increase under high light acclimation and nutrient-deficient conditions, a few studies have investigated the combined effects of the conditions on both NPQ and associated xanthophyll-to-chlorophyll (Chl) a ratio. The present study investigated the photosynthetic parameters of the brown alga Sargassum fusiforme acclimated to three irradiance levels combined with three nutrient levels. Elevated irradiance decreased Fv/Fm but increased NPQ, XCP/Chl a ratio, and fucoxanthin/Chl a ratio, suggesting the photoprotective role of antioxidant fucoxanthin in brown algae. Reduced nutrient availability increased NPQ but had no effect on the other variables, including XCP/Chl a ratio and its de-epoxidation state. The results indicate that NPQ can be used as a sensitive stress marker for nutrient deficiency, but cannot be used to estimate XCP pool size and state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ulcerative colitis is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease characterized by colonic mucosal inflammation, intestinal microflora imbalance, and intestinal permeability. It is essential to develop natural compounds with anti-inflammatory and intestinal bacterial imbalance correction properties. The brown alga Sargassum horneri is rich in polyphenols, such as fucoxanthin and chromene, which have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer properties. In results, S. horneri ethanol extract (SHE) reduced TNF-α and IL-6 levels as well as Pi3k/Mtor/S6k mRNA expression in LPS-treated RAW264.7 and Caco-2 cells. In addition, SHE treatment decreased the expression of genes associated with inflammation and the mTOR axis in the co-culture system while increasing the expression of tight junction factors. In a mouse model of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis, SHE treatment improved intestinal length, histological scores, and the expression of genes related to tight junctions while decreasing the expression of genes related to inflammatory markers and the mTOR axis. The gut microbiota of mice treated with SHE exhibited a decrease in the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidota, which had been increased by DSS treatment and an increase in beneficial bacteria. Therefore, SHE consumption may be a useful natural alternative, as it improves gut microbiota, alleviates colitis symptoms, and prevents their onset. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the extraction and characterization of alginic acid, the most abundant compound among brown algae were investigated. The used algae were Sargassum angustifolium from the family of brown algae native to the coasts of the Persian Gulf. The effect of temperature, time, algae mass to solvent volume ratio, and ultrasonic power on the extraction yield and ratio of monomers (M/G) was investigated using the central composite design method. Moreover, the effect of the mentioned parameters on the poly dispersity index and cytotoxic effects against breast cancer cells were also investigated. The maximum obtained extraction yield was 46 %, which was higher than those reported for algae in tropical climates. This shows the effectiveness of ultrasound in facilitating the extraction process. In addition, the minimum monomer ratio was 0.45, the minimum poly dispersity index was 2.5 and the maximum cytotoxicity for using the extract on breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) was 20.3 % (with alginic acid concentration of 250 micrograms per milliliter). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of biochars (BCs) and activated carbons as a way of sequestering soil-bound pollutants such as chlordecone (CLD) is increasingly being studied. This study aims at assessing the impact of Sargassum BC/AC particle size and Sargassum BC amendment rate on CLD adsorption in Nitisol and in Andosol. Four different types of carbonaceous matrices were tested: Sargasso carbon activated by phosphoric acid (SargH3PO4), Sargasso carbon activated by steam (SargH2O), biochar of Sargasso (Ch Sarg700), and a commercial activated carbon (ORBO™). In a first experiment, CLD contaminated Andosol and Nitisol were amended with 2% of each carbonaceous matrix divided into four particles size classes (< 50 µm, 50–150 µm, 150–200 µm, and > 200 µm). In a second experiment, the contaminated soils were amended with the biochar of Sargasso at five application rates (0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, and 2% (w/w)). After a 4-month aging, environmental availability tests were carried out on the soils of both experiments. The results of the first experiment showed that the best reductions of CLD environmental availability were obtained in both soils with the biochar of Sargasso and the ORBO™. More specifically, in nitisol, particle size under 50 µm of biochar of Sargasso and AC ORBO™ showed a CLD environmental availability reduction up to 72 ± 2.6% and 79 ± 2.6%. In Andosol, there was no significant difference between the three particle sizes (< 50 µm, 50–150 µm, and 150–200 µm) of the biochar of Sargasso on the reduction of environmental availability (average reduction of 43 ± 2.5%). The results of the second experiment showed that an amendment rate increase improves the immobilization of CLD. When the amendment rate was increased from 0.25 to 2%, the environmental availability was reduced by 43% in Nitisol and 50% in Andosol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work shows the synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles through a green method, using sargassum extracts, which provide the reducing and stabilizing compounds. The conditions of the medium in which the reaction was carried out was evaluated, that is, magnetic stirring, ultrasound assisted, and resting condition. UV-Vis, FTIR spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction results confirmed the synthesis of ZnO with nanometric crystal size. The scanning electron microscopy analysis showed that the morphology and size of the particles depends on the synthesis condition used. It obtained particles between 20 and 200 nm in the sample without agitation, while the samples with stirring and ultrasound were 80 nm and 100 nm, respectively. ZnO nanoparticles showed antibacterial activity against Gram-positive S. aureus and Gram-negative P. aeruginosa. A quantitative analysis was performed by varying the concentration of ZnO nanoparticles. In all cases, the antibacterial activity against Gram-positives was greater than against Gram-negatives. Ultrasound-assisted ZnO nanoparticles showed the highest activity, around 99% and 80% for S. aureus and P. aeruginosa, respectively. Similar results were obtained in the study of the anti-inflammatory activity of ZnO nanoparticles; the ultrasound-assisted sample exhibited the highest percentage (93%), even above that shown by diclofenac, which was used as a reference. Therefore, the ZnO nanoparticles synthesized with sargassum extracts have properties that can be used safely and efficiently in the field of biomedicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The composition of water-soluble polysaccharides (fucoidans and laminarans) from the two Vietnamese brown algae Sargassum microcystum and S. serratum was investigated. It was found that S. microcystum produced fucoidan and laminaran with predominance of the latter; S. serratum, only fucoidan. The fucoidans were sulfated galactofucans and a sulfated and acetylated heteropolysaccharide of complicated structure. The laminaran had a main chain of 1,3-bound β-D-glucose residues with single branches on C6 (ratio of 1,3:1,6 bonds = 4:1). The sulfates occupied the 2-, 4-, and 6-positions in the obtained sulfated laminaran derivative. A study of the biological activities of all obtained polysaccharides showed a lack of cytotoxicity and low activity against RPMI-7951 human melanoma cells with significantly more pronounced and selective activity against HuTu-80 human duodenum adenocarcinoma cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present study was to evaluate seed germination, embryonic axis length, toxicity, and antioxidant efficacy of silver nanoparticles synthesized (SNPs) from seaweed extract of Sargassum prismaticum V.D. Chauhan. The seaweed S. prismaticum extract was mixed with silver nitrate, change in colour from yellow to dark brown. The formation of SNPs is confirmed by the appearance signatory brown colour of the solution and a characteristic peak at 411 nm in the UV-Vis spectrum. FTIR spectrum shows 11 peaks. The S. prismaticum extract was subjected to XRD analysis for further confirmation of its crystalline nature. FESEM images were found that the SNPs were uniformly distributed and size ranging between 69.99 - 99.15 nm with spherical and cuboidal morphology. The obtained zeta potential value of SNPs through DLS method was had an average size of 94.73 nm. The seedling growth was positively affected by certain concentration of SNPs. For DWt (Dry Weight) of embryonic axis, All the SNPs concentration (25, 50 and 100%) significantly increases EAL (Embriyonic Axis Length) and DWt in all the three plant seeds. The highest percentage inhibition was 79.8% observed in algal extract at the concentration of 500 µg/mL. The IC50 value of algal SNP was 238.21 µg/mL and algal extract was 110.63 µg/mL. S. prismaticum extract SNPs react with earthworm Lampitomauritii in the mortality rate of 25% and 100% for 3 minutes. Overall, the biotransformation of silver nanoparticles utilizing S. prismaticum bioreagent is a low-cost, environmentally friendly approach with enormous biotechnological potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presence of sargassum on the Caribbean coast causes ecological problems, as does the sludge from water treatment plants. Fertilizers like Nutrkam (sargassum extract) and Biofertex (leachate from the vermicomposting of sludge from a textile plant) have been prepared from these two materials. Both biostimulants were applied to a lettuce crop in a greenhouse, the doses were 2, 5, 7.5, 10 and 20% by volume, the results were compared with urea fertilization. At eight weeks, height, number of green leaves and senescent leaves, fresh and dry weight, antioxidant capacity, and flavonoid content were evaluated. With NutrKam at 5, 10 and 20% and Biofertex at 7.5, 10 and 20%, the height of the leaves was statistically equal to that obtained with urea; there was no significant difference in the weight of leaves when fertilizing with 20% NutrKam, 7.5% Biofertex and urea. With all the treatments, except with Biofertex at 10 %, the antioxidant content was higher than that of lettuces fertilized with urea. The use of both materials to prepare fertilizers is an attractive alternative, since on the one hand the pollution caused by their inadequate disposal is reduced, and on the other, their agricultural application would help reduce the use of chemical fertilizers, without impairing the yield and crop properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY: The effect of temperature, light‐spectrum, desiccation and salinity gradients on the photosynthesis of a Japanese subtidal brown alga, Sargassum macrocarpum (Fucales), was determined using a pulse amplitude modulation‐chlorophyll fluorometer and dissolved oxygen sensors. Temperature responses of the maximum (Fv/Fm in darkness) and effective (ΔF/Fm′ at 50 μmol photons m−2 s−1; = ΦPSII) quantum yields during 6‐day culture (4–36°C) remained high at 12–28°C, but decreased at higher temperatures. Nevertheless, ΔF/Fm′ also dropped at temperatures below 8°C, suggesting light sensitivity under chilling temperatures because Fv/Fm remained high. Photosynthesis–irradiance responses at 24°C under red (660 nm), green (525 nm), blue (450 nm) and white light (metal halide lamp) showed that maximum net photosynthesis under blue and white light was greater than under red and green light, indicating the sensitivity and photosynthetic availability of blue light in the subtidal light environment. In the desiccation experiment, samples under aerial exposure of up to 8 h under dim‐light at 24°C and 50% humidity showed that ΔF/Fm′ quickly declined after more than 45 min of emersion; furthermore, ΔF/Fm′ also failed to recover to initial levels even after 1 day of rehydration in seawater. Under the emersion state, the ΔF/Fm′ remained high when the relative water content (RWC) was greater than 50%; in contrast, it quickly dropped when the RWC was less than 50%. When the RWC was reduced below 50%, ΔF/Fm′ did not return to initial levels, regardless of subsequent re‐hydration, suggesting a low capacity of photosynthesis to recover from desiccation. The stenohaline response of photosynthesis under 3‐day culture is evident, given that ΔF/Fm′ declined when salinity was beyond 20–40 psu. Adaptation to subtidal environments in temperate waters of Japan can be linked to these traits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY: The responses of photochemical efficiency to desiccation and salinity gradients in an intertidal edible brown macroalga, Sargassum fusiforme (Harvey) Setchell (Sargassaceae, Fucales), were determined using a pulse amplitude modulation (PAM)‐chlorophyll fluorometer. The effective quantum yields (ΔF/Fm'; = ΦPSII) of photosystem II (PSII) dropped to zero after 360‐min aerial exposure under low irradiance (20 μmol photons m−2 s−1) and 120‐min exposure under high irradiance (700 μmol photons m−2 s−1) for this species at 20°C and 50% relative humidity. Under these conditions, ΔF/Fm' failed to recover to initial levels even after 1‐day rehydration in seawater. In general, ΔF/Fm' decreased as desiccation reduced the absolute water content (AWC, %). Nevertheless, when AWC was above ca. 20%, ΔF/Fm' was mostly restored to initial levels after 1‐day rehydration in seawater, suggesting strong tolerance to dehydration. Furthermore, S. fusiforme appeared to tolerate a broad range of salinity (i.e. 15–50 psu) during six days of culture; however, ΔF/Fm' declined when salinity was <10 and 60 psu. Strong tolerance to dehydration and salinity stress likely provides S. fusiforme an advantage that allows it to flourish in the intertidal habitat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phenotypic plasticity and local adaptation can adjust individual responses to environmental changes across species' ranges. Studies addressing the implications of such traits have been underrepresented in the marine environment. Sargassum cymosum represents an ideal model to test phenotypic plasticity, as populations along the southwestern Atlantic Ocean display a sharp decrease in abundance toward distributional range limits. We (1) characterized the macroecological environment of S. cymosum across a latitudinal gradient, (2) evaluated potential differences in ecophysiological adjustments (biomass, photosynthetic pigments, phenolic compounds, total soluble sugars and proteins, and carbon–nitrogen—CN—content), and (3) tested for differences in thermal tolerance based on time series analyses produced from the present to contrasting representative concentration pathways scenarios (RCP) of future climate changes. Our results showed distinct macroecological environments, corresponding to tropical and warm temperate conditions, driving biomass and ecophysiological adjustments of S. cymosum. Populations from the two environments displayed contrasting thermal tolerances, with tropical individuals better coping with thermal stress when compared to more temperate ones (lethal temperatures of 33 °C vs. 30 °C); yet both populations lose biomass in response to increasing thermal stress while increasing secondary metabolites (for example, carotenoids and phenolic compounds) and decrease chlorophyll's content, Fv/Fm, total soluble sugars concentration and CN ratio, owing to oxidative stress. Despite evidence for phenotypic plasticity, significant future losses might occur in both tropical and warm temperate populations, particularly under the no mitigation RCP scenario, also known as the business as usual (that is, 8.5). In this context, broad compliance with the Paris Agreement might counteract projected impacts of climate change, safeguarding Sargassum forests in the years to come. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Algae drifts are a source of raw material for obtaining flours, liquid extracts with bioactive molecules, and polysaccharides. In the last group, are found the alginates, which extracted from brown algae, with wide application in various industries. In agricultural industry, this natural polymer is frequency use in the form of his degradation products, indeed like alginate oligosaccharides. This review focuses in the principal methods for alginate extraction, and preparation of its oligosaccharides, besides a briefly summary of oligosaccharides bioactivity in agriculture. A protocol simple and efficient for obtaining oligosaccharide would contribute to the reduction of importations, the substitution and/or reduction of agrochemicals in agriculture and the recycling of marine waste, promoting food production and the preservation of the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antibiotics are currently not allowed to be used because they can make pathogenic bacteria resistant and leave residues in products. The purpose of this study was to determine whether Lohman chicken eggs' immunity was affected by drinking water containing uronic acid extracted from Sargassum crassifolium (S. crassifolium). Sixty laying hens were divided into two groups: 1) chickens fed commercial feed with antibiotics, and 2) chickens fed feed without antibiotics. The chickens were randomly assigned to one of five treatments that included brown seaweed in the drinking water, A1 = 0.0% (control); A2 = 2.5%; A3 = 5.0%; A4 = 7.5%; A5 = 10.0%. Five treatments, two factors, and three replications were used in the completely randomized study design. Six laying hen heads were included in each replication. Titer antibody and unsaturated fatty acid were different between treatments, but Salmonella sp. infection was the same. It came to the conclusion that the lohman chicken eggs' immunity and unsaturated fatty acid levels were both enhanced by the uronic acid extracted from S. crassifolium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Brazilian Journal of Biology is the property of Instituto Internacional de Ecologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

One of the most critical ecosystem functions provided by shallow coastal habitats is as nurseries for the juveniles of fish. Many of the studies that have assessed the nursery function of structurally complex coastal habitats have compared seagrass with unstructured sand and mud and as such, seagrass has emerged as the most important coastal nursery habitat for juvenile fishes. Although considerably less work has focussed on the nursery provision of structurally complex macroalgae within coastal nursery seascapes, recent work has started to highlight that the nursery provision of canopy-forming macroalgae may in fact be comparable with that of seagrass. This review collates research published on the important nursery role of macroalgae within both tropical and temperate coastal seascapes and highlights the importance of smaller canopy-forming brown algae from the Fucalean genera (particularly Sargassum spp.) as core nursery areas for juvenile fishes, particularly emperors (Lethrinidae), rabbitfishes (Siganidae), wrasse and parrotfishes (Labridae), goatfishes (Mullidae), groupers (Serranidae), surgeonfish (Acanthuridae) and damselfish (Pomacentridae) within tropical back-reef systems. Similarly, in temperate nursery seascapes, fucoid (Cystoseira spp.) and macroalgae-dominated reefs were important nursery habitats for damselfish (Chromis chromis), groupers and numerous species of wrasse and sparids (Sparidae). Although the overall density of juvenile fish was not shown to be higher in kelp relative to other temperate nursery habitats, kelp was important in the recruitment of Notolabrus celiodotus (wrasse), Paralabrax clathrus (Serranidae), Brachyistius frenatus (Embiotocidae), Heterostichus rostratus (Clinidae) and Sebastes spp. (Scorpaenidae). Although not interchangeable (fish communities were often different), the nursery function of structurally complex macroalgae was found to be similar to that of seagrass in both temperate and tropical seascapes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hypercholesterolemia is a health disorder in which cholesterol in the blood increases beyond normal limits. This disorder chronically can cause atherosclerosis. Sargassum aquifolium contains bioactive compounds that can prevent increased blood cholesterol levels. This study aimed to prove the increasing cholesterol levels and changes in the blood vessel profile of rats fed an atherogenic diet by S. aquifolium extract. S. aquifolium was obtained from Ekas Bay, Province of West Nusa Tenggara. Male Rattus norvegicus 2-3 months ages used in this study. Normal rats were fed an atherogenic diet for four months to produce a hypercholesterolemia animal model. The phytochemical profile was screened based on the Harborne method. Identity of bioactive compounds determined by HPLCHRMS. The parameters observed were cholesterol levels and blood vessel profiles. The juice of S. aquifolium contained steroids, saponins and tannins, and their bioactive showed anticholesterolemic. Rats given an atherogenic diet had increased cholesterol levels. Administration of S. aquifolium juice twice daily can reduce cholesterol levels and prevent the aorta's and arteries' thickening. In conclusion, S. aquifolium juice contains bioactive compounds and administration of S. aquifolium juice twice a day prevents an increase in cholesterol and damage to the aortic and arterial profiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of technologies to produce fuels from non-fossil sources is of great importance. One of the alternatives is the use of organic biomass feedstock. Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) is a technology that enables the transformation of organic matter into bio-crude by means of a reaction in aqueous medium and at high temperature and pressure conditions, although below the critical point of water. Among the different types of organic matter that can be used, marine macroalgae are a very promising feedstock as they are found in abundance within the oceans; in particular, some populations of invasive species cause environmental problems due to their excessive growth beyond their original niche. In fact, large uncontrolled proliferations of algae of the genus Sargassum are found on the coasts of many countries, causing a significant imbalance that affects both the native ecosystems and the tourism sector, which is of great economic importance in the affected areas. Although there are many variables that influence the process, the objective of this study is to carry out preliminary HTL tests of the mentioned macroalgae specie, without being subjected to previous pre-treatment. In the experimental design, operating variables were temperature, reaction time and initial loading of algal biomass. The objective was to find the highest yield and calorific value of bio-crude produced from this raw material. MODDE® Pro 13 was the software employed for both experimental design and results processing. All experiments were carried out in a 300 mL volume PARR stirred high pressure reactor. 150 mL of deionized water were used as reaction medium and an inert nitrogen atmosphere was applied. Bio-crude extractions were performed over the solids obtained in the reaction using dichloromethane as solvent. Among the experiments performed, the yields and high heating values (HHV) were compared at different reaction times at a temperature of 300°C and 95 bar pressure, in a time range from 0 to 60 minutes with an initial biomass load of 15 g (10% w/v). The best result obtained was a crude yield of 10.25% and a crude HHV of 9,240 kcal/kg for the 60 minutes HTL test. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ingeniería del Agua is the property of Universidad Politecnica de Valencia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

With global warming, in recent years, golden tides have frequently occurred off the coasts of China. Sargassum horneri, which attach to aquaculture rafts, can float and form small-scale golden tides after falling off. Temperature will affect the growth and reproduction of algae. In order to explore whether the temperature is the potential influence factor of the golden tide outbreak, in this study, the effects of global warming on the growth and proliferation of S. horneri in the mussel aquaculture area of Gouqi Island will be discussed. Samples of the macroalgae were collected monthly from August 2021 to July 2022 at various stages of its life cycle, and the relationship between algal growth and temperature was analyzed based on the concept of effective accumulated temperature, combined with the parameters of sea surface temperature, photosynthetic rate, growth rate, and growth cycle. Based on the continuous temperature variation observed, the growth cycle could be divided into five stages: the decreasing temperature period (October to November), the low-temperature adaptation period (December), the second suitable low-temperature period (January to February), and the high-temperature decay period (February to May). The effective accumulated temperature stored by S. horneri from 2021 to 2022 was 2772.4 °C·d; compared with previous studies, it decreased by about 800 °C·d. The winter temperature in 2022 was higher than the average temperature in the previous 5 years, allowing the macroalgae to enter the reproductive period in advance. This had a significant impact on the blooming time of golden tides and led to an earlier outbreak and extinction. Therefore, in the future, we can set up a monitoring system for the early warning of golden tides according to the change of SST in winter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peru is a privileged country regarding marine hydrobiological resources due to the vast variety of algae and the biomass they possess. This advantage allows Peru to develop an industrial sector to produce hydrocolloids, a group of natural polymers, chemically known as polysaccharides, derived from marine algae. Among the most widely used hydrocolloids is commercial alginate, an input used in different industries such as food, cosmetics, chemicals, and textiles. This study aimed to identify and characterize the strategic variables that integrate the commercial alginate production chain from sargassum (Macrocystis pyrifera) in Peru and the social stakeholders that lead it. Based on an exploratory and descriptive scope, a structural analysis was conducted (using the theoretical bases of French Strategic Foresight as a methodological design) with the support of a panel of seven experts knowledgeable about the system studied and the MICMAC tool (Matrix of Cross Impacts and a Multiplication Applied to a Classification). The outcome shows that the key variables of the production chain are competitive prices, sales levels, potential markets, and quality control. Simultaneously, identifying the most influential social stakeholders made it possible to propose strategies to control the variables to shape and control the chain adequately. This study lays the foundations for the strategic planning of future scenarios for the system in the long term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Remote Sensing is the property of Editorial Office of Journal of Remote Sensing & Science Publishing Co. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Inflammation is a complex host-protective response against harmful stimuli involving macrophage activation that results in secretion of inflammatory mediators, like nitric oxide (NO), pro-inflammatory cytokines, and prostaglandin E2 (PGE 2). In this study, we evaluated fucoidan isolated using Viscozyme-assisted enzymatic extraction of Sargassum coreanum extract against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated inflammation in RAW 264.7 macrophages and zebrafish model. Among the fucoidan fractions isolated using ion exchange chromatography, SCVF5 showed the highest sulfate and fucose contents based on chemical composition and monosaccharide analysis. Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy confirmed the presence of sulfate esters by the stretching vibrations of the S O peak at 1240 cm−1. SCVF5 showed anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting NO and PGE 2 generation in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages by downregulating inducible NO synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 expression. Treatment with SCVF5 suppressed pro-inflammatory cytokine production, such as TNF-α, (IL)-1β, and IL-6 by modulating the nuclear factor-kappa B signaling cascade in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells. Furthermore, in vivo results showed that SCVF5 can potentially downregulate LPS-induced toxicity, cell death, and NO production in LPS-induced zebrafish model. Collectively, these results suggest that S. coreanum fucoidan has remarkable anti-inflammatory activity in vitro and in vivo and may have potential applications in the functional food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. [Display omitted] • Sargassum coreanum fucoidan were isolated using ion exchange chromatography. • SCVF5 showed the highest sulfate and fucose contents among five fractions. • SCVF5 is a potential anti-inflammatory agent against inflammation caused by LPS. • SCVF5 can inactivate NF-κB signaling pathway to ameliorate inflammation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The biological activities of Sargassum fusiforme polysaccharides (SFP) were affected significantly by the extraction method. In order to screen the optimum extraction technology for SFP with high yield and biological activities, six extraction methods, including hot water extraction (HWE), acid-assisted extraction (ACAE), alkali-assisted extraction (ALAE), ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and hydrogen peroxide/ascorbic acid-assisted extraction (HAE) were compared for the preparation of SFP. Based on the yield and in vitro antioxidant activity of the crude polysaccharides obtained by the six extraction methods, HAE was selected for the extraction of SFP. The SFP prepared by HAE (H-SFP) was purified by cellulose DEAE-52 ion-exchange chromatography, obtaining two purified fractions, namely H-SFP3 and H-SFP5. The analyses of their chemical composition, physico-chemical properties and the antioxidant capacity were performed. It was found that the crude SFP and the purified fractions possessed considerable ability to scavenge DPPH, hydroxyl and ABTS•+ radicals. These polysaccharide fractions were also found to effectively reduce the reactive oxygen species (ROS) level and increase the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in H 2 O 2 -induced oxidative stress RAW264.7 cells. The SFP prepared by the HAE has the potential as a natural non-toxic antioxidant and can be used as an ingredient in functional foods. • Established a novel method for extraction of S. fusiforme polysaccharides (SFPs). • Determined the physico-chemical properties of SFPs. • SFPs possessed strong antioxidant activity in vitro. • SFPs effectively protected H 2 O 2 -induced oxidative stress of RAW 264.7 cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Large volumes of pelagic Sargassum spp. have stranded periodically on the Mexican Caribbean shoreline. The aim of this research was to study the mobility of metals through the leachates released into the environment during the natural decomposition process of Sargassum spp. Fresh Sargassum samples were placed in cone-bed reactors: under laboratory and local environmental conditions. The leachate generated naturally by decomposition in both conditions was recovered periodically and analyses of pH, volume, and metal content were carried out. Sargassum biomass was monitored by electron microscopy, FT-IR, and CHNS analysis. The Sargassum biomass studied presented a C: N ratio of 24.39, making it a potential raw feedstock for biofuels and other value-added products. Calculations performed on leachate production allowed inferring that each ton of fresh Sargassum that decomposes at a controlled temperature of 27 °C can produce 316 L of leachate. This leachate can contain 5.67 g of As and other potentially toxic metals (e.g., B, Al, Cu). At the end of both experiments, the biomass that was incubated for 30 days presented a C: N ratio of 28.86, so it can still be used as raw material for biofuels; however, the Sargassum biomass that remained 180 days in incubation decreased its C:N ratio at 8.45 at this point, it can be considered a waste. The leachate generated during the natural decomposition process of Sargassum on beaches or disposal sites represents a high risk of contamination of the Yucatan Peninsula water system due to the high content of arsenic and the presence of potentially toxic metals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seaweeds represent a promising and sustainable feedstock for biofuel production which raises increasing research interests. Their high availability, easy fermentable composition, and good degradation potential make them a suitable candidate for alternating fossil fuels as an advantageous energy resource. This comprehensive review aims to summarize and discuss data from the literature on the biochemical composition of seaweeds and its potential for biomethane and biohydrogen production, as well as to investigate the effect of the common pretreatment methods. Satisfactory yields comparable to terrestrial biomass could be obtained through anaerobic digestion; concerning dark fermentation, the challenge remains to better define the operating conditions allowing a stable production of biohydrogen. Finally, we propose a potential energy production scheme with the seaweed found by the Caribbean Islands of Guadeloupe and Martinique, as well as current techno-economic challenges and future prospects. An annual energy potential of 66 GWh could be attained via a two-stage biohythane production process, this tends to be promising in terms of energetic valorization and coastal management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental condition is a significant factor that directly affects the growth, metabolism and productivity of marine algae. This study examined the influences of diluted seawater on the growth, antioxidation capacity and accumulation of bioactive compounds of the marine macroalga, Sargassum muticum. Compared to the natural seawater (30 ppt, parts per thousand) control, the specific growth rate was clearly elevated at diluted seawater with 15 and 20 ppt during the initial 3 days, and was not statistically different at diluted seawater from 15 to 30 ppt at 15 days, while it decreased significantly at a low seawater concentration of 10 ppt. Chlorophyll a, carotenoids and total protein content fluctuated slightly under the different seawater solutions, suggesting that the algal cells underwent metabolic regulation during the period of adaptation to culture media changes. Changes in seawater concentration altered antioxidant enzyme activity, for instance, total superoxide dismutase, catalase and peroxidase, especially at low seawater solutions with 10 and 15 ppt. The malondialdehyde content also increased substantially, indicating that oxidative damage occurred in diluted seawater below 15 ppt. Moreover, the alginate content increased with decreasing seawater concentration, the alginate productivity was significantly increased by 22.32%–54.79% in all dilutions at 3 days and this promotion continued only at 15 and 20 ppt salinities after 7 days. The fucoxanthin content reduced significantly in the 10 and 15 ppt dilutions at 15 days, however, its productivity increased slightly at 10 and 15 ppt salinities in the first 3 days. The phlorotannin content increased slightly in the seawater dilutions with 20 ppt at 3 and 7 days, meanwhile, its productivity was significantly elevated during the initial 3 days at all seawater dilutions and the highest value was found at 20 ppt treatment. These results provide valuable data for the development and management of the aquaculture of S. muticum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Optimized acidic hot water extraction of WSCSPs. • WSCSPs exhibit antioxidant property. • WSCSPs promote wound healing in RAW 264.7 cells. • WSCSPs is not cytotoxic to normal L6 myoblast cells. • WSCSPs induce death of HeLa cancer cells. In the present study, we optimized the extraction of water-soluble crude sulfated polysaccharide (WSCSP) from Sargassum polycystum and its biological activity was investigated. The WSCSP was extracted from S. polycystum by the acidic water extraction method. The Box-Behnken experimental design was used as a tool for the extraction and evaluated in variable conditions extraction temperature as 60 °C, extraction time duration as 60 min, pH 5.0 and acid hot water: algal ratio 1:50 (g/ml) on these conditions, respectively. The use of acid hot water extraction was efficient to obtain a high WSCSP yield (59.80 ± 2.52%) and further characterization and morphology were analyzed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), Thermogravimetry analysis (TGA), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and the dynamic light scattering (DLS). WSCSP was shown to possess antioxidant activity, as evident by the DPPH assay. Moreover, WSCSP did not induce any significant cytotoxicity in L6 myoblast normal cell line. WSCSP also triggers wound healing in RAW 264.7 cells. WSCSP also induces significant death of HeLa (cervical cancer) cells, marking its cancer specificity. Hence WSCSP derived from Sargassum polycystum can be used as an anticancer candidate in future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fucoidan, a polymer derived from seaweed, poses a broad range of biological applications, and its potential medicinal benefits have been widely studied over the past decade. In this study, fucoidan was extracted from marine macroalga Sargassum ilicifolium and its bioactive potential for in silico molecular docking was investigated. Additionally, the computational in silico docking studies were applied on the fucoidan against anticancer and antioxidant target proteins by using Glide ligand docking, Schrodinger software. The FT-IR analysis revealed that fucoidan mainly consisted of the fucose residues (59.1%) and a few monosaccharides, such as uronic acid (11.7%) and sulphate (18.3%). The in vitro tests revealed that fucoidan possessed various antioxidative properties and anticoagulant activities. Fucoidans played an inhibitory role in the colony formation of HepG2 cells. The NADPH oxidase (−7.169 Kcal/mol) and cellular tumor antigen p53 protein (−6.205 Kcal/mol) exhibited the highest antioxidant and anticancer proteins, respectively. Overall, the present study results provide a theoretical foundation for broadening the application of fucoidan from S. ilicifolium as a pharmaceutical ingredient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fucoidans possess potent anti-inflammatory effects. In the present study, the anti-inflammatory effect of the fucoidan (SFF-PS-F5) isolated from fermented Sargassum fusiforme was evaluated in vitro in RAW 264.7 macrophages and in vivo in zebrafish. The in vitro test results demonstrate that SFF-PS-F5 effectively inhibited nitric oxide (NO) production induced by lipopolysaccharides (LPS) in RAW 264.7 cells. SFF-PS-F5 effectively and concentration-dependently improved the viability of LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells, and reduced the level of prostaglandin E 2 , interleukin-1 beta, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and interleukin-6. Further results display that these effects were actioned by suppressing the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 via regulating the nuclear factor kappa-B signaling pathway. The in vivo test results indicate that SFF-PS-F5 remarkably reduced reactive oxygen species, cell death, and NO levels in LPS-treated zebrafish. These results indicate that SFF-PS-F5 could inhibit both in vitro and in vivo inflammatory responses and suggest it is a functional ingredient in the functional food and cosmetic industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sargassum is one of the most important brown algal genera that can be used as food and raw material for medicinal purpose, and has various beneficial effects. As the classification of Sargassum species is currently based on their morphological characteristics, organellar genome sequences of Sargassum would provide important information for accurate identification of species and developing species-specific markers. We sequenced the complete organellar genomes of six Sargassum species, including the first complete chloroplast genome sequences of S. fulvellum, S. serratifolium, S. macrocarpum, and S. siliquastrum, and the first complete mitochondrial genome sequences of S. fulvellum, S. serratifolium, and S. macrocarpum. The chloroplast genomes of the 6 Sargassum species contained 139 protein-coding genes (PCGs), and the mitochondrial genomes possessed 37 PCGs. A comparative study was performed between the newly sequenced organellar genomes and 44 other species belonging to class Phaeophyceae. Phylogenetic relationships using PCGs shared by Phaeophyceae species were constructed with IQ-TREE 2 using the maximum likelihood method. In addition, we developed real-time PCR markers based on SNPs to distinguish the 6 Sargassum species. Our results provide useful information for establishing phylogenetic relationships between brown algae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of algal biomass as a renewable source of energy is potentially promising. The literature on biofuels derived from Sargassum is limited compared to other macroalgae. The unusual seaweed bloom of Sargassum from 2011 to date can be caused by the following factors: eutrophication of the sea, climate change, and other oceanographic patterns. The atypical invasion has had great ecological and economic effects in the affected regions. Traditionally, Sargassum has been recovered from coasts and beaches for use as fertilizer, but new markets need to be found to exploit the large volumes produced by the seaweed influx and mitigate its impact. The biochemical composition of Sargassum biomass defines it as a potential feedstock for biofuel production. However, the high moisture and ash content constitute the limitations for the development of some energy extraction methods. On the other hand, the costs associated with the removal of high volumes of accumulated Sargassum from coasts and beaches, transportation, cleaning, and storage are relatively high. Therefore, the production of biofuels from Sargassum seaweed is still a technical, economic, and energy challenge. This review proposes a multifactorial approach to the potential use of Sargassum biomass as feedstock for energy production, especially by thermochemical conversion (combustion, gasification, pyrolysis, and hydrothermal liquefaction). The survey analyses the chemical composition, biomass productivity and coastal impact, energy output, thermochemical conversion processes, techno-economic challenges, and future perspectives. In addition, a Sargassum biomass biorefinery approach with a circular bioeconomy approach is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The brown macroalgae Sargassum has been reported for its anti-UV and photoprotective potential for industrial applications. This study evaluated the melanin inhibition activity of Sargassum cristaefolium (SCE) ethanol extract. Melanogenesis inhibition by SCE was assessed in vitro with B16-F10 melanoma cell models and in silico against melanin regulatory proteins Tyrosinase (TYR) and Melanocortin 1 Receptor (MC1R). The regulatory properties evaluated were the melanin content, intracellular tyrosinase activity and cellular antioxidant activities. In addition, the bioactive compounds detected in SCE were subjected to molecular docking against TYR and MC1R. Based on the results, 150 µg/mL SCE effectively inhibited the production of melanin content and intracellular tyrosinase activity. Cellular tyrosinase activity was reduced by SCE-treated cells in a concentration-dependent manner. The results were comparable to the standard tyrosinase inhibitor kojic acid. In addition, SCE effectively decreased the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in B16-F10 cells. The antioxidant properties may also contribute to the inhibition of melanogenesis. In addition, LCMS UHPLC-HR-ESI-MS profiling detected 33 major compounds. The results based on in silico study revealed that the bioactive compound putative kaurenoic acid showed a strong binding affinity against TYR (−6.5 kcal/mol) and MC1R (−8.6 kcal/mol). However, further molecular analyses are needed to confirm the mechanism of SCE on melanin inhibition. Nevertheless, SCE is proposed as an anti-melanogenic and antioxidant agent, which could be further developed into cosmetic skin care products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sargassum horneri (SH) is a seaweed that has several features that benefit health. In this study, we investigated the immune-enhancing effect of SH, focusing on the role of spleen-mediated immune functions. Chromatographic analysis of SH identified six types of monosaccharide contents, including mannose, rhamnose glucose, galactose xylose and fucose. SH increased cell proliferation of primary cultured naïve splenocytes treated with or without cyclophosphamide (CPA), an immunosuppression agent. SH also reversed the CPA-induced decrease in Th1 cytokines. In vivo investigation revealed that SH administration can increase the tissue weight of major immune organs, such as the spleen and thymus. A similar effect was observed in CPA-injected immunosuppressed BALB/c mice. SH treatment increased the weight of the spleen and thymus, blood immune cell count and Th1 cytokine expression. Additionally, the YAC-1-targeting activities of natural killer cells, which are important in innate immunity, were upregulated upon SH treatment. Overall, our study demonstrates the immune-enhancing effect of SH, suggesting its potential as a medicinal or therapeutic agent for pathologic conditions involving immunosuppression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Host‐related microbiota are critically important for the adaptation/acclimation of hosts to changing environments, but how environmental factors and host characteristics shape the microbial communities remains largely unknown. We investigated the effects of temperature on habitat‐forming macroalgae and their associated bacterial communities. Three Sargassum species (S. horneri, S. fusiforme, and S. thunbergii) and seawater samples were sampled in Gouqi Island, China, and these macroalgal samples were incubated at different temperatures (10, 20, and 27°C) for 7 d. Bacterial communities were identified from the 16S rRNA gene V3–V4 regions. The algae‐associated bacterial communities of the field samples were significantly different from seawater, implying host specificity. During laboratory incubation, decreased physiological status (photosynthetic rate and oxidative stress response) was detected for all the species at 10°C, especially with regard to S. horneri and S. fusiforme. For each host, associated bacterial communities at 20 and 27°C clustered closely, and these were separated from samples at 10°C based on constrained PCoA analyses. Permutational multivariate analysis of variance revealed that algae‐associated bacterial communities were more affected by host species (23.3%) than by temperature (2.48%) during laboratory incubation. The changes in bacterial community composition may be influenced by algae metabolites, which should be tested in a future study. These results further contribute to our understanding of algal microbiome changes in response to environmental changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is one of major skin inflammatory diseases characterized by excessive Th2-mediated immune responses. Recent evidence provides that interlukin-13 (IL-13) plays the role of a key Th2 cytokine that drives the inflammation underlining AD. Due to adverse effects of commercially available synthetic drugs, the need for treatments based on natural products is gaining much attention. Sargassum horneri is an edible brown algae known for beneficial bioactivities including anti-inflammation. We investigated if polyphenol-rich S. horneri extracts (SHE) could suppress AD-like skin lesions in NC/Nga mice and if that involved inhibition of the infiltration of Th2-mediated cytokine IL-13. We observed markedly increased infiltration of IL-13 positive cells in AD-like skin lesions of mice but SHE treatments decreased it. Also, the dermal expression of IL-13 was sufficient to cause inflammatory responses in mice skin resembling human AD. SHE suppressed the dermal infiltration of inflammatory cells where IL-13 plays a crucial role in skin tissues and in the recruitment of inflammatory cells. Furthermore, it was confirmed that SHE reduced T cell, dendritic cell, and macrophage populations in spleen. Moreover, SHE decreased the collagen deposition in skin and ear dermis resulting in reduced fibrosis that occurs in AD due to excessive collagen. Taken together, our results reveal that SHE suppressed the infiltration of inflammatory cells into skin dermis by decreasing the infiltration of IL-13 positive cells. Therefore, SHE could be taken as a useful therapeutic agent to alleviate AD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxidative stress plays a vital role in the initiation and progression of diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM). Increased cardiac dysfunction and apoptosis in DCM are independent factors associated with hypertension or coronary artery disease. Fucoidan, a class of sulfated polysaccharides, is widely used as food supplements and reported to have various pharmacological properties. However, the pharmacological property of Indian seaweeds remains unexplored. The present study is focused on isolating and characterizing the fucoidan from four brown seaweeds such as Sargassum wightii (SwF), Sargassum swartzii (SsF), Sargassum polycystum (SpF), Turbinaria ornata (ToF), and aimed to investigate cardioprotective effect of fucoidan against High Glucose (HG) induced oxidative stress in H9c2 cells. The mild acid hydrolysis method was used to isolate crude fucoidan from four brown seaweeds purified by the FPLC system. The biochemical composition analysis showed that SwF had a high content of fucoidan and sulfate, followed by SsF, SpF, and ToF. Further, FTIR, XRD, NMR, and SEM analysis confirmed the isolated fucoidan structures. SwF showed higher DPPH activity compared to another isolated fucoidan. In vitro studies with SwF revealed significantly decreased cytotoxicity, prevented the loss of MMP, reduced lipid peroxidation, and increased cellular enzymatic and non‐enzymatic activity. qRT‐PCR results showed SwF significantly upregulated the Nrf2, HO‐1, NQO1, and Bcl2 and down‐regulated the Bax and Caspase‐3 mRNA expression compared to HG‐treated cells. In conclusion, SwF could be used to develop functional foods for diabetic‐mediated CVD complications compared to another isolated fucoidan. Practical applications: Bioactive carbohydrates have gained significant interest among researchers to improve human health. The biomedical field showed great interest in seaweed research in managing various diseases. In particular, seaweeds contain many bioactive compounds because of their chemical and biological diversity. Despite the various beneficial effects of fucoidan in CVD, the therapeutic potential of Indian seaweeds remains largely unexplored. Hence, this study isolated fucoidan from four brown seaweeds and studied their bioactive properties. Results revealed that SwF showed higher free radical scavenging activity compared to another isolated fucoidan. Therefore, SwF was selected for the in vitro study. SwF increased the cytoprotection through increasing antioxidant levels against oxidative stress in H9c2 cells. Staining analysis showed SwF increased cellular protection via inhibiting ROS protection and increasing MMP. Overall, fucoidan from SwF could be developed as a functional food for CVD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alginate is a hydrocolloid naturally sourced from brown seaweeds. Its oligomerized forms have growing industrial importance with applications in food, pharmaceutical, and material products. The breakdown of alginate is shaped by the facile decomposition of alginolytic bacteria. Although enzymes for alginate degradation are highly sought after (primarily the alginases), species identification of these bacteria is seldomly determined. The aim, therefore, of this study was to molecularly identify the potential alginolytic bacteria from partially decaying Sargassum polycystum collected from Calatagan, Batangas, Philippines. Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA sequences showed that bacterial isolates belong to Klebsiella pneumoniae and Vibrio alginolyticus. The resulting molecular data was supported by various culture tests with indications of alginate degradation activities. Supporting data and/or tests (biochemical and gene expression studies) should be done to definitively confirm the alginate-degrading property of these bacteria. The utility of sequence data for species identification on bacterial isolates improved the ability to assign species names over traditional methods. The findings in this study point toward providing important microbiological resources useful for various industrial applications of alginase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Collecting Sargassum spp. biomass and using it for the generation of renewable energy is a sustainable approach to mitigate the costs associated to this weed management. The biomethanation of this algal biomass with other organic waste to produce biogas promotes the integrated sustainable management of these materials while generating gaseous fuel for the tourism industry. The purpose of this work is to determine the percentage Sargassum spp. biomass during the anaerobic co-digestion of this brown algae with food waste that results in the best biogas composition, methane yield, production kinetics, and digestate. The biomethanation was conducted in 1200 L fed-batch and bench scale batch biodigestors and the kinetic parameters were estimated using the modified Gompertz model. The methane yield of Sargassum spp. and food waste combinations in 0.58 OLR at fed batch and 15 g/L organic load at batch were comparable. The methane yield produced in the 100% Sargassum spp. fed-batch anaerobic biodigester was 101.3 ± 23.6 N. L CH4/kg, but up to 615.5 ± 78.4 N. L CH4/kg in the 45% Sargassum spp. / 55% food waste biodigestor. The anaerobic co-digestion of Sargassum spp. and food waste in the batch system showed methane production rates as high as 14.6 ± 0.3 N.L CH4/kg.day. Higher H2S were detected in the biogas of the biodigesters fed with larger percentages of the Sargassum spp. with more than 5000 ppm during mono-digestion. Our results suggest that 55% Sargassum spp. and 45% food waste are the most promising feed combination under the studied conditions for the anaerobic co-digestion of these feedstock at larger scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxidative stress and the inflammatory response are known to be the most important pathological factors for aging skin cells. Therefore, substances that protect skin cells from oxidative stress and inflammatory reactions of the skin have potential as functional ingredients for skin care. In the present study, we investigated the potential of Sargassum macrocarpum as an anti-inflammatory candidate for inflammatory skin disease. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities are desirable properties in such functional materials. The total polyphenol content as well as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities were evaluated in hot-water (HES) and ethanol (EES) extracts of S. macrocarpum. The polyphenol content was higher in the HES (HES: 115.9 ± 15.3 mg GA/g, EES: 3.9 ± 0.5 mg GA/g), and the HES also had ABTS (HES: IC50 1.0 ± 0.0 mg/mL, EES: IC50 16.09 ± 0.7 mg/mL) and DPPH (HES: IC50 6.50 ± 0.3 mg/mL, EES: IC50 35.3 ± 3.1 mg/mL) radical scavenging capacities as well as FRAP activity (HES: IC50 18.8 ± 0.4 mg/mL, EES: IC50 n.d.). Compared with the EES at the equivalent concentration range (1.25–20 μg/mL), the HES exerted a more potent inhibitory activity on LPS-stimulated nitric oxide (10.3–43.1%), IL-6 (15.7–45.0%), and TNF-α (14.1–20.8%) in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells in addition to TNF-α and IFN-γ-facilitated IL-6 (10.9–84.1%) and IL-8 (7.7–73.2%) in HaCaT keratinocytes. These results suggested that water-soluble materials might be deeply involved in the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity in S. macrocarpum. General composition analysis indicated that the HES contains more carbohydrates and polyphenols than the EES, and the monosaccharide composition analysis suggested that fucose-containing sulfated polysaccharide and β-glucan might be potent anti-inflammatory candidates in the HES. The present study presents important preliminary results and a valuable strategy for developing novel anti-skin dermatitis candidates using a hot-water extract of S. macrocarpum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sargassum fusiforme (SF), a perennial brown, is often steamed for consumption. SF contains many bioactive compounds; however, the effect of steaming these compounds is unknown. This study investigates phenolic component contents and antioxidant and antiaging activities of fresh (SF) and steamed (SSF) extracts in different solvents (95% ethanol, 95% methanol, hot water). Total polyphenol and flavonoid content was highest in SSF methanol (9.76 mg TAN/g) and SF methanol extracts (13.42 mg QUE/g). The DPPH radical scavenging activity was highest in SF methanol extracts (IC50 = 5.83 μg/μL), whereas the FRAP activity was higher in SSF extracts. Methanol SSF extract exhibited higher SOD, CAT, and APX activities. Collagenase inhibition activity was higher in all SSF extracts, whilst tyrosinase inhibition activity was highest in SSF methanol extract (30.5%). Analysis of phenolic compound contents revealed that 4-hydroxybenzoic acid content was highest in SF methanol extract, whilst steaming increased naringenin and naringin contents in ethanol extracts. Finally, antioxidant activity of both extracts showed a positive correlation with polyphenol content. Overall, these results suggested that SSF ethanol and methanol extract had higher phenolic component content and antioxidant and antiaging activities. Thus, SSF can be potentially used in health functional foods and cosmetic products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alginic acid is a polysaccharide obtained from brown algae, and its oligosaccharide has various functions such as antiviral, antitumor, immunoregulation, and antioxidant. However, because of its high viscosity, numerous studies have degraded the alginic acid by enzymes to improve its utilisation. In the present work, we characterised Sargassum fulvellum enzymatic extract (SFEE) using polysaccharide-degrading enzyme obtained from Shewanella oneidensis PKA 1008, and investigated its anti-inflammatory potential. S. fulvellum powder and crude enzyme were mixed at a ratio of 1:1 (v/v), and reacted at 30°C for 0 - 48 h to obtain the optimum degrading time. The changes in pH, colour, reducing sugar, and viscosity of SFEE were determined. The anti-inflammatory activity of SFEE was confirmed by measuring the expression level of nitric oxide (NO) and proinflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-a, and L-1ß) in RAW 264.7 macrophage cell line. The reducing sugar content was found to increase 2.75-fold at 24 h as compared to that at the initial reaction point, but pH and viscosity decreased significantly with increasing reaction time. SFEE showed a high inhibitory effect on the levels of NO and pro-inflammatory cytokines. SFEE thus has great potential for development as a functional food and therapeutic material owing to its anti-inflammatory effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Panchagavya is an organic formulation, formed by merging five cow derivatives, such as dung, urine, milk, ghee, and curd, which promotes the growth of plants. The present investigation was aimed to determine the larvicidal efficacy of Panchagavya with varied concentrations against major pests of teak, Tectona grandis, singly, and combined with leaf extract of members of Meliaceae family, and coupled with extract of seaweed, in experimental research plots. Observations on occurrence of pests was also observed periodically and recorded. Treatments include 5% concentration of panchagavya (T1), which serves as a control and Panchagavya combined with varied dosage of other leaf crude extracts of Melia dubia (T2), Melia azedarach (T3), Azadirachta indica (T4), and a seaweed, Sargassum wightii (T5), with a concentration range of 1000-5000 ppm that were used as foliar application. Among the various pests, Hyblaea puera, and Eutectona machaeralis were found to be dominant, and the III instar larval stage were targeted for the management. Maximum larval mortality was observed with exposure to Panchagavya with crude extract of S. wightii, at an appropriate ratio (T5) against teak defoliator, Hyblaea puera. The per cent pest reduction was found to be 65% and 73% in 48 h and 72 h time interval. Similarly, higher level of larval mortality was recorded against skeletonizer (E. machaeralis) where the reduction per cent was recorded as 62% and 71% at 5000 ppm in (T5) within the interval of 48 h and 72 h. Consequently, a distinct individual lethal effect of Panchagavya (T1, control) against both pests was found to be 8%, 24%, and 46% with similar time frames. However, the efficacy of Panchagavya combined with extract of M. dubia, M. azedarach and A. indica exhibited statistically significant ability in larvicidal potential against H. puera. Whereas, treatments like T2, T3, and T4 showed 59, 67, and 62 % of larval mortality of E. machaeralis larva within the period of 72 h. The results of the study affirmed that the synergistic effects of Panchagavya coupled with seaweed extract at appropriate ratio proved to be effective against major pests of teak plantation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sargassum horneri contains water-soluble polysaccharides, which have antihypertensive effects, and arsenic, which is harmful to the human body. Boiling and other treatments are effective in removing arsenic; however, water-soluble polysaccharides are lost during processing. Therefore, a method to remove arsenic and further increase its antihypertensive effect is required. To this end, we investigated fermentation with Lactiplantibacillus pentosus SN001 in this study. Boiled and fermented S. horneri were administered to spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), and blood pressure and arsenic accumulation in organs were observed to simultaneously examine the effects of fermentation on hypertension and arsenic accumulation. The ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme) inhibition rate, an indicator of antihypertensive effects, showed a maximum at 4 days of fermentation. Consecutive dosing studies using S. horneri, boiled S. horneri, and fermented boiled S. horneri in SHR were conducted. Although the boiled group showed high blood pressure values, the fermented boiled group showed lower blood pressure values than the boiled cohort. The amount of arsenic accumulated in the liver, kidney, and spleen of rats was significantly lower in the boiled and fermented boiled groups than that in the S. horneri group. This confirmed the arsenic removal effect of boiling pretreatment and the in vivo safety of fermented boiled S. horneri. These results suggest that fermentation of arsenic-free S. horneri with L. pentosus SN001 can enhance its antihypertensive effect in vivo. This is the first study to simultaneously examine the antihypertensive effect of fermentation of S. horneri and its effect on the arsenic accumulation in vivo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ethnopharmacological Relevance: The Sihai Shuyu Formula (SHSY) shows promising potential for treating Graves' disease (GD), although the therapeutic mechanisms and pharmacological basis of SHSY have not been thoroughly evaluated., Objective: This work is aim to investigate the pharmacological basis and mechanism of SHSY in the treatment of GD by integrating non-targeted serum metabolomics and network pharmacology coupled with molecular docking technology., Materials and Methods: GD was induced in mice through injections of Ad-TSH289. Treatments included methimazole, inorganic iodine, and both low and high doses of SHSY administered via gavage. At the end of the treatment period, serum levels of thyroxine (T4) and thyrotropin receptor antibody (TRAb) were measured. Hematoxylin-Eosin (H&E) staining assessed the effects of these pharmacological interventions on thyroid gland tissues. Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography with Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS) was used in conjunction with network pharmacology and molecular docking to identify and predict SHSY's active chemical components and targets. A comprehensive analysis of the multi-level bioinformatic analysis, including protein-protein interactions (PPI) and functional pathways of the targets, was conducted, followed by verification through immunohistochemistry (IHC) to clarify SHSY's pharmacological basis and action mechanisms in treating GD., Results: After 8 weeks of treatment, SHSY significantly reduced serum T4 and TRAb levels in GD mice and enhanced the morphology of thyroid tissues. Comparative analysis of rat blood samples and SHSY using UPLC-Q-TOF-MS identified 19 blood-entry components, the potential active components of SHSY acting on GD. Further network pharmacological analysis indicated that SHSY targets the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway through components such as PIK3CD, SRC, PIK3CA, HRAS, EGFR, PIK3R1, AKT1, PTPN11, and PIK3CB. Molecular docking confirmed the effective binding of SHSY's components to these targets. IHC confirmed that the IGF1R/PI3K/Akt signaling pathway is a significant therapeutic target of SHSY, with key substances including Guggulsterone, Betulinic aldehyde, and Forsythoside H., Conclusions: SHSY appears to effectively treat GD through the IGF1R/PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, with Guggulsterone, Betulinic aldehyde, and Forsythoside H as the critical pharmacological components. It may serve as an adjunctive treatment for GD alongside traditional therapies such as antithyroid medications, surgery, and radioiodine therapy., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2025 Liu, Li, Huang, Cui, Cheng, Chen, Mao, Liu and Xu.)

One of the current biotechnological applications is nanofiber applications made from algae using the electrospinning technique. Nanofibers containing poly-caprolactone (PCL) extracted from the brown seaweed Hijiki (Sargassum fusiforme) were prepared using electrospinning technique. Water extraction was performed to preserve the integrity of Hijiki components, ensuring their efficacy in subsequent electrospinning and characterization. The morphology and chemical composition of the nanofibers were characterized using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) analyses. Hijiki was found to combine well with electrospun biocompatible polymers and effectively provide the common properties of these materials. The cytotoxicity of algae-doped PCL nanofibers was examined in vitro using liver cancer and liver healthy cell lines (HepG2 and The-2). Among hepatic tumor cell lines, the HepG2 cell line has been preferred due to its wide range of scientific applications. Although the nanofibers caused a 28% decrease in liver cancer cell lines viability (HepG2), the decrease in healthy liver cell viability (The-2) was 12%. Algae-doped PCL nanofiber applied to bacteria showed antibacterial effect. Based on the findings, Hijiki macroalgae nanofibers show great promise for tissue regeneration and band-aid applications in the medical industry., (© 2024 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)