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The authors have carried out taxonomic investigations of the causal fungus of Japanese pear scab for several years. The results are summarized in this paper as follows.1. The overwintered spots of Japanese pear scab on the twigs are somewhat sunken and show distinct cracks surrounding the lesions, while those of European pears are more or less swollen, producing the stroma under the periderm in the spots.2. The stroma of Japanese pear fungus develop well and conidiophores abundantly grow in cluster, causing dark sooty appearance of the spots. Conidia are 7∼23×5.0∼7.5μ in size, smaller than those of European pear fungus.3. The perithecia of Japanese pear fungus are depressed conic globoid in shape and 50.0∼150.0μ in height, while those of European pear fungus are globoid and 77.5∼200.0μ in height, much taller than the former.4. The ascospores of Japanese pear fungus are unequally 2-celled and measure 10.0∼15.0× 3.8∼6.3μ. They are smaller than those of the European pear fungus, especialy the lower cells are much shorter than those of the latter.5. According to the inoculation experiments, Japanese pear fungus showed distinct pathogenicity to the leading varieties of Japanese pear, but was unable to attack the European pear varieties such as Flemish Beauty and Bartlett. On the other hand the European pear fungus infected only Flemish Beauty but no Japanese varieties.6. Based on the data reported in the present as well as the previous papers (23) by the authors, the causal fungus of Japanese pear scab is considered to be a distinct species from European pear scab fungus, Venturia pirina Aderhold. The authors propose the name Venturia nashicola to the present fungus.“Nashi”represents pear in Japanese. The diagnosis of the fungus is as follows.Venturia nashicola n. sp.Perithecia gregarious or scattered under the epidermis of the affected leaves, depressed conic globoid, the wall dark colored, membranous, hard, and consist of two or three layers of brownish cells, 50∼150μ in height and 53∼138μ in diameter; ostiole very long.Asci hyaline, clavate or long ovate, 35∼60×5∼10μ; eight-spored. Ascospores hyaline or light brown, two celled, shoesole-shaped, 10∼15×3.8∼6.3μ.Conidia dark brown, long oval or fusiform, 7.5∼22.5×5.0∼7.5μ, and 14.4×6.0μ on the average. Conidiophores clustered, erect, and simple, 10∼20μ in length. Conidia borne singly on the warty tips of conidiophores.Habitat: On the leaves, twigs, and fruits of Pirus serotina Rehder and Pirus ussuriensis var. sinensis Kikuchi, producing scabby spots.Locality: Throughout Japan

ポリ酢酸ビニル (PVAc) エマルジョン中に含まれる芳香属可塑剤の分析を行なった。定性は皮膜の赤外線スペクトルおよび皮膜から抽出した可塑剤の化学分析により行ない, 定量はエマルジョンを水・メタノール混合溶剤に溶解し, この溶液の紫外線スペクトルから行ない, 十分の精度をもって分析できることを知った。

n-Butyl di-n-butylthioboronite reacts with isocyanates to give 1:2 adducts, and with isothiocyanate or carbodiimide to give a 1:1 adduct. It was found that thioboronite forms a 1:1 co-ordinated complex with benzyl cyanide, and that the complex reacts with isocyanates to give the corresponding acetamidine derivatives in good yields.

Several new spectral species of the prosthetic flavin were found during reactions of l-lysine monooxygenase. Immediately after the addition of lysine to the enzyme, the absorption of the enzyme-bound FAD increased slightly around 375 to 385 nm either in the presence of oxygen or in its absence. During anaerobic reduction of FAD with lysine, a short lived broad absorption band appeared in the long wave length region centered around 550 nm. In contrast, under aerobic conditions, another new spectral species appeared in the steady state of reaction, which, unlike the oxidized or reduced form of the enzyme, exhibited a long wave length absorption centering around 575 nm. This species was distinct from that observed in the anaerobic reaction and was also characterized by an absorption peak at about 455 nm, shifted from 460 nm. The presence of both oxygen and lysine was required for the appearance of this spectral species.

Eighteen patients with dilated cardiomyopathy and a history of excessive ethanol intake were monitored for 3-98 months (mean 23 months). Six patients died (mean age 43.7 +/- 9.2 years) and 12 patients survived (mean age 48.8 +/- 9.5 years). Of the echocardiographic findings taken during heart failure, only the relative wall thickness to the internal dimension of the left ventricle (t/r ratio) differed significantly (survivors 0.33 +/- 0.77 vs. nonsurvivors 0.25 +/- 0.04, P less than 0.05). Of the hemodynamic data obtained after treatment of heart failure, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure differed significantly (survivors 6 +/- 2 vs. nonsurvivors 12 +/- 4 mmHg, P less than 0.001). The two groups could not be differentiated by ejection fraction, cardiac output, end-diastolic or end-systolic volumes, or semi-quantitative analysis of histologic findings obtained by right ventricular endomyocardial biopsy (light microscopy). Only two of six nonsurvivors (33%) succeeded in abstaining from alcohol, while eight of twelve survivors (67%) became teetotalers (P less than 0.05). Total abstinence from alcohol seems to be essential but was not necessarily followed by recovery in the most severe cases. Thus, the absence of adequate hypertrophy and high left ventricular filling pressure may predict the prognosis in alcoholic heart disease.

A new inotropic agent, denopamine (TA-064) was shown to have a strong positive inotropic effect. Its effect on cardiac hemodynamics and metabolism was evaluated by using wall stress and direct measurement of myocardial oxygen consumption. With plasma concentration of denopamine (21-29 ng/ml on average), attainable by one single oral dose (10 mg), the positive inotropic effect was evident by the significant increase in peak (+) dp/dt (+15% increase from control), and shortening velocity of the left ventricle (+39%), when heart rate or blood pressure was not altered significantly. End-diastolic stress and endsystolic stress of the left ventricle, defined as indices of preload and afterload, respectively, were reduced significantly. The reduction of preload (-51%) was the result of improved left ventricular filling, and the reduction of afterload (-23%) was due to the increased contractility. Neither coronary sinus blood flow nor aortocoronary AV O2 defference was changed. Consequently, myocardial oxygen consumption remained unaltered. When the dose is chosen properly, denopamine is able to exert salutary effects in patients with severe heart failure.

It is observed that the extraordinary mode near the second harmonic effectively couples to electrons at largely down-shifted frequencies. From measurements of soft x-ray radiation and third-harmonic electron-cyclotron emission, selective heating of electrons with an energy satisfying the relativistic cyclotron resonance condition is deduced. It is demonstrated that the selective electron-cyclotron heating of 70 kW produces a 65-kA/sec ramp-up of the lower-hybrid--driven plasma current.

Motivated by recent chemical explorations into organic-radical-based higher-spin ladder systems, we study the ground-state properties of a wide class of antiferromagnetic spin-1 ladders. Numerical analysis featuring the level-spectroscopy technique reveals the rich phase diagram, correcting a preceding nonlinear-sigma-model prediction. A variational analysis well interprets the phase competition with particular emphasis on the re-entrant phase boundary on the way from single to coupled chains.

The H-mode transition properties of 70-GHz, 0.4-MW electron cyclotron heating (ECH) plasmas in Heliotron J have been studied with special reference to their magnetic configuration dependences, such as the edge iota dependences. Two edge iota windows for the H-mode transition were observed to be (a) 0.54 < ι`(a)/2π < 0.56 in separatrix discharge plasmas and (b) 0.62 < ι`(a)/2π < 0.63 in partial wall-limiter discharge plasmas if a certain threshold line-averaged electron density (n e =1.2-1.6 × 10 19 m -3 ) is achieved, where ι`(a) is the vacuum edge iota value and a is the plasma minor radius, respectively. A strong dependence of the quality of the H-mode on the edge topology conditions was revealed. The energy confinement time for the separatrix discharge plasmas was found to be enhanced beyond the normal ISS95 scaling in the transient H-mode phase, being 50% longer than that in the before transition phase. The window characteristics are discussed on the basis of the calculated geometrical poloidal viscous damping rate coefficient in a collisional plasma, indicating that the behavior of the viscous damping rate coefficient alone could not explain the observed characteristics. The bootstrap current properties of ECH plasmas and the relevant electron cyclotron current drive experimental results are also discussed.

Recent progress in the Large Helical Device (LHD) experiment during the last 2 yr is reviewed. The LHD has been extending its operational regime toward fusion-relevant conditions while taking advantage of the net-current-free heliotron concept employing a superconducting coil system. Heating capability has exceeded 10 MW, and the central ion and electron temperatures have reached 7 and 10 keV respectively. The maximum values of beta and pulse length have been extended to 3.2% and 150 s, respectively. Several encouraging physics observations have been obtained, i.e., simultaneous achievement of the mitigation of the magnetohydro-dynamic instability criteria and good confinement, and formation of an internal transport barrier. The initial results have been obtained using a local island divertor, which shows the possibility of particle control at the plasma edge.

A magnetic well scan has been performed in the TJ-II stellarator to investigate the confinement properties with different values of the well, or even of the hill, and to explore the properties of electromagnetic turbulence. Stable plasmas have been obtained in theoretically Mercier-unstable configurations, and the electrostatic turbulence levels in the edge are increased. Three families of modes appear during the experiments: (1) a family of modes of Alfvenic nature with high frequencies; (2) a second set of modes of middle frequencies (tens of kHz) and (3) an oscillation at f ≈ 10–20 kHz happens in several cases. In spite of the fact that the vacuum rotational transform is very similar in all of the cases, the Alfvenic mode family changes drastically when decreasing the magnetic well, showing a non-monotonic behaviour of the amplitude, and a decrease of the typical frequencies. This behaviour cannot be explained only by current or density variations, so the effect of the modification of the configuration is playing a key role. Regarding the intermediate frequencies, a coherent mode appears with decreasing frequency as the magnetic well decreases. This mode is a candidate for a GAM, which can survive in these TJ-II plasmas, despite of the strong damping these modes should suffer in this device.