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We demonstrate an ultra-compact and low-threshold thulium microcavity laser that is monolithically integrated on a silicon chip. The integrated microlaser consists of an active thulium-doped aluminum oxide microcavity beside a passive silicon nitride bus waveguide, which enables on-chip pump-input and laser-output coupling. We observe lasing in the wavelength range of 1.8-1.9 μm under 1.6 μm resonant pumping and at varying waveguide-microcavity gap sizes. The microlaser exhibits a threshold as low as 773 μW (226 μW) and a slope efficiency as high as 24% (48%) with respect to the pump power coupled into the silicon nitride bus waveguide (microcavity). Its small footprint, minimal energy consumption, high efficiency, and silicon compatibility demonstrate that on-chip thulium lasers are promising light sources for silicon microphotonic systems.

As part of the NAHB Research Center Industry Partnership, Southface partnered with Martin Dodson Builders and the Serenbe community on the construction of a new test home in the suburbs of Atlanta, GA in the mixed humid climate zone. The most recent subdivision within the Serenbe community, the Nest, will contain 15 small footprint cottage style homes, and Southface has selected Lot Nine, as the test home for this study. This Nest subdivision serves as a project showcase for both the builder partner and the Serenbe community as a whole. The planning and design incorporated into the Nest cottages will be implemented in each home within the subdivision. These homes addresses Building America Savings targets and serve as a basis of design for other homes Martin Dodson plans to build within the Serenbe community.

In recent years two-wheeled inverted pendulums have been used as personal transporters. Their maneuverability and small footprint give them desirable properties for such function. However, they are intrinscally unstable and their safety as personal transporters has not been carefully assessed. Dynamic models of these transporters should be developed, and used to investigate failure conditions that would be difficult to safely test with a real machine and human operator. This paper describes the process involved in developing and calibrating such a model. A numerical model of one of these transporters (the Segway i2) was formed and its parameters were matched to the dynamic behavior observed in experimental tests.Copyright © 2012 by ASME

Memristive devices with fast speed, low-energy, high endurance and small footprint have attracted significant attention recently. In this article, we first briefly introduce the switching mechanisms and then discuss possible applications with these devices, including memory, logic and neuromorphic computing. Finally, the promises and challenges of these devices are discussed, together with some possible solutions.

Hybrid III-V/silicon lasers for short reach optical interconnect applications need to have a modest power dissipation and preferably also a small footprint. Furthermore they should be free of mode hops even under varying temperature conditions. In this paper a number of designs will be discussed that address this set of requirements.

We present a highly-sensitive and selective multiplexed sensing platform based on an array of compact resonators in a small footprint on chip. The application of this sensing platform for multiplexed bio and gas sensing will be discussed.

Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) have become an attractive concept as efficient light sources. In this contribution, the electro-optical performance of Ill-nitride based core-shell nanorod LEDs is investigated by detailed simulation. In contrast to their planar counterparts, they possess increased active region area on small footprint, non-polar active regions with c-plane vertical growth, and form horizontal two-dimensional active photonic crystals for the optical extraction process.

International audience; Three-dimensional (3D) integration is a fast emerging technology that offers integration of high density, fast performance and heterogeneous circuits in a small footprint. Through-Silicon-Vias (TSVs) enable 3D integration by providing fast performance and short interconnects among tiers. However, they are also susceptible to defects that occur during manufacturing steps and cause crucial reliability issues. In this paper, we perform an analysis of resistive-open defects (ROD) on TSVs considering coupling effects (i.e. inductive and capacitive) and a wide frequency spectrum. Our experiments show that both substrate coupling and switching frequency can have a significant impact on weak open TSV behavior.

Mobility enhances our lives by allowing contact with others, offering new experiences and supporting the exchange of ideas and goods. Cities facilitate connecting people and goods but their roads are becoming increasingly crowded. This is particularly acute in emerging markets, with increased migration from rural to urban areas and with increasingly wealthy people aspiring to automobile ownership. Despite heavily congested roads, there is still a desire for personal mobility in urban centers because no other means of transportation has so far offered the same mix of freedom, comfort, utility and security as the automobile. However, a new kind of vehicle, based on having a small footprint, being electrically powered and being able to connect with other vehicles will be required in the future to provide personal mobility while addressing the societal challenges of energy, environment, safety, congestion and land use for parking. This new DNA for the automobile, based on electrification and connectivity, will also improve the integration of personal and public transport so that a new mobility system, offering the best features of both, can be realized.

In this article, a low-cost compact multiple-input multiple-output array composed of three coplanar waveguide-fed monopoles printed on flame retardant 4 substrate is presented.The particular feeding mechanism of each single element allows for a wideband behavior, and the specific delta (Δ) shape arrangement of the three radiators leads to a remarkably small footprint. The proposed design is capable of operating in the entire 5–6-GHz spectrum hence resulting particularly attractive for the IEEE 802.11n 5-GHz standard. A prototype was fabricated and connected to a Ralink 3 × 3 evaluation board to assess the throughput performance in a typical indoor scenario. The effectiveness of the proposed array is confirmed by experimental results. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 54:1854–1858, 2012; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.26955

Multi-mode waveguide fabrics are fabricated using gray-scale lithography on hybrid Si/III-V modulator chips. Novel vertical couplers provide access to a high-density transceiver array providing a seam-less interconnection fabric between the intra- and inter-chip domains.

Recent years have seen numerous applications of nanoelectronic devices for cell electrophysiology measurements. Here we present vertically aligned Pt and Au nanopillar arrays for both extracellular and intracellular recording of HL-1 cardiomyocytes. The small footprint of our nanopillar arrays holds the advantage of high spatial resolution recording. We discover that the tight cell membrane-electrode interface allows recording of a large extracellular signal despite the small detection area. After local electroporation of the cell membrane around the pillars, we demonstrate intracellular recording of action potentials. Because this method is minimally invasive, we are able to record action potentials from the same cell over a span of three days.

Since the 1970s there has been a steady increase in research on candidate ceramic and glass-ceramics for immobilisation of HLW and ILW, both from the aspects of crystal-chemical design and processing technology. The variety of ceramics and glass-ceramics designed for different types of HLW and ILW will be presented, notably those which are problematic for vitrification. Several of these materials are optimally processed by hot isostatic pressing (HIP), a technology which can consolidate calcined intermediate-level and high-level nuclear waste. Thus we are targeting such wastes for development of alternative waste forms. The essential process steps during the HIP cycle will be outlined. Effective consolidation of a wide variety of tailored glass-ceramic and ceramic waste forms has been demonstrated. The principal advantages of the HIP technology include negligible offgas during the high temperature consolidation step, relatively small footprint, and high waste/volume loadings. While it can be argued that the “nuclear waste problem” is essentially solved technically, at least with current regulatory guidelines, different perceptions of the “best” waste form and processing method for a given waste, together with the general current lack of agreed locations for final repositories, or even interim storage sites, create uncertainties.

Electrothermal sensing has been under investigation as a viable means of measuring displacement in micromachined transducers. Compared with capacitive sensors, electrothermal sensors have the advantage of being realizable with an extremely small footprint, which makes them very attractive in MEMS. These sensors are prone to 1/f noise, and therefore are inferior to their capacitive counterparts at very low frequencies. We propose a novel read out circuit and illustrate that it can achieve a significant reduction in the noise associated with electrothermal sensors.

We discuss telecommunication receivers in silicon optics that contain Ge photodetectors monolithically integrated with other optical elements, such as polarization splitters, phase shifters, and filters. Such receivers promise low cost, small footprint, and high yield.

Integrated nanophotonics has shown a remarkable development in recent years and can find applications in virtually all fields of photonics, though its predominant focus has so far been in telecom and lately computer interconnects. This progress has primarily been based on nano- and III–V technology development, the introduction of silicon technology, with larger refractive index contrast than previously available, as well as subwavelength plasmonics structures. For the latter, a main problem, especially for ICT applications, has been the large optical loss associated with deep subwavelength confinement, as discussed below.

As of the end of 2010, 639 of 731 substations were equipped with GIS systems in KEPCO. A GIS has a small footprint, is easy to install and reduces maintenance cost compared to AIS. However, one of the drawbacks in using GIS with an enclosed metal case is that it is hard to accurately ascertain where a malfunction has occurred inside the GIS. It can cause delays in the fault recovery time and diffusing defective sections. This paper introduces how a setting value of a gas pressure sensor has been decided in a proper operation when the pressure rises rapidly through failure of GIS. Also, GIS fault section detection system with SCADA is shown. The reliability was verified by energizing the actual fault current into GIS. This detection system has been applied in two KEPCO substations. We expect the fault situation to be recovered rapidly by shutting off only the fault section. Above all, we expect that this system will lighten the burden of substation operators and reduce the mal-operations.

We propose integrating graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) onto a substrate in an upright position whereby they are chemically bound to the substrate at the basal edge. Extensive ab initio calculations show that both nickel (Ni)- and diamond-supported upright GNRs are feasible for synthesis and are mechanically robust. Moreover, the substrate-supported GNRs display electronic and magnetic properties nearly the same as those of free-standing GNRs. Due to the extremely small footprint of an upright GNR on a substrate, standing GNRs are ideal building blocks for synthesis of subnanometer electronic or spintronic devices. Theoretically, standing GNR-based microchips with field-effect transistor (FET) densities up to 10(13) per cm(2) are achievable.

Small footprint coupled double loop (CDL) antennas are presented for dual band anti-jam GPS arrays. Miniaturization is achieved by employing a readily available e r =9.8 substrate and lumped coupling capacitors. A CDL GPS antenna prototype having 1″×1″ (λ 0 /9.6×λ 0 /9.6 at L2 band) footprint over a 0.5″ thick 1.6″×1.6″ substrate is shown to operate with 3.8dB and 3.3dB measured gains at the L2 and L1 bands, respectively. To realize the smallest possible GPS array, the performance parameters of the CDL antenna are investigated in detail as a function of its substrate size.

As one of the optimum design of enclosure structures for deep excavation, the double-row pile has advantages of large lateral stiffness, no support and small footprint. But more studies should be done on how it works practically. the paper summarizes the currently used model, analyses and compares of their characteristics. Using a typical example, verifies the advantages and disadvantages of flexible calculation method, and directs the future study of double-row pile.

Development of small footprint, disposable, fast, and inexpensive devices for pathogen detection in the field and clinic would benefit human and veterinary medicine by allowing evidence-based responses to future out breaks. We designed and tested an integrated nucleic acid extraction and amplification device employing a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) or reverse transcriptase-LAMP assay. Our system provides a screening tool with polymerase-chain-reaction-level sensitivity and specificity for outbreak detection, response, and recovery. Time to result is ~90 min. The device utilizes a swab that collects sample and then transfers it to a disc of cellulose-based nucleic acid binding paper. The disc is positioned within a disposable containment tube with a manual loading port. In order to test for the presence of target pathogens, LAMP reagents are loaded through the tube's port into contact with the sample containing cellulose disc. The reagents then are isothermally heated to 63°C for ~1 h to achieve sequence-specific target nucleic acid amplification. Due to the presence of a colorimetric dye, amplification induces visible color change in the reagents from purple to blue. As initial demonstrations, we detected methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus genomic DNA, as well as recombinant and live foot-and-mouth disease virus.

A comparison was made of the robustness and accuracy of Maximum Likelihood Method (MLM) and Maximum Entropy Method (MEM) short crested wave analysis using a small footprint probe array.Copyright © 2011 by ASME

ACL-11-01; International audience; Quantifying and monitoring the structure and degradation of tropical forests over regional to global scales is gaining increasing scientific and societal importance. Reliable automated methods are only beginning to appear; for instance, through the recent development of textural approaches applied to high resolution optical imagery. In particular, the Fourier Transform Textural Ordination (FOTO) method shows some potential to provide non-saturating estimates of tropical forest structure, including for large scale applications. However, we need to understand more precisely how canopy structure interacts with physical signals (light) to produce a given texture, notably to assess the method's sensitivity to varying sun-view acquisition conditions. In this study, we take advantage of the detailed description of canopy topography provided by airborne small footprint LiDAR data acquired over the Paracou forest experimental station in French Guiana. Using hillshade models and a range of sun-view angles identical to the actual parameter distributions found for Quickbird™ images over the Amazon, we study noise and bias in texture estimation induced by the changing configurations. We introduce the bidirectional texture function, which summarizes these effects, and in particular the existence of a textural ‘hot spot', similar to a well-known feature of bidirectional reflectance studies. For texture, this effect implies that coarseness decreases in configurations for which shadows are concealed to the observer. We also propose a method, termed partitioned standardization, that allows mitigating acquisition effects and discuss the potential for an operational use of VHR optical imagery and the FOTO method in the current context of international decisions to reduce CO2 emissions due to deforestation and forest degradation

We present Bouma2, a new algorithm for exact multiple string-match. It is highly parallelizable, has small footprint, and can be tuned using statistics of the input stream. It uses a special hashing technique to map the pattern-set to 2-symbol sequences, allowing the match procedure to be considerably optimized. This algorithm employs a fast-path/slow-path principle at match-time, which facilitates pipelining in H/W. We also produce experimental comparative results.

The Boozer disc filter represents the new generation of disc filters, which defines the latest standard in the alumina industry and in the dewatering of coal slurries. Now this new type of disc filter moves into applications of paste dewatering. In a current modernisation and upgrading project of a gold and copper mine the Boozer disc filter is the chosen technology for dewatering of the gold/copper tailings to make them available for mine backfill. For this application two Boozer L4 disc filters are operated with 4 discs and 176 m² filter area each. As typical performance rate in this application the Boozer disc filters produce some 500 kg/m²h of solids throughput with a moisture content of 20 wt%. As a special highlight both Boozer disc filters are equipped with a double dewatering zone which can be activated or deactivated online. Thus, the Boozer provides for reliable operation with constant throughput, constant moisture content and complete discharge of the filter cake even with significant fluctuation of the feed flow properties. The innovative design of the Boozer provides for high throughput and dewatering performance, excellent operational reliability over a broad range of feed conditions, ease of maintenance and high profitability. Compared to filter presses, belt filters or 1970s vintage disc filters the Boozer disc filter is the most economical dewatering technology due to its high capacity, simple design and small footprint.

The slow light approach offers significant size reductions for switches and modulators, thus offering small footprint and low power operation, while maintaining sufficient bandwidth for accommodating high data rates and ensuring sufficient tolerances.

For the first time, very low insertion loss (3.7dB) 900MHz micromachined bulk-lateral mode filters are reported with 50Ω termination impedance. Two lateral-extensional modes of a single resonant structure are coupled together to enable low insertion loss (IL) while maintaining a very small footprint (∼ 2666µm × 2666µm). These narrow-band filters are fabricated on a thin-film piezoelectric-on-diamond (TPoD) platform and demonstrate an adjustable fractional bandwidth between ∼0.1 to 0.4 percent.

Submerged aerated filters (SAFs) are an attractive technology in wastewater treatment with low capital costs and small footprint, but little was known on the refractory organic removal in this reactor. upflow SAFs filled with wool fleece media and Kaldnes was operated in the lab under well-controlled conditions. Experiments using E1, E2 and EE2 were employed to study the removal behaviour of SAFs. Oestrogen removal showed higher removal efficiency in the SAF with wool than that with Kaldnes. This was thought to be due to the fact that the adsorption characteristics of wool could lead to a better adsorption of hydrophobic pollutants in well mixed reactors, thus more microorganisms could accumulate for better removal behaviour.

It is generally accepted that electromechanical switches have superior off-to-on resistance ratios, very low leakage currents, and sub-threshold slope better than 0.1 mV/decade. It is also well-known that these switches tend to have large foot-print, large turn on voltages, low speeds (at best 0.1 0.01 µs switching time) and are relatively unreliable and fail due to contact resistance variations, particulates, fatigue, and stiction. Here we present a class of nano-electromechanical switches with ∼ 1 V turn-on voltage, very high speed of

This award was based on the successful results of a Phase 1 STTR award to continue with the development of a small footprint, reserve style lithium based arrayed battery containing more than one cell that can be individually addressed, and that can provide long storage life and long term power for continuous use in powering micro electronic devices. The enclosed report encompasses the work performed by the team from through June 1 through Oct 28, 2010, and is the final and concluding report of the project.

Understanding the relationships between genetic and microenvironmental factors that drive normal and malformed embryonic development is fundamental for discovering new therapeutic strategies. Advancements in imaging technology have enabled quantitative investigation of the organization and maturing of the body plan, but later stage embryonic morphogenesis is less clear. Chicken embryos are an attractive vertebrate animal model system for this application because of its ease of culture and surgical manipulation. Early embryos can be cultured for a short time on filter paper rings, which enables complete optical access for cell patterning and fate studies1,2. Studying advanced developmental processes such as cardiac morphogenesis are traditionally performed through a window of the eggshell3-5, but this technique limits optical access due to window size. We previously developed a simple method to culture whole embryos ex-ovo on hexagonal weigh boats for up to 10 days, which enabled high resolution imaging via ultrasonography6,7. These cultures were difficult to transport, limiting the types of imaging tools available for live experiments. We here present an improved shell-less culture system with a cost-effective, portable environmental chamber. Eggs were cracked onto a hammock created by a polyurethane membrane (cling wrap) affixed circumferentially to a plastic cup partially filled with sterile water. The dimensions of the circumference and depth of the hammock were both critical to maintain surface tension, while the mechanics of the hammock and water beneath helped dampen vibrations induced by transportation. A small footprint circulating water bath was also developed to enable continuous temperature control during experimentation. We demonstrate the ability to culture embryos in this way for at least 14 days without morphogenic defect or delay and employ this system in several microsurgical and imaging applications.

A wavelength tunable mid-infrared 3-µm waveband light source with an effective intracavity system is successfully demonstrated using a high-performance 805-nm-band laser diode excitation. Advantages include wide-tunability (approx. 90-nm), simple wavelength controllability, and a small footprint.

This paper discusses the importance of developing cooling solutions for low profile devices. This is addressed with an experimental and theoretical study on forced convection cooling solution designs that could be implemented into such devices. Conventional finned and corresponding finless designs of equal exterior dimensions are considered for three different heat sink profiles ranging from 1 mm to 4 mm in combination with a commercially available radial blower. The results show that forced convection heat transfer rates can be enhanced by up to 55% using finless designs at low profiles with relatively small footprint areas. Overall, this paper provides optimization and geometry selection criteria, which are relevant to designers of low profile cooling solutions. DOI: 10.1115/1.4001626

We demonstrated a small footprint of 2 × 10 µm2 InGaAs MSM photodetector integrated on Si waveguide with high-efficiency and low dark current property. The detectors have responsivities of 0.94 A/W and the dark current of less than 20 nA, and are capable of 10 Gbps data rate.

An endoscope capable of Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) imaging would be of significant clinical value for improving early detection of endoluminal cancers. However, developing this technology is challenging for many reasons. First, nonlinear imaging techniques such as CARS are single point measurements thus requiring fast scanning in a small footprint if video rate is to be achieved. Moreover, the intrinsic nonlinearity of this modality imposes several technical constraints and limitations, mainly related to pulse and beam distortions that occur within the optical fiber and the focusing objective. Here, we describe the design and report modeling results of a new CARS endoscope. The miniature microscope objective design and its anticipated performance are presented, along with its compatibility with a new spiral scanningfiber imaging technology developed at the University of Washington. This technology has ideal attributes for clinical use, with its small footprint, adjustable field-of-view and high spatial-resolution. This compact hybrid fiber-based endoscopic CARS imaging design is anticipated to have a wide clinical applicability.

One considers the problem of estimating the most frequent values in a data stream. In many cases an approximate answer may be enough. A novel algorithm is presented to approximate the most frequent values using a mixed approach between counter-based techniques and sketch-based ones. The algorithm is then used to find the most frequent destinations of calls by individual customers of telecommunications operators. The use of fast and small footprint algorithms is critical due to the huge number of customers to check and approximate answers are enough in most situations. The problem is that such detection needs to be performed for each individual customer and kept up to date at all times. This paper presents telecommunications customer's behavior to justify the use of approximate algorithms. Although used in this paper on telecommunications this algorithm may well be used in other contexts.

Airborne lidar technology has broad applications in vegetation-structure mapping within coastal environments. However, several challenges still exist in mapping wetland topography where the elevation changes are slight and the vegetation cover varies from short grasses to dense marshlands to thick shrubs.

In this chapter, methods for actively controlling the resonant wavelength of photonic microresonators in order to manipulate the propagation of light are introduced. The presented tuning mechanisms are based on the free-carrier dispersion effect and the thermo-optic effect. The free carriers and the thermal power required for the tuning can be generated either electrically or optically, enabling different applications including electro-optic modulators, optical switches, optical routers, all-optical logic, and memories. These microresonator-based devices have small footprint, low power consumption, and the capability of large-scale integration.

One considers the problem of estimating the call destination dispersion on telecommunications usage to use in fraud detection. The problem is that such detection needs to be performed for each individual customer and kept up to date at all times. The use of fast and small footprint algorithms is critical due to the huge number of events and customers to verify and since approximate answers are enough in most situations. This paper presents telecommunications customer behavior to justify the use of approximate estimators and then presents multiple options of algorithms to solve the problem. These algorithms present a novel approach to the moving window dispersion problem by the use of a probabilistic time decay mechanism.

A handset antenna technique combining a parallel excitation of a PIFA and a slot is presented. The number of frequency bands is given by the sum of bands given per each radiator which can be controlled independently. Component interaction (battery, display, and speaker) is analyzed to determine the best place to mitigate performance degradation. Finally, a concept featuring a small footprint (39 11 mm􀀀) and low profile (2 mm) is proposed for multiband operation.A handset antenna technique combining a parallel excitation of a PIFA and a slot is presented. The number of frequency bands is given by the sum of bands given per each radiator which can be controlled independently. Component interaction (battery, display, and speaker) is analyzed to determine the best place to mitigate performance degradation. Finally, a concept featuring a small footprint (39 11 mm􀀀) and low profile (2 mm) is proposed for multiband operation.

Current bioreactors, although suitable for various functions, are often times costly, unreliable and difficult to set up [1,2]. Unlike standard tissue culture equipment, these systems are complex and difficult to operate [1,2]. Due to these limitations our aim was to develop a bioreactor that utilizes common cell culture equipment, is easy to set up and can interrogate mechanical properties of engineered tissue in culture. Additionally, a small footprint and the ability to grow tissue in replicate were desired due to space limitations of standard laboratory incubators. The end goal of this study was to develop a reliable, robust and reproducible bioreactor capable of continuously monitoring force-displacement characteristics.Copyright © 2009 by ASME

A continuous flow parallel reactor system has been developed to provide a rapid and seamless transition from the discovery phase and production phase of chemical synthesis, particularly in low volume-high value pharmaceuticals production. Using a single fixed bed catalytic meso reactor, reactions can be screened on a small discovery scale over short time scales. The intensified process produces sufficient material for a full analysis. By replication of the single reactor in parallel, the same chemistry can be achieved on a larger scale, on a small footprint and without the mass and heat transport limitations of reactor scale-out in batch.

This paper outlines the design and development of a low-cost, small-footprint wireless sensor capable of sampling and transmitting sensory data at frequencies more than 6000 Hz. This sensor has been designed and developed in-house using off the shelf components and open source software for container integrity monitoring. The paper presents details of the various refinements that have been carried out to improve the default performance of the sensory unit. Laboratory tests indicate that while the developed sensor has comparatively higher power consumption than other commercially available sensory units, its small form factor and low cost make it attractive enough for several applications. The paper then describes how these sensors can be used to realize a reliable, round-the-clock system for monitoring the stability and integrity of cargo containers.

Network-on-chip architectures are required to not only provide ultra-low latency, but also occupy a small footprint and consume as little energy as possible. Further, reliability is rapidly becoming a major challenge in deep sub-micron technologies due to the increased prominence of permanent faults resulting from accelerated aging effects and manufacturing/testing challenges.

This paper discusses the importance of developing cooling solutions for low profile devices. This is addressed with an experimental and theoretical study on forced convection cooling solution designs that could be implemented into such devices. Conventional finned and corresponding finless designs of equal exterior dimensions are considered for three different heat sink profiles ranging from 1mm to 4mm profile in combination with a commercially available radial blower. The results show that forced convection heat transfer rates can be enhanced by up to 55% using finless designs at low profiles with relatively small footprint areas. The advantages of both finned and finless geometries are presented along with the limitations of the customary finned heat sink design at low profile scales. The results also show large increases in heat transfer rates over that predicted which can be attained at the low profile scale based on geometry selection. Dimensionless comparisons are made between experimental results and combined hydrodynamic and thermally developing duct flow theory which is representative of the flow regime within both the finned and finless geometries. Overall, this paper provides optimization and geometry selection criteria which are relevant to designers of low profile cooling solutions. Copyright © 2009 by ASME.

Summary form only given. Blue Gene is recognized as a world leader in the HPC marketplace. Many of the characteristics that have contributed to this success are valuable for financial service customers. Blue Genepsilas low power per computation ratio, ultra-reliability, small footprint, and low cost-of-ownership, are valuable to commercial customers. However, programming environments on blue gene have traditionally been geared to the HPC space instead of traditional commercial customers. Currently, several teams in IBM Research are investigating programming models suitable for using blue gene in a commercial environment. Notable among them is an engagement with TD bank for streaming financial applications. In this talk I will describe the different areas of ongoing research and describe the effectiveness of bringing Blue Gene technology to bear on these commercial problems.

We propose multistage waveguide coupling scheme by using VCSELs with an integrated lens for onboard optical interconnection. We demonstrated the possibility of multistage coupling more than five stage and it indicates the higher-density parallel optical interconnection with a small footprint.