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In this field study, the impacts of influent loadings and drying-wetting cycles on N 2 O emission in a subsurface wastewater infiltration (SWI) system were investigated. N 2 O emitted under different operation conditions were quantified using static chamber and gas chromatograph techniques. N 2 O conversion rate decreased from 6.6 ± 0.1% to 2.7 ± 0.1% with an increase in hydraulic loading (HL) from 0.08 to 0.24 m 3 /m 2 ·d. By contrast, N 2 O conversion rate increased with increasing pollutant loading (PL) up to 8.2 ± 0.5% (PL 4.2 g N/m 2 ·d) above which conversion rate decreased, confirming that N 2 O production was under the interaction of nitrification and denitrification. Taking into consideration the pollutants (chemical oxygen demand (COD), NH 4 + -N, NO 3 - -N and total nitrogen (TN)) removal ratio and N 2 O emission, optimal loading ranges and drying-wetting modes were suggested as HL 0.08-0.12 m 3 /m 2 ·d, PL 3.2-3.7 g N/m 2 ·d and 12 h:12 h, respectively. The results revealed that in SWI systems, conversion ratio of influent nitrogen to N 2 O could be between 4.5% and a maximum of 7.0%.

Background: Professional attitude is of great importance for nursing talents in the modern society. To develop an effective educational program for student nurses in China, an appropriate instrument is required for the assessment of their professional attitude., Objective: To assess the validity and reliability of the Instrument of Professional Attitude for Student Nurses (IPASN) in Chinese version., Methods: The original version of IPASN was translated through Brislin model (translation, back translation, culture adaption and pilot study) with the authorization from the developer. A total of 681 nursing students were chosen by stratified convenience sampling to assess construct validity using exploratory factor analysis (EFA). Besides, item analysis, Cronbach's alpha coefficients, test-retest reliability were conducted to test the psychometric properties in this part. A total of 204 nursing undergraduate trainees were selected by cluster convenience sampling to confirm the structure using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) in another time., Results: Corrected item-total correlations, alpha if item deleted were between 0.33 and 0.69, 0.906 and 0.913, respectively, indicating no item should be deleted. Cronbach alpha value was 0.91 for the total scale and Cronbach alpha coefficient for subscales ranged from 0.67 to 0.89. Test-retest reliability estimated from intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was 0.74 (P<0.05). Differences in item scores between the high-score group (the first 27%) and low-score group (the last 27%) were significant (P<0.001), indicating that the item discrimination ability was good. Seven subscales (contribution to increase of scientific information load, autonomy, community service, continuous education, to promote professional development, cooperation and theory guiding practice) were identified in EFA and confirmed in CFA, and explained 65.5% of the total variance., Conclusion: It indicated that the Chinese version of IPASN was valid and reliable for the evaluation of nursing students' professional attitude., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To investigate the inhibition of the expression of steroid receptor coactivator-1 (SRC-1) in the LNCap cell line through RNA interference (RNAi) and the effect of the silenced SRC-1 gene on LNCap cells., Methods: The experiment included four groups: siRNA transfection, siRNA negative control, bland vehicle (with Lipofectamine 2000 but no siRNA), and blank control (with neither Lipofectamine 2000 nor siRNA). LNCap cells were transfected with designed siRNA using the liposomes method, the expressions of SRC-1 determined by Q-PCR and Western blot, and the proliferation of the LNCap cells detected by the CCK-8 method., Results: The expression of SRC-1 mRNA in the transfected LNCap cells was decreased by 35% at 24 hours and 77% at 48 hours, with statistically significant differences from the blank control group (P < 0.05). The SRC-1 protein expression of the transfected group was 0.359 +/- 0.034 at 24 hours and 0.257 +/- 0.065 at 48 hours, markedly decreased as compared with that of the negative control (0.782 +/- 0.078 and 0.766 +/- 0.043) , bland vehicle (0.840 +/- 0.013 and 0.786 +/- 0.051), and blank control group (0.816 +/- 0.065 and 0.805 +/- 0.107) (P < 0.05). The LNCap cell growth inhibition rates were 25%, 52%, 55% and 60% at 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours, respectively., Conclusion: The expression of SRC-1 is correlated with the growth of LNCap cells; its high expression in androgen-independent prostate cancer cells may be involved in the progression to androgen-independence. Inhibiting the expression of SRC-1 may be an option for the treatment of androgen-dependent prostate cancer.

Objective: To investigate the expression of DD3 mRNA in the peripheral blood and its value in diagnostic of prostate cancer (Pca)., Methods: Thirty-five untreated Pca patients, aged 72 (53 - 83), 58 Pca patients treated with endocrinotherapy, aged 74 (53 - 86), and 59 patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia, aged 71 (48 - 85), underwent peripheral blood sample collection one week before or after digital examination. RT-PCR was used to examine the level of DD3 mRNA. The level of prostate specific antigen (PSA) was detected too. Ten healthy male frontiers, aged 33 (21 - 38), were used as controls. Receiver operating curve (ROC) was drawn to evaluate the diagnostic performance of DD3 mRNA., Results: The DD3 mRNA level of the untreated Pca patients was 2741 copies/ml, significantly higher than those of the Pca patients treated with endocrinotherapy, patients with benign hyperplasia, and healthy persons (all < 24 copies, all P < 0.001). The DD3 mRNA level of the endocrinotherapy-treated Pca patients was significantly higher than those of the patients with benign hyperplasia, and healthy persons (both P < 0.001). ROC analysis showed that when the critical value was 846 copies/ml the area under curve of ROC (AUC-ROC) was 0.8233 (95% CI: 0.725 - 0.910). and the sensitivity was 74.34%, the specificity was 89.8%. The DD3 mRNA in the peripheral blood increased along with the increase of clinical staging (P < 0.01)., Conclusion: The level of DD3 mRNA in the peripheral blood is an excellent marker for diagnosis pf Pca, and may help in monitoring of the curative effects of endocrinotherapy.

Objective: To investigate the role of bacteria in chronic prostatitis., Methods: Complete specimens of prostate were obtained from 140 organ donors, aged 20 - 35, at autopsy. A piece of tissue was collected from the peripheral zone of prostate from each specimen and was divided into 2 parts to undergo pathological examination and PCR so as to detect the 16S ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA) gene of bacteria., Results: Focal mild inflammation was shown in 46 of the 104 specimens (32.9%), including interstitial inflammation in 42 specimens, inflammation in both interstitial and body of gland in 3 specimens, and perigladulitis in 1 specimen. Twenty-seven of the 140 specimens (19.3%) were positive in 16S rRNA gene. The positive rate of 16S rRNA gene of the specimens with prostatitis was 48.9%, significantly higher than that of the specimens without prostatitis (5.3%, P < 0.001)., Conclusion: Bacteria may play an important role in the pathogenesis of chronic prostatitis.

Aim: To study the changes in rheological properties, namely the parameters of the hysteresis loops and yield stress versus time for human semen after ejaculation., Methods: Ejaculates were obtained from volunteers and immediately put into the test cup of a Brookfield Programmable DV-11 Rheometer, by which the hysteresis loops and yield stress were determined., Results: (1) Yield stress values dropped down from more than 3000 mPa to 60 mPa in about 5 minutes after ejaculation; (2) The shape of the hysteresis loops of shear stress versus shear rate was changed from the counter-clockwise direction, that enclosed a large area, into the clockwise direction, that enclosed a very small area., Conclusion: Human ejaculate originally possesses semi-solid or visco-elastic body behavior and in 5 minutes after liquefaction, it becomes a thixotropic fluid or shearing thinning fluid with very low viscosity.