Search

We report a faster rate of hole transfer under a smaller Δ HOMO in a comparative study of two group organic solar cells (OSCs) consisting of IT-4F as an acceptor and PBDBT and PBDBT-SF as donors. In the OSCs based on PBDBT-SF:IT-4F, a higher short-circuit current ( J SC ) was observed with a Δ HOMO of 0.31 eV compared to a lower J SC in PBDBT:IT-4F OSCs with a larger Δ HOMO (0.45 eV). Intensive investigation indicates that the rate of transfer of a hole from IT-4F to PBDBT-SF or PBDBT is inversely proportional to the Δ HOMO between IT-4F and donors. The larger J SC in the PBDBT-SF:IT-4F device is attributed to a synergy of faster hole transfer, slower recombination, and rapid charge extraction enabled by desired morphology and balanced charge carrier mobilities with PBDBT-SF, suggesting that under a sufficiently high Δ HOMO , comprehensive considerations of the transport, film morphology, and energy levels are needed when designing new materials for high-performance OSCs.

Suppression of carrier recombination is critically important in realizing high-efficiency polymer solar cells. Herein, it is demonstrated difluoro-substitution of thiophene conjugated side chain on donor polymer can suppress triplet formation for reducing carrier recombination. A new medium bandgap 2D-conjugated D-A copolymer J91 is designed and synthesized with bi(alkyl-difluorothienyl)-benzodithiophene as donor unit and fluorobenzotriazole as acceptor unit, for taking the advantages of the synergistic fluorination on the backbone and thiophene side chain. J91 demonstrates enhanced absorption, low-lying highest occupied molecular orbital energy level, and higher hole mobility, in comparison with its control polymer J52 without fluorination on the thiophene side chains. The transient absorption spectra indicate that J91 can suppress the triplet formation in its blend film with n-type organic semiconductor acceptor m-ITIC (3,9-bis(2-methylene-(3-(1,1-dicyanomethylene)-indanone)-5,5,11,11-tetrakis(3-hexylphenyl)-dithieno[2,3-d:2,3'-d']-s-indaceno[1,2-b:5,6-b']-dithiophene). With these favorable properties, a higher power conversion efficiency of 11.63% with high V OC of 0.984 V and high J SC of 18.03 mA cm -2 is obtained for the polymer solar cells based on J91/m-ITIC with thermal annealing. The improved photovoltaic performance by thermal annealing is explained from the morphology change upon thermal annealing as revealed by photoinduced force microscopy. The results indicate that side chain engineering can provide a new solution to suppress carrier recombination toward high efficiency, thus deserves further attention., (© 2017 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.)

A few-layer graphitic carbon nitride (g-CN) nanosheet film on an yttrium aluminum garnet substrate was fabricated and employed as saturable absorber for a passively Q-switched Ho,Pr:LiLuF 4 laser at 2.95 μm. Under an absorbed pump power of 3.89 W at a pump wavelength of 1.15 μm, a maximum average output power of 101 mW was realized with a pulse duration of 420 ns and a repetition rate of 93 kHz. Even shorter pulse durations of 385 ns were obtained at a reduced output coupler transmission.

A diode-end-pumped continuous-wave (CW) and passively Q-switched Ho, Pr:LiLuF 4 (Ho, Pr:LLF) laser operation at 2.95 μm was demonstrated for the first time, to the best of our knowledge. The maximum CW output power was 172 mW. By using a monolayer graphene as the saturable absorber, the passively Q-switched operation was realized, in which regimes with the highest output power, the shortest pulse duration, and the maximum repetition rate were determined to be 88 mW, 937.5 ns, and 55.7 kHz, respectively. The laser beam quality factor M 2 at the maximum CW output power were measured to be Mx2=1.48 and My2=1.47.

We report a multiple-gain-element Nd:YAG laser where the gain media (three pieces of slab crystal) are alternately bonded to two optical quality 4H-SiC wafers. Such composite gain configuration can efficiently remove waste heat from the gain medium, preventing thermal lensing and heat-induced birefringence/distortion under high power laser operation. Through near Brewster's angles incidence designing and polarization discrimination, two orthogonally linearly polarized (P and S polarized) laser beams are generated simultaneously from different parts of the same system. Based on a T = 3% output coupler, this continuous wave laser produces maximum power of 5.34 W (0.83 W) with a slope efficiency of 21.1% (3.6%) for the S (P) polarized laser beam. At the 5-W level, the S polarized beam has a beam quality of M 2 ~1.2. The wavelengths of these two perpendicularly polarized laser beams differ about 0.6 nm (1063.7 and 1064.3 nm). Polarized output behavior dependent on the output-coupler transmission is also studied, and it is found that increasing the transmission leads to steady growth of the P polarized laser beam; when a T = 1.3% output coupler is adopted, more than 99% of the output is the S polarized beam. The highest total output power is 6.75 W obtained with the T = 1.3% output coupler, corresponding to slope efficiency of 25.7%. This composite laser scheme, bonding multiple gain media with high-thermal-conductivity materials, opens a new avenue for high-power high-beam-quality solid-state lasers with multiple-polarization output beams.

Graphitic carbon nitrides (CNs) have appeared as a new type of photocatalyst for water splitting, but their optical properties (e.g., nonlinear absorption), to the best of our knowledge, have been seldom explored. Here, we report the saturable absorption effects of novel 2D carbon-nitride-type nanosheets and use them as saturable absorbers to passively mode-lock Yb-doped fiber lasers. The CN-based saturable absorber is manufactured by solution coating of 2D CN nanosheets on a gold mirror and has a modulation depth and saturation intensity of 12.5% and 7.5  MW/cm2, respectively. Two different output couplers are employed to construct ring laser cavities. With the 10% coupler, the mode-locked fiber laser produces pulses with duration of ∼310  ps, average power of 1.24 mW, and repetition rate of 7.65 MHz. The laser spectrum is centered at 1066 nm with a bandwidth of 2.4 nm. Increasing the coupling ratio to 50% improves the output power to 2.58 mW but at the same time broadens the pulse width to 420 ps. As a new kind of 2D material with strong saturable absorption, CN nanosheets will open a new way for novel photonic and optoelectronic devices.

In this paper, we proposed a time grating system to achieve spike train of uneven duration or delay (STUD) pulses, and theoretically study their features under various modulation conditions. This time grating scheme, which is a temporal analogy of spatial grating, introduces great degree of freedom for controlling the output pulse characteristics (pulse width, repetition rate, pulse shape, etc.) through simply tuning the electronics elements and the programmable phase modulation function. The narrowest pulse width is highly determined by the modulation parameters and the branch number N, and the numerically obtained value is around tens of femtoseconds in the current case. When super-Gaussian pulses are modulated with an optimized and modified trapezoidal function, the pulse rising/falling edge can be greatly compressed to form a clean nearly-square wave (with edges less than 10 fs). STUD pulses generated with this time grating system have high-degree controllability and are very beneficial for suppressing parametric instabilities in laser driven inertial confinement fusion.

In this paper, we propose hybrid-pumped resonant gain-switched thulium fiber lasers to realize high-average-power and high-pulse-energy 2-μm laser emissions. Based on numerical simulation, laser dynamics (pulse peak power, pulse energy, pulse duration, etc.) of this kind of laser system are investigated in detail. By taking advantages of the 793 nm continuous wave pump and the 1900 nm pulsed pump, performance of the laser emission can be significantly improved, with the highest average power of 28 W, peak power of 3.5 kW, pulse energy of 281 μJ, and narrowest pulse duration of 92 ns, all of which can be further optimized through designing the cavity parameters and the pumping circumstance. Compared with the pump pulses, two times improvement in pulse energy and average power has been achieved. This hybrid resonant gain-switched system has an all-fiber configuration and high efficiency (low heat load), and can be steadily extended into the cladding pump scheme, thus paving a new way to realize high power (>100 W average power) and high pulse energy (>1 mJ) 2 μm thulium fiber lasers.

We propose a cascaded tandem pumping technique and show its high power and high efficient operation in the 2-μm wavelength region, opening up a new way to scale the output power of the 2-μm fiber laser to new levels (e.g. 10 kW). Using a 1942 nm Tm(3+) fiber laser as the pump source with the co- (counter-) propagating configuration, the 2020 nm Tm(3+) fiber laser generates 34.68 W (35.15W) of output power with 84.4% (86.3%) optical-to-optical efficiency and 91.7% (92.4%) slope efficiency, with respect to launched pump power. It provides the highest slope efficiency reported for 2-μm Tm(3+)-doped fiber lasers, and the highest output power for all-fiber tandem-pumped 2-μm fiber oscillators. This system fulfills the complete structure of the proposed cascaded tandem pumping technique in the 2-μm wavelength region (~1900 nm → ~1940 nm → ~2020 nm). Numerical analysis is also carried out to show the power scaling capability and efficiency of the cascaded tandem pumping technique.