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Le groupe de travail d’histoire de la pensée géographique de l’Association des géographes espagnols (AGE), en collaboration avec la commission sur l’histoire de la géographie de l’Union géographique internationale (UGI) ont organisé un symposium international (correspondant au 4e colloque du dit groupe de travail) consacré à la thématique des langages et visions du paysage et du territoire, qui a eu lieu du 5 au 8 février 2009 à Miraflores de la Sierra, près de Madrid. Dans le scénario sugges...

À partir d’une étude comparative portant sur les « hôtels littéraires », l’article montre comment ces établissements opèrent une captation symbolique du patrimoine littéraire. Ce dernier confère ses lettres de noblesse à un secteur marchand concurrentiel pour lequel la littérature représente une valeur ajoutée à destination d’une clientèle éclairée qui cherche à se distinguer des touristes mainstream par son capital culturel. En retour, il s’agira de voir comment ces hôtels patrimonialisent la littérature. L’article analyse la manière dont les hôtels littéraires récupèrent plutôt qu’ils n’inventent un canon, des représentations et des usages attachés à des lieux et à des pratiques de médiation du patrimoine existant, qu’ils font prospérer sur l’expérience « sur mesure » que l’hôtellerie vend aux voyageurs. This paper draws on a comparative study of literary hotels in Paris. It shows that these hotels mainly make use of French literary heritage. In a highly competitive economic sector, such heritage gives these hotels cultural legitimacy and added value, which help them to target clients who want to avoid mainstream tourism. Reciprocally, this article examines how literary hotels participate in the patrimonialization of literature by using (rather than inventing) literary canons, representations and practices interested in these places and in patrimonial mediations. These hotels therefore contribute to the flourishing “sur mesure” experience which hotels sell to travelers. El presente artículo muestra, à partir de un estudio comparativo de los “hoteles literarios”, cómo estos establecimientos recogen simbólicamente el patrimonio literario, confiriendo sus cartas de nobleza a un sector competitivo del mercado. La literatura representa entonces, un valor agregado en dirección de una clientela ilustrada que busca distinguirse de los turistas mainstream por su capital (cultural). Frente a esto, se examinará cómo estos hoteles patrimonializan la literatura. El artículo analiza la manera en que los hoteles literarios recuperan, en lugar de inventar un nuevo canon, las representaciones y los usos vinculados a lugares y a prácticas de mediación patrimonial ya existentes, y que prosperan gracias a la experiencia personalizada que la industria hotelera vende a los viajeros.

The “places of memory” and the tourist-cultural potential of historical sites of the concentration camps of Rab, Molat and Mamula. In the context of cultural tourism – and, in particular, of the so called “slow tourism” – many European countries propose, from a long time, destinations that point to the discovery of “places of memory” of the Second World War. These proposals, especially in Italy, are strictly linked to the notable historiographical increase of the last decades on the most “unwieldy” and for a long time removed from the 1900s History. Such flowering contributed, on one side, to the rediscovery of sites linked to meaningful historical events and to “traumatic memories”, on the other, to the constitution of “networks” aimed to bringing experts and the several organizations which, in various ways, work for the rediscovery and protection of such places. This intervention – after having given some data on “places of memory”, as they’re understood and have established in Europe in recent decades – presents a quick historical overview on the former concentration camps of Rab and Molat (two Croatians islands) and on that of Mamula (an islet of Montenegro): three historical sites linked to the Italian occupation of Yugoslavia (April 1941-September 1943). It faces then its crucial point: an appropriate recovery (structural, conceptual and memorial) of the afore mentioned “places of memory” (starting from the tourist, environmental and memorial practices and policies that interested the three islands so far), in order to a greater and better touristic-cultural use. In conclusion, the essay mentions the “quality” of memory that the accountable people of the three sites – even with their limits of such a complex question – should today strive to pursue.

In the mid-19th century, speeches defending historical heritage became more relevant to intellectuals who realized that many important constructions for the national memory´s configuration were in ruins. Alexandre Herculano (1810-1877) can be read as one of the pioneers in the debates about the value of heritage and the possible intervention policies in a building or construction. In view of European urban developments and conceptions of historical heritage, we propose a case study of the Portuguese based on the analysis of Alexandre Herculano’s Monumentos Pátrios, published in Panorama in 1838. We aim to understand the formation of debates about historical heritage that took place in Portugal, also considering the theories structured by several other scholars who wrote in similar periods and, somehow, reflected on these architectural ruins. Em meados do século XIX, os discursos em defesa do patrimônio histórico ganharam relevância na fala de intelectuais que se depararam com o estado de arruinamento de uma série de construções importantes para a configuração da memória nacional. Alexandre Herculano (1810-1877) pode ser lido como um dos precursores nos debates em torno do valor do patrimônio e das possíveis políticas de intervenções nos edifícios. Tendo em vista a formação do panorama europeu em torno dos desenvolvimentos urbanos e concepções do patrimônio histórico, voltamo-nos para o caso português a partir da análise dos Monumentos Pátrios do escritor, publicado em O Panorama em 1838. Objetivamos entender a formação dos debates que ocorreram em Portugal em torno do patrimônio histórico, levando em consideração também as teorizações realizadas por uma série de outros autores que escreveram em período semelhante (meados do XIX e início do XX) e, de alguma forma, refletiram sobre essas ruínas arquitetônicas.

This thesis focuses on "the tourist mobility of Senegalese people within Senegal", with an emphasis on the link between holidays, holidays, leisure and tourist practices among Senegalese workers in Senegal. It aims to reflect Senegalese tourism practices, seen from the inside, by distinguishing itself from a "European-centred" vision of tourism. I opted for a qualitative approach based on semi-directive interviews with men and women employed in Senegal's public and private administrations.In the first part of the thesis, I propose a self-analysis that has allowed me to identify the problems of holidays and tourism based on a reflexive feedback on my own tourism practices and on my field practices. Not only has this relationship with the field generated "productive misunderstandings", in particular the emergence of a dual posture of "expert researcher" that I mobilized to maintain myself in the field and facilitate my access to the respondents, but it has also contributed to the formulation of hypotheses to analyze the vacation and tourism practices of Senegalese workers in Senegal.In the second part, I analysed the relationship between social times in the process leading to tourism practice. By looking at the way in which these different times interact and interpenetrate in the social life of employees, I have noted the "strategies" and "tactics" that Senegalese employees put in place in order to conquer the right to go on leave and negotiate their freedom from work activity. The socialization of employees, especially during holidays, has, in addition, a great involvement in the decision-making process of leaving or staying. Decisions taken by employees are based as much on the mobilization of values (altruism) to strengthen family ties as on the availability of financial resources and constraints related to the social and work environment.In the third part, I show that tourism practice is a process that results from internal influences, particularly from family, relatives, etc., but also from external influences such as Western tourists or diaspora relatives who come to spend holidays in Senegal. This has allowed me to highlight the role of the view of oneself and others in the construction of Senegalese identity through the way in which indigenous people put themselves in the shoes of travellers, tourists and expatriates who come to visit the country. As can also be the case during festive events such as the Magal de Touba, which encourages the movement of thousands of people throughout the country to go on pilgrimage. In this respect, Senegal's image is being reinvented by the Senegalese themselves. This leads to a change in the relationship with the country, with the nation, promoted by an awareness of their ability to show the country to each other, and in such a way as to make it exist before the eyes of all. Senegalese tourist identity is thus constructed through the practice of places under the influence of "significant others", who contribute to shaping, among Senegalese, another view of Senegal.; Cette thèse porte sur « les mobilités touristiques des sénégalais à l’intérieur du Sénégal », en mettant l’accent sur l'articulation entre vacances, congés, loisirs et pratiques touristiques chez les travailleurs sénégalais au Sénégal. Elle vise à témoigner des pratiques touristiques sénégalaises, vue de l’intérieur, en se démarquant d’une vision « européanocentrée » du tourisme. J’ai opté pour une approche qualitative basée sur des entretiens semi-directifs, auprès d’hommes et de femmes salariés des administrations publiques et privées du Sénégal. Dans la première partie de la thèse, je propose une auto-analyse qui m'a permis de cerner la problématique des vacances et du tourisme en partant d’un retour réflexif sur mes propres pratiques touristiques et sur mes pratiques de terrain. Non seulement ce rapport au terrain a engendré des « malentendus productifs », notamment l'émergence d'une double posture de « chercheur-expert » que j'ai mobilisée pour me maintenir sur le terrain et faciliter mon accès aux enquêtés, mais il a également contribué à la formulation d’hypothèses pour analyser les pratiques vacancières et touristiques des travailleurs sénégalais au Sénégal.Dans la deuxième partie, j’ai analysé la relation entre les temps sociaux dans le processus qui conduit à la pratique touristique. En portant mon regard sur la manière dont ces différents temps interagissent et s’interpénètrent dans la vie sociale des salariés, j’ai relevé les « stratégies » et les « tactiques » que les salariés Sénégalais mettent en place afin de conquérir le droit de partir en congé et de négocier leur affranchissement vis-à-vis de l’activité travail. La socialisation des salariés, surtout au moment des vacances a, en outre, une grande implication dans le processus décisionnel de partir ou de rester. Les décisions prises par les salariés reposent autant sur la mobilisation de valeurs (altruisme) permettant de consolider les liens familiaux que sur la disposition de ressources financières ainsi que les contraintes liées à l’environnement social et de travail. Dans la troisième partie, je montre que la pratique touristique est un processus qui résulte d'influences internes notamment de la famille, des proches etc., mais aussi d’influences externes telles que les touristes occidentaux ou des proches de la diaspora venus passer des vacances au Sénégal. Ce qui m’a permis de mettre en avant le rôle du regard de soi et d’autrui dans la construction de l’identité sénégalaise à travers la manière dont les autochtones se mettent à la place des voyageurs, des touristes, des expatriés qui viennent visiter le pays. Comme cela peut aussi être le cas durant les évènements festifs tels que le Magal de Touba, qui favorise le déplacement de milliers d’individus, à travers tout le pays afin de se rendre au pèlerinage. En cela, l’image du Sénégal est réinventée par les sénégalais eux-mêmes. Ce qui induit un changement du rapport au pays, à la nation, favorisé par une prise de conscience de leur capacité à se montrer le pays entre eux, et de manière à le faire exister sous le regard de tous. L’identité touristique sénégalaise se construit ainsi par la pratique des lieux sous l’influence d’ « autrui significatifs », qui contribuent à façonner, chez les sénégalais, un autre regard sur le Sénégal.

This thesis focuses on "the tourist mobility of Senegalese people within Senegal", with an emphasis on the link between holidays, holidays, leisure and tourist practices among Senegalese workers in Senegal. It aims to reflect Senegalese tourism practices, seen from the inside, by distinguishing itself from a "European-centred" vision of tourism. I opted for a qualitative approach based on semi-directive interviews with men and women employed in Senegal's public and private administrations.In the first part of the thesis, I propose a self-analysis that has allowed me to identify the problems of holidays and tourism based on a reflexive feedback on my own tourism practices and on my field practices. Not only has this relationship with the field generated "productive misunderstandings", in particular the emergence of a dual posture of "expert researcher" that I mobilized to maintain myself in the field and facilitate my access to the respondents, but it has also contributed to the formulation of hypotheses to analyze the vacation and tourism practices of Senegalese workers in Senegal.In the second part, I analysed the relationship between social times in the process leading to tourism practice. By looking at the way in which these different times interact and interpenetrate in the social life of employees, I have noted the "strategies" and "tactics" that Senegalese employees put in place in order to conquer the right to go on leave and negotiate their freedom from work activity. The socialization of employees, especially during holidays, has, in addition, a great involvement in the decision-making process of leaving or staying. Decisions taken by employees are based as much on the mobilization of values (altruism) to strengthen family ties as on the availability of financial resources and constraints related to the social and work environment.In the third part, I show that tourism practice is a process that results from internal influences, particularly from family, relatives, etc., but also from external influences such as Western tourists or diaspora relatives who come to spend holidays in Senegal. This has allowed me to highlight the role of the view of oneself and others in the construction of Senegalese identity through the way in which indigenous people put themselves in the shoes of travellers, tourists and expatriates who come to visit the country. As can also be the case during festive events such as the Magal de Touba, which encourages the movement of thousands of people throughout the country to go on pilgrimage. In this respect, Senegal's image is being reinvented by the Senegalese themselves. This leads to a change in the relationship with the country, with the nation, promoted by an awareness of their ability to show the country to each other, and in such a way as to make it exist before the eyes of all. Senegalese tourist identity is thus constructed through the practice of places under the influence of "significant others", who contribute to shaping, among Senegalese, another view of Senegal.; Cette thèse porte sur « les mobilités touristiques des sénégalais à l’intérieur du Sénégal », en mettant l’accent sur l'articulation entre vacances, congés, loisirs et pratiques touristiques chez les travailleurs sénégalais au Sénégal. Elle vise à témoigner des pratiques touristiques sénégalaises, vue de l’intérieur, en se démarquant d’une vision « européanocentrée » du tourisme. J’ai opté pour une approche qualitative basée sur des entretiens semi-directifs, auprès d’hommes et de femmes salariés des administrations publiques et privées du Sénégal. Dans la première partie de la thèse, je propose une auto-analyse qui m'a permis de cerner la problématique des vacances et du tourisme en partant d’un retour réflexif sur mes propres pratiques touristiques et sur mes pratiques de terrain. Non seulement ce rapport au terrain a engendré des « malentendus productifs », notamment l'émergence d'une double posture de « chercheur-expert » que j'ai mobilisée pour me maintenir sur le terrain et faciliter mon accès aux enquêtés, mais il a également contribué à la formulation d’hypothèses pour analyser les pratiques vacancières et touristiques des travailleurs sénégalais au Sénégal.Dans la deuxième partie, j’ai analysé la relation entre les temps sociaux dans le processus qui conduit à la pratique touristique. En portant mon regard sur la manière dont ces différents temps interagissent et s’interpénètrent dans la vie sociale des salariés, j’ai relevé les « stratégies » et les « tactiques » que les salariés Sénégalais mettent en place afin de conquérir le droit de partir en congé et de négocier leur affranchissement vis-à-vis de l’activité travail. La socialisation des salariés, surtout au moment des vacances a, en outre, une grande implication dans le processus décisionnel de partir ou de rester. Les décisions prises par les salariés reposent autant sur la mobilisation de valeurs (altruisme) permettant de consolider les liens familiaux que sur la disposition de ressources financières ainsi que les contraintes liées à l’environnement social et de travail. Dans la troisième partie, je montre que la pratique touristique est un processus qui résulte d'influences internes notamment de la famille, des proches etc., mais aussi d’influences externes telles que les touristes occidentaux ou des proches de la diaspora venus passer des vacances au Sénégal. Ce qui m’a permis de mettre en avant le rôle du regard de soi et d’autrui dans la construction de l’identité sénégalaise à travers la manière dont les autochtones se mettent à la place des voyageurs, des touristes, des expatriés qui viennent visiter le pays. Comme cela peut aussi être le cas durant les évènements festifs tels que le Magal de Touba, qui favorise le déplacement de milliers d’individus, à travers tout le pays afin de se rendre au pèlerinage. En cela, l’image du Sénégal est réinventée par les sénégalais eux-mêmes. Ce qui induit un changement du rapport au pays, à la nation, favorisé par une prise de conscience de leur capacité à se montrer le pays entre eux, et de manière à le faire exister sous le regard de tous. L’identité touristique sénégalaise se construit ainsi par la pratique des lieux sous l’influence d’ « autrui significatifs », qui contribuent à façonner, chez les sénégalais, un autre regard sur le Sénégal.

La limpieza política desatada por los sublevados en julio de 1936 provocó una oleada de violencia sin precedentes en Navarra, entre cuyas manifestaciones destaca el asesinato de miles de personas; asesinatos casi siempre extrajudiciales que terminaron, además, con el enterramiento clandestino de los cuerpos. Se pretende contraponer esta política consciente de ocultamiento y borrado de todo rastro de esas personas con la existencia de una memoria resistente durante el franquismo, que eclosionó en la Transición con las exhumaciones tempranas. Asimismo, a partir del concepto de lugares de memoria, entendido como espacio relevante del patrimonio memorial, se analizan las políticas públicas aplicadas al desarrollo de la Ley Foral 29/2018 de Lugares de la Memoria Histórica de Navarra, que han pretendido partir de las iniciativas previas de familiares y asociaciones y enlazar con ellas. Matxinatuek 1936ko uztailean eragindako garbiketa politikoak aurrekaririk gabeko indarkeria-bolada bat piztu zuen Nafarroan. Haren adierazpenen artean, milaka pertsonaren hilketa azpimarratu behar da; hilketa ia beti estrajudizialak izan ziren, eta, gainera, gorpuak ezkutuan lurperatu zituzten. Pertsona horien arrasto guztiak espresuki ezkutatzen eta ezabatzen dituen politika eta frankismoaren kontrako erresistentziaren oroimena kontrajarri nahi dira. Erresistentzia horrek trantsizioan izan zuen era kusgarri nagusia, hasierako desobiratzeetan. Halaber, memoria-tokien kontzeptua memoriaren ondareko espazio garrantzitsutzat hartuta, Nafarroako Memoria Historikoko Lekuei buruzko 29/2018 Foru Legearen garapenari aplikatu tako politika publikoak aztertzen dira; izan ere, familiakoen eta elkarteen aldez aurreko ekimenetatik abiatu eta horiekin bat egin nahi izan dute. The political cleaning triggered by the rebels in July 1936 caused a unprecedented wave of violence in Navarre, among whose demonstrations stresses the murder of thousands of people; murders that almost always where extrajudicial and finished, also, with the clandestine burial of the bodies. It is intended to contrast this conscious policy of concealment and erasure of all traces of these people with the existence of a resistant memory during the Francoism, which emerged in the Transition with the early exhumations. Likewise, draw from the concept of places with historical memory, understanded as a relevant space for the memorial heritage, the public politics applied at the development of the Foral Law 29/2018 are being analysed, of places with historical memory of Navarre, that have tried to start from the previous initiatives of the families and associations and link with them.

La limpieza política desatada por los sublevados en julio de 1936 provocó una oleada de violencia sin precedentes en Navarra, entre cuyas manifestaciones destaca el asesinato de miles de personas; asesinatos casi siempre extrajudiciales que terminaron, además, con el enterramiento clandestino de los cuerpos. Se pretende contraponer esta política consciente de ocultamiento y borrado de todo rastro de esas personas con la existencia de una memoria resistente durante el franquismo, que eclosionó en la Transición con las exhumaciones tempranas. Asimismo, a partir del concepto de lugares de memoria, entendido como espacio relevante del patrimonio memorial, se analizan las políticas públicas aplicadas al desarrollo de la Ley Foral 29/2018 de Lugares de la Memoria Histórica de Navarra, que han pretendido partir de las iniciativas previas de familiares y asociaciones y enlazar con ellas. Matxinatuek 1936ko uztailean eragindako garbiketa politikoak aurrekaririk gabeko indarkeria-bolada bat piztu zuen Nafarroan. Haren adierazpenen artean, milaka pertsonaren hilketa azpimarratu behar da; hilketa ia beti estrajudizialak izan ziren, eta, gainera, gorpuak ezkutuan lurperatu zituzten. Pertsona horien arrasto guztiak espresuki ezkutatzen eta ezabatzen dituen politika eta frankismoaren kontrako erresistentziaren oroimena kontrajarri nahi dira. Erresistentzia horrek trantsizioan izan zuen era kusgarri nagusia, hasierako desobiratzeetan. Halaber, memoria-tokien kontzeptua memoriaren ondareko espazio garrantzitsutzat hartuta, Nafarroako Memoria Historikoko Lekuei buruzko 29/2018 Foru Legearen garapenari aplikatu tako politika publikoak aztertzen dira; izan ere, familiakoen eta elkarteen aldez aurreko ekimenetatik abiatu eta horiekin bat egin nahi izan dute. The political cleaning triggered by the rebels in July 1936 caused a unprecedented wave of violence in Navarre, among whose demonstrations stresses the murder of thousands of people; murders that almost always where extrajudicial and finished, also, with the clandestine burial of the bodies. It is intended to contrast this conscious policy of concealment and erasure of all traces of these people with the existence of a resistant memory during the Francoism, which emerged in the Transition with the early exhumations. Likewise, draw from the concept of places with historical memory, understanded as a relevant space for the memorial heritage, the public politics applied at the development of the Foral Law 29/2018 are being analysed, of places with historical memory of Navarre, that have tried to start from the previous initiatives of the families and associations and link with them.

Submitted by Boris Flegr (boris@uerj.br) on 2021-01-07T18:39:27Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissert_Glenio Carneiro Maciel Junior.pdf: 3401026 bytes, checksum: 461478c7b85d7a537f85b26f026b9f28 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2021-01-07T18:39:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissert_Glenio Carneiro Maciel Junior.pdf: 3401026 bytes, checksum: 461478c7b85d7a537f85b26f026b9f28 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2019-03-28 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior The present work seeks to identify the memories of the inhabitants of Paquetá from the psychosocial perspective of memory. The Island of Paquetá is located in the City of Rio de Janeiro, more precisely in the Bay of Guanabara and is characterized by the absence of automotive vehicles as a means of locomotion, a place with little violence and because there is only one official means of transportation to the continent . The research is necessary as a form of population knowledge of the neighborhood that, despite having a certain proximity to the center of Rio de Janeiro, distances itself from the same by its singularities. It was used as a theoretical basis for the realization of the dissertation the theory of social memory in a psychosocial perspective as proposed by Celso Pereira de Sá, seeking to appeal to authors such as Halbwachs, Le Goff and Pierre Nora to try to understand the construction of memory in its character broad. In addition to a bibliographical research on the Island of Paquetá, a field research was also conducted, with fifty interviews that sought to identify the resident s memories about events, personalities that have some kind of relationship with the Island and places. The sample was divided into two groups according to their age groups, where they should be between 15 and 21 years of age - a period that, according to Mannheim (1982), is more easily remembered with a vivid memory - during two events The oil leakage in Guanabara Bay occurred in 2000 and the removal of the chariots on Isla de Paquetá in 2016. Therefore, the first group was composed of residents born between 1979 and 1985, while the second was formed by residents born between 1995 and 2001. The data analysis method proposed by Laurence Bardin was used for the data analysis, performing a categorial analysis of the memories, classifying them into themes for a better understanding of the research results. It was also sought to relate with other fields of knowledge such as anthropology and social sciences to better understand the relationship of the population with the phenomenon remembered. It was found, then, a population that relates to the island, it can not middle of the history or historical facts that happened there, but by the character of tranquility of the place and security for those who live there. There is a forgetfulness of historical figures like José Bonifácio and Joaquim Manuel de Macedo in their relation with the Island, where they are remembered by places, like a school or a street, without direct relation with the people that these were in life O presente trabalho busca identificar as memórias dos moradores de Paquetá a partir da perspectiva psicossocial da memória. A Ilha de Paquetá encontra-se na Cidade do Rio de Janeiro, mais precisamente na Baía de Guanabara e se caracteriza por não haver veículos automotivos como meio de locomoção, um lugar com pouca violência e por só haver um meio de transporte oficial para o continente. A pesquisa se faz necessária como forma de conhecimento populacional do bairro que, apesar de possuir certa proximidade com o centro do Rio de Janeiro, se distancia do mesmo pelas suas singularidades. Utilizou-se como base teórica para a realização da dissertação a teoria da memória social em uma perspectiva psicossocial como propôs Celso Pereira de Sá, procurando recorrer a autores como Halbwachs, Le Goff e Pierre Nora para tentar compreender a construção da memória em seu caráter mais amplo. Além de uma pesquisa bibliográfica sobre a Ilha de Paquetá, realizou-se também uma pesquisa de campo, com cinquenta entrevistas que procuravam identificar as memórias dos moradores acerca de eventos e personalidades que possuem algum tipo de relação com a Ilha e lugares. Dividiu-se a amostra em dois grupos de acordo com suas faixas etárias, onde os mesmos deveriam ter entre 15 a 21 anos período que, segundo Mannheim (1982), lembra-se com mais facilidade, tendo a memória vívida durante dois eventos importantes para a Ilha: O vazamento de óleo na Baía de Guanabara, ocorrido em 2000 e a retirada das charretes na Ilha de Paquetá, ocorrida em 2016. Portanto, o primeiro grupo foi composto por moradores nascidos entre 1979 e 1985, enquanto o segundo foi formado por moradores nascidos entre 1995 e 2001. Utilizou-se para a análise de dados o método de análise de conteúdo proposto por Laurence Bardin, realizando uma análise categorial das memórias, as classificando em temas para melhor compreensão dos resultados de pesquisa. Procurou-se também relacionar com outros campos do saber como a Antropologia e as Ciências Sociais para compreender melhor a relação da população com o fenômeno lembrado. Encontrou-se então, uma população que se relaciona com a Ilha, não pode meio da história ou fatos históricos que ali tenham acontecido, mas sim, pelo caráter de tranquilidade do local e segurança para os que ali habitam. Há um esquecimento de figuras históricas como José Bonifácio e Joaquim Manuel de Macedo em sua relação com a Ilha, onde os mesmos passam a ser lembrados por lugares, como uma escola ou uma rua, sem relação direta com a importância histórica que estes obtiveram em vida

The article deals with ethnic representations in a textbook for the teaching of Danish, more specifically representations of non-Danish ethnicity both within and without the borders of Denmark. The textbook is one the most used textbooks in Danish L1: Fandango 7 – Vinkler på dansk [Fandango 7 – Perspectives on Danish], and it aims at grade 7, i.e. students at age levels 13+.The theoretical perspectives of the study focus on knowledge as constructions (in learning materials), textual representations of ethnicity, and textual representations of memory places. The general analytical approach is Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) (Fairclough, 1992), coupled with concrete textbook analytical methodology derived from Risager 2014. The analysis of Fandango shows that the textbook constructs hierarchies of representations of the world structured by the national border. By and large, text and illustrations related to the world outside the borders of Denmark are about disasters, war, conflicts and problems. Within the borders of Denmark, life is represented as safe. The result, I argue, is a nationally oriented representation of Denmark leaving only very few opportunities for dialogue between learners in multicultural classrooms and for dealing with issues related to multicultural (multiethnic, multilingual and multifaith) society and its transformations during processes of globalization.

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El concepte de postmemòria, encunyat per Marian Hirsch, al·ludeix al procés d'elaboració de la memòria traumàtica de l'Holocaust per part de les generacions posteriors. Aquest concepte ha demostrat ser d'una gran eficàcia analítica, aplicant-se en àmbits diferents, com les dictadures Sud-americanes o la guerra civil espanyola. En aquest paper volem aplicar-lo a dues obres recents produïdes en el marc del polisistema literari hispànic. Una, procedent del sistema català —Un home que se'n va (2014), de Vicenç Villatoro—, i una altra del sistema castellà —El monarca de las sombras (2017), de Javier Cercas. Tots dos són autors pertanyents a la generació dels nets dels que van patir directament l'efecte de la guerra civil espanyola i la posterior dictadura. Aspectes fonamentals de la postmemòria, com ara la necessitat de maduració del trauma heretat, la seua mediació i manipulació artística o la instrumentalització de les fotografies com a mitjà de projecció emocional i de reconeixement del passat, hi ocupen un lloc rellevant. La manera com les recreacions literàries dels autors estudiats subjectivitzen els llocs de memòria dels avantpassats ens parla de la capacitat de la literatura per a sublimar artísticament una herència traumàtica per a possibilitar, així, la seua assimilació., The concept of postmemory, coined by Marian Hirsch, refers to the process of subsequent generations elaborating the traumatic memory of the Holocaust. This concept has proven to be very analytically effectiven when applied to different areas, such as South American dictatorships and the Spanish Civil War. In this paper, we seek to apply it to two recent works produced within the Hispanic literary polysystem: one, from the Catalan system, Un home que se'n va by Vicent Villatoro, and another from the Castilian system, El monarca de las sombras, by Javier Cercas. Both authors belong to the generation of the grandchildren of those who directly suffered from the effects of the Spanish Civil War and the subsequent dictatorship. Fundamental aspects of Postmemory, such as the need for the inherited trauma to mature, the mediation and artistic manipulation of this trauma, and the exploitation of photographs as a means of emotional projection and recognition of the past, occupy an important place. The way these autor's the literary recreations subjectivise their ancestor's memory speaks about literature's ability to artistically sublimate a traumatic inheritance in order to allow it to be assimilated.

Nowadays art festivals engage more to organize their events in unusual places. Either for the sake of city branding or a pure cultural memory action, a performance might be set in a forgotten memory place. From the moment that a festival participant enters to a sensitive site, even though s/he ignores the past, s/he involves in a process of contemplation about the hidden trauma(s). The place which is distinguished sharply by a comfortable concert hall becomes one of the actors of the event and the participant questions a past that s/he hasn’t been strongly connected. Thus, the individual is not only aroused by the performance itself and the information in the booklets but also physical environment has an affect. Apt to the intensive emotions during the performance, the sounds, smells and some visuals in the memory place reveal a past which remained blurred in the collective memory before. This article handles colors among those triggering objects of the physical environment. An anthropological review is proposed to focus on the sense of colors tied closely with memory. Firstly some examples from visual art works in which colors are implemented explicitly to refer to the memory of a trauma and place. Secondly the findings are construed with the art festivals ‘coming back’ to memory places. Considering that colors are common visuals, their senses vary and circulate in daily life between universal codes and local discourses. They shape constantly the sense making process of an individual. While they are unfolded, the embedded meanings and their stories might unlock the stillness of the memory places.

El objeto de este artículo es la reflexión en torno a las prácticas artísticas y su potencial en relación a la transmisión de las reivindicaciones sociales en procesos de transformación urbana y recuperación de la memoria en espacios de represión. Espacios que en numerosas ocasiones se hallan sujetos a transformaciones urbanas y nuevos usos. Nos interesa identificar las relaciones simbióticas entre prácticas artísticas contemporáneas, reivindicaciones sociales y espacios de memoria, observando el particular potencial del arte en este contexto, dada su gran carga simbólica y social. El análisis de dos casos de estudio y algunos ejemplos desarrollados en el ámbito barcelonés y español nos permiten problematizar las siguientes cuestiones: ¿cuáles son las estrategias de trabajo de las denominadas prácticas artísticas al vincularse a procesos de recuperación de espacios de memoria?, ¿qué planteamientos teóricos desarrollan estas prácticas para establecer estrategias de transmisión en relación al debate controversial en la esfera pública, a los significados de la ciudad actual, a los nuevos usos o al imaginario colectivo?, ¿qué procesos y formas de coproducción promueven? The main goal of this research is to analyze the exercise of artistic practice and its power in relation to the transmission of social demands in the urban transformation of places of memory, especially places of repression. Our interest lies in identifying the symbiotic relationships between contemporary art practices, social demands and memory spaces, particularly noting the potential of art in this context due to its great symbolic and social weight. The analysis of two case studies and other examples developed in Barcelona and Spain allow us to problematize the following questions: What are the strategies artistic practices adopt when participating in processes to recover spaces of memory? What theoretical approaches do these practices suggest to establish transmission strategies in relation to the controversial debate in the public sphere, the meanings of today’s city, and new uses or collective imaginary? Which processes and forms of coproduction do they promote? L’objecte d’aquest article és la reflexió al voltant de les pràctiques artístiques i el seu potencial en relació a la transmissió de les reivindicacions socials en processos de transformació urbana i recuperació de la memòria en espais de repressió. Espais que en nombroses ocasions es troben subjectes a transformacions urbanes i nous usos. Ens interessa identificar les relacions simbiòtiques entre pràctiques artístiques contemporànies, reivindicacions socials i espais de memòria, observant el particular potencial de l’art en aquest context, atesa la seua gran càrrega simbòlica i social. L’anàlisi de dos casos d’estudi i alguns exemples desenvolupats en l’àmbit barceloní i espanyol ens permeten problematitzar les qüestions següents: quines són les estratègies de treball de les anomenades pràctiques artístiques en vincular-se a processos de recuperació d’espais de memòria?, quins plantejaments teòrics desenvolupen aquestes pràctiques per establir estratègies de transmissió en relació al debat controversial en l’esfera pública, als significats de la ciutat actual, als nous usos o a l’imaginari col·lectiu?, quins processos i formes de coproducció promouen?

En 2001 fue inaugurado el Memorial a los detenidos-desaparecidos en el Cerro de Montevideo, Uruguay. Se trata de un lugar de memoria clave para entender la importancia y significatividad de los desaparecidos en el país. En ese sentido, cristaliza una representación sobre la dictadura, en cierto sentido una escritura de la historia cuyo sentido conmemorativo más relevante fue la condena del régimen cívico-militar en tanto «terrorismo de Estado». Este artículo analiza y rastrea los orígenes del Memorial, sus sentidos en tanto reparación simbólica y la confluencia de su significado tanto desde el Gobierno de la Intendencia de Montevideo como desde la Asociación de Familiares. In 2001, the Memorial to disappeared-detainees was inaugurated in the Cerro of Montevideo, Uruguay. It is a memory key place that lets us understand how important and significant the disappeared persons in Uruguay are. In this context, it crystallizes a representation of the dictatorship, a writing of history which most relevant commemorative meaning was the condemnation of the civilian-military system established as “State terrorism”. This paper analyzes and traces the origins of the Memorial, its meaning as symbolic reparation and the alignment of its significance to both the Government of the Municipality of Montevideo and the Familiares association. En 2001 était inauguré le Mémorial aux détenus-disparus sur le Cerro de Montevideo, en Uruguay. Il s’agit d’un lieu de mémoire clé pour comprendre l’importance et le caractère significatif de la figure des disparus dans la construction de la mémoire. En ce sens, il cristallise une représentation de la dictature et une écriture de l’histoire dont le sens commémoratif le plus important a été la condamnation du régime civil-militaire en tant que terrorisme d’État. Cet article retrace et analyse les origines du Mémorial, ses significations en tant que réparation symbolique et la confluence des sens que lui attribuent aussi bien le gouvernement municipal de Montevideo que l’association Familiares.

153-156 Целью данной статьи является определение роли памятника в формировании памяти города. В качестве методов использованы: теоретический анализ, экспертное интервью. Рассмотрены понятия социальной памяти, памяти города, мест памяти. Памятник определен как визуальный инструмент формирования памяти города через коммуникацию с горожанами. The main purpose of this article is to define the role of the monument in memory formation of the city. The following methods were used: theoretical analysis, expert interview. The concepts of social memory, the memory of the city and memory places were considered. The monument is defined as a visual tool of memory formation of the city through communication with the citizens.

Se hace una revision de investigaciones y documentos centrados en la relacion establecida entre fotografia y memoria colectiva a traves de los archivos fotograficos de Derechos Humanos, asi como la funcion que cumplen los museos, centros de documentacion o lugares donde se encuentran ubicados. Para la seleccion del material se atendio a su disponibilidad principalmente en bases de datos indexadas de reconocido prestigio: Web of Science, Scielo, EbscoHost, DOAJ y Dialnet, con descriptores como fotografia y memoria, archivo fotografico, memoria colectiva y museos, con un corte temporal de 2006-2015. Se organiza el material en funcion de una serie de preguntas decisivas a la hora de abordar los problemas atinentes a la conservacion de un archivo fotografico y su papel en la memoria colectiva de poblaciones vulnerables. Los lugares de memoria reflejan una tension entre los intereses politicos y la necesidad de las poblaciones vulnerables de manifestarse y dejar testimonio de las infracciones a los derechos humanos. La organizacion del material fotografico plantea serias dificultades respecto a la conservacion y clasificacion con la cantidad de imagenes digitales que hoy se producen. Palabras clave : lugares de memoria, memoria colectiva, archivos fotograficos, foto grafia y memoria. Role of Human Rights Photographic Archives in the Collective Memory Abstract It is made a review of researchs and documents focused in the relation between photography and collective memory trough photoarchives of human rights, and the function that have the museums, documentation centers or memory places where they are. For the material’s selection it was attended to their availability in indexed databases with prestige: Web of Science, Scielo, EbscoHost, DOAJ, and Dialnet, with descriptors as photograph and memory, photoarchive, collective memory and museums, and papers between 2006 and 2015. The material is organized in function of a series of questions about the conservation of a photoarchive and its role in collective memory of vulnerable population. The memory places reflects a tension between political interests and the vulnerable population’s need for expression and for to testify about the human’s right’s violations. The photographic ma terial organization set up difficults respect the conservation and classification with the quantity of digital images that are produced today. Keywords : memory places, collective memory, photoarchives, photograph and memory.

This article aims to examine the relation between Memory and History, in particular to the conceptual, theoric and methodological aspects involved in such interaction. The aims is to develop a panoramic view of historiographyc discussions around this question, reflecting about the concept of Memory, since the first moments of this reflection in the social sciences and in the contemporary historiography, finally approaching to questions that have been proposed more recently by philosophers, social scientists and historians.

During the Vormärz (1825-1848) era, the revival of the Hungarian identity was focused on the capital city of Pest. The concentration of students, journalists and progressive nobility gave birth to a political agitation with its main places of fixation. The uprising of March 1848 gave Hungary a date as well as a road of protest which marks the collective memory. In 1956, the claims of the insurgents for democratization and liberalization recall explicitly the ones issued in 1848 and use spontaneously the references of the 19th century which everyone understands. The heroes and martyrs of both revolutions are confounded in the urban imaginary. Some of them became political challenges and the places of gathering transcend the ages. Since 1989, the urban imaginary of protest has lost much of its meaning. The main urban gatherings have been -fortunately for Hungary- popular festivities. Actually they took place in new places in town. Some celebrations seem to be spared only for tragical and meaningful events whereas others are more like merry happenings. But on the whole the symbolic reference still makes sense and functions in the collective memory of the Hungarians, Durant la période du Vormärz (1825-1848), le renouveau de l’identité hongroise se focalise sur la ville de Pest. La concentration des étudiants, des journalistes et des nobles progressistes contribue à une effervescence politique dont les principaux points de fixation sont nés à cette époque. L’éclatement de la révolution de 1848 procure à la Hongrie à la fois une date et un parcours protestataire qui marque l’inconscient collectif. En 1956, le discours revendicatif reprend non seulement les exigences de libération et de démocratisation de 1848, mais utilise spontanément les référents du XIXe siècle afin de délivrer à la population un message explicite. Les héros et martyrs des deux révolutions se confondent dans l’imaginaire urbain. Certains d’entre eux deviennent des enjeux politiques et les lieux de rassemblement transcendent les époques. Depuis 1989, l’imaginaire urbain protestataire a perdu beaucoup de sa force. Les principaux rassemblements urbains ont été -heureusement pour la Hongrie- des réjouissances populaires. Ces célébrations utilisent d’ailleurs des espaces différents dans la ville. Tout se passe comme si certains étaient réservés au tragique tandis que d’autres sont plus propices à la fête. Mais pour autant la symbolique demeure, de sorte que les références continuent à fonctionner., Durante la época de Vormärz (1825-1848), el renuevo de la identidad húngara se concentra en la cuidad de Pest. La concentración de estudiantes, periodistas y aristócratas progresistas, entretiene una actividad política y sus principales puntos de fijación. La revolución de 1848 proporciona a Hurgaría una fecha y una vía de protestación que se impacto el inconsciente colectivo. En 1956, un discurso reivindicativo no solo prosigue con exigencias de liberación y democratización como en 1848, sino que utiliza referencias del siglo XIX para dar un mensaje a la población. Héroes y martirios de las dos revoluciones se confunden en el imaginario. Algunos se convierten en símbolos políticos, y lugares de manifestación trasciendan épocas. Desde 1989, el imaginario urbano perdió mucha fuerza. Les principales manifestaciones urbanas fueron -menos mas para el país- festejos populares. Estas celebraciones utilizan varios lugares en la ciudad. Ocurre como si algunos quedaban trágicos mientras otros se vuelven mas festivos. Pero la simbólica queda, las referencias siguen funcionando., Horel Catherine. La tradition révolutionnaire dans l’imaginaire urbain de Budapest. In: Culture & Musées, n°12, 2008. L’imaginaire de la ville, le regard et le pas du citadin (Sous la direction deMichel Rautenberg) pp. 31-49.

Submitted by Simone Maisonave (simonemaisonave@hotmail.com) on 2016-08-29T14:59:54Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Cheli Nunes Meira_Dissertacao.pdf: 5024840 bytes, checksum: 69f36bd1e6e5073e17cd8434b32e5e40 (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Simone Maisonave (simonemaisonave@hotmail.com) on 2016-08-29T15:00:04Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Cheli Nunes Meira_Dissertacao.pdf: 5024840 bytes, checksum: 69f36bd1e6e5073e17cd8434b32e5e40 (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2016-08-30T10:49:31Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Cheli Nunes Meira_Dissertacao.pdf: 5024840 bytes, checksum: 69f36bd1e6e5073e17cd8434b32e5e40 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-30T10:50:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Cheli Nunes Meira_Dissertacao.pdf: 5024840 bytes, checksum: 69f36bd1e6e5073e17cd8434b32e5e40 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-21 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES Esta Dissertação de Mestrado tem como objetivo investigar quais os motivos que levaram o Instituto Histórico e Geográfico de Pelotas – IHGPEL - a se constituir como um lugar de memória para a cidade de Pelotas, de acordo com a concepção desenvolvida por Nora. O IHGPEL foi criado em 1982 e é uma instituição privada sem fins lucrativos que teve desde a sua fundação a intenção de recolher, arquivar e divulgar a história da cidade de Pelotas e da Região Sul do Rio Grande do Sul. Neste trabalho utilizou-se como metodologia de pesquisa a análise documental e a história oral. Na análise documental foram observadas as atas de reuniões de diretoria, o livro de termo de posse e o livro de visitas, as Revistas do IHGPEL, os Cadernos do IHGPEL, os Cadernos de Pelotas série IHGPEL e os livros Atas da Câmara Municipal de Pelotas. No que diz respeito à história oral, foram entrevistados cinco sócios da instituição. Para poder compreender melhor a criação do IHGPEL, foi necessário investigar o estabelecimento do Instituto Histórico e Geográfico Brasileiro – IHGB - e do Instituto Histórico e Geográfico do Rio Grande do Sul – IHGRGS -. Para entender como se deu a constituição do IHGPEL como um lugar de memória da cidade foi necessário pesquisar sua trajetória, identificando as diretorias ao longo de seu funcionamento, bem como os diferentes sócios e não-sócios envolvidos na constituição do acervo, na organização de eventos e na publicação de variados materiais. Dessa maneira, pode-se perceber que para além do trabalho dos associados, os apoiadores da instituição têm um papel importante, pois é através de seu auxílio que estagiários são contratados, possibilitando o funcionamento da instituição. Contudo, a precária relação entre o público e o privado no IHGPEL impede uma continuidade das atividades de forma sistemática, pois ao longo de sua trajetória a instituição trocou diversas vezes de sede, e além disso, por grandes períodos permaneceu sem nenhum funcionário, prejudicando o andamento das atividades. Apesar dos constantes obstáculos, pode-se concluir que o IHGPEL contribui para a preservação do patrimônio documental de Pelotas e região como uma instituição que guarda uma história e uma memória da cidade. Para Nora (1993), os lugares de memória são necessários para se guardar os vestígios do passado, que já não deve mais ser considerado memória e sim, história. This Master's Dissertation has as its objective investigate wwhich reasons that lead the Instituto Histórico e Geográfico de Pelotas - IHGPEL - to make itself as a memory place for Pelotas, according to the conception developed by Nora.O IHGPEL was made in 1982 and it is a non profit private institution that has since its fundation the intention of get, keep and divulge Pelotas' history as well as the history of Rio Grande do Sul south region. In this work it was used as research methodology the document analyzis and the oral history. In the document analyzis it were observed the directory meeting record, the possession term book and the visitor's book, the IHGPEL magazines, the IHGPEL notebooks, the Pelotas notebook series IHGPEL and the records from Pelotas Aldermen Chamber. Concerning to oral history, it were interviewed five institution members. To a better understanding of the IHGPEL creation, it was necessary investigate the establishment of Instituto Histórico e Geográfico Brasileiro - IHGB - and of Instituto Histórico e Geográfico do Rio Grande do Sul - IHGRGS. To understand how the constitution of IHGPEL as memory place of the city happened it was necessary to research its trajectory, identifying the directories throughout its functioning, as well as the different members and non-members involved in the constitution of the collection's, in the organization of events and in the publication of several materials. By doing so, we can see beyond the members work, the institution supporters have a important role, because is trought their aid that trainees are hired, enabling the institution working. However the fragile relation between public and private in the IGHPEL forbids a continuity of the activities in a sistematic way, because in the course of its history the institution changed the head office several times, and moreover, for long periods kept with no worker, harming the activities.Despite the constant obstacles, it can be concluded that IHGPEL contributes to the preservation of document patrimony of Pelotas and its region as an institution that keeps a history and memory of the city. For Nora (1993), the memory places are necessary to keep traces from the past, and this can not be considered as memory, but as history.

En este artículo analizaré las memorias sobre el pasado reciente chileno construidas en el marco de una investigación que invita a personas de distintas generaciones a visitar lugares de memoria y a reflexionar colectivamente en torno a la experiencia de la visita. Argumentaré que en la construcción de estas memorias la violencia política, la amenaza y el miedo operan como referentes. Mientras la memoria opera como un proceso articulador entre pasado-presente-futuro, lo constitutivo de dicha conexión es la violencia política del Estado, la amenaza que esta constituye para quienes llevan a cabo acciones políticas que cuestionan o tensionan el orden social y el miedo que ello produce. Estos referentes son utilizados para comprender el presente y para definir sujetos generacionales. Mostraré como se construyen tres posiciones generacionales definidas por su relación con el miedo: la generación traumatizada, la generación heredera del miedo y la generación sin miedo., In this article I will analyze the memories about the recent Chilean past constructed in the context of an investigation that invites people from different generations to visit memory places and to think collectively about the experience of the visit. I will argue that in the construction of these memories political violence, threat and fear operate as referents. While memory operates as an articulating process between past-present-future, what constitute that connection is the political state violence, the threat that this constitutes for those who carry out political actions that question or challenge the social order and the fear it produces. These referents are used to understand the present and to define generational individuals. I will show how three generational positions defined by their relationship to fear are built: the traumatized generation, the generation that inherited the fear and the generation without fear.

Entre ruinas, lugares y objetos residuales de la memoria es una investigación que busca reflexionar sobre los modos de representación, exteriorización y construcción de las memorias citadinas de Medellín mediante su encarnación en diversos dispositivos visoespaciales, a partir de su emplazamiento en el espacio público. Efectivamente, la pregunta por la espacialización y constitución de los lugares destinados a la conmemoración, rememoración, recordación y/o reminiscencia en la urbe permite analizar las diversas relaciones históricas que en Medellín se han constituido con respecto al surgimiento de las diversas memorias citadinas y su exteriorización en la ciudad, los efectos que éstas han suscitado desde el momento de su irrupción y su posterior devenir/Abstract. Among ruins, places and wasted objects of memory is an investigation that seeks to reflect about the modes of representation, externalization and construction of the Medellin’s urban memories through its embodiment in different visuo-spatial devices, starting from their location in the public location. Indeed, the question about the space and design of places created for the celebration, remembrance, memory and / or reminiscence in the city lets analyze a mixture of historical relationships that have been established in Medellin over the emergence of different kind of urban memories and their externalization inside the city, the effects that these have arisen since them have emergenced and subsequent evolution. Maestría

Objectives. To investigate the relationship between memory and archive records established by researchers of the Colombian armed conflict. Methodology. Taking a state-of-the-art perspective, this paper analyses the secondary information produced and disseminated in Colombia in the last decade related to the collective memory of the conflict. This study of the production of documents allows us to identify the characteristics present in the description, analysis and interpretation that researchers make. In other words, rather than a simple compilation and organisation of the respective studies, we formulate hypotheses and suggest future paths for studying the records. Results. This article is based on an assessment of the research undertaken in the last decade in Colombia that take expressions of collective memory as their focus in analysing the armed conflict. In the specific case of the archives, the studies analysed allow us to make a diagnosis of the current situation regarding the protection of human rights in the country. Three main themes emerge: first, the need to build an inventory of human rights records, which represent a very broad and disperse heritage, among which are included: the records of the government, those of organizations of victims and relatives and of human rights defence groups, of investigative commissions and law courts, as well as those held in private collections focused on individuals involved in the conflict or which address topics related to the conflict. Second, there is an obvious urgency to compile the materials and organize the heritage, among which are to be found the documents that report the ephemeral testimonies of the victims, which have served to support the researchers in their work. Third and finally, the importance of thinking from within the perspective provided by the archival sciences is more than apparent, given the fundamental role played by the records as the memory and testimony of society, especially in a country that has suffered such violence and where the victims more often than not have no documents that help them assert their rights., Objetivos. Indagar acerca de la relación que establecen los investigadores del conflicto armado colombiano entre memoria y archivos. Metodología. Desde la perspectiva de los estados del arte, analizamos la información secundaria producida y divulgada en Colombia, en la última década, sobre memoria colectiva del conflicto. El estudio de la producción documental nos permitió desvelar las características presentes en la descripción, el análisis y la interpretación que hacen los investigadores. Esto es, trascendimos la mera recopilación y ordenamiento de los estudios para formular hipótesis y trazar caminos para seguir estudiando el tema. Resultados. Este artículo se deriva de un balance de las investigaciones producidas en la última década en Colombia que toman las expresiones de la memoria colectiva como núcleo para el análisis del conflicto armado. En el caso concreto de los archivos, los trabajos analizados permiten hacer un diagnóstico de su situación en relación con la protección a los derechos humanos en el país, del que se desprenden tres grandes temas. En primer lugar, la necesidad de realizar un inventario de los archivos de derechos humanos, acervos dispersos que abarcan una amplia gama, entre ellos: archivos gubernamentales, de organismos de víctimas y familiares y de defensa de los derechos fundamentales, comisiones investigadoras y tribunales judiciales, colecciones particulares conformadas en torno a personas o temas que actúan o se abordan durante el conflicto. En segundo lugar, se manifiesta la urgencia de recopilar los materiales y organizar los acervos, entre ellos los que recogen los efímeros testimonios de las víctimas, que han servido de sustento a los investigadores. En tercer y último lugar, se hace referencia a la importancia de pensar, desde la disciplina archivística, el papel fundamental que cumplen los archivos en tanto memoria y testimonio de la sociedad, especialmente en un país tan golpeado por la violencia en donde las víctimas carecen, muchas veces, de los documentos para hacer valer sus derechos.

L'observation sensible et continue du changement d'un lieu est un mode de connaissance sous-estimé ou refoulé en géographie. A condition de la travailler, cette sensibilité aux lieux dans le temps et dans l'espace pourrait même être heuristique. La place de la Bastille est un terrain de choix pour conduire cette expérience. Que le lecteur en juge. Et pourquoi ne pas s'engager alors dans une géographie culturelle des Places ? And who will take over the « Bastille » ? The sensible and regular observation of changes in places is an under-estimated and inhibited mode of knowledge in geographical research. Providing to go deeper into the question, the sensibility to places along times and spaces could be even considered as an heuristic approach. In this prospect, the study of the « Bastille square » constitutes a selected field-test. And why not, further on, consider a cultural geography of squares ?