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Agapanthus africanus L. (Amaryllidaceae) is a traditional herbal remedy widely used in South African traditional medicine. The phytochemical and biological profiles of this medicinal species have been rarely reported. Therefore, the current study evaluates the chemical composition of the total extract and different fractions of the subterranean organs of A. africanus along with their anti-diabetic, antioxidant, and anti-proliferative activities for the first time. As a result, a group of eight metabolites belonging to different chemical classes, including flavonoids, fatty acids, phenolic acid derivatives, and steroids were isolated and identified for the first time using different chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques. Among the tested fractions, the ethyl acetate fraction exhibited the highest phenolic and flavonoid contents (82.00 ± 1.85 mg gallic acid equivalent/g dried sample and 110.6 ± 2.2 mg rutin equivalent/g dried sample, respectively), as well as the highest DPPH scavenging properties (IC 50 =151.59 ± 1.36 μg/mL). The same fraction showed promising α -glucosidase inhibitory potential and anti-proliferative activity against HCT-116 (human colon cancer) (IC 50 = 53.75 ± 0.36 and 8.51 ± 0.5 μg/mL, respectively). Ultimately, molecular docking analysis of the isolated metabolites revealed their moderate to promising binding affinities to α-glucosidase, α-amylase, catalase, and CDK2 enzymes, highlighting their potential contribution to the observed effects of A. africanus. These results provide new insight into the potential of A. africanus as a natural source of medicinally relevant metabolites. [Display omitted] • The chemical composition, antioxidant, anti-proliferative and antidiabetic activities of A. africanus were explored. • A group of steroids, fatty acids, flavonoids, and phenolic acid derivatives were isolated from A. africanus for the first time. • The ethyl acetate fraction exhibited remarkable phenolic and flavonoid contents. • The ethyl acetate fraction exhibited the highest antioxidant, cytotoxic and α-glucosidase inhibitory potentials. • Molecular docking of the isolated metabolites showed their interesting binding ability to a group of targeted enzymes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Simien Mountain National Park is a world heritage site with spectacular landscapes and rich in floral diversity. Exploring the plethora of conventional wisdom regarding therapeutic flora for sustainable use and drug development is a timely endeavor. Thus, the present study was aimed at investigating therapeutic plant uses and conservation practices by the local communities dwelling in the vicinity of the Park. Methods: Eighty randomly selected general informants and 20 purposefully selected key informants were used to collect the traditional lore from 10 purposefully selected kebeles that border the Park. Data were collected using face-to-face interviews, guided field walks, group discussions and market surveys. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the basic information collected from the informants. An independent sample t test was computed to compare the knowledge variations among different informant groups. Clustering and ranking techniques were employed to validate traditional wisdom of informants. Results: Significant differences in traditional wisdom (P < 0.05) were observed only between general and key informants. Hundred thirteen therapeutic plant species belonging to 56 families were recorded. Asteraceae was the most species-rich family (10%). The majority of therapeutic species were collected from the wild (77%). Herbs and roots were the most preferred habit (47%) and plant parts (37%) for remedy preparation, respectively. Pounding was the most common preparation method (50.1%). The most frequently practiced route of administration was the oral route (48.1%). The highest Informant Consensus Factor (ICF) value (84%) was recorded for respiratory and febrile illnesses. Rumex nepalensis was the most preferred for the treatment of wounds, and Olea europaea subsp cuspidata was the first-ranked multipurpose plant. Conclusion: The Park is rich in therapeutic species serving as a refuge for many endemic and endangered species associated with the local community rich medicinal traditional lore. Erosion of therapeutic plants, verbal transfer of the traditional wisdom and young generation negligence in acquiring traditional lore led to the deterioration of the long tradition of using therapeutic plants for health care. Endangered multipurpose therapeutic plants like Echinops kebericho should get conservation priority. Therapeutic plants with the highest ICF and fidelity level could be candidates for drug development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Wild edible fruits found in Tanzania's miombo woods are an indispensable source of food and medicine. Unfortunately, with the rapid expansion of human activities and urbanisation in the Tabora rural, Uyui and Sikonge districts of Western Tanzania, some wild fruits are disappearing due to the loss of plant diversity. The objectives of this study wereL: to document the knowledge related to wild edible fruits; to quantify the use and cultural significance, and to determine their threats. Methods: The ethnobotanical study was conducted from June 2022 to February 2023 involving 244 local informants. The study used field visits, the collection of plant parts, and semi-structured interviews with locals for its data collection. Descriptive statistics and correlation test were used to analyse the knowledge related to wild fruits. Frequency citation (f) and use reports (UR) were computed to understand the diversity and cultural significance (CI). Results: The study documented 27 wild edible fruit species used for food and medicine. The life form constituted deciduous shrubs or trees (64%), shrub trees (21%) and evergreen or deciduous trees (15%). About (56%) of wild edible fruits were collected from June to August after the rainy season, (33%) were harvested between December and May during the rainy season, and (11%) were gathered from September and November before the rainy season. Household size and sex of the respondents were significantly correlated to the knowledge of wild edible fruits. Higher utilisation frequency (f) was recorded for Vitex mombassae Vatke (f = 0.84), Strychnos spinosa Lam. (f = 0.82), Vitex payos (Lour.) Merr. (f = 0.56), Phyllogeiton discolor (Klotzsch) Herzog. (f = 0.45), Vangueria infausta Burchell (f = 0.45), Tamarindus indica L. (f = 0.38), Parinari curatellifolia (f = 0.25), Landolphia parvifolia K.Schum. (f = 0.22) and Microcos conocarpa Burret (f = 0.22) fruits species. Additionally, Phyllogeiton discolor (Klotzsch) Herzog. (UR = 56), Vitex mombassae Vatke (UR = 56), Tamarindus indica L. (UR = 37), Strychnos spinosa Lam. (UR = 14) and Friesodielsia obovata (Benth.) Verdc. (UR = 11), have higher use reports (UR) and considered culturally important. Wild fruits were used to cure diabetes, gastrointestinal, reproductive, and respiratory infections ailments. Discussion and conclusion: Multiple uses as well as the related knowledge of wild fruits have been documented. Friesodielsia obovata, Grewia flavescens Juss and Thespesia garckeana F.Hoffm. are the medicinal fruit species reported for the first time. Harvesting of wood plants, charcoal activities, crop cultivation, grazing expansion, and environmental change, have had an impact on the diversity of wild edible fruit plants. Over the past three decades, the use of wild fruits has been impacted by the loss of plant diversity due to decline of cultural norms on the forests management. Given the variety of uses for wild fruits, promoting markets for native fruits, sensitising the locals about the cultural importance and innovation on processing techniques are necessary to spur conservation efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an incurable debilitating disease which attacks the joints and impairs quality of life. Antrocaryon micraster is used to treat RA in African traditional medicine. However, its antiarthritic activity has not been pharmacologically studied. This study, therefore, reports the antiarthritic and antioxidant activities of A. micraster seed extract and its fractions. The seed extract (ASE) was produced by Soxhlet extraction and partitioned into petroleum ether (ASEP), ethyl acetate (ASEE), and aqueous (ASEA) fractions. The total polyphenolic content, DPPH antioxidant activity, and in vitro arthritic activity using the protein denaturation assay were evaluated for ASE and its fractions. The arthritic activity of the crude extract (ASE) and its most effective fraction (ASEA), in the in vitro assay, were then evaluated against CFA-induced arthritis in rats. The polyphenolic constituent of ASE was estimated to be 13.00 ± 0.00 mg/100 mg of GAE. ASEA contained the highest quantity of polyphenolic constituents (10.76 ± 0.00 mg/100 mg of GAE) among the fractions of the extract. ASE and ASEA produced profound antioxidant activity (I C 50 = 20.17 ± 1.291 and 19.35 ± 0.865 , respectively) which were similar to that of ascorbic acid (I C 50 = 17.35 ± 0.500) in the DPPH free radical scavenging assay. Furthermore, in vitro antiarthritic activity of ASEA was 13.63 and 5.75 times higher than the antiarthritic activity of the crude extract and diclofenac sodium, respectively. In the CFA-induced arthritis assay, both ASE and ASEA significantly (P < 0.001) inhibited cachexia, paw edema, infiltration of inflammatory cells, pannus formation, and synovium damage. These results indicate that A. micraster seed extract and its fractions possessed significant antiarthritic activity via inhibition of oxidative stress, inflammation, protein denaturation, infiltration of inflammatory cells, and synovium injury due to its constituents such as polyphenols and phytosterols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a global concern that rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations may impact the medicinal or nutritional properties of medicinal plants. Portulacaria afra is a South African medicinal plant that is used by traditional healers to treat various skin conditions. The aim of this study was to determine whether elevated CO2 concentrations would affect the medicinal properties of the leaves of P. afra. This was achieved by comparing the phytochemical presence, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of the leaves of P. afra which were exposed to ambient (420 ppm) and elevated (600 ppm) CO2 concentrations of plants grown in greenhouse conditions. The results revealed that leaf samples that were exposed to elevated CO2 concentrations exhibited a significant increase in flavonoid presence, compared to the control group. The antioxidant activity of the leaves of P. afra (DPPH activity) remained mostly unchanged in the samples that were exposed to elevated CO2 concentrations. The antimicrobial activity efficacy against Cutibacterium acnes increased with increasing global atmospheric CO2 concentration. These findings suggest that P. afra is a resilient medicinal plant and that its leaves may continue to provide relief against certain ailments, despite rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations. Significance: * Portulacaria afra is a South African medicinally important species that shows great resilience against elevated CO2 concentrations. * It is important to anticipate how changing environmental factors, such as rising CO2 concentrations, may affect natural resources. * The phytochemical profile and antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the various plant parts either remained the same or increased after exposure to an elevated CO2 concentration of 600 ppm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metformin is an oral hypoglycemic agent and the first-line drug for the management of type II diabetes mellitus (DM). Moringa Oleifera leaves, are widely used in traditional African medicine in West and Central Africa especially Nigeria, particularly among diabetic patients. The study aims to investigate if ethanolic extract of Moringa leifera leaves will affect the in-vitro dissolution of metformin tablets. Five (5) different brands of Metformin tablets (500 mg) were randomly sourced from retail outlets within the Kaduna metropolis, Kaduna State, and the identification of the samples was conducted using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Standard methods by Trease and Evans, 1996, USP/NF 25, 2007, and BP, 2009 were used for the phytochemical, physicochemical, and quantitative assay of the samples and plant material. From the results obtained, the dissolution of metformin alone and in the presence of Moringa were 95% at 50 min and 19% at 50 min, respectively. The study concludes that the presence of Moringa affects the dissolution profile of metformin tablets, therefore, taking Moringa and metformin tablets concomitantly, may alter the bioavailability of metformin and ultimately lead to therapeutic failure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is characterized by insulin resistance and/or defective insulin production in the human body. Corn silk (CS), an abundant, readily available and affordable waste product of corn cultivation, has extensive therapeutic applications against various diseases including T2DM. Although the antidiabetic potential of CS is well-established, the understanding of the mechanism of action (MoA) behind its reported antidiabetic potentials is lacking. Hence, determining its MoA may provide laudable insight contributing towards developing an effective drug candidate for combating the ill effects of T2DM. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is characterized by insulin resistance and/or defective insulin production in the human body. Although the antidiabetic action of corn silk (CS) is well-established, the understanding of the mechanism of action (MoA) behind this potential is lacking. Hence, this study aimed to elucidate the MoA in different samples (raw and three extracts: aqueous, hydro-ethanolic, and ethanolic) as a therapeutic agent for the management of T2DM using metabolomic profiling and computational techniques. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UP-LCMS), in silico techniques, and density functional theory were used for compound identification and to predict the MoA. A total of 110 out of the 128 identified secondary metabolites passed the Lipinski's rule of five. The Kyoto Encyclopaedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analysis revealed the cAMP pathway as the hub signaling pathway, in which ADORA1, HCAR2, and GABBR1 were identified as the key target genes implicated in the pathway. Since gallicynoic acid (−48.74 kcal/mol), dodecanedioc acid (−34.53 kcal/mol), and tetradecanedioc acid (−36.80 kcal/mol) interacted well with ADORA1, HCAR2, and GABBR1, respectively, and are thermodynamically stable in their formed compatible complexes, according to the post-molecular dynamics simulation results, they are suggested as potential drug candidates for T2DM therapy via the maintenance of normal glucose homeostasis and pancreatic β-cell function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Olax subscorpioidea Oliv. is an important medicinal plant included in African traditional anticancer medicines. Little information about its safety and toxicity appears in the literature. This study thus aimed at evaluating the safety of its methanol root extract orally administered in laboratory animals. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrophotometric analysis of O. subscorpioidea extract was conducted. For acute toxicity, methods within the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) guidelines were used, with slight modifications. A single female mouse was orally administered a dose of 2,000 mg/kg body weight of O. subscorpioidea methanol root extract and was monitored for at least 24 h for any signs of toxicity or death. An additional four mice (n = 4, 2/sex) were similarly treated. Another female mouse was orally administered 5,000 mg/kg body weight and observed for at least 24 h. Additional four mice were similarly treated. For sub-acute toxicity, the extract was administered daily to Wistar rats for 21 days at 250 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg, and 1,000 mg/kg. General behaviours changes, haematological, biochemical, and histological examinations on rats' organs were performed. The FTIR spectrum showed no peaks in the 2220–2260 cm−1 region, suggesting that no cyanide groups were present in the extract. A single oral dose at both 2000 mg/kg and 5000 mg/kg did not induce any signs of toxicity or mortality, indicating an oral median lethal dose (LD 50) >5000 mg/kg. When compared to the controls, dose-dependent changes were observed in the red blood cells, haemoglobin and haematocrit levels at 500 mg/kg and 1000 mg/kg (p <0.05). Histopathological examinations showed severe vascular congestion in the liver, and interstitial congestion and haemorrhage with moderate glomerular damage in the kidney. This study showed O. subscorpioidea root's methanol extract as non-toxic in acute administration, but with potential for toxicity in sub-acute oral administration. [Display omitted] • Methods within the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) guidelines were used to evaluate the acute toxicity (on mice) and sub-acute toxicity (on rats) of Olax subscorpioidea Oliv. (Olacaceae)–a plant included in African traditional anticancer recipe. • The FTIR spectrum of the methanol root extract of the plant showed no peaks in the 2220–2260 cm−1 region, suggesting that no cyanide groups were present in the extract. • Dose-dependent changes were observed in the red blood cells, haemoglobin and haematocrit levels at 500 mg/kg and 1000 mg/kg (p <0.05) when compared to the control group. • Histopathological examinations showed severe vascular congestion in the liver, and interstitial congestion and haemorrhage with moderate glomerular damage in the kidney. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of traditional medicine in treating a variety of both human and animal infections is ancient and still relevant. This is due to the resistance exhibited by most pathogenic microbial stains to currently-used antibiotics. The current work reports the phytochemistry, ethno-medicinal uses, toxicology, and most important pharmacological activities that validate the use of the plant species in African traditional medicine. Curtisia dendata is used in the treatment of many human and animal infections, including diarrhea, skin and related conditions, sexually transmitted infections, cancer, and a variety of ethno-veterinary infections. Pharmacologically, the plant species exhibited potent antimicrobial activity against a variety of pathogens. Further, both extracts and compounds isolated from the plant species exhibited potent antioxidant, anticancer, anti-parasitic, anti-inflammatory, and other important biological activities. Phytochemically, the plant species possess a variety of compounds, particularly triterpenes, that may well explain the various pharmacological activities of the plant species. The toxicological parameters, antimicrobial activities against microorganisms related to sexually transmitted infections, anti-diabetic effects, and inflammatory properties of the plant species are not well studied and still need to be explored. The biological activities observed validate the use of the plant species in African traditional medicine, particularly in the treatment of pulmonary infections associated with Mycobacterium species, and may well be due to the presence of triterpenes prevalent in the leaves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

African traditional medicine contributes to greater healthcare coverage by providing primary healthcare to rural dwellers, who often have limited access to modern medical services. However, the prevalence of traditional medicine use has been reported to put pressure on biological resources upon which it relies. Indigenous people have identified many wild animals as possessing curative properties. The use of animals and their body parts as ingredients in traditional medicine is often poorly regulated and therefore represents a major challenge for biodiversity conservation. We investigated traditional health practitioners' ethnomedicinal use of vultures in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. In-depth interviews were conducted with 26 traditional health practitioners from two district municipalities. Data collected were analysed through qualitative and quantitative methodologies. We documented seven parts of the vulture that traditional health practitioners used in KwaZulu-Natal. When the Use Value (UV) index was calculated for each part, the head obtained the highest (0.92). Consensus on parts and their uses was generally low across the study group. Of the 21 uses reported for vulture parts, 71% were spiritual-based. The participants were aware of the hunting of vultures through the use of poison but demonstrated different views about the risks associated with using such material. Overall, our findings confirm the increasing use of African vultures in traditional medicine. Raising awareness and upscaling the active involvement of traditional health practitioners in natural resource management may benefit vulture conservation and that of other species commonly used in belief-based practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ethanol consumption can generate free radicals and cause oxidative stress, tissue inflammation, and kidney impairment. It has long been known that saponins from natural sources have numerous therapeutic benefits in African herbal and traditional medicine. However, the study aimed to the study aimed to evaluate the ameliorative effect of saponin-rich extract of Citrullus lanatus seed against ethanol-induced kidney injury. Rats were divided into six groups: a normal control, an ethanol control (10 ml/kg of 50% ethanol), a saponin control (100 mg/kg/day), an ethanol plus low and high doses of saponin (ET + 50 and 100 mg/kg SCL), and an ethanol plus Silymarin (ET + 100 mg/kg SLY) group. Serum urea, creatinine, and uric acid were measured, as were oxidative stress markers and renal tissue inflammatory markers. The ethanol-induced increases in creatinine, urea, and uric acid were significantly (p < 0.05) mitigated by Citrullus lanatus seed saponins (SCL). When rats administered SCL were compared to untreated ethanol rats, CAT, SOD, and GPx levels increased significantly (p < 0.05), whereas MDA decreased. Likewise, SCL dramatically lowered IL-1β and TNF-α levels in ethanol-treated rats. A histopathological study strongly supported the result of the biochemical assay. The results of this study reveal that by reducing the rise in renal function, inflammatory markers, and oxidative stress, the saponin-rich fraction of Citrullus lanatus seed has therapeutic potential against ethanol-induced kidney damage. SCL may therefore act as a plant-based natural remedy to reduce kidney damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Stingless bee honey (SBH) is a natural remedy and therapeutic agent traditionally used by local communities across the (sub-)tropics. Forest SBH represents a prime non-timber forest product (NTFP) with a potential to revitalize indigenous foodways and to generate income in rural areas, yet it is also used in a variety of non-food contexts that are poorly documented in sub-Saharan Africa and that collectively represent a significant part of the local traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) passed on across generations. Documenting TEK of local communities in African tropical forests facing global change is a pressing issue to recognize the value of their insights, to evaluate their sustainability, to determine how they contribute to enhancing conservation efforts, and how TEK generally contributes to the well-being of both the natural environment and the communities that rely on it. This is particularly important to achieve in Kenya's only tropical rainforest at Kakamega where SBH production and non-food uses have evolved and diversified to a remarkable extent. Methods: We used ethnographic techniques and methods, including semi-structured questionnaires and recorded interviews. We used snowball sampling, a non-probability sampling method where new interviewees were recruited by other respondents, to collectively form a sample consisting of 36 interviewees (including only one woman). Results: Our results indicate that local communities in Kakamega were able to discriminate between six different and scientifically recognized stingless bee species, and they provided detailed accounts on the species-specific non-food uses of these SBH. Collectively, we recorded an array of 26 different non-food uses that are all passed on orally across generations in the Kakamega community. Conclusion: Our results uncover the vast and hitherto unexpected diversity of TEK associated with SBH and pave the way for a systematic survey of SBH and their non-food uses across a network of communities in different environments and with different cultural backgrounds in the Afrotropics. This, along with parallel and more in-depth investigations into honey chemistry, will help develop a comprehensive understanding of SBH, offering insights into holistic ecosystem management, resilience and adaptation while in the mid- to long-term promoting cross-cultural exchanges and pathways for the revitalization of cultural practices and traditions. Science highlights: Uncovering the hitherto unexpected diversity of stingless bee honeys and their non-food uses in Kakamega Forest (Kenya). A total of 26 different non-food uses were recorded (primarily medicinal, traditional, and spiritual), some of which are species-specific to certain stingless bee species in this tropical forest fragment. Knowledge on the uses of SBH is ancestral and is shared orally across generations, with potential for cross-cultural exchanges as well as the revitalization of cultural practices and traditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In South African traditional medicine, Gomphocarpus fruticosus (L.) W.T. Aiton, Hypoxis hemerocallidea Fisch. & C.A. Mey., and Leonotis leonurus. (L.) R.Br. have been recorded among different ethnic groups to be a valuable herbal remedy for the management of depression-related conditions. The current study investigated the affinity of these three plants toward the serotonin reuptake transporter (SERT) and adenosine A1/A2 receptors. Six solvents (water, methanol, acetone, dichloromethane, petroleum ether, and hexane) were used to extract the selected plants. We established that eight extracts exerted potential affinity based on the applied in vitro binding experiment. The methanol and acetone extracts of Hypoxis hemerocallidea had 60% specific binding of [3H]citalopram, an indication that almost 40% of the plant extracts were bound to the SERT. For the adenosine receptor binding assays, methanol and hexane extracts of Leonotis leonurus were the most active, with rA1Ki values of 0.038 and 0.176 mg/mL, respectively. In addition, the dichloromethane extract of Gomphocarpus fruticosus had an rA1Ki value of 6.46 mg/mL. Extracts from the more polar solvents methanol and dichloromethane had higher binding affinity. Additionally, these plant extracts acted as antagonists at the adenosine A1 receptor. Overall, the current findings provide an indication of the potential antidepressant effects of some of the tested extracts based on their binding to the receptors evaluated. However, a combination of other in vitro assays is needed to establish possible mechanisms of action. In addition, computational analysis and profiling of plant extracts is crucial to identify the bioactive compounds with a higher affinity to the receptors. Ultimately, in vivo studies remain essential to allow for an in-depth elucidation of the mechanisms of action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Malaria remains a major global health challenge and a serious cause of morbidity and mortality in sub-Saharan Africa. In Uganda, limited access to medical facilities has perpetuated the reliance of indigenous communities on herbal medicine for the prevention and management of malaria. This study was undertaken to document ethnobotanical knowledge on medicinal plants prescribed for managing malaria in Rukungiri District, a meso-endemic malaria region of Western Uganda. Methods: An ethnobotanical survey was carried out between May 2022 and December 2022 in Bwambara Sub-County, Rukungiri District, Western Uganda using semi-structured questionnaire. A total of 125 respondents (81 females and 44 males) were randomly selected and seven (7) key informants were engaged in open interviews. In all cases, awareness of herbalists on malaria, treatment-seeking behaviour and herbal treatment practices were obtained. The ethnobotanical data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, informant consensus factor and preference ranking. Results: The study identified 48 medicinal plants belonging to 47 genera and 23 families used in the treatment of malaria and its symptoms in the study area. The most frequently cited species were Vernoniaamygdalina, Aloevera and Azadirachtaindica. Leaves (74%) was the most used plant organ, mostly for preparation of decoctions (41.8%) and infusions (23.6%) which are administered orally (89.6%) or used for bathing (10.4%). Conclusions: Indigenous knowledge of medicinal plants used as prophylaxis and for treatment of malaria still exist among the local communities of Bwambara Sub-County. However, there is a need to investigate the antimalarial efficacy, phytochemical composition and safety of species (such as Digitariaabyssinica and Berkheyabarbata) with high percentage use values to validate their use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Minnesota has the largest Somali diaspora in the world. Uniquely, the Minnesotan Somali diaspora utilizes traditional healing practices along with Western medicine. Therefore, medical providers who regularly interact with Somali patients must be aware of traditional healing practices. A scoping review inclusive of three databases (Embase Classic + Embase, Ovid MEDLINE, PsychINFO) was conducted. Fifty-eight studies met established criteria. Traditional medicine is performed with conventional medicine. Illnesses are acknowledged to be caused by a malfunctioning body, evil eye, and/or zar (possession). Examples of the utilization of dawo dhaqmeed (traditional practices) included ilko dacowo (dental enucleation), khat (catha edulis), guboow (use of a fire-heated object), cupping, xoq (scraping), xidhayn (female genital mutilation), duugto (massage), baan (nutrition), herbs, caano geel (camel milk), Qur'anic healing, prayer, zam zam (holy water), tahliil liquid (blessed water), and amulets. Practices ranged from benign to harmful. Identifying Somali traditional healing practices is the first step in understanding the health of the Somali community in Minnesota. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chronic alcohol consumption damages bone formation and causes bone pathology, including osteonecrosis of the femoral head. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effects of the leaf aqueous extract of Chromolaena odorata (C. odorata) on the femoral head in ethanol-induced osteonecrosis in rats. Animals received alcohol (40°) at 3 g/kg for 12 weeks. A group of animals were sacrificed to attest to the instalment of osteonecrosis by using histopathological analysis. The remaining animals received alcohol concomitantly with the plant extract (150, 300, or 600 mg/kg) or diclofenac (1 mg/kg) for 28 additional days. At the end of the experimental period, biochemical parameters including total cholesterol, triglycerides, calcium, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), reduced glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), nitrite, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase activities were measured. Histopathological and histomorphometry analyses of femurs were also assessed. The administration of alcohol, irrespective of the experimental period, induced a significant increase in total cholesterol p < 0.05 and triglyceride p < 0.01 and a decrease in ALP p < 0.05 and calcium (p < 0.05 – p < 0.001) levels. Intoxicated animals showed an alteration in oxidative stress parameters accompanied by a significant drop in bone cortical thickness and density with necrosis and marked bone resorption. The concomitant administration of the plant with ethanol reversed the alcohol-induced bone defect, characterized by the improvement of the lipid profile p < 0.001 , bone calcium concentration p < 0.05 , bone ALP activity p < 0.001 , oxidative stress parameters, improved cortical bone thickness p < 0.01 , and bone density p < 0.05 . These results are supported by the absence of bone resorption with an obvious effect at a dose of 300 mg/kg. The pharmacological effect of the extract on ethanol-induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head is probably due to its osteogenic, hypolipidemic, and antioxidant properties, justifying its use in Cameroonian folk medicine for articulation and bone pain management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As part of formative studies to design a program of collaborative care for persons with psychosis, we explored personal experience and lay attributions of illness as well as treatment among persons who had recently received care at traditional and faith healers' (TFHs) facilities in three cultural groups in Sub-Saharan Africa. A purposive sample of 85 individuals in Ibadan (Nigeria), Kumasi (Ghana), and Nairobi (Kenya) were interviewed. Data was inductively explored for themes and analysis was informed by the Framework Method. Across the three sites, illness experiences featured suffering and disability in different life domains. Predominant causal attribution was supernatural, even when biological causation was also acknowledged. Prayer and rituals, steeped in traditional spiritual beliefs, were prominent both in traditional faith healing settings as well as those of Christianity and Islam. Concurrent or consecutive use of TFHs and conventional medical services was common. TFHs provided services that appear to meet the therapeutic goals of their patients even when harmful treatment practices were employed. Cultural and linguistic differences did not obscure the commonality of a core set of beliefs and practices across these three groups. This similarity of core worldviews across diverse cultural settings means that a collaborative approach designed in one cultural group would, with adaptations to reflect differences in context, be applicable in another cultural group. Studies of patients' experience of illness and care are useful in designing and implementing collaborations between biomedical and TFH services as a way of scaling up services and improving the outcome of psychosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors comment on traditional medicine development in Africa 40 years after the Alma-Ata Declaration on primary health care in 1978 followed by the Declaration of Astana in 2018. Topics include the integration of traditional medicine into the national health care system in Africa through the policy, interesting questions raised by informed consent for African traditional medicine, and ways to boost traditional medicine research in Africa.

Introduction: This study explored the perspectives of traditional health care practitioners (THPs) practicing in the areas of herbalism, bone setting, and traditional birth attendance, from Akwa Ibom state, Nigeria, on the possibility and implications of applying informed consent (IC) during African traditional medicine (ATM) practice. Methods: Semistructured interviews were conducted with 11 THPs, consisting of 5 herbalists, 3 traditional bone setters (TBS), and 3 traditional birth attendants (TBAs), who represented the diverse groups that the study intended to cover. In-depth interviews were conducted using a semistructured guide and were recorded, transcribed, and analyzed using thematic analysis with the assistance of NVivo® qualitative analysis software. Results: Participants were seven males (64%) and four females (36%), 35–67 years of age, with 5–25 years of experience as THPs. Forty-six percent of participants were herbalists (27%), TBS, and TBAs (27%). Most participants (82%) were Annang, and (18%) were Ibibio first-language speakers. Three major themes emerged from the data analysis: (i) Existing ethical framework related to IC, (ii) knowledge of consent, and (iii) application of IC during traditional medical practice. These themes and relevant subthemes were explored. All (100%) THPs agreed that it was essential to communicate risks and benefits while allowing patients to ask questions before treatment. All participants (100%) stated that risk communication is essential in ATM, whereas 36% said they communicated all therapy benefits to their patients. Respondents believed patients could make an informed choice if they had complete information disclosure. However, THPs in this study had limited knowledge of formal IC rules and regulations. Conclusions: This study revealed that THPs in this setting disclose a diagnosis, risks, some benefits, and treatment options to patients. Consent/agreement was obtained verbally and voluntarily during ATM practice, consistent with IC doctrine. THPs had limited knowledge of the critical elements of IC. However, they suggested that a form of IC that does not conflict with traditional African norms could be applicable in ATM. IC could facilitate documentation and help reduce risks in ATM practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aqueous decoctions of Vernonia amygdalina (VA) leaves and roots are widely used in traditional African medicine as an antidiabetic remedy. The amount of luteolin and vernodalol in leaf and root extracts was detected, and their role was studied regarding α-glucosidase activity, bovine serum albumin glycation (BSA), reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, and cell viability, together with in silico absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET) properties. Vernodalol did not affect α-glucosidase activity, whereas luteolin did. Furthermore, luteolin inhibited the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) in a concentration-dependent manner, whereas vernodalol did not reduce it. Additionally, luteolin exhibited high antiradical activity, while vernodalol demonstrated a lower scavenger effect, although similar to that of ascorbic acid. Both luteolin and vernodalol inhibited HT-29 cell viability, showing a half-maximum inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 22.2 µM (−Log IC50 = 4.65 ± 0.05) and 5.7 µM (−Log IC50 = 5.24 ± 0.16), respectively. Finally, an in silico ADMET study showed that both compounds are suitable candidates as drugs, with appropriate pharmacokinetics. This research underlines for the first time the greater presence of vernodalol in VA roots compared to leaves, while luteolin is prevalent in the latter, suggesting that the former could be used as a natural source of vernodalol. Consequently, root extracts could be proposed for vernodalol-dependent antiproliferative activity, while leaf extracts could be suggested for luteolin-dependent effects, such as antioxidant and antidiabetic effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Pharmacological properties of 5-demethyl sinensetin from L. alata were explored. • 5-Demethyl sinensetin has promising antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. • Potential anticancer properties of 5-demethyl sinensetin are worth further research. Loxostylis alata Spreng. ex Rchb. (Anacardiaceae) is used in South African traditional medicine to alleviate labor pain and to boost the immune system. A polymethoxyflavone (PMF), identified as 5-hydroxy-4′,5′,6,7-tetramethoxyflavone (5-demethyl sinensetin) isolated from the ethyl acetate extract of L. alata, was evaluated for its in vitro pharmacological properties. Antibacterial activity of 5-demethyl sinensetin was determined using a microdilution assay against clinical bacterial isolates from hens' eggs including: Enterobacter cloacae, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella Typhimurium and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. Antioxidant activity was determined using free-radical scavenging assays. The anti-inflammatory activities of the compound were determined by evaluating its inhibitory effect on the activity of the pro-inflammatory enzyme 15- lipoxygenase, as well as its ability to inhibit nitric oxide (NO) release from macrophages. Furthermore, it was investigated for potential in vitro cytotoxic effects using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) test against African green monkey (Vero) kidney and Madin–Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cell lines. 5-Demethyl sinensetin had antibacterial activity against the tested bacteria with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranging from 0.312 to 0.500 mg/mL. Strains of Salmonella Typhimurium were more susceptible than the other pathogens with MIC = 0.312 mg/mL. The 5-demethyl sinensetin had good antioxidant activity with IC 50 values of 1.23 ± 0.15 μg/mL using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging method and 0.14 ± 0.09 μg/mL with the 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) method compared to the positive controls ascorbic acid and Trolox. The 5-demethyl sinensetin inhibited nitric oxide production in a dose-dependent manner in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Nitric oxide (NO) production was inhibited by 87.9% at a concentration of 50 μg/mL with no toxic effect on the macrophages (viability of > 80%), while inhibiting the metabolism of 15-lipoxygenase (15-LOX) with an IC 50 = 3.26 ± 0.35 μg/mL in comparison to the positive control quercetin. On the other hand however, cytoxicity to Vero (LC 50 = 0.010 mg/mL) and MDBK (LC 50 = 0.014 mg/mL) cells was observed with 5-demethyl sinensetin. The compound 5-demethyl sinensetin had potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, although it was toxic to the cell lines used in this study. There is therefore a need for further research to explore the potential anticancer properties of this important plant species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anacardium occidentale commonly known as Cashew is a plant that is widely used in African traditional medicine. It is endowed with phytochemical constituents that are responsible for its medicinal properties. Twenty-five male Wistar rats were grouped as follows: Control (Group A), Group B (L-NAME 40 mg/kg), Group C (100 mg/kg Anacardium occidentale extract plus 40 mg/kg L-NAME), Group D (200 mg/kg extract plus 40 mg/kg L-NAME) and Group E (10 mg/kg of Lisinopril plus 40 mg/kg L-NAME). The animals were treated with oral administration of either the extracts or Lisnopril daily for 4 weeks. Neuro-behavioural tests such as the Morris Water Maze and Hanging Wire Grip tests were carried out to evaluate memory/spatial learning and muscular strength, respectively. Makers of oxidative stress, antioxidant enzymes and immunohistochemical staining of Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein and Ionised Calcium Binding Adaptor molecule 1 were assessed. L-NAME administration caused significant increases in biomarkers of oxidative stress, decreased antioxidant status, acetylcholinesterase activity, altered neuro-behavioural changes, astrocytosis, and microgliosis. However, Anacardium occidentale reversed exaggerated oxidative stress biomarkers and improved neuro-behavioural changes. Combining all, Anacardium occidentale enhanced brain antioxidant defence status, improved memory and muscular strength, thus, suggesting the neuroprotective properties of Anacardium occidentale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. Resistance to common antimalarial drugs and persistence of the endemicity of malaria constitute a major public health problem in Cameroon. The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro antiplasmodial, antioxidant, and cytotoxic activities of aqueous and ethanol extracts of Bridelia micrantha used by Cameroonian traditional healers for the treatment of malaria. Methods. Aqueous and ethanolic stem bark extracts were prepared according to standard procedures. The SYBR Green method was used for antiplasmodial activity on strains of Plasmodium falciparum sensitive to chloroquine (3D7) and resistant (Dd2). In vitro antioxidant activities of B. micrantha were determined using the scavenging activity of 2,2 ′ -diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, nitric oxide, ferric reducing power, and hydrogen peroxide as well as their cytotoxicity on RAW 264.7 macrophage cells and red blood cells (RBC). Results. The aqueous and ethanol extracts of Bridelia micrantha showed antiplasmodial activity on the 3D7 strain with I C 50 of 31.65 ± 0.79 μg/ml and 19.41 ± 2.93 μg/ml, respectively, as well as 37.64 ± 0.77 μg/ml and 36.22 ± 1.04 μg/ml for the Dd2 strain, respectively. The aqueous and ethanol extracts showed free radical scavenging properties. The IC 50 aqueous and ethanol extract was approximately 0.0001737 μg/ml, 42.92 μg/ml, 1197 μg/ml, 63.78 μg/ml and 4.617 μg/ml, 429.9 μg/ml, 511 μg/ml, and 69.32 μg/ml for DPPH, NO, H2O2, and FRAP, respectively, which were compared to ascorbic acid (8.610 e − 005 μg/ml, 2901 μg/ml, 3237 μg/ml, and 18.57 μg/ml). The aqueous and ethanol extracts of B. micrantha were found to be nontoxic with CC 50 values of 950 ± 6.6 μg/ml and 308.3 ± 45.4 μg/ml, respectively. Haemolysis test showed that the two extracts were not toxic. Conclusion. These results suggest that B. micrantha can serve as an antimalarial agent. However, further studies are needed to validate the use of B. micrantha as an antimalarial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tithonia diversifolia is widely used in African traditional medicine for the treatment of a large number of ailments and disorders, including malaria. In the present study, we evaluated the repellent activity of essential oils (EO) of this plant against Anopheles coluzzii, a major vector of malaria in Africa. Fresh leaves of T. diversifolia were used to extract EO, which were used to perform repellency assays in the laboratory and in the field using commercially available N,N-Diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET) and Cymbopogon (C.) citratus EO as positive controls and vaseline as negative control. The repellency rates and durations of protection of the human volunteers involved were used as measures of repellent activity. Chemical composition of the T. diversifolia EO was established further by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. The moisture content and oil yield were 81% and 0.02% respectively. A total of 29 compounds in the T. diversifolia EO was identified, with d-limonene (20.1%), α-Copaene (10.3%) and o-Cymene (10.0%) as the most represented. In field studies, the mean time of protection against mosquito bites was significantly lower in T. diversifolia EO-treated volunteers compared to treatments with C. citratus EO (71 min versus 125 min, p = 0.04), but significantly higher when compared with the non-treated volunteers (71 min vs 0.5 min, p = 0.03). The same pattern was found in laboratory repellency assays against A. coluzzii. In contrast, repulsion rates were statistically similar between T. diversifolia EO and positive controls. In conclusion, the study suggests promising repellent potential of leaves of T. diversifolia EO against A. coluzzii. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Integrating mental health care into the primary care system is an important policy option in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). From the perspective of the integration of mental health care in district health services, this study analyzed the existing demand and supply of mental health care in the health district of Tshamilemba, which is located in Lubumbashi, the second largest city of the DRC. We critically examined the district's operational response capacity to address mental health. Methods: A multimethod cross-sectional exploratory study was carried out. We conducted a documentary review (including an analysis of the routine health information system) from the health district of Tshamilemba. We further organized a household survey to which 591 residents responded and conducted 5 focus group discussions (FGDs) with 50 key stakeholders (doctors, nurses, managers, community health workers and leaders, health care users). The demand for mental health care was analyzed through the assessment of the burden of mental health problems and care-seeking behaviors. The burden of mental disorders was assessed by calculating a morbidity indicator (proportion of mental health cases) and through a qualitative analysis of the psychosocial consequences as perceived by the participants. Care-seeking behavior was analyzed by calculating health service utilization indicators and more specifically the relative frequency of mental health complaints in primary health care centers, and by analyzing FGDs participants' reports. The mental health care supply available was described by using the qualitative analysis of the declarations of the participants (providers and users of care) to the FGDs and by analyzing the package of care available in the primary health care centers. Finally, the district's operational response capacity was assessed by making an inventory of all available resources and by analyzing qualitative data provided by health providers and managers regarding the district' capacity to address mental health conditions. Results: Analysis of technical documents indicated that the burden of mental health problems is a major public problem in Lubumbashi. However, the proportion of mental health cases among the general patient population seen in the outpatient curative consultations in the Tshamilemba district remains very low, at an estimated 5.3%. The interviews not only pointed to a clear demand for mental health care but also indicated that there is currently hardly any offer of care available in the district. There are no dedicated psychiatric beds, nor is there a psychiatrist or psychologist available. Participants in the FGDs stated that in this context, the main source of care for people remains traditional medicine. Conclusion: Our findings show a clear demand for mental health care and a lack of formal mental health care supply in the Tshamilemba district. Moreover, this district lacks adequate operational capacity to meet the mental health needs of the population. Traditional African medicine is currently the main source of mental health care in this health district. Identifying concrete priority mental health actions to address this gap, by making evidence-based mental care available, is therefore of great relevance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Laportea aestuans L. (Chew), Commelina virginica (L.) and Sida rhombifolia (L.) are common wild plants used in treating several ailments including diarrhea, dysentery, hernia, oedema, ulcers and many more in traditional African medicine especially, Nigeria. The potentials of Random Amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) primers in delimiting intra-specific variation in L. aestuans, C. virginica and S. rhombifolia was assessed using three RAPD primers. Plant and soil samples were collected from 19 local government areas in Lagos State and assessed for genetic and biochemical relationships. A total of 56 bands were produced of which 44 were polymorphic. Maximum number of bands (21) was produced by OPY20 while OPC04 produced minimum number of bands (14). The maximum and minimum percentage polymorphisms were 100% (OPC04) and 50% (OPA12), The dendrogram of genetic diversity had a genetic distance range of 0.57 to 1.00, 0.58 to 1.00 and 0.52 to 1.00 and clustered at 0.57, 0.58, 0.52 implying 57%, 58%, 52% similarity and 43%, 42% and 48% variability for L. aestuans, C. virginica and S. rhombifolia respectively. Results of phytochemical analysis show that S. rhombifolia is particularly high in steroids (I134.19±0.23), flavonoids (118.65±0.18), phenolics (125.25±1.43), alkaloids (63.56±0.11) and triterpenes (72.44±0.12) but low in saponins (23.29±0.05), glycosides (6.79±0.01) and tannins (7.10±0.02). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Holistic integrated community palliative care services remain a mirage to cancer patients. Nonetheless, a number of cancer patients are jamming traditional medicinal places seeking therapy. The results of these visits are undocumented. This study explored healthcare seeking behaviors and perspectives on cancer indigenous palliative care among patients visiting traditional health practitioners in Kenya. Methods: A cross-sectional study was undertaken through client exit survey. Face to face interviews were conducted using semi-structured questionnaires with all consenting cancer patients exiting mapped outlets. Data was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Science Version 22.0. Results: A total of 433 respondents were interviewed and the majority were female 59.6%, Christians 97.2%, married 89.8% and educated 85.7%. Their mean age was 48.25 ± 15. 58. Education, sex and religion were significantly associated with perceived improvement. The predominant cancer types were breast cancer (22.4%); throat (14.8%), prostate (12.9%), bone (12.5%), cervical (9.9%), stomach (6.0%) and skin cancer (5.1%). The most frequently used traditional medicine was herbal medicine that was driven by unresponsive conditions (42.2%), inaccessible biomedical services (18.8%) and yearning for second opinion (18%) over a condition. Seventy six percent of the respondents reported improved and prolonged quality of life. 78.2% reported improved eating, drinking, standing, walking and doing light duties alone. Patients felt healthier, hopeful, happier, confident and bonded to their families. Conclusions: Use of indigenous palliative care is predominant to all major cancer conditions and driven by the quest for cure, successful stories, trustworthiness and beliefs, previous experience and avoiding medical procedures such as surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cissus cornifolia (Baker) Planch is traditionally used in South African traditional medicine (SATM) to treat a variety of human infections. The antimicrobial activity of extracts from C. cornifolia was investigated in vitro against a plethora of pathogenic microorganisms using the microdilution assay. The acetone extract exhibited a notable minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 0.10 mg/mL against Mycoplasma hominis and a further MIC of 0.20 mg/mL against Candida parapsilosis, Streptococcus agalactiae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterococcus faecalis. In the antiproliferative assays, both the ethyl acetate and methanol extracts exhibited a potent inhibition of the MCF-7-21 cell line. In the anti-inflammatory assays, both the ethyl acetate and methanol extracts exhibited IC50 values of 15.59 and 15.78 µg/mL against Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), respectively. Methanol extract further exhibited potent dual inhibition of both COX-2 and 15-LOX enzymes, hence, recommended to curb both related cancers, particularly breast cancer and inflammation-borne diseases. In the comparative gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC/TOF-MS), the acetone, ethyl acetate, and methanol extract contained significantly prevalent amounts of compound 2-(2',4',4',6',6',8',8'-Heptamethyltetrasiloxan-2'-yloxy)-2,4,4,6,6,8,8,10,10-nonamethylcyclopentasiloxane with % area ranging from 15.714 to 39.225. The findings in the current work validates the use of the plant species in SATM in the treatment of cancer-like infections, opportunistic infections associated with HIV-AIDS. Furthermore, the in vivo studies and the mechanisms of action still need to be explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hypericum revolutum subsp. keniense is a plant mainly used to treat diarrhoea, rheumatism, nervous disorders, and wounds in African traditional medicine. The objective of the current work was to establish antibacterial, antioxidant potency, and chemical composition of essential oil from the leaves and flowers of Hypericum revolutum subsp. keniense. The oils were isolated by steam distillation. Antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 12393), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Acinetobacter baumannii (ATTC 19606), Salmonella enteritidis (NCTC12023), Salmonella typhimurium (ATCC 14028), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 15442), and Haemophilus influenzae (ATCC 49766) was carried out by agar disk diffusion and microtiter broth dilution methods. Antioxidant activities of the essential oils were examined by different methods, DPPH, FRAP, and H2O2 assays. Chemical characterization was performed using gas chromatography interfaced with mass spectrometry, Fourier-transform infra-red (FTIR) spectroscopy, and quantification of phenolics and flavonoids by Folin–Ciocalteu reagent and aluminium nitrate, respectively. The oils showed potential antibacterial activity with mean zone of inhibition ranging from 20.67 ± 0.33 to 32.00 ± 1.00 mm at 100% oil concentration against the tested bacteria. Furthermore, the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) in all the tested microorganisms were in the range from 250 to 15.6250 μg/ml. The essential oils derived from the leaves revealed varied antioxidant activity levels with the different methods of assay. The IC50 of values obtained from the three methods, DPPH, FRAP, and H2O2 were ˃1000 μg/ml, 0.31 μg/ml, and 12.33 μg/ml, respectively. Caryophyllene (22.1%) and 2, 3, 4-trimethylhexane were the major chemical components of the essential oils derived from the leaves and flowers, respectively. FTIR spectroscopy of the essential oils from the leaves and flowers showed similarity at peaks for hydroxyl, unsaturated olefinic, and amine functional groups. Further findings indicated that the total phenolic and flavonoid contents essential oils derived from leaves were 130.4 6 ± 10.5 mg GAE/g dry weight and 0.911 ± 0.04 mg CE/g dry weight, respectively. It was therefore concluded that essential oils from the leaves and flowers of H. revolutum subsp. keniense have compounds that have antibacterial and antioxidant potency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Documentation of patient health information in the form of patient medical records (PMRs) is an essential, ethical and regulatory requirement in any healthcare system. African traditional medicine (ATM) exists parallel to biomedicine and continues to play a significant role in primary healthcare of the majority of South Africans. The World Health Organization (WHO) has promoted the integration of ATM into the national health system of South Africa. Patient health information documentation can facilitate this integration, and PMRs promote communication between the two health systems through referrals. Documentation in biomedicine is a clear, compulsory, routine activity, but does not occur regularly or routinely in ATM. Objective: To examine the attitudes and perceptions of traditional health practitioners (THPs) towards documentation of patient health information in their practice. Methods: This quantitative cross-sectional survey involved snowball sampling to recruit THPs in Umlazi Township and rural parts surrounding the township, in Durban, South Africa. A semi-structured questionnaire was used. Quantitative data were analysed using SPSS 25 and the Relative Importance Index (RII) and qualitative data were analysed using Excel for themes. Results: Sampling resulted in 248 THPs of whom 178 (72%) were females. The RII ranked the factors that negatively influenced the participants' attitudes towards documentation of patient health information. Of the 178 females who participated in the study, 129 (72.5%) showed their willingness to introduce documentation in their practice. Of the 127 participants with less than 10 years of practice experience, 126 (99.2%) agreed to the importance of introducing PMRs in their practice. The majority of participants perceived documentation of patient health information as vital to improve their practice. A prominent theme was that the THPs regarded documenting patient health information as important and effective in their practice. Conclusion: More than half of participants showed positive attitudes and perceptions towards documenting of patient health information in ATM. The majority of the participants in this study acknowledged the importance of introducing documentation of patient health information in their practice even though they lacked experience and more knowledge. This reflects a need for essential intervention in developing specialised tools to begin promoting documentation of patient health information in ATM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Over the last two decades, medical healthcare has increased at an exponential rate. The discovery of new infectious diseases and the development of conventional new drugs have increased the health sector's reliance on alternative remedies such as holistic healing, Chinese traditional medicines, African traditional medicines, and Ayurvedic medicines. These traditional remedies have been around since time immemorial. Aim: This study reviewed literature and discussed the historical role of phytomedicine in the development of synthetic treatments, the current state of phytomedicine research, and the future implication of such research. Setting: This review provides a world overview of the use of phytomedicine. Method: This paper summarises previous research on the use of phytomedicine as a source of healthcare over decades using scientific internet databases. Results: Medicinal plants are heavily exploited for the therapeutic properties. Over the years, plants displayed a phenomenal benefit to human health problems worldwide. Advancement in plant research to combat multiple human ailments has drastically increased from the past to the present. Currently, researchers are using a computational platform to evaluate the potential of plant bioactive compounds towards novel, effective, and affordable drug development candidates to gain a better understanding of drug interactions with the body's biochemical pathways. Conclusion: Medicinal plants are still important in global healthcare systems. Literature reveals that there is a resurgence of interest in plant-based medicines for the prevention and treatment of a variety of human ailments. Contribution: This study contributes to the existing knowledge on the remarkable use of phytomedicine in modern times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• South African medicinal plants and bioactive compounds demonstrate antihypertensive potential via inhibitory effects on ACE in the RAAS pathway. • D. rotundifolia , 3β-taraxerol, β-amyrin, oleanolic acid, and quercetin exhibited strong nitric oxide inhibition. • D. rotundifolia, R. chirendensis and S. birrea demonstrates strong ACE inhibitory activity. Plants used in African traditional medicine to manage hypertension are potential angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors. We, therefore, aimed to determine the antioxidant and anti-hypertensive properties of the methanol extracts of six plants, namely, Artemisia afra Jacq. ex Willd., Clausena anisata, Dombeya rotundifolia, Sclerocarya birrea, Rhus chirindensis, and Warbugia salutaris and selected compounds, viz., 3β-taraxerol, β-amyrin, oleanolic acid, hesperidin, nicotinamide, and quercetin. The antioxidant and anti-hypertensive activities were determined using the 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay, the nitric oxide (NO) scavenging assay and the ACE inhibition assay respectively. D. rotundifolia (IC 50 : 63.02 ± 0.5 µg/mL), 3β-taraxerol (IC 50 : <1 µg/mL), β-amyrin (IC 50 : 105.04 ± 1.36 µg/mL), oleanolic acid (IC 50 : 32.20 ± 0.20 µg/mL) and quercetin (IC 50 : <1 µg/mL) displayed strong DPPH free radical scavenging activity ranging from 80 to 90%. Additionally, D. rotundifolia demonstrated 72% inhibition against NO displaying the lowest IC 50 of 63.45 ± 2.9 µg.mL. A 75–87% inhibition was noted for 3β-taraxerol (IC 50 : <1 µg/mL), β-amyrin (IC 50 : <1 µg/mL), oleanolic acid (IC 50 : <1 µg/mL) and quercetin (IC 50 : 125.02 ± 1.77 µg/mL), similar to ascorbic acid (standard). A significant ACE inhibitory activity of 92% with the lowest IC 50 (110.16 ± 0.12 µg.mL) was demonstrated for D. rotundifolia followed by R. chirendensis (79%), S. birrea (67%), A. afra (54%) and C. anisata (54%). Our findings suggest that these medicinal plants and bioactive compounds have great antihypertensive potential via inhibitory effects on ACE in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Limonium genus is traditionally used in North Africa for disease treatment and in cosmetic. This study investigates for the first time the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and enzyme inhibitory activities of two Tunisian endemic plants, L. boitardii and L. cercinense. Analysis of phenolic compounds was carried out by using RP-HPLC. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents, antioxidant activity (antiradical, reducing and total antioxidant activities), tyrosinase and α-glucosidase, collagenase inhibition activities were determined. Inhibiting of NO release in LPS-stimulated macrophages was assessed. L. cercinense exhibited strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. In the tyrosinase and α-glucosidase inhibitor activity tests, the two species were highly active, especially L. cercinense. High total phenolic and flavonoid contents were recorded in L. cercinense and myricitrin, myricetin, myricetin 3-O-β-D-galatopyranoside, luteolin 7-O-glucoside and rutin were the main phenolics in both species. The results obtained render L. boitardii and L. cercinense as valuable new natural sources for cosmetic and pharmacological applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the Democratic Republic of Congo, the desire of the Ministry of Health to integrate Traditional African Medicine into the Official Health System remains limited by the lack of reliable data on several aspects of this medicine. This study aims to determine the perceptions of the Lubumbashi population towards Traditional African Medicine and the contexts of recourse to these therapeutic modalities. We conducted semi-structured interviews of population samples in each of the 7 Lubumbashi municipalities, which were semi-randomly selected in proportions to each population size, from January to June 2017 and from February to July 2018. A total of 4278 people (average age, 32.1 ± 10.4 years; 36.5% of women) have been surveyed. Among them, 75.8% define "Traditional African Medicine" as "herbal-based treatments"; 79.4% have resorted to traditional medicine, for several pathologies and social problems. This medicine was preferred for efficiency, speed of healing and low cost, as well as the presence of the diseases against which it would be the only one used. Most, (52.1%) have started with Conventional Medicine, then resorted to Traditional African Medicine, 34.7% started directly with Traditional African Medicine, while 13.2% combined these two medicines. From those who have resorted to Traditional African Medicine (n = 3396), 55% declare no concern towards traditional medicine, while 42.5% fear looseness, overdose, intoxication, and lack of hygiene; from those who have not resorted to Traditional African Medicine (n = 882), 78% are fearful of fear looseness, witchcraft, and fetishism. Traditional African Medicine remains an important health care resource for the Lubumbashi people. It is essential that decision-makers consider the importance of this health sector for the population, but also the reported fears and hindrances, and work towards the regulation, sanitization, and control of this medicine to ensure its safe use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Snail slime is used widely in African traditional medicine, specifically in Nsukka Enugu, Nigeria, for wound management; however, this claim lacks scientific validation. Herein, we investigated the gastroprotective effect of aqueous Achatina achatina L. (snail) slime extract (ASSE) on indomethacin- and ethanol-induced ulceration in Wistar albino rat models. Biochemical analysis of ASSE showed appreciable levels of manganese, iron, zinc, copper, molybdenum, selenium, Vitamin C, B1, B2, and B3 and a basic pH. The experimental design consists of two Phases (five groups of five rats each). In both Phases, group I (positive control) received 3ml of distilled water, while groups II-V received 20 mg/kg body weight omeprazole (standard drug), 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg bw ASSE, respectively, via oral intubation. The various treatments lasted for 21-days. Following 24-hours fasting with access to only water (which spanned between the 22nd -23rd day), ulceration was induced separately on the experimental animals in Phase I with a single oral dose of indomethacin (30 mg/kg bw) and in Phase II with a single oral dose of acidified ethanol (1.5 ml/kg bw), via the gastric gavage. The LD50 study showed safety up to 5000 mg/kg bw ASSE. After induction, a significant (P<0.05) increase in the number of ulcers and mean ulcer index were recorded in group 1 of both Phases; however, rats administered various concentrations of ASSE showed significant (P<0.05) amelioration of the ulceration in both Phases, and these were on par with the standard control. These results suggest that aqueous snail slime extract possesses gastroprotective potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It was recognised in the 1978 Alma-Ata Declaration that the integration of traditional medicine into modern health systems is a major lever for achieving universal health coverage. In several African countries, the integration of traditional medicine still faces constraints, despite the development of policies and regulations in favour of this integration. The objective of this study is to conduct a systematic review of the limitations of integrating traditional medicine in Africa. This is a systematic review protocol for qualitative studies. The aim will be to conduct a systematic review of qualitative studies according to PRISMA guidelines. Given the qualitative nature of the primary studies, the COREQ guidelines will also be used to complement PRISMA. The search for primary studies will be conducted in Medline, Science Direct, Hinari and Google Scholar databases, using search equations designed based on the keywords constituting the thesauri of the search question. This will be done independently by two authors. The screening steps of the identified articles will be presented in PRISMA 2009 flowchart. The assessment of the risk of bias of the primary studies and the strength of the conclusions or recommendations will be performed by the GRADE tool. The results of this systematic review will consist of the primary qualitative studies on the limitations of integrating traditional medicine into conventional health systems in African countries. These will be categorised into policy, legal, organisational and sociocultural limitations. They will be reported in accordance with the PRISMA and COREQ guidelines. A systematic qualitative study of the limitations of effective integration of traditional medicine into conventional health systems in Africa is needed to guide national policies and regulations on traditional medicine. The application of PRISMA and COREQ standards to this review will ensure its quality and reproducibility. PROSPERO ID: CRD42022318699. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rytigynia senegalensis (Rubiaceae) is a plant used in African medicine for the treatment of diabetes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro antioxidant, enzyme inhibitory, and hypoglycemic effects of Rytigynia senegalensis extract (RSE). The contents of phenols, tannins, and flavonoids were determined by phytochemical screening. 2,2-Azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) and 2,2-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) were determined to evaluate the free radical scavenging capacity of the RSE. The inhibitory activity of α-amylase and α-glucosidase was evaluated in vitro using the α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition methods and in vivo using the sucrose and starch tolerance tests. The glucose tolerance test was performed on normal rats using doses of 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg of RSE. RSE contains total phenols (36.35 mg GAE/g of extract), flavonoids (11.91 mg QE/g of extract), and tannins (13.01 mg CE/g of extract). RSE exhibits significant radical scavenging activity on DPPH and ABTS radicals with an IC50 of 17.51 and 21.89 μg/mL, respectively. RSE showed an inhibitory effect on the activity of α-amylase and α-glucosidase with an IC50 of 308.93 and 354.13 μg/mL, respectively. RSE (100 and 200 mg/kg) caused a significant decrease in area under the curve and postprandial glycemia at 60, 90, and 120 min following the administration of starch or sucrose. Regarding the glucose tolerance test, RSE (100 and 200 mg/kg) significantly reduced postprandial hyperglycemia from the 90th min posttreatment. RSE lowered postprandial hyperglycemia and has antioxidant properties. These effects would be due to the presence of bioactive compounds in the RSE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of resistance of microorganisms to conventional antibiotics is a major global health concern; hence, there is an increasing interest in medicinal plants as a therapeutic option. This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial, anti-biofilm, and anti-quorum activities of crude extracts prepared using various solvents of nine indigenous South African plants used locally for the treatment of diarrhoea. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined using the broth microdilution method and the crystal violet assay was used to test the anti-biofilm activity of the extracts against a panel of bacteria. Anti-quorum sensing activity of the extracts was assessed via inhibition of violacein production in Chromobacterium violaceum ATCC 12472. Preliminary screening of extracts against E. coli ATCC 25922 revealed that the acetone extracts had significant activity, with MIC values ranging from 0.04 to 0.63 mg/mL. Further screening against a panel of bacterial pathogens showed that the acetone extract of Bauhinia bowkeri was the most active with MIC of 0.01 mg/mL against Salmonella enteritidis, followed by Searsia lancea with MIC of 0.03 mg/mL against Bacillus cereus. All the plant extracts prevented the attachment of biofilms by more than 50% against at least one of the tested bacteria. However, only the mature biofilm of B. cereus was susceptible to the extracts, with 98.22% eradication by Searsia pendulina extract. The minimum quorum sensing inhibitory concentration of the extracts ranged from 0.08 to 0.32 mg/mL with S. lancea having the most significant activity. The extract of S. lancea had the best violacein production inhibitory activity with IC50 value of 0.17 mg/mL. Overall, the results obtained indicate that acetone extracts of S. leptodictya, S. lancea, S. batophylla, S. pendulina, B. galpinii, and B. bowkeri possess antibacterial and anti-biofilm activities and can modulate quorum sensing through the inhibition of violacein production. Therefore, these results signify the potential of the selected plant extracts in treating diarrhoea through inhibition of bacterial growth, biofilm formation inhibition, and quorum sensing antagonism, supporting their medicinal use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A variety of traditional medicinal plants has been widely used by different indigenous people in Ethiopia for many human and livestock ailments. This study was conducted to investigate and document the use of medicinal plants in the Sedie Muja district. Sixteen key informants were selected purposively and 72 informants were selected randomly from 5 wards. Data were collected using semi-structured questionnaires, group discussions, and field observation. Besides descriptive statistics, the data were analyzed using some ethnobotanical analysis tools like preference ranking, paired comparison, direct matrix ranking, informant consensus factor, and fidelity level index. A total of 89 species of medicinal plants were identified and collected with 82 genera and 44 families. Out of these, 60 species (67.42%) were used against human ailments, 10 species (11.24%) were used against livestock ailments, and 19 species (21.34%) were used to treat both human and livestock ailments. Herbs constituted the largest growth habit (40 species) followed by shrubs (33 species). The most frequently used plant part was leaves (39.9%), followed by roots (23.83%), and the condition of preparation was fresh plant materials (70.98%). The most widely used method of preparation was crushing (22.8%) followed by crushing-squeezing (11.39%). The most common route of administration was oral (49.74%) followed by dermal (30.05%). Ruta chalepensis was the predominant medicinal plant cited by most of the informants 62 (70%) followed by Ocimum lamiifolium 59 (67%). The disease category with the highest ICF value (0.90) was the evil eye. There was a high preference for Euphorbia abyssinica to treat stomachache. Ocimum lamiifolium was the most preferred species for the treatment of febrile illness. Anthropogenic factors are the major threats to medicinal plants. In general, the study area is rich in medicinal plants that have a significant role in the management of various human and livestock diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The unregulated use of in-feed antibiotic growth promoters has received widespread condemnation due to an increase in cases of antibiotic-resistant microbes. This has fueled an ever-growing demand for new sources of natural and safe alternative products with minimal impacts on the environment and human health in animal production. Myrothamnus flabellifolius, as a phytogenic feed additive, fits this description, as it is a natural plant containing high amounts of secondary metabolites necessary for cell function, regulation, and protection for improved animal growth, performance, and health. With some limitations towards its use, several processing and combination strategies are available to unlock nutrients and explore its potential in animal production, as described in this review. Myrothamnus flabellifolius (Welw.) is used in African traditional medicine for the treatment of depression and mental disorder, asthma, infectious diseases, respiratory, inflammation, epilepsy, heart, wound, backaches, diabetes, kidney ailments, hypertension, hemorrhoids, gingivitis, shingles, stroke, and skins conditions. The effectiveness of M. flabellifolius is due to the presence of several secondary metabolites that have demonstrated efficacy in other cell and animal models. These metabolites are key in cell regulation and function and have potential use in animal production due to antimicrobial and antioxidant properties, for an improvement in growth performance, feed quality and palatability, gut microbial environment, function, and animal health. The purpose of this review is to provide a detailed account on the potential use of M. flabellifolius in animal nutrition. Limitations towards the use of this plant in animal nutrition, including toxicity, economic, and financial issues are discussed. Finally, novel strategies and technologies, e.g., microencapsulation, microbial fermentation, and essential oil extraction, used to unlock and improve nutrient bioaccessibility and bioavailability are clearly discussed towards the potential use of M. flabellifolius as a phytogenic additive in animal diets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• One hundred and thirty eight plant species are recorded to treat eye disorders in traditional southern African medicine. • Pathogens associated with eye infections have been neglected. • Toxicity studies on many of the plant species are lacking. • No studies have focused on plant species to treat cataracts, glaucoma, macular degeneration, or diabetic retinopathy. • Sterility is a concern when administrating plant preparations directly into the eye. Ophthalmic infections are common and can cause substantial loss of eyesight. It is estimated that nearly 45% of the South African population has suffered from partial or total loss of eyesight with a substantial portion of this being due to infections. However, in approximately 80% of cases, this loss of eyesight could have been easily prevented or even treated. Multiple plant species are used in traditional South African medicine to treat eye infections, yet the therapeutic properties of most of these plants have been poorly studied. An extensive literature review of the ethnobotanical literature was undertaken to document the plant species used in southern African traditional medicine to treat eye disorders. A search was subsequently undertaken to identify and summarise studies that have provided some scientific evidence to support traditional use against these eye disorders. A total of 137 plant species belonging to 53 plant families are recorded to treat eye disorders in traditional southern African medicine. The use of many plants was credited with vague indications such as "eye problems" and "eye conditions". Only 42 of the identified species have been evaluated for inhibitory activity against any eye-related pathogens. Whilst bacterial Staphylococcal pathogens were the most extensively tested, many other pathogens associated with eye infections have been neglected. Additionally, several fungal and most viral pathogens have been completely neglected to date. Furthermore, few studies have tested the toxicity of the plant extracts and mechanistic studies are lacking. Whilst this review identifies and highlights plant species used in traditional southern African medicine to treat eye infections, substantially more research is required to completely validate their traditional use and to evaluate the potential of the plant preparations as drug leads. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The introduction of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1)-based therapies has greatly improved the management of type 2 diabetes (T2D), as they ensure good blood glucose control and promote weight loss. Ingestion of standardized herbal remedies that promote the same endogenous metabolic processes affected by the GLP-1-based treatments could provide cheaper alternatives in low- and middle-income countries, where there is currently an increase in the incidence of T2D. The focus in this study was to determine quality control parameters and the prime factors for the Rauvolfia-Citrus tea (RC-tea), as used in Nigerian traditional medicine to treat T2D. We have previously shown that the RC-tea that is made by boiling leaves of Rauvolfia vomitoria Afzel. and fruits of Citrus aurantium L. causes normalization of blood glucose and reduction of ectopic lipid accumulation in genetic diabetic (BKS- db) mice and in humans with T2D. The standardized RC-tea was made by boiling 40 g dried R. vomitoria foliage and 200 g fresh C. aurantium fruits per litre. The resulting golden-brown extract is free of microbial contamination, has pH 5 and contains ca. 230 mg naringin (marker compound for C. aurantium) and 25 mg robinin (marker compound for R. vomitoria) per litre. In addition, the herbal extract has the characteristic HPLC-DAD fingerprint where the marker compounds, naringin and robinin have retention times of approximately 26.3 min and 26.9 min, respectively, when using the outlined column and gradient elution conditions. Comparative evaluations of the antidiabetic effects of the standardized RC-tea and boiling water-extracts made with C. aurantium fruits alone (CA), R. vomitoria foliage alone (RV) and a combination of CA and RV, (CA + RV) in BKS- db mice, indicate that components from R. vomitoria foliage drive the reductions in ectopic lipid accumulation, since CA-treated mice lacked this effect. However, the normalization of blood glucose arises from combination of components from the two source plant materials as administration of either CA or RV resulted in hypoglycaemia. Interestingly, treatment with the CA + RV mixture, generated by mixing individually produced CA and RV plant extracts, resulted in hyperglycaemia, possibly due to drug-drug interactions of the blood glucose-reducing components in either plant extract. Hence, our data show that the best antidiabetic outcome results from the traditional practice of boiling R. vomitoria foliage and C. aurantium fruits together. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anogeissus leiocarpus (DC.) Guill. & Perr. belongs to the family Combretaceae and is used both by African traditional medical practitioners and livestock rearers to treat diseases such as African trypanosomiasis, animal diarrhoea, asthma, cancer, cough, diabetes, dysentery, erectile dysfunction, fever, giardiasis, helminthiases, meningitis, menstrual disorders, monkeypox, oral infections, poliomyelitis, sickle cell anaemia, snake bites, toothache, urinary schistosomiasis, and yellow fever. Some of these activities have been associated with the presence of polyphenols in the plant which include ellagic acid derivatives, flavonoids, stilbenes, tannins, and triterpenes. Several bioactive molecules have been identified from A. leiocarpus. These include the main active constituents, ellagitannins, ellagic acid derivates, flavonoids and triterpenes. Pharmacological studies have confirmed its antibacterial, antifungal, antihyperglycemic, antihypertensive, antimalarial, antioxidative, antiparasitic, antitumour and anti-ulcer effects. The stem bark has been investigated mainly for biological activities and phytochemistry, and it is the most mentioned plant part highlighted by the traditional users in ethnomedicinal surveys. In vitro and in vivo models, which revealed a wide range of pharmacological actions against parasites causing helminthiasis, leishmaniasis, malaria and trypanosomiasis, have been used to study compounds from A. leiocarpus. Because of its uses in African traditional medicine and veterinary practices, A. leiocarpus has received considerable attention from researchers. The current review provides a comprehensive overview and critical appraisal of scientific reports on A. leiocarpus, covering its traditional uses, pharmacological activities and phytochemistry. [Display omitted] • Anogeissus leiocarpus has many ethnomedicinal uses among the African traditional medical practitioners. • It is used to treat cancer, diabetes, dysentery, erectile dysfunction, fever, and menstrual disorders. • Pharmacological studies confirmed its antibacterial, antifungal, antihyperglycemic, antimalarial, antiparasitic, and antitumour effects. • Some of these activities have been associated with the presence of polyphenols such as ellagic acid derivatives, flavonoids, tannins, and triterpenes. • In vitro and in vivo studies on compounds isolated from A. leiocarpus revealed their wide-range pharmacological actions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Senegal, upper and lower respiratory tract infections constitute a real health problem. To manage these disorders, most people rely on the use of local medicinal plants. This is particularly the case for species belonging to the botanical families, Combretaceae, Fabaceae, Myrtaceae and Rubiaceae, which are widely used to treat various respiratory problems such as colds, flu, rhinitis, sinusitis, otitis, angina, bronchitis, bronchiolitis and also pneumonia. The aim of this study was to identify medicinal plants traditionally used for the management of infectious diseases, in particular those of the respiratory tract. On the basis of these ethnopharmacological uses, this study made it possible to highlight the antibacterial, antiviral and cytotoxic activities of selected plant species. An ethnobotanical survey was conducted in Senegal among informants, including herbalists, traditional healers, and households, using medicinal plants in the management of infectious diseases, with a focus on respiratory tract infections. The most cited plant species were evaluated in vitro on a panel of 18 human pathogenic bacteria may be involved in respiratory infections and against the human coronavirus HCoV-229E in Huh-7 cells. The antiviral activity of the most active extracts against HCoV-229E was also evaluated on COVID-19 causing agent, SARS-CoV-2 in Vero-81 cells. In parallel, cytotoxic activities were evaluated on Huh-7 cells. A total of 127 informants, including 100 men (78.74%) and 27 women (21.26%) participated in this study. The ethnobotanical survey led to the inventory of 41 plant species belonging to 19 botanical families used by herbalists and/or traditional healers and some households to treat infectious diseases, with a specific focus on upper respiratory tract disorders. Among the 41 plant species, the most frequently mentioned in the survey were Guiera senegalensis J.F. Gmel. (95.2%), Combretum glutinosum Perr. Ex DC. (93.9%) and Eucalyptus spp. (82.8%). Combretaceae (30.2%) represented the most cited botanical family with six species, followed by Fabaceae (29.3%, 12 species). A total of 33 crude methanolic extracts of the 24 plant species selected for their number of citations were evaluated in vitro for their antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities. Guiera senegalensis , Combretum glutinosum , Vachellia nilotica subsp. tomentosa (Benth.) Kyal. & Boatwr, Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh., and Terminalia avicennioides Guill. & Perr., showed antibacterial activities. The most active plants against HCoV-229E were: Ficus sycomorus L., Mitragyna inermis (Willd.) Kuntze, Pterocarpus erinaceus Poir., and Spermacoce verticillata L. One of these plants, Mitragyna inermis, was also active against SARS-CoV-2. This work confirmed the anti-infective properties of plant species traditionally used in Senegal. Overall, the most frequently cited plant species showed the best antibacterial activities. Moreover, some of the selected plant species could be considered as a potential source for the management of coronavirus infections. This new scientific data justified the use of these plants in the management of some infectious pathologies, especially those of the respiratory tract. [Display omitted] • An ethnobotanical survey was carried out in Senegal on respiratory tract infections. • The survey led to the inventory of 41 species belonging to 19 botanical families. • The 33 methanolic extracts were evaluated for antibacterial, antiviral, and cytotoxic activities. • Some species showed promising antibacterial and antiviral activities. • One species among the 24 selected, Mitragyna inermis , was active against SARS-CoV-2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Djibouti was a country where malaria has been endemic for centuries. The local population use the plants as repellents or first aid for uncomplicated malaria. The aim was, for the first time, to collect and identify plants used by the local population to treat malaria and select the most interesting plants (those that are more commontly used, more available, and have fewer studies). These plants were evaluated for their antiplasmodial activity as well as their cytotoxicity on human cell lines for the most active ones. A semi-structured questionnaire was developed for this study to collect information about the use and identity of botanical drugs used to treat malaria. The use-reports (percentage) of each plant were recorded to determine their use importance. Also, the availability status of the plants was assessed; and those in critical condition were discarded excluded from further study. Fifteen plants, out of the 41 listed, were extracted with hydro alcohol, ethyl acetate, and dichloromethane for biological testing. Chloroquine-resistant strain FcB-1 of P. falciparum and a human diploid embryonic lung cell line were used for the antiplasmodial test, and to assess the cytotoxicity for human cells respectively. Preliminary analysis of extract constituents was carried out using thin layer chromatography (TLC). This study identifies 41 plant taxa belonging to 32 families and records their use against malaria. Balanites rodunfolia, belonging to the Zygophyllaceae family, was the most commonly used plant, representing 44 % of use-reports. It was followed by Cadaba rodunfolia (15 %) from the Capparaceae family, and then the three species of Aloe: Aloe djiboutiensis (8.2 %), Aloe ericahenriettae (3.4 %), and Aloe rigens (3.4 %) from the Asphodelaceae family. The leaves are the most commonly used part of the plants to treat malaria, accounting for 76 % of usage. The preparation methods were decoction (52 %), maceration (29 %), and boiling (19 %). The administration routes were by oral (80 %), inhalation 19 %), and bathing (1 %). The best antiplasmodial activities were observed in the dichloromethane extracts of Cymbopogon commutatus and the ethyl acetate extracts of Aloe rigens and Terminalia brownii, with IC 50 values of 9.8, 5, and 7.5 μg/mL, respectively. Their toxicity/activity levels were very favorable with selectivity indices of 5.6, 8.1, and 11.8 for C. commutatus, A. rigens , and T. Brownii, respectively. Forty-one species of botanical drugs were listed as being used to treat malaria in Djibouti. All fifteen selected species showed antiplasmodial activity (IC 50 < 50 μg/mL). This work will help guide the valorization of botanical drugs used to treat malaria in Djibouti. [Display omitted] • First ethnobotanical study on plants used against malaria in Djibouti. • Forty-one plants belonging to 32 families are documented. • Popularity, availability, and bio essay enable the selection of the most promising. • Aloe rigensis and Terminalia brownii showed the best results in biological tests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Preparation of Ipomoea asarifolia (Desr.) (Convolvulaceae) is widely used in traditional African medicine for the treatment of different kinds of ailments such as syphilis, malaria, convulsions and rheumatism. Aim: The present study examined the median lethal dose (LD50) and possible anti-seizure potentials of Ipomoea asarifolia ethanolic leaf extract using acute seizure models. Results: The intraperitoneal LD50 of Ipomoea asarifolia ethanolic leaf extract in mice and chicks was found to be 2,150 mg/kg. The Ipomoea asarifolia ethanolic leaf extract has shown significantly (p < 0.05) delayed time for the onset of seizure against pentylenetetrazole- and strychnine-induced seizures in a non-dose dependent manner both at 300 mg/kg. The extract has also shown significant (p < 0.01, p < 0.001 and p < 0.001) delayed time for onset of seizures against 4-aminopyridine-induced seizure model in a dose-dependent manner at doses of 150, 300 and 600 mg/kg respectively. The extract has not shown appreciable activity against picrotoxin and maximum electroshock-induced seizure models. Conclusions: The present study revealed that Ipomoea asarifolia ethanolic leaf extract possesses anti-seizure properties which supports its folkloric use for the management of convulsions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This article presents the effects of traditional healing on the management of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) in the Vhembe district, South Africa. The Vhembe district is one of the rural districts in Limpopo Province, South Africa, in which traditional healers are used as the first point of consultation for most ailments, regardless of their causes. Methods: This ethnographic study was based on Leininger's theory of culture care diversity and universality. It was carried out in selected villages in the Vhembe district. Observation and interviews with 15 purposively selected key informants, who are traditional healers, were used to collect data. Interviews were tape-recorded and field notes were also taken. The data were analysed using the ethnographic content analysis method. Results: The results suggest that traditional healing has both negative and positive effects on HIV and AIDS management. The positive effects are the effective treatment of some opportunistic infections, such as diarrhoea, skin lesions and childhood diseases. Negative effects, however, include incisions to let the 'dirty blood flow out' and inducing of vomiting and diarrhoea, which may lead to anaemia, dehydration and electrolyte imbalances. Some traditional healers are of the view that HIV does not exist and that people either have an ancestral calling or are bewitched. Even though their claims have not been scientifically proven, some traditional healers stated that they can heal HIV and AIDS. Conclusion: The research brings insight as to whether Vhavenda traditional healing has a favourable or unfavourable impact on HIV and AIDS management. Using Leininger's steps for adaptation for culture care diversity and universality will help with re-Africanisation of HIV management. The researcher recommend the modification of practices with a high risk of HIV infection to reduce this risk, whilst also supporting the continuation of beneficial practices that reduce HIV mortality, such as diarrhoea management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medicinal plants are widely used in folk medicine to treat various diseases. Thonningia sanguinea Vahl is widespread in African traditional medicine, and exhibits antioxidant, antibacterial, antiviral, and anticancer activities. T. sanguinea is a source of phytomedicinal agents that have previously been isolated and structurally elucidated. Herein, gas chromatography combined with tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) was used to quantify epipinoresinol, β-sitosterol, eriodictyol, betulinic acid, and secoisolariciresinol contents in the methanolic crude extract and its ethyl acetate fraction for the first time. The ethyl acetate fraction was rich in epipinoresinol, eriodictyol, and secoisolariciresinol at concentrations of 2.3, 3.9, and 2.4 mg/g of dry extract, respectively. The binding interactions of these compounds with the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) were computed using a molecular docking study. The results revealed that the highest binding affinities for the EGFR signaling pathway were attributed to eriodictyol and secoisolariciresinol, with good binding energies of −19.93 and −16.63 Kcal/mol, respectively. These compounds formed good interactions with the key amino acid Met 769 as the co-crystallized ligand. So, the ethyl acetate fraction of T. sanguinea is a promising adjuvant therapy in cancer treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]