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Based on the analogy between resistor–capacitor (RC) filters and the thermoelastic component of a photoacoustic signal, the complex thermoelastic response of an open photoacoustic cell is described as a simple linear time-invariant system of a low-pass RC filter. This description is done by finding a linear relation between the thermoelastic cut-off frequency and sample material thickness within the range of 10–1000 μm. Based on the theory of a composite piston, we run numerical simulations of the proposed method for n-type silicon, described as either a surface or volume absorber. Theoretical predictions are experimentally validated by using an open photoacoustic cell setup to record the signal of an 850-μm-thick n-type silicon wafer illuminated by a blue light source modulated with frequencies from 20 Hz to 20 kHz. The obtained experimental results confirm the linear dependence of the thermoelastic cut-off frequency on the sample thickness, and, therefore, they lay the foundation of a new method for the thermal characterization of materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The disappearing agent problem is an argument in the metaphysics of agency. Proponents of the agent-causal approach argue that the rival event-causal approach fails to account for the fact that an agent is active. This paper examines an analogy between this disappearing agent problem and the exclusion problem in the metaphysics of mind. I develop the analogy between these two problems and survey existing solutions. I suggest that some solutions that have received significant attention in response to the exclusion problem have seen considerably less attention in response to the disappearing agent problem. For example, one solution to the exclusion problem is to reject the exclusion assumption. Analogously, one solution to the disappearing agent problem could be to deny the claim that the agent-causal approach and the event-causal approach are mutually exclusive. Similarly, proportionality theories of causation, a solution to the exclusion problem, can be transferred to the disappearing agent problem. After establishing the plausibility of the analogy between the two problems, I examine how this latter solution in particular can be transferred from the one problem to the other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many patients struggle to understand complex health information. Guided by communication accommodation theory, this study used experimental methods to examine the influence of healthcare provider explanation strategies (control, analogy, visual analogy/demonstration, analogy plus non-example) and delivery format (video, vignette) on perceptions of accommodation, recall, clarity, perceived understanding, and likelihood to make a future appointment. The explanation strategies consisted of variations of a jelly donut analogy to describe a health issue. U.S. adult participants completed an online survey consisting of either watching a video of an actor provider giving a message or reading a vignette of a provider message, imagining they were being diagnosed with a herniated disk. The video format and the use of analogies plus non-examples were perceived as more overaccommodating than the control or visual analogy/demonstration conditions. No significant effects were found for perceived clarity or perceived understanding, but for recall and likelihood of making a future appointment, the written format was superior to the video format. Providers may want to consider using written materials for explanations of health issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Political theorists frequently utilize the ‘firm–state analogy’ (FSA) to support the arguments for democratic governance in firms. This article presents the FSA as an analogy with both justificatory and epistemic functions. Its justificatory function provides valid justificatory strategies for workplace democracy, while its epistemic function offers models that shape the understanding of corporate power. In this article, four limitations of the justificatory function of the FSA are identified: (i) the problem of ambiguity, (ii) the boundary problem, (iii) the issue of normative redundancy, and (iv) the universality problem. Furthermore, the article argues that the epistemic function of the FSA fails to adequately address some of the most concerning forms of corporate power wielded by large, particularly multinational, corporations in the realm of international trade. As a result, the FSA misses crucial reasons for the normative desirability of democracy in corporate governance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human mobility in an urban area is complicated; the origins, destinations, and transportation modes of each person differ. The quantitative description of urban human mobility has recently attracted the attention of researchers, and it highly related to urban science problems. Herein, combined with physics inspiration, we introduce a revised electric circuit model (RECM) in which moving people are regarded as charged particles and analogical concepts of electromagnetism such as human conductivity and human potential enable us to capture the characteristics of urban human mobility. We introduce the unit system, ensure the uniqueness of the calculation result, and reduce the computation cost of the algorithm to 1/10,000 compared with the original ECM, making the model more universal and easier to use. We compared features including human conductivity and potential between different major cities in Japan to show our improvement of the universality and the application range of the model. Furthermore, based on inspiration of physics, we propose a route generation model (RGM) to simulate a human flow pattern that automatically determines suitable routes between a given origin and destination as a source and sink, respectively. These discoveries are expected to lead to new approaches to the solution of urban science problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to support designers in developing transformative solutions in the engineering discipline using the Design-by-Analogy ideation method. Design-by-Analogy involves drawing inspiration from the source domain and applying it to the target domain. Based on the conceptual distance between the two domains, analogies are classified as biological—(natural), cross—(distant-engineering), and within—(near-engineering) domain analogies. Real-world scenarios involve designers selecting analogies after seeking them across multiple domains. These selected analogies significantly influence the produced designs. However, the selection criteria of the analogy domain are unexplored in design research. We address this gap by investigating: (a) the influence of analogy domains on their selection frequency; and (b) the relationship between the frequency of selecting analogies from specific domains and the novelty of designs. The experiment involved twenty-six teams of novice product designers, who solved design problems aided by one analogical source from each domain. The results showed that biological analogies were frequently selected. While biological-domain analogies significantly increased the novelty of designs compared to the within-domain ones; no significant difference was found between the biological- and cross-domain analogies, suggesting that middle-domain analogies can be as effective as far-domain ones. The findings can support technological innovation by aiding the development of analogy search databases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Elliott and Halberstam proved that |$\sum_{p \lt n} 2^{\omega(n-p)}$| is asymptotic to |$\phi(n)$|⁠. In analogy to the Erdős–Kac theorem, Elliott conjectured that if one restricts the summation to primes p such that |$\omega(n-p)\le 2 \log \log n+\lambda(2\log \log n)^{1/2}$| then the sum will be asymptotic to |$\phi(n)\int_{-\infty}^{\lambda} \mathrm{e}^{-t^2/2}\,\mathrm{d}t/\sqrt{2\pi}$|⁠. We show that this conjecture follows from the Bombieri–Vinogradov theorem. We further prove a related result involving Poisson–Dirichlet distribution, employing deeper lying level of distribution results of the primes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the three-dimensional non-axisymmetric shape of the volute, its interaction with the impeller increases the internal flow field complexity and instability of the marine centrifugal pump, representing the main reason for pump body vibration and hydraulic noise. First, the basic principle of fluid machinery noise calculation was explained based on the Lighthill acoustic analogy method and Curle's theory. Then, the fluid pressure pulsation and flow characteristics of centrifugal pumps were analyzed using the Fluent software, after which the Actran software was used to examine the flow-induced vibration noise properties. The results showed that the clearance size significantly impacted the pump head, while the peak value of the flow-induced vibration response was mainly twice the blade frequency. Although a larger ring clearance increased the structural vibration, it had little impact on the sound pressure level changes in the external sound field. The results provided a new method for the structural optimization and low-noise design of marine centrifugal pumps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper deals with an Eulerian model for heterogeneous multiphase (multi-material) elasto-plastic media based on the diffuse interface method in the one-dimensional uniaxial strain approximation. In this approximation, an equilibrium hypoelastic Wilkins bi-material model is derived. This is carried out on the basis of an analogy between the elasto-plastic Wilkins and hydrodynamic Euler models. For the obtained model, a Godunov-type numerical method is developed based on the approximate Riemann solver HLLC. The results of the proposed Eulerian diffuse interface model are compared with reference solutions on moving grids with explicit tracking interfaces. It is shown that the present diffuse interface numerical model describes with good accuracy strong shock-wave processes in heterogeneous multiphase elasto-plastic media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this pilot study, we investigated the use of the Double-Grip Analysis method as a tool to create analogue wines. The study involved four groups of sommeliers using the method to identify critical analytical and analogical attributes in four commercial wines. The basis of communication with this method is via the use of analogies, metaphors, and practical examples that emerge during the analysis and the dialogue. An overmatured rosé wine with mature flavours and low acidity served as the base for all groups when replicating the commercial counterparts making analogue wines. At first, the study aimed to assess the sommeliers' ability to use this method in blending and wine production. In addition, the study explored the acceptability of these analogue wines, as they aim to replicate sensory characteristics of commercial counterparts, providing environmentally friendly alternatives. A panel of 20 consumers evaluated the quality of the wines as guests at a blind tasting dinner. The results help to shed light on the effectiveness of the Double-Grip Analysis Method, while at the same time providing insights into the acceptability of these analogue products amongst consumers. This research contributes to the field of culinary exploration and sustainable alternatives in the wine industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Analogous electrical networks were previously derived from the Euler–Bernoulli and Kirchhoff–Love theories to represent beams and plates, respectively, for use in multimodal structural vibration damping. However, these networks do not account for shear deformations or rotary inertia, which can result in suboptimal vibration damping performance when used on moderately thick beams and plates. In this paper, we investigate the incorporation of shear deformation and rotary inertia using Timoshenko–Ehrenfest beam theory and Mindlin–Reissner plate theory to develop improved electrical networks that can more accurately represent thick beams and plates. Our findings suggest that the inclusion of shear deformation and rotary inertia can significantly improve the frequency coherence of the electrical networks and multimodal vibration damping for thicker structures. The electrical analogs presented here are of use for various applications, especially to conveniently design complex circuit topologies in fields spanning from vibration attenuation to energy harvesting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates conceptions of explanation, teleology, and analogy in the works of Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) and Georges Cuvier (1769–1832). Richards (2000, 2002) and Zammito (2006, 2012, 2018) have argued that Kant's philosophy provided an obstacle for the project of establishing biology as a proper science around 1800. By contrast, Russell (1916), Outram (1986), and Huneman (2006, 2008) have argued, similar to suggestions from Lenoir (1989), that Kant's philosophy influenced the influential naturalist Georges Cuvier. In this article, I wish to expand on and further the work of Russell, Outram, and Huneman by adopting a novel perspective on Cuvier and considering (a) the similar conceptions of proper science and explanation of Kant and Cuvier, and (b) the similar conceptions of the role of teleology and analogy in the works of Kant and Cuvier. The similarities between Kant and Cuvier show, contrary to the interpretation of Richards and Zammito, that some of Kant's philosophical ideas, whether they derived from him or not, were fruitfully applied by some life scientists who wished to transform life sciences into proper sciences around 1800. However, I also show that Cuvier, in contrast to Kant, had a workable strategy for transforming the life sciences into proper sciences, and that he departed from Kant's philosophy of science in crucial respects. • Explains the relevance of Kant's philosophy for the emergence of biology. • Explains Cuvier's conception of proper science and explanation. • Explains Cuvier's regulative conception of teleology and analogy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Erasure is a popular form of appropriative poetry that refashions found material by partially effacing it. Made of salvaged fragments and deletion marks, erasure poetry puts processes of obliteration on display and provides a structural analogy for both the social erasure of marginalized groups and the critical rewriting of hegemonic discourses. This essay understands erasure as a constraint-based appropriative practice and differentiates it from other forms of conceptual and documentary poetry. It argues that erasures use the oscillation between presence (of the retained words, the redaction marks and elisions, and the newly created poem) and absence (of some of the words and material and medial features of the prior text) to destabilize the boundaries between the published and unpublished, between what is heard and what is silenced, between the sayable and what exceeds representation. Reading poems by Tracy Smith, Janet Holmes, and Jen Bervin that erase the Declaration of Independence and the poetry of Emily Dickinson respectively, the essay shows how erasures intervene in public conversations about social justice by repurposing and revising their intertexts, allowing new speakers, knowledges, and narratives to emerge. Erasures prompt a layered reading that directs the readers back to the source and its sociocultural contexts while drawing them deeper into the imaginative and discursive world of the erasure poem. "Erasure poetry allows us to read in recognition of what is absent or missing and to imagine new voices and perspectives emerging from the cleared and transformed spaces of the page." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The target reliability of mine rock slopes must be scientifically determined, which can fully reflect the safety level of slope stability and plays an essential role in establishing slope reliability design guidelines. Since the design guidelines based on reliability methods have not been established for mine rock slopes, the suggested target reliability values are proposed based on the grey fixed weight clustering and analogy method. Firstly, a new evaluation method of slope safety grade is proposed by considering more influencing factors of slopes. Secondly, the grey fixed weight clustering is used to quantitatively processes the slope reliability data, and the slope safety grade is judged. Then, the target reliability of each grade is obtained by the analogy method. Finally, the equal difference method is applied to set the threshold of allowable failure probability for the minimum service life of slopes, and the reliability of other service life is processed by linear interpolation. The results show that, the target reliability of the maximum service life for grade I, II, III ductile failure is 3.25, 2.75, 2.25, and brittle failure is 3.75, 3.25, 2.75, respectively. the allowable failure probability of the minimum service life for each grade shows that the ductile failure is 1%, 3%, 5% and brittle failure is 0.5%, 1%, 3%, respectively. In addition, the suggested values of Inter-ramp and Bench slopes are also improved, and a case study is conducted in the Jinbao iron mine to illustrate the feasibility of the method and results in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Language is central to the way people learn about the natural world. A salient concern of the biodiversity conservation arena has been to understand how language can be employed by scientists to communicate knowledge to nonexpert audiences and build ecological literacy. The use of analogy and narrative by scientists are prominent techniques. In this article, we consider how these two modes of language-based reasoning extend into ordinary conversational language use by the public, specifically when articulating everyday understanding and experiences of biodiversity. Drawing on a process of public engagement in a UK woodland environment, a typological framework based on principles of analogical and narrative reasoning is developed to characterize the precise character of processes of everyday biodiversity sense making. The implications of the framework are discussed in the context of future biodiversity research, particularly its participatory and educational dimensions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A modified Nambu–Jona-Lasinio Model with lattice structure is very instructive. It shows several similar problems and their solutions as the Lattice QCD. We study the limits of the large box size, small cell size and realistic pion mass. In particular, we study the relation of the discrete (bound state) solutions to the physical scattering states, for example the pion–pion scattering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Let |${\textsf k}$| be a |$p$| -adic field, and let |$\textbf {G}({\textsf k})$| be the |${\textsf k}$| -points of a connected reductive group, inner to split. The set of Aubert–Zelevinsky duals of the constituents of a tempered L-packet forms an Arthur packet for |$\textbf {G}({\textsf k})$|⁠. In this paper, we give an alternative characterization of such Arthur packets in terms of the wavefront set, proving in some instances a conjecture of Jiang–Liu and Shahidi. Pursuing an analogy with real and complex groups, we define some special unions of Arthur packets, which we call weak Arthur packets and describe their constituents in terms of their Langlands parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Excerpted from my book Generally Speaking, this paper introduces "concept‐driven sociology," a special way of theorizing designed to reveal abstract social patterns. As such, it examines the methodological process by which we can "distill" generic patterns from the culturally, historically, and situationally specific contexts in which we encounter them. It thus champions a "generic sociology" that is pronouncedly transcontextual (transcultural, transhistorical, transsituational, and translevel) in its scope. In order to uncover generic, transcontextual social patterns, we need to collect our data in a wide range of social contexts. Such contextual diversity is manifested multi‐culturally, multihistorically, multisituationally, as well as at multiple levels of social aggregation. True to its message, the book illustrates generic social patterns by drawing on numerous examples from diverse cultural contexts and historical periods and a wide range of diverse social domains, as well as by disregarding scale. Emphasizing cross‐contextual commonality, concept‐driven sociology tries to reveal formal "parallels" across seemingly disparate contexts. The paper features the four main types of cross‐contextual analogies concept‐driven sociologists tend to use—cross‐cultural, cross‐historical, cross‐domain, as well as cross‐level—disregarding conventionally noted substantive differences in order to note conventionally disregarded formal equivalences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the analogies used by a sample of secondary mathematics teachers when they described the concept of function. The study is concerned with understanding what analogies were used by the participant teachers and conceptions of functions positioned in those analogies. Using examples from a set of responses to five open-ended questionnaire items, the article presents the main analogies found in the descriptions of the participant teachers and examines ways in which these are structurally mapped to function by applying Gentner's structure-mapping theory of analogy. Among those discussed are the child–mother linkage and machine/factory analogies. Of interest is the predominance of illustrations that show a correspondence approach to functions (mappings and input-output machines), while a covariation approach is entirely absent. The article makes the case for using the concept of analogy as a tool in research on teachers' Mathematical Knowledge for Teaching (MKT). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maze-solving is a classical mathematical task, and is recently analogously achieved using various eccentric media and devices, such as living tissues, chemotaxis, and memristors. Plasma generated in a labyrinth of narrow channels can also play a role as a route finder to the exit. In this study, we experimentally observe the function of maze-route findings in a plasma system based on a mixed discharge scheme of direct-current (DC) volume mode and alternative-current (AC) surface dielectric-barrier discharge, and computationally generalize this function in a reinforcement-learning model. In our plasma system, we install two electrodes at the entry and the exit in a square lattice configuration of narrow channels whose cross section is 1×1 mm2 with the total length around ten centimeters. Visible emissions in low-pressure Ar gas are observed after plasma ignition, and the plasma starting from a given entry location reaches the exit as the discharge voltage increases, whose route converging level is quantified by Shannon entropy. A similar short-path route is reproduced in a reinforcement-learning model in which electric potentials through the discharge voltage is replaced by rewards with positive and negative sign or polarity. The model is not rigorous numerical representation of plasma simulation, but it shares common points with the experiments along with a rough sketch of underlying processes (charges in experiments and rewards in modelling). This finding indicates that a plasma-channel network works in an analog computing function similar to a reinforcement-learning algorithm slightly modified in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The question that this paper tries to answer is Q: "Can good academic bioethics be done without commitment to moral theory?" It is argued that the answer to Q is an unequivocal "Yes" for most of what we could call "critical bioethics," that is, the kind of bioethics work that primarily criticizes positions or arguments already in the literature or put forward by policymakers. The answer is also "Yes" for much of empirical bioethics. The second part of the paper then provides an analysis of Q in relation to "constructive bioethics," that is, bioethics work aimed at providing an argument for a particular position. In this part, it is argued that a number of the approaches or methods used that initially look like they involve no commitment to moral theory, nevertheless, involve such a commitment. This is shown to be the case for reflective equilibrium, mid-level theory, the use of theory fragments, and argument by analogy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Speculative cannibalism" names here some kind of transcendental logic that only works through figuration, in the specific form of an analogical matrix. This article tracks these configurations in the philosophical works of Jacques Derrida and in the anthropological foundations of Eduardo Viveiros de Castro. This article states that as transcendental, this analogical matrix is the condition of possibility of the meaning of alterity and difference—but as analogical works as a transcategorial function that is neither beyond nor before experience, only irreducible to a given explanatory category of judgment or being. This function is figurative, that is, constitutes meaning by an operation of comparison in Viveiros de Castro's nomenclature, and of supplementation, in Derrida's terminology. In both cases this function posits difference or equivocation as the main operator. Finally, this article argues that even though they are very similar speculative proposals, analogy works a bit differently for deconstruction and for post-structural anthropology: for the first, analogy is based on a supplementary logic that is only taken to be a formal operation, while for the former, analogy it is treated not only as a formal operation, but also as fixed within the material categories of Amerindian thought. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Gévaudan varieties of Occitan (Gallo-Romance), exceptionless syncretism between preterite and imperfect subjunctive forms arises in the first and second person plural (e.g. faguessiám [faɡeˈsjɔn] 'do.pret/ipf.sbjv.1pl', faguessiatz [faɡeˈsjat] 'do.pret/ipf.sbjv.2pl'). Reconstructing the historical emergence of this syncretism pattern reveals that it is crucially dependent on multiple and diverse implicational relationships of form, inferred and productively exploited by speakers: in particular, inherited identity between preterite and imperfect subjunctive stems, and identity between imperfect indicative forms of èstre [ɛsˈtʀe] 'be' and preterite or imperfect subjunctive desinences. The observed developments support a view of inflectional analogies as informed by intricate paradigmatic and implicational structure of the type proposed within 'abstractive', word-based theories of inflection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article argues that the dissemination of literatures across historical and cultural divides follow partly random analogical pathways, not least pushed by translations. By contrast, within traditional comparative literature hierarchical centre/periphery models for literary transmissions were to a large extent based on the idea of a unilateral influence moving from dominant source cultures and their canonical writers and texts to other cultures. With the aim of revising this model I will as necessary suggest analogical reasoning, understood as a bi‐directional and non‐hierarchical approach to literary dissemination as it is embedded in translatory, aesthetic and performative practices across languages and cultures. My examples are two: an early nineteenth‐century direct Danish translation from 1805 of William Shakespeare's Hamlet; and an early twentieth‐century case of cross‐media use of an indirect German translation of Chinese poetry in Gustav Mahler's symphonic work Das Lied von der Erde (1908–1909). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The digital machine is analogical by design: with it, we construct models of phenomena that by definition of that term are necessarily partial approximations. For that reason, we learn more by conceiving of them as analogues rather than imperfect copies. As the foofaraw over AI would make clear to anyone who bothered to separate its strange wheat from the common chaff, analogy is key to the digital engine's intellectual power, whether for good or for ill. (The one we must further, the other oppose, but in both cases, understand as fully as we are able.) Analogy is itself a Proteus, however, surfacing in different forms in different disciplines where the machine has found its applications. In the following essay, I chase it through a number of fields before returning to computing, with two examples of its application. I end with a brief note on worldmaking, which after all is what it's all about, at whatever scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, we have introduced and studied all possible four-point compositions (one degree of freedom) and five-point compositions (two degrees of freedom) of ternary relations in analogy with the usual composition of binary relations. In this paper, we introduce and study new types of compositions of ternary relations inspired by the compositions of binary relations introduced by Bandler and Kohout (BK-compositions, for short). Moreover, we pay particular attention to the link between BK-compositions and the traces of binary relations and use it as source of inspiration to introduce traces of ternary relations. Moreover, we show that these new notions of BK-compositions and traces are useful tools to solve some relational equations in an unknown ternary relation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this text, the author analyzes the convergence between Christian culture and relevant films of Alfred Hitchcock's suspense filmography. Rather than focusing on Hitchcock's status as a Catholic director, he makes an empirical analysis that allows him to find certain visual analogies between the Christian imaginary and the frames of certain films of the master of suspense. This article understands cinema as a kind of mental, psychological, or spiritual cartography/geography, and this is how it connects to the theme of space, where cinema is not just as analogous to physical space but the experience of viewing as a space. The Christian iconography of death, understood as participation in an eternal time, helps to understand the projection of the concept of suspension of judgment in constructing suspense that is not only iconographic but also spatially ontological. The author also suggests an epistemological connection between the mysterious nature of space in medieval art and architecture and the aesthetics of perfect crime in films. The allegory of Christ's Passion will be seen as a recurring thread in Hitchcock's visual analogies. His cinema and his particular way of seeing reality through space continue to demonstrate the validity of his art in writing new episodes in Western culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aimed to analyze an analogy used in the teaching of stoichiometry in Brazilian textbooks from a structural, semantic, and pragmatic perspective. The analogy being studied compares the fixed proportional relationships between ingredients in a cooking recipe to the relationships between reactants and products in chemical reactions. The analysis involved a review of the chapters in six textbooks that covered the topic of stoichiometry, an identification of the structure of the analogy, its characterization in structural, semantic, and pragmatic terms, and an evaluation of its presentation in the textbooks. The results showed that the analogy, present in three of the analyzed textbooks, has the potential to aid in the teaching of stoichiometry. This is because its structure focuses on the relationships between elements rather than simply describing them, and it is structurally consistent and has similarities in the contextual meanings between the mapped correspondences. The conclusion of the study suggests that although the authors of the analyzed textbooks have not fully explored all of the correspondences identified in the relational structure of the analogy, it offers a wealth of educational opportunities for teaching stoichiometry. This includes teaching concepts such as proportions between reactants and products, equation balancing, excess and limiting reactants, purity, and yield in chemical processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ocean wave spectrum is the key to the response estimation of seagoing vessel whose structural integrity is of utmost importance. Efforts have been made by researchers to correctly estimate the ocean wave spectrum using so called 'wave-buoy analogy' concept, where the vessel is considered to behave as a wave buoy. The aim of this study is to develop a methodology through which the directional wave spectrum can be estimated using the concept of 'wave-buoy analogy'. To achieve the objective, ocean wave was modeled with 10-parameter bimodal wave spectrum combining long- and short-wave component. These 10 parameters of bimodal wave spectrum were targeted by solving non-linear least square problem, which is formulated by error function quantifying the difference between model prediction and onboard measurement data. Model prediction is based on the linear relationship between the wave spectrum and response spectra and measurement data are directly from the sensors installed on the vessel. To solve the non-linear least square problem, Bayesian statistics-based probabilistic approaches, Markov-Chain Monte Carlo simulation (MCMC), were utilized. Well-known adaptive Metropolis–Hastings algorithm which is one of the most popularly used MCMC techniques was utilized to derive the spectrum parameters that best describe the directional wave spectrum. To validate the proposed methodology, pseudo measurement data generated by numerical analysis with different loading conditions were used. The application of the proposed methodology to the numerical analysis data confirmed that it accurately estimates the response at locations where sensors are not installed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Regular polysemes are sets of ambiguous words that all share the same relationship between their meanings, such as CHICKEN and LOBSTER both referring to an animal or its meat. To probe how a distributional semantic model, here exemplified by bidirectional encoder representations from transformers (BERT), represents regular polysemy, we analyzed whether its embeddings support answering sense analogy questions similar to "is the mapping between CHICKEN (as an animal) and CHICKEN (as a meat) similar to that which maps between LOBSTER (as an animal) to LOBSTER (as a meat)?" We did so using the LRcos model, which combines a logistic regression classifier of different categories (e.g., animal vs. meat) with a measure of cosine similarity. We found that (a) the model was sensitive to the shared structure within a given regular relationship; (b) the shared structure varies across different regular relationships (e.g., animal/meat vs. location/organization), potentially reflective of a "regularity continuum;" (c) some high‐order latent structure is shared across different regular relationships, suggestive of a similar latent structure across different types of relationships; and (d) there is a lack of evidence for the aforementioned effects being explained by meaning overlap. Lastly, we found that both components of the LRcos model made important contributions to accurate responding and that a variation of this method could yield an accuracy boost of 10% in answering sense analogy questions. These findings enrich previous theoretical work on regular polysemy with a computationally explicit theory and methods, and provide evidence for an important organizational principle for the mental lexicon and the broader conceptual knowledge system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the analogy of a tubular heat exchanger with a structured heat-releasing granular bed, a technique has been developed that makes it possible to unify the simulation of heat transfer in heat exchangers with a tube bundle of different types and designs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The book "Body and Machine in Classical Antiquity" is a collection of twelve essays that explore the development of machine-body analogies in ancient texts. The essays cover a wide range of topics, including ancient biology, disabilities, automata, and medical technologies. While the focus is on ancient authors, the collection also extends into the eighteenth century, highlighting the shift from analogies to a mechanized conception of the human body. The essays provide valuable insights into ancient conceptions of the body and offer new perspectives on under-researched topics. However, the collection is criticized for omitting Plato and his work, the Timaeus. [Extracted from the article]

The investigation into aerodynamic noise arising from rotating surfaces bears significant practical implications. Among these, engine cooling fans have persistently been identified as primary contributors to vehicle noise. This study aims to provide a deeper comprehension of the complex unsteady flow dynamics surrounding an automotive cooling fan and its consequential impact on the generation of aerodynamic noise. Prediction of sound generated from fluid flow, despite its difficulty, can be simulated using modern numerical techniques and computational fluid dynamics (CFD). This research undertakes both numerical and experimental investigations. The experiment involves evaluating fan pressure against mass flow rate at 1500 rpm, while aerodynamic noise assessment transpires at two rotational speeds of 1500 rpm and 2500 rpm. Empirical sound pressure level data of the fan is meticulously captured using the requisite measurement apparatus. In addition, numerical investigations of the aerodynamic noise of an automotive cooling fan based on computational fluid dynamics and computational aeroacoustic (CAA) method have been performed. Initially, a steady-state aerodynamic simulation is carried out, followed by the simulation of the flow field through the application of the improved delayed detached eddy simulation (IDDES) formulation. The pressure rise of the fan versus the mass flow rate is obtained. The satisfactory concurrence observed between the simulation outcomes derived from the numerical method and the experimental dataset stands as notable validation. For the aeroacoustic computation, the Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings model is invoked to deduce sound pressure levels at specific flow points. The broadband noise sources model is also used to obtain the sound power level on the blade surface. Conclusively, it emerges that maximal noise manifestation occurs at a 90° degree angle, corresponding to the hub's frontal orientation, with discernible dominance of tonal noise within lower frequency ranges (sub-1000 Hz). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quantifiers frequently figure in works of fiction. But occurrences of quantificational expressions within fictions seem no more inevitably to be associated with real domains than uses of names within fictions seem inevitably to be associated with existing referents. The paper outlines some philosophical puzzles resulting from this apparent lack of associated domains, puzzles that are broadly analogous to more familiar ones raised by the apparently nonreferential nature of many fictional names. The paper argues, in the light of an important disanalogy between quantifiers and names, that the quantificational puzzles are substantive, in that they cannot be resolved merely by appealing to the possibility of empty domains. It then argues that, despite the cited parallels between occurrences of quantifiers and names within fictions, promising treatments of fictional names do not always straightforwardly generalise to provide accounts of the quantificational phenomena: the quantificational puzzles are therefore not only substantive but also distinctive. The paper provides further testament to the depth and interest of the problems involving content that are generated by fiction, by identifying a very wide range of previously neglected cases, while also helping to situate within a broader context the notoriously hard philosophical challenges posed by fictional names. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reflects upon the observational practices and methods developed by the early exponents of ethology committed to naturalistic field study and explores how their approaches and techniques influenced a wider field of popular natural-history filmmaking and photography. In doing so, my focus is upon three aspects of ethological field studies: the socio-technical devices used by ethologists to bring birds closer to them, the distinctive observational and representational practices which they forged, and the analogies they used to codify behaviour. This assemblage of elements included hides or screens from which to watch wild birds without disturbing them, optics to extend human vision, pens and paper to sketch and fix patterns of behaviour, watches to record timings, photography to capture action and freeze movement, and illustration and photographs to visualize behaviour. Carried through natural-history networks, the practices, methods and theories of ethologists like Huxley and Tinbergen influenced popular natural-history filmmaking and photography more broadly from the 1940s, driving a behavioural turn in these cultural practices. This popularization of the 'ethological eye' was further facilitated by the convergence of socio-technical devices, forms of observation and dramatization in the work of the early exponents of naturalistic field studies of birds and the popular filmmakers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The scientific novelty of the proposed article lies in the development of the theory of analysis of the operation modes of group pump units operating on a long pipeline network with back pressure. This was achieved by creating electric equivalent circuits of group pump units based on the method of electrohydraulic analogy. Such equivalent circuits take into account pumps' connection circuits, the configuration of the pipeline network, and the method of regulating technological parameters. A method for determining the characteristics of pump units with series and parallel connection is proposed. The dependences of the power consumed by the pump units on the change in the frequency of rotation of the adjustable pump are obtained for various parameters of the hydraulic network. This makes it possible to determine the limits of energy-efficient regulation of pump discharge. Analytical expressions for determining the lower limit of the pump rotation frequency for various circuits of turbo mechanism connection and various numbers of pumps operating simultaneously on a pipeline network with back pressure are proposed. The necessary range of adjustment of the pump rotation frequency with different circuits for turbo mechanism connection and different numbers of hydraulic machines operating at the same time is determined. The analysis of the obtained modes of pump units is performed and the possibility of expanding the controlled properties of the group electric drive systems of turbomachines when changing the direction of the rotation frequency and reversing the liquid in the event of an emergency situation is shown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A steady-state sinusoidal and distortion-free excitation source is very important for the accuracy and consistency of the calibration parameters of micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) inertial sensors. To solve the problem that the current MEMS inertial measurement unit (IMU) calibration device is unable to reproduce the spatial motion of linear and angular vibration coupling, research topics on the coupling vibration characteristics and parameter identification for an electromagnetic linear-angular vibration exciter are proposed. This research paper used Ampere's law and Lorentz force to establish the analytical expressions for the electromagnetic force and electromagnetic torque of the electromagnetic linear-angular vibration exciter. Then, the main purpose of this paper is to establish uniaxial and coupled vibration electromechanical analogy models containing mechanical parameters based on the admittance-type electromechanical analogy principle, and the parameter identification model is also obtained by combining the impedance formula with the additional mass method. Finally, the validity of the coupling vibration characteristics and the parameter identification model are verified by the frequency response simulation and the additional mass method, and the relative error of each parameter identification is within 5% in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Analogy has played an important role in developing modern mathematics. However, it is unclear to what extent students are granted opportunities to productively reason by analogy. This article proposes a set of lessons for introducing topics in ring theory that allow students to engage with the process of reasoning by analogy while exploring new (to the students) mathematics. In this way, students come to creatively establish new concepts that they may take ownership of. I provide insights from previous implementations and conclude by reflecting on what has (and has not) worked well in my experience with implementing the lesson. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bisphosphonates are a class of drugs which have shown good efficacy in the treatment of post‐menopausal osteoporosis, as well as a good safety profile. However, side‐effects such as risk for atypical femoral fractures (AFF) have appeared, leading to a decline in use of the drugs by many patients who would benefit from the treatment. While patient characteristics have contributed to improved understanding of risk factors, the mechanisms involved that explain AFF risk have not appeared. Recently, the possibility that the mechanism(s) involved drug‐induced modification of cells of the nutrient canals of the femur and subsequent compromise in the bone matrix has been published. The present Hypothesis article builds on the concept presented earlier and expands into biomechanical considerations. An analogy of the mechanisms involved to a real‐life scenario is also presented. While this analogy has limitations, consideration of the biomechanical implications of progressive alterations to defects presented by compromised nutrient canal‐bone matrix also presents potential relationships with AFF risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite having worked in higher education for over twenty years, I am still, first and foremost, a practicing nurse. My employer requires me to be a nurse and my regulator regards what I do as nursing. My practice is regulated by the Code and informed by nursing ethics. If I am nurse, practicing nursing, does that mean that my students are my patients? This paper considers how the relationship that I have with my students can be informed by the ethics of the nurse/patient relationship. After some initial theoretical preparation concerning argument from analogy, the paper identifies some areas for comparison between the two relationships. Areas of similarity and difference identify two areas of concern: Nurse education and educators regularly engage in coercion and surveillance in an attempt to increase student success, both of which would be considered outside nursing ethics. It is concluded that these coercive practices are not conducive to an environment where character is cultivated. Despite current financial and workforce pressures, nurse lecturers and more especially their managers would do well to return to the professional ethics of nursing to question and guide their practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Analogy-based software effort estimation (ASEE) plays an important role in software development. It attracts the attention of researchers nowadays due to the simplicity of the ASEE reasoning method. ASEE reasoning is considered simple because it is similar to human reasoning. The estimation approach repeatedly uses the effort values of preceding similar projects. In this approach, the appropriate number of similar previous projects to be reused is still a topic of debate in ASEE research studies. The reliability and accuracy of ASEE methods are considerably affected by the quality of software repositories (datasets). Therefore, if a software dataset does not follow the ASEE principle, then it is not considered useful for the ASEE method. This article presents a novel approach for ASEE to find the appropriate number of analogues from quality datasets. In this approach, the data pre-processing stage is based on Spearman's rank-order correlation and Kruskal–Wallis test. In the proposed approach, it can deal with categorical (both nominal and ordinal) attributes individually. Spearman's rank-order correlation is used to find reliable numerical and ordinal attributes. Kruskal–Wallis test identifies reliable nominal attributes. Reliable attributes refer to those attributes which significantly influence the effort. The experimental results show that the proposed approach enhances the quality of the dataset, attribute selection from the metadata, and reduces the abnormal observation and overall project development cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a theoretical study of a periodic vibrating string composed of a finite sequence of string segments connected periodically, with each segment characterized by a constant linear mass density. The main purpose is to provide a model that can mimic the properties of photonic or phononic crystals. This system displays frequency intervals for which wave propagation is not allowed (frequency bandgaps), in close analogy to photonic and phononic crystals. We discuss the behavior of these bandgaps when varying physical parameters, such as the values of the linear mass densities, the oscillation frequency, and the number of string segments constituting the entire system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An experiment investigated the "good-enough" processing account regarding how people parse sentences with late-closure ambiguity, such as While Anna dressed the baby who was cute and cuddly spit up on the bed. One possible result of an initial misparse of the sentence (thinking that Anna dressed the baby) is that the correct parse then cannot be created. The alternative is that, although the misparse may linger in the comprehender's mind, the correct parse is eventually established and coexists with the misparse. This study approached this issue through an analogy to quantum physics. When photons are directed toward two small slits, it appears as if each photon passes through both slits ("bothness"). If particles not subject to quantum effects are directed at the slits, they pass through one or the other ("oneness"). Participants read sentences containing the late-closure ambiguity and afterward answered two questions about each sentence. These could query the potential misparse (Did Anna dress the baby?), correct-parse (Did Anna dress herself?), or the main clause (Did the baby spit up on the bed?), and the order of the question types was varied to test for quantum measurement context effects. The results supported "oneness," that is, the correct-parse and misparse of the subordinate clause do not coexist. Participants rarely said "yes" to both the misparse and correct-parse questions, and the "yes" response proportions for these two questions invariably added up to around 1.0. Furthermore, no quantum-like measurement-order effect between misparse and correct-parse questions was found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay argues that the "common home" metaphor, when applied to planet Earth, falls short in its ability to provide an accurate analogy with the complexity and diversity of the planet itself since it has a limited epistemological, heuristic, and hermeneutical horizon; it is an analogy that proves inadequate in expressing common human representations of home and the two principles that should inspire an Ecotheology: the ontological value of creatures (Gaudium et Spes) and the recognition of the intrinsic relationship between all beings (Laudato Si'). In order to methodologically support this enquiry, a reflexive analysis and a metadisciplinary discourse are used through Emmanuel Levinas, Hannah Arendt, and the concept of integral ecology, proposed in Pope Francis's encyclical letter Laudato Si'. On care for our common home, 21 May 2015. The performativity of the "common home" metaphor is evaluated to review its use in Ecotheology. The conclusion reached is that the category of "common life" might be more appropriate than "common home" to characterize how humans inhabit the world for an Ecotheology, and to represent planetary and cosmic communion and interdependence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the sixth chapter of his Tianzhu shiyi (天主實義, "The True Meaning of the Lord of Heaven"), Matteo Ricci offers a critique of the anti-intentionalistic thread that he detects in the Chinese philosophical tradition. In this brief essay, I offer an analysis of a noteworthy archery analogy that Ricci employs to describe the nature of ethical action as an intentional process with a conscious aim. I trace how Ricci skilfully combines Western and Chinese images and categories to craft this simile. Before that, I set the stage by offering some preliminary comments that contextualize Ricci's interest in the question of intentional vs. non-intentional conduct. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heavenly teachings can be divided into three categories: beliefs, moralities and jurisprudence. Therefore, moral instructions are among the most important Quranic teachings that include a wide range of moral virtues and vices. In order to understand moral concepts, to identify their importance, to determine the position of each concept through which it is possible to take the right educational steps to train the people of the society, there is a need for indicators and standards that cannot be achieved easily, but one must try different ways to obtain them because they are not clearly explained in religious texts. With a descriptive and analytical approach and by making studies in the Arabic language, this article has determined these indicators for the classification of moral concepts: repetition, restriction, superlative, analogy, comparison of phrases and themes. With examples from the verses of the Quran, we have tried to explain that, based on these examples, the moral virtues of sincerity and gratitude are considered among the highest moral virtues, respectively. Though, for the final conclusion, a complete investigation must be done on the moral verses, which is being done in a detailed research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This text reflects on identities from an African archipelago in the Atlantic that is part of the Spanish state. The Canary Islands were the first place colonized by Europeans in their expansion toward America. The text focuses on identity formation throughout the twentieth century. Reference is made to Canarian artists and poets such as Tomás Morales and Alonso Quesada, and more recent artists of international stature such as Manolo Millares, Martín Chirino, and César Manrique. The international context and the destruction of the idea of Europe are reflected from various perspectives. Reference is made to travelers who drew analogies between Canary Islanders and Native Americans, and the notion of "displacement" at every level is addressed. The article also discusses "foreigners" traveling back and forth in the era of advanced technology, globalization, and mass tourism. As Stefan Zweig and Franz Rosenzweig have observed since the 1920s, in the age of border control, anyone can become a "foreigner." "Europe: Passage and Reflections" was born within the context of the exhibition "Europe, that Exotic Place" (2019–2020) and expands upon the reflection on insularities undertaken in the exhibition "Island Horizons" (2009–2010), which featured artists and writers from Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, Martinique, Guadeloupe, French Guiana, the Canary Islands, the Azores, Madeira, Cape Verde, and Réunion. The article also arose from the "Islands, Images, Imaginaries" discussion series held at Duke University in 2011. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The LIGO analogy lab [Am. J. Phys. 87, 44 (2019)] includes a complicated pair of circuits to sense and control the length of an optical cavity. This Note describes an alternate, Arduino-based controller that is significantly less complex and easier to troubleshoot. The LIGO analogy lab [Am. J. Phys. 87, 44 (2019)] includes advanced experiments in which op-amp-based mixing and feedback circuits are used to lock the length of an optical cavity using heterodyne detection. This Note describes an alternate, Arduino-based controller that implements the heterodyning technique in a significantly less complex and easier to troubleshoot manner. This simplified approach makes the advanced LIGO analog experiments accessible to a wider audience in advanced instructional and optics laboratory courses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I defend a view of the attitude of desire against a close rival. Both views are versions of “the guise of the good” thesis. The guise of the good says that a desire for P involves P appearing good in some respect. I defend a content-based account of value appearances against an attitude-based account. On the content view, a desire for P represents P as good while the attitude of that desire presents P’s value as true. In other words, a desire for P presents it as true that P is good.1 The attitude view says that a desire represents P non-evaluatively while the attitude of that desire presents P as good. In other words, a desire for P presents P as good. The attitude view struggles to explain the relationship between the qualitative character of desires and appearances of value. It must either implausibly deny that there is a close relationship between the two, or explain the relationship by introducing a poorly motivated, revisionist mental ontology. In the present state of the debate between the two views, this problem tips the scales in favor of the content view. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Genetic and biological analogy as a means of inspiration in the design process and, particularly, its use as conceptual grounds for the birth of the architectural project encompasses processes extending from metaphor to design techniques and graphic processes using evolutive algorithms and parametric design. Regarding the architectural modelling, the use of those algorithms develops in parallel to advances in artificial intelligence and life. To know of current advances of developments based on genetics, a chronological evolution is presented linked to its analogy in architecture. As architectural models based on those processes, the proposals of Biocentrum by Peter Eisenman and The Winton Gallery by Zaha Hadid are analysed. These are rooted on maths and algorithms and their ideation process becomes the goal of the architectural project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]