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Postulating a negative bias towards social ambiguity, we conducted cross‐cultural online research to assess whether categorical discrepancies in the perception of androgynous faces were associated with the uncanny feeling and inferences of different morality. Across four studies, we found that androgynous faces were harder to classify into a binary sex category than sex‐typical faces, but this difficulty did not influence social judgements of androgynous targets in a negative fashion. In Study 1 (Spanish‐speaking sample, N = 76), we found that androgynous faces were rated as more trustworthy, less creepy, and less morally different than sex‐typical faces. Study 2 replicated most of the findings from Study 1 in an Italian sample (N = 45). Positive bias towards androgyny was not replicated with a different set of stimuli featuring faces of diverse ethnic backgrounds (Study 3, Spanish‐speaking sample, N = 140). However, results revealed a main effect of ethnicity in participants' responses. When controlling for the effect of morphing procedures in stimuli selection, an overall positive bias towards androgynous targets arose, especially when compared to masculine targets (Study 4, Spanish‐speaking sample, N = 85). These findings suggest that, at least in certain conditions, a positive social bias towards androgynous faces may emerge that does not depend on categorical uncertainty and facial attractiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Julie Andrews's character in The Sound of Music (Robert Wise 1965) is in many ways the embodiment of an androgynous ideal that can be found in the mythical origins of numerous traditions. This is evident in the actress's childish and clumsy body movements, in her ambiguous anatomy, and in the dialogue she maintains with the Alpine landscape, which she engages with repeatedly in the film as if it were a kind of primordial environment for her. This article explores the evolution of the idea of androgyny over the course of Andrews's career, culminating nearly twenty years after the release of The Sound of Music with Victor/Victoria (Blake Edwards 1982), a film that foreshadows the contemporary notion of gender fluidity. Adopting a methodological discourse related to star studies and drawing on concepts from feminism and queer theory, this article dives into Andrews's filmography in an effort to clarify this narrative line and its development on the basis of key elements of her performance, such as the use of her body, gestures and the gaze. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research looks at women-centred Chinese competition-style programmes that are adapted from foreign TV formats and synthesise transnational televisual elements, idol cultures and gendered aesthetics. With particular attention to imaginaries of women with nonnormative gender and sexual identities, I expound how and why representations of female gender and sexuality on Chinese TV are fashioned by the intersected discourses on China's TV and cultural globalisations and digitisation, the party-state's manipulations and regulations of feminism, androgyny and homoeroticism, and the entertainment industry's capitalisation of queer women's stardom and fandom. My analysis reveals that the emergence, survival and endurance of queer women on Chinese TV has coincided with China's appropriations of both global formats and twenty-first-century idol girl group cultures. Through examining some key moments in popular idol group-cultivating shows produced in 2020 and 2021, I capture a multilevel, ambivalent queer convergence that transforms these televisual stages into queer-charging venues through which queer imaginaries of womanhood have actively incorporated local situations and transcultural televisual, gender and sexual knowledge to bypass, compromise with – and even partly connive with – the government's ideological and moral controls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: In the field of health sciences gender is often confused with biological sex (male/female) or reduced to a dichotomous classification (masculinity/femininity). The concepts of sex and gender interact with each other, but they are not equivalent. According to Sandra Bem four gender typologies can be established (androgynous, masculine, feminine and undifferentiated). A relationship has been shown to exist between gender and health. Yet, there is little evidence as to the relationship between gender typologies and adherence to the Mediterranean diet. The aim of this research is to evaluate the association between Bem's gender typologies and adherence to the Mediterranean diet. Methods: Mediterranean Diet Adherence Screener (MEDAS) and Bem's gender typologies were the main variables. Sex, age, socioeconomic status (SES), body mass index (BMI) and obesity were analyzed as covariates. Results: Multilevel multivariate analysis showed that androgynous typology was associated with increased adherence to Mediterranean diet (β = 0.46 (SE 0.21), p = 0.033), adjusting by covariates, in a university population in Spain. Moreover, this was not the case with masculinity or femininity typologies. Conclusion: Thus, the results of this study suggest (1) that androgynous typology is not only associated with better mental health but also with healthy/healthier lifestyles, and (2) the complexity of the relationship between sex-gender and health would advise researchers avoid dichotomies such as male/female or masculinity/femininity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the recent state crackdown on effeminate stars labeled as niangpao (sissy pants), "insufficient" masculinity has once again become a focus of political controversy in China. Among these stars, Zhou Shen, a male pop singer known for his feminized voice and image, continues to enjoy immense popularity and perform in official programs. His growing fame and tolerance by the state call into question his cultural-political strategy. Conceptualizing Zhou's androgynous performance as a political effect of a series of co-optation, compromises and negotiations, this essay offers a contextualized reading of the complex ways in which competing and contradictory influences shape his expression. In tracing the practices that configure his stardom, we investigate how Zhou's androgyny paradoxically reaffirms and unsettles hegemonic norms in non-antagonistic ways. We describe how his engagement with Xi Jinping's China Dream creates an ambivalent space for negotiating established norms. We argue that Zhou's phenomenal success rests with the fusion of contradictory elements into his performances and his ability to cut across binary classifications. This process has nurtured a politics of ambivalence marked by ambiguity, confusion and contingency. It also sheds light on the limit and possibility of doing gender politics in an increasingly illiberal setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Phthalate esters (PAEs) are known to have hormone-like properties, and there is a growing trend of children expressing a gender identity different from assigned sex. However, there has been limited research in the potential links between PAEs exposure and gender identity. Methods: A total of 571 children (278 boys) completed the follow-up from Oct 2017 to Oct 2020 in Childhood Blood Pressure and Environmental Factors (CBPEF) cohort in Xiamen, China. Urinary PAE metabolites were measured at three time of visits using ultraperformance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The Children's Sex Role Inventory scale was used to assess gender identity (masculinity, femininity, androgyny and undifferentiated), and Tanner definition was used to define puberty timing. Generalized linear models and log-binomial regression were used to assess the relationships between PAEs exposure, gender trait scores and gender identity. Results: Overall, the concentration of most PAEs in more than 90% of participants was above the limit of detection values. In visit 1, there were 10.1% boys with femininity and 11.3% girls with masculinity; while these figures increased to 10.8% and 12.3% during follow-up, respectively. Early puberty onset accounted for 24.8% and 25.6% among boys and girls. Long-term exposure to mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP) (β = 1.20, 95%CI = 0.13, 2.28), mono-2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl phthalate (MEHHP) (β = 1.25, 95%CI = 0.22, 2.28) and mono-2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl phthalate (MEOHP) (β = 1.40, 95%CI = 0.24, 2.56) was associated with the increased differences of femininity trait scores in boys who enter puberty earlier, prolonged exposure to di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) might also have such a positive impact (β = 1.38, 95%CI = 0.36, 2.41). For gender identity, persistent exposure to low molecular weight phthalates (LMWP) was negatively associated with undifferentiated type among boys entering puberty earlier (RR = 0.18, 95%CI = 0.05, 0.75, P < 0.05), and most of the PAE metabolites exposures showed risk ratios > 1 for their femininity. Conclusion: Long-term exposure to PAEs increase the femininity trait scores in boys with early onset of puberty. Although the mechanisms remain to be determined, environmental pollution might have subtle, yet measurable effects on childhood gender identity. Reducing these chemicals exposure has important public implications on gender development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The notion of psychological androgyny as a research tool loiters on in an incapacitated state. The lack of a general theory and the belief that the biological gender differences are insignificant to non-existent has been the seeds for its de-construction. Over the decades, the testing of ideas associated with androgyny has declined. Indeed, the debates over its usefulness as a construct ended long ago. The judgment nowadays is that debating the constructs of masculinity, femininity, and androgyny as behavioral traits has been long settled, and a contemporary revisiting of androgyny is not warranted. However, from another contemporary viewpoint, if androgyny is to have any future, it needs a new theory devoid of masculinity and femininity. We present a novel theory with the potential to do just that. This article details a new de-gendered theory of psychological androgyny, neo-androgyny, as a candidate to replace traditional models that are now considered outdated and irrelevant. We present five potential factors for inclusion in a de-gendered model: social efficacy, creativity, capability, eminence, and determination. We review these factors concerning the future of androgyny theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brand personality is not used only for goods and services, but also for the country, city and destinations. A positive and strong city brand personality benefits the city by attracting more tourists, receiving investments, increasing the satisfaction levels of city residents, and promoting and branding of the city. The main purpose of this study is to determine the city brand personality of Çorum province and to measure its effect on the life satisfaction of city residents. The scope of the study is comprised of city residents aged 18 years and over living in Çorum province. 387 people were included in the study. Descriptive statistics, confirmatory factor analysis, regression analysis and clustering analysis were used in the study. As a result of the research, it was seen that the sub-dimension with the highest average among the city brand personality dimensions of the participants for the province of Çorum was traditionality, and the sub-dimension with the lowest average was androgyny. In addition, it is determined that competence and traditionalism have an effect on life satisfaction from the dimensions of the city brand personality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study will focus on a distinctive relationship found in Gnostic mythologems that associates androgyny and revelation. In fact, this connection is present at any of the three levels in which Sethian Gnostic authors structure their cosmology (spiritual, psychic, and material), but it is not usually explicit. In this work, I will center my research on the manifestation of androgyny in the psychic and material levels, with special attention to the latter. My objective is to demonstrate that by taking elements from Christian, Jewish, and Platonic traditions, Gnostic authors give them a new meaning, creating performative myths that construct a new reality. Mental images of an androgynous monster, of an instructive beast that breaks the categories of social normativity, and through which initiates focus their desire and actualize it through gnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study draws on mixed methods research with further education middle managers across England in order to explore whether there are gendered differences in management. There remain debates about whether there are gender differences in management or leadership. The study adds to this debate with results that reveal that women and men are behaviourally flexible, employing a repertoire of knowledge, competencies and skills, which are not necessarily gendered, in order to manage change in an increasing neoliberal further education working environment. We therefore propose a novel theoretical contribution of neo-androgynous management, which suggests 'undoing gender' in management in an education sector that has seen increase in women's employment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sermon that Juana de la Cruz (1481–1534) devoted to St Bartholomew offers an insight into her deep-seated and longstanding attachment to the saint as well as the transcendence of traditional boundaries and categories. Flaying, appraised as a metaphor capable of counterpointing the distinction between container and contained, destabilizes perceptions of identity, shedding light on both Juana's androgyny and the complexity of the relationship between Christ and the Virgin. It thereby becomes possible to build on advances in queer theory, approaching the sermon in terms of the gender-fluid dynamism of pious identification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of this qualitative and quantitative research paper is to explore the occurrences and relations of the anima, animus and androgynous in dreams, with particular emphasis on the consideration of the androgynous in the human psyche. The sample consists of 9 series of dreams (141 dreams in total), from 9 dreamers, 7 women (female sex/gender) and 2 men (male sex/gender), aged 25–57, heterosexual, undergoing Jungian psychotherapy, and presenting couple‐related themes. Statistical results and qualitative analysis offer new input for the re‐vision of the classical anima‐animus model, and the addition of in‐depth explorations into the androgynous, paving the way for a new model of psychopathology and psychotherapeutic clinical work, in transition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Body image is typically studied through the framework of internalising gender binary standards of attractiveness. However, not all individuals adhere to traditional appearance norms. This study aimed to understand the meaning of cis (non-trans) individuals' androgynous or non-stereotypical body ideals and the actions they engage in to achieve these ideals. We recruited an online sample of 78 participants (42 cis women and 36 nonbinary individuals who also identified as cis). Participants responded to two open-ended prompts: 1) What does your androgynous or nonstereoypical body mean to you? and 2) What actions have you taken to achieve this ideal? Authors identified three overarching themes of what an androgynous body ideal meant to our participants. An androgynous appearance was central to participants' beauty standards, authenticity, and gender expression. To achieve or maintain an androgynous body ideal, participants described actions that altered their gender expression, primary and secondary sex characteristics, and body. Our findings underscore the way androgynous appearance ideals function to transgress binary gender in affirming ways to cis individuals. Further, recruiting on the basis of androgyny yielded a wider understanding of cis identity, as our participants were diverse across both sexuality (queer and heterosexual) and gender (women and nonbinary individuals). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

US-American philosopher Norman O. Brown (1913–2002) was one of the very few twentieth-century intellectuals to situate hermaphroditism at the core of their work. Although Brown's publications became cult books of the then emerging protest subcultures and were eventually regarded as milestones in the history of Freudian revisionism, the reception of his views on hermaphroditism has been insubstantial. The present contribution focuses at first on Brown's attempt to supersede binary sexuality and its same-sex/other-sex combinatories by positing an ambit of hermaphroditic reconciliation that emerges from the depths of the unconscious, but is effectual only as an eschatological ideal. Against this backdrop, Brown's consequential neglect of Charles Darwin's universalization of corporeal hermaphroditism and of Magnus Hirschfeld's conception of human sexual intermediariness are analyzed and assessed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Sex and gender affect responses to pain, but little is known about disability and quality of life. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the effects of sex and gender on disability and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in patients with low back pain. METHODS: Ninety-three patients with low back pain were included in this cross-sectional survey study. Disability, HRQOL and gender identity were respectively assessed with the Oswestry Disability Index, Short Form-36 and Bem Sex Role Inventory. The participants were classified into four gender role orientations (masculinity, femininity, androgyny and undifferentiated). One-way analysis of variance was used to analyze both the sex and the gender role orientation. RESULTS: Females had higher disability than males (p < 0.05), but in gender identity, no significant difference was found. Seven domains of HRQOL were lower than the healthy norms. Males experienced greater impacts than females on vitality and mental health (p < 0.05). For gender identity, five domains of HRQOL had significant differences (p < 0.05). Masculinity orientation had the least impact on four domains (p < 0.05), while undifferentiated orientation had the largest impact on all domains. CONCLUSION: Sex and gender effects can be used to analyze disability and HRQOL in patients with low back pain. Females have higher disability, while HRQOL is greatly influenced by different gender role orientations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Le Fil de soie (The Silk Thread) by Michèle Gazier is an ambitious work, conceived in a fairy-like as well as fantastic style, while maintaining a real framework. Against the backdrop of haute couture history, the mystery of a love story unfolds in a variation on the myth of Narcissus while providing an intriguing tale. Gazier questions the fragility and discontinuity of happiness. The story is developed through "images" and words presented in a magical environment. I would like to question here the way in which Gazier explores and sets the course for the happiness of an exceptional couple. In other words, I will question the relationship between the story and the original way in which the ideas of happiness are treated. Focusing on the representation of happiness as it is constructed in this novel engages a double questioning: first of all, how stylistically, the fantastic characteristics as they are inscribed in the story reveal by writing, aspects of expressing happiness? Then, on the diegetic level, I will interrogate how an identity is built without borders, erasing the differences between two beings who love each other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines gender-biases on Stack Overflow, the world's largest question-and-answer forum of programming knowledge. Employing a non-binary gender identification built on usernames, I investigate the role of gender in shaping users' experience in technical forums. The analysis encompasses 11-years of activity, across levels of expertise, language, and specialism, to assess if Stack Overflow is really a paradise for programmers. I first examine individual users, asking if there are gender differences in key user metrics of success, focusing on reputation points, user tenure, and level of activity. Second, I test if there are gender-biases in how technical knowledge is recognised in the question-answer format of the platform. Third, using social network analysis I investigate if interaction on Stack Overflow is organised by gender. Results show that sharing and recognising technical knowledge is dictated by users' gender, even when it is operationalised beyond a binary. I find that feminine users receive lower scores for their answers, despite exhibiting higher effort in their contributions. I also show that interaction on Stack Overflow is organised by gender. Specifically, that feminine users preferentially interact with other feminine users. The findings emphasise the central role of gender in shaping interaction in technical spaces, a necessity for participation in the masculine-dominated forum. I conclude the study with recommendations for inclusivity in online forums. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anchored on the figure of the young Malayalam film actor Rahman and his mercurial rise to popularity in the 1980s, this paper argues that 'youth' bears within itself the desire to transcend the gender barrier and fashion a shared sensibility and subjectivity that reaches its peak in the neoliberal moment, thus signifying a new metrosexual, even androgynous, subject who is able to speak for the aspiring global citizens of the region. Rahman signifies a break in the traditional, hegemonic imagination of South Indian masculinity that is rooted in the region, and instead stands for the new configuration of cosmopolitan youth that emerged in the 1970s and 1980s as a result of the migration to the Persian Gulf and the inflow of money and consumer goods from there – a category of youth whose self-fashioning was inflected in a significant way by their consumption practices. Certain representational techniques also resulted in a queering or androgyny of the youthful figure that he personified, suggesting the liminality of gendered identity in youth. Apart from textual analyses of a selection of his films, I also draw on popular reportage around his stardom in the form of news reports and gossip columns published in the leading Malayalam film weekly, Naana, in the 1980s. While the former helps to outline the representational function of Rahman's body in film narratives, the latter supplements this with data on how the ways in which his figure was imagined and received, both within the industry and among fans, contributes to fashioning a new youth subjectivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Androgyny and gender ambiguity are common tropes in Japanese comics and animation, which may be taken for granted by a Japanese audience but are subject to reinterpretation by American fans, especially those who identify on the LGBTQ spectrum. These interpretations naturalize a concept of gender as flexible and fluid, and an ethos that lionizes and defends idiosyncratic self-expression. In the course of my ethnographic research at anime fan conventions in the U.S., I have encountered many individuals identifying as non-binary, genderfluid, or agendered, who use the semiotics they have encountered in Japanese media to resist and remix elements of femininity and masculinity as they are understood in the West. In this commentary, I explore the experiences of several informants who have used anime character tropes, as well as the fan practice of cosplay, to re-forge their genders into new molds that allow them greater self-expression, and a sense of belonging within an inclusive subculture that supports such exploration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While cross-dressing performance in Chinese opera has been extensively studied in various disciplines, the existing scholarship has a stronger emphasis on male actors playing female roles in Peking opera. This ethnography sheds light on women's cross-dressing in Cantonese opera (yueju) in contemporary Hong Kong. Women playing the leading male role (the wenwusheng) is a century-old performance practice. Female wenwusheng being pursued by female fans is a noteworthy and yet understudied phenomenon. Based on my 2012–2016 ethnographic fieldwork, this paper focuses on the performative aspect of female wenwusheng's androgynous embodiments onstage and off. I examine fandom within this mostly homosocial space by studying the interplay between female wenwusheng's public, onstage performances and their informal, offstage engagement with fans. I suggest that, by manipulating the gender ambiguity and ambivalence that extends from their onstage to offstage personas, female wenwusheng provoke homoerotic emotional intimacy that ties them and their fans together. Neither passing as men onstage nor appropriating male actors' masculinity is the female wenwusheng's goal. Their performance and offstage mingling provide an affective emerging space that accommodates the fluidities of gendered identities and sexualities. Female wenwusheng's embodied androgyny also enriches Cantonese opera, as a seemingly heterosexist traditional art form, with queer sensibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rise of the zhongxing ("gender in between") phenomenon has attracted considerable attention in contemporary Taiwanese society. In spite of this increased cultural visibility, however, questions of how young women who identify as zhongxing establish and develop their identities remain unexplored. This study aims to bridge this gap, based on in-depth interviews with 15 young women who self-identify as zhongxing, and designed to capture their subjective experiences and practices. The resulting data will be used to investigate the diverse ways in which young zhongxing women in contemporary Taiwan enact this identity in relation to their female bodies and sexual identities. One key finding is that these women are reconfiguring the linear idea of a gender spectrum, insofar as they perceive and practice gender neutrality through unexpected collage and juxtaposition of binary gender traits. Moreover, in contrast to the common fixed association between female masculinity and lesbian sexuality, the sampled young Taiwanese zhongxing women characterize their sexual identification as contingent and fluid, as a result of the ambivalent status of zhongxing as a gender identity. Our analysis emphasizes the creative and disruptive agency of younger generations of women to develop and configure non-binary gender identities that are capable of mediating and resisting heteronormative assumptions of non-normative gender and sexuality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An introduction is presented in which the editor discusses various reports within the issue on androgynous bodies and culture in Asia.

This article explores the mediation of androgynous bodies and styles in contemporary Japan by mapping the relationship between dansō (female-to-male crossdressing) and genderless (jendāresu). Dansō refers to gender-crossing practices usually by individuals who are assigned female at birth, whereas genderless is a mode of fashion emerging in 2010 which theoretically denotes styles that do not distinguish between genders. Drawing on media coverage of dansō individuals and genderless joshi (girls) in the 2010s, supplemented by ethnographic research conducted in a Tokyo dansō cafe-and-bar, I argue that these individuals embraced genderbending practices before being named as "doing" dansō or genderless. Through their distinct but related androgynous practices, they construct alternative identities and ways of being and retrospectively become interpellated as "dansō" and "genderless." Further, I suggest that dansō and genderless not only allow us to rethink the gender binary, particularly in queer studies and transgender studies in a transnational context, but also the connections between style and gender and sexual subjectivities. Placing dansō and genderless on a spectrum instead of considering the two as separate phenomena opens up new conversations about androgynous bodies at the intersections of queer studies, fashion studies, and cultural studies in Asia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The gender difference in the propensity to initiate negotiation has been theorized to be mediated by three constructs: recognition of opportunities, entitlement, and apprehension. This study seeks to investigate whether differences in feminine and masculine traits can be used to explain gender differences in the three predictors of the propensity to initiate negotiations. Data was collected from 350 surveys distributed in Lebanon. Items were used to measure the constructs masculinity and femininity, as well as the three predictors of the propensity to initiate negotiation, namely Recognition of opportunities, Entitlement, and Apprehension. Confirmatory Factor Analysis was used to assess the validity of the measures, while structural equation modeling was used to investigate the relationship between the personality traits and the three constructs. Results indicate that masculinity enhances entitlement, which in turn leads to higher levels of negotiation while femininity enhances apprehension, which in turn leads to lower levels of negotiation. Both masculine and feminine traits were found to be positively related to the recognition of opportunities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accessible summary: What is known on the subject?: Developing sex type is the process in which one develops behavioural attributes and personality characteristics socially defined as matching one's biological sex."Psychological androgyny" means that a person should not be judged in terms of his or her traditional sex role. "Androgynous" sex type means that a person could have both female and male characteristics, depending on the circumstances. "Androgynous" sex‐type individuals show higher capacity to deal with a variety of roles and a healthier and more adaptive behaviour than those with the same gender sex typingPrevious studies focused on caring behaviours while examining the difference between female and male nurses but there are no studies on differences between female and male nurses in the mental health field in relation with sex types. What this paper adds to existing knowledge?: From a theoretical point of view, our study adds important information on specific associations between sex types and caring in mental health nurses.Nurses with different sex type perform caring behaviours at different levels. "Androgynous" sex‐type nurses perform caring behaviours at a higher level than others do. What are the implications for practice?: Our findings can contribute to raising awareness among head nurses and policy makers in the mental health field, of the differences between nurses, and among female and male nurses in mental health centres, regarding their caring behaviours.Understanding this association can assist in the recruitment and allocation of candidates in mental health nursing settings and later on, in developing appropriate instruction programs for these employees. Introduction: Understanding differences in caring behaviours by sex is crucial in light of the need to encourage men to join the nursing profession. Aims: To study the association between sex types and caring behaviours in female and male nurses in the mental health field. Methods: Cross‐sectional study including a convenience sample of 114 nurses in three mental health centres in Israel. Data were self‐reported in a structured form including validated scales for the assessment of sex types and caring behaviours. ANOVA and linear regression tests were used were performed with SPSS version 21. All the analyses were 2‐tailed, and p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Androgynous female and male nurses displayed higher levels of caring than other sex types. Higher levels of caring were observed in female compared with male nurses overall (p = 0.011) and in behaviours showing respect (p = 0.020) and attentiveness to patients' needs and safety (p = 0.002). Conclusion: Our results suggest that different sex‐typed female and male nurses in the mental health field display different levels of caring behaviours. Implications for Practice: Our findings can help head nurses and policy makers in recruitment and allocation of nurses in mental health settings, as well as in developing educational programs for employees and nursing students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The glass cliff suggests that women are more likely to access leadership positions when organizations are facing a crisis. Although this phenomenon is well established, it is still largely unknown how variations in types of crises influence the strength of the think crisis-think female association, and whether female leaders and leaders with communal gendered traits are both affected by this association. We hypothesized that selection of stereotypically feminine traits (communal leaders) is specific to a relational crisis because of a fit between leader traits and traits required by the situation. We further expected that the selection of women also extends to other crisis situations because other factors such as their signaling change potential may play a role. We investigated the associations that participants made with candidates who varied across gendered traits and gender and between two crisis situations involving problems with either stereotypically feminine (e.g., an internal disharmony) or masculine (e.g., a financial problem) components, and a no crisis situation control. Results from three experimental studies (Ns = 319, 384, 385) supported our hypotheses by showing that communal leaders were most strongly associated with a relational crisis and least with a financial crisis, with the no crisis context situated in-between. This pattern was explained by higher relevance ratings for communal leadership behavior in the relational crisis versus financial crisis context, with the no crisis context situated in-between. In contrast, female leaders were most strongly associated with the relational crisis and least with the no crisis context, with the financial crisis situated in-between. Specific explanatory mechanisms related to the female-crisis association are explored and discussed. Our findings suggest that implicit motivations for valuing feminine/communal leadership and atypical leaders in crisis situations need further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on Luísa Costa Gomes (LCG) a Portuguese playwright with a recognized career, created for the stage what she called a genre transformation of Orlando, Florida, or more accurately a transmigration of Woolf's large spectrum fictional biographic narrative, roughly spans centuries of English history, while accompanying the extraordinary life trajectory of its protagonist. Topics include the term transmigration is a key concept in the context of adaptation has referred to by LCG.

In response to Bennett, Agostinho, & Lockyer's (Educational Technology Research and Development, 65(1), 125–145: 2017) article, The process of designing for learning: understanding university teacher's design work, we describe a way forward targeting an identified crucial gap in supporting teacher design practice. We argue that society is in a period of liminality (Turner, Betwixt and between: Patterns of masculine and feminine initiation, 3–19: 1987) caused by the current shift to digital. Limited resources, tight timelines, and belief systems questioned require that we revisit conventional approaches to supporting teachers designing in liminality. While teachers in Bennett et al.'s study were from a teaching-related professional organization, the shift-to-digital was not the focus of their research (it was teachers' design processes), and data came from interviews rather than observations. However, there is strong opportunities for impact and application of their work. The main impact of Bennett et al.'s work is they highlighted the gap between what teachers have and what they need: teachers need a relevant, useful, simple, meaningful, and conceptual approach to guide their design work. This can help designers to rethink how to support teachers through the liminal space of shifting to digital by creating a strategy that teachers can use to guide their work. We argue that we should apply approaches sensitive to the teacher's state of mind and circumstances of the teacher designing in liminality. We provide a way forward with a guiding questions framework from the lenses of social constructivism, agile mindsets, productive failure, and designing in liminality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

These are issues that involve curriculum, gender and textbooks that we take as an interest in research in this article. We analyze here how the gender category is built on the inclusion or exclusion criteria in notices of the National Textbook Program. Sometimes, gender is included in citizenship or human rights criteria. Others are explicitly associated with women and related to what is built on feminine and masculine. To undertake the analyzes, we observe the PNLD regulatory legal documents, in addition to the public notices from the period 2006 to 2020, available for electronic consultation. With the analyzes, we noticed the general and uncharacteristic nature of the evaluative items on issues of gender diversity, which, in addition to being in reduced items, share space with other analytical categories, such as races and ethnicities. Such an assessment, depending on the political position in relation to the theme, therefore leads to silencing or imprisonment of gender in the LD collections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In most animals, competition for mating opportunities is higher among males, whereas females are more likely to provide parental care. In few species, though, these "conventional" sex roles are reversed such that females compete more strongly for matings and males provide most or all parental care. This "reversal" in sex roles is often combined with classical polyandry—a mating system in which a female forms a harem with several males. Here, we review the major hypotheses relating such role reversals to evolutionary and behavioural traits (anisogamy, phylogenetic history, sexy males, parental care, genetic paternity, trade‐off between mating and parenting, adult sex ratio) and to ecological factors (food supply, offspring predation). We evaluate each hypothesis in relation to coucals (Centropodinae), a group of nesting cuckoos of great interest for mating system and parental care theory. The black coucal (Centropus grillii) is the only known bird combining classical polyandry with altricial development of young, a costly trait with regard to parental care. Our long‐term study offers a unique possibility to compare the strongly polyandrous black coucal with a monogamous close relative breeding in the same area and habitat, the white‐browed coucal (C. superciliosus). We show that the evolution of sex roles in coucals and other animals has many different facets. Whereas phylogenetic constraints are important, confidence in genetic paternity is not. In combination with facilitating ecological conditions, adult sex ratios are key to understanding sex roles in coucals, shorebirds, and most likely also other animals. We plead for more studies including experimental tests to understand how biased adult sex ratios emerge and whether they drive sexual selection or vice versa. How do sex ratios and sexual selection interact and feedback on each other? Answers to these questions will be fundamental for understanding the evolution of sex roles in mating and parenting in coucals and other species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Little is known about the role of gender expression (femininity, masculinity, or androgyny) in relation to sex differences in depression. This study tested if gender expression was associated with depression and burden of depressive symptoms in a 70-year-old population. Methods: A cross-sectional population-based sample of 70-year-olds from The Gothenburg H70 Birth Cohort Study (n = 1203) was examined in 2014–16. Data were collected using psychiatric examinations and structured questionnaires, including the Positive-Negative Sex-Role Inventory to assess gender expression. Depression was diagnosed according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders criteria, and symptom burden was assessed with Montgomery Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS). Results: Gender expression was related to MADRS score and depression diagnosis. In fully adjusted models, feminine traits with low social desirability (FEM-) were associated with a higher MADRS score (R2 0.16; B 0.16; CI 0.1–0.2), while androgyny (t ratio) (R2 0.12; B 0.42; CI 0.1–0.7) and masculine traits with high social desirability (MAS+) (R2 0.13; B -0.06; CI -0.1–-0.01) were associated with a lower MADRS score. Also, feminine traits with low social desirability (FEM-) were positively associated with depression (OR 1.04; CI 1.01–1.1). No associations between depression and masculinity or androgyny were observed in adjusted models. There were no interactions between sex and gender expression in relation to depression or MADRS score, indicating that the effects of gender expression were similar in men and women. Conclusions: We found that gender expression was associated to both depression and burden of depressive symptoms. More specifically, we found that femininity was associated to higher levels of depression, irrespective of biological sex. In addition, masculinity and androgyny were associated with lower levels of depression. These results highlight the importance of taking gender expression into consideration when studying sex differences in depression among older populations in future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Females of some species are considered sex-role reversed, meaning that they face stronger competition for mates compared to males. While much attention has been paid to behavioral and morphological patterns associated with sex-role reversal, less is known about its physiological regulation. Here, we evaluate hypotheses relating to the neuroendocrine basis of sex-role reversal. We refute the most widely tested activational hypothesis for sex differences in androgen secretion; sex-role reversed females do not have higher levels of androgens in circulation than males. However, we find some evidence that the effects of androgens may be sex-specific; circulating androgen levels correlate with some competitive phenotypes in sex-role reversed females. We also review evidence that sex-role reversed females have higher tissue-specific sensitivity to androgens than males, at least in some species and tissues. Organizational effects may explain these relationships, considering that early exposure to sex steroids can shape later sensitivity to hormones, often in sex-specific ways. Moving forward, experimental and correlative studies on the ontogeny and expression of sex-role reversal will further clarify the mechanisms that generate sex-specific behaviors and sex roles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Disgust is derived from evolutionary processes to avoid pathogen contamination. Theories of gender differences in pathogen disgust utilize both evolutionary psychological and sociocultural perspectives. Drawing on research that suggests that masculine and feminine gender identities are somewhat orthogonal, we examine how gender identity intersects with pathogen disgust. In addition, building on evolutionary psychological and sociocultural accounts of how caregiving and parental investment affect pathogen disgust, we present a new measure of caregiving disgust and compare its properties across gender, parental status, and political ideology with those of a conventional pathogen disgust measure. This registered report finds that how masculinity and femininity affect disgust varies by gender, disgust domain, and their intersection; that parental status effects vary by disgust domain but not gender; that reframing disgust in terms of caregiving eliminates the gender gap in disgust; and that the caregiving frame unexpectedly strengthens the relationship between disgust and political ideology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bradford Cox's physical appearance has mystified audiences, critics, and fans since the inception of his American indie rock band Deerhunter in the early 2000s. As the band's frontman, Cox is 6'4" with an exceptionally thin, angular frame, physical effects associated with Marfan syndrome. Yet many critics and fans do not recognize that he has a disability per se, instead speculating about possible anorexia, drug abuse, mental illness, and even his gender and sexual orientation. Through analysis of Cox's reception and creative output, I argue that the simultaneous fetishization and normalization of his body is due to its resonance with two overlapping countercultural discourses: the current idealization of thinness in indie rock as it both extends and departs from an earlier tradition of freakery and androgyny in punk. I show that Cox resists what he views as the masculine heteronormativity and performative apathy of indie rock through "freakish" sartorial reference to his androgynous punk idols PJ Harvey, Joey Ramone, and Patti Smith, an aesthetic that for Cox is vitally queer. Cox uses his solo musical output to further convey his alienation as a queer-disabled male artist: through his lyrics, album art, and specific vocal affectations and production techniques, he establishes a continuity across the visual and sonic registers of his identity to ultimately achieve a sense of belonging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Species-specific vocalizations can act as a reproductive isolating mechanism between closely related populations. We analyzed vocal differences between 2 hybridizing species of sex-role reversed polyandrous shorebirds, the Northern Jacana (Jacana spinosa) and Wattled Jacana (J. jacana). We found that Northern Jacana calls have higher fundamental frequency and peak frequency than Wattled Jacana calls. We also compared calls between females and males, as both jacana species are sex-role reversed and females compete for male mates. Males produce calls with a higher fundamental and peak frequency and shorter notes than females. These results suggest that vocal differences between Northern and Wattled jacanas have the potential to act as a behavioral mediator of interspecific interactions, and that sex differences in vocalizations may relate to sex-role reversal in territorial defense and mate attraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We explored how gender and gender similarity affects friendship dissolution following the transition to middle school. We predicted that both gender and gender similarity (measured by perceived similarity to own-gender and other-gender peers) explain dissolution trends and that less own-gender similarity or more other-gender similarity predicts more friendship dissolution. We considered gender and gender similarity at both the individual and dyad level (reflecting the discrepancy between friends). Participants were 198 students in Grade 6 (42% Latinx. 21% Caucasian, 10% Native American, 8% African American, 2% Asian American, and 17% mixed backgrounds; 77% qualified for free/reduced meals) in reciprocated same- or mixed-gender friendships followed from fall to spring of the academic year. Multilevel multimember logistic regression models, nesting friendships within each participating individual. demonstrated that girl-girl friendships were less likely to dissolve than boy-boy friendships, and mixed-gender friendships did not dissolve more than same-gender friendships. Feeling similar to one's own gender predicted less dissolution, but feeling similar to the other gender did not increase friendship dissolution. There was no support for the hypothesis that feeling similar to both genders (i.e., androgyny) protected against friendship dissolution, nor was there any support for the hypothesis that dyad-level differences in gender similarity would predict dissolution. The discussion focuses on the importance of conducting individual and dyad-level analyses as well as including gender similarity constructs when studying gender differences in friendships and their trajectories over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many transgender and gender-diverse people have a gender identity that does not conform to the binary categories of male or female; they have a nonbinary gender. Some nonbinary individuals are most comfortable with an androgynous gender expression. For those who have not yet fully progressed through puberty, puberty suppression with gonadotrophin-releasing hormone agonists can support an androgynous appearance. Although such treatment is shown to ameliorate the gender dysphoria and serious mental health issues commonly seen in transgender and gender-diverse young people, long-term use of puberty-suppressing medications carries physical health risks and raises various ethical dilemmas. In this Ethics Rounds, we analyze a case that raised issues about prolonged pubertal suppression for a patient with a nonbinary gender. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

American Feminism has influenced, to a great extent, both American language and literature and this influence, which originated in the 1950s, has favoured a series of debatable and controversial studies on the topic. The influence of American Feminism on the American language is illustrated by the fact that there are now words well established in American English, which were not in use in the 1970s. Moreover, "sexist" language has gradually been excluded from the politically correct lexicon and has been replaced by sexually neutral terms. In their effort to de-sex the English language, Casey Miller and Kate Swift (1972, 1980) suggested the use of sexually-neutral pronouns (tey, ter, tem) and a series of relevant changes which greatly influenced the way American English is spoken/used nowadays. The movement toward androgyny in literature, which started at around the same time (1973), is marked by the prominent personality of Carolyn Heilbrun, an important author-scholar who argued for the basic unity of male and female on multiple dimensions and who attempted to demonstrate that this unity may be well represented in literary texts by carefully handling the language used and the images described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines how the idea or perception of androgyny troubles a sense of conveyed meaning, underscoring the need to suspend any binary apprehension. It notes that any possible meaning of perceived androgyny depends in large part on the position of the one who encounters, interprets, and responds to this perception. It adds that the androgyne's promise of interpretative openness ends in frustration, principally, in her reading.

The article argues that sex is a biological reality, conceptualized and identified based on an organism's organization with respect to sexual reproduction. It explores the concept of biological sex, its biological formation in a primary and secondary sense, and disorders of sexual development. It also informs on gender theory and feminism, mistaken understandings of gender that either deny and how our sexual embodiment should influence our communal pursuit of human goods.

Males and females are defined by the relative size of their gametes (anisogamy), but secondary sexual dimorphism in fertilization, parental investment and mating competition is widespread and often remarkably stable over evolutionary timescales. Recent theory has clarified the causal connections between anisogamy and the most prevalent differences between the sexes, but deviations from these patterns remain poorly understood. Here, we study how sex differences in parental investment and mating competition coevolve with parental care specialization. Parental investment often consists of two or more distinct activities (e.g. provisioning and defence) and parents may care more efficiently by specializing in a subset of these activities. Our model predicts that efficient care specialization broadens the conditions under which biparental investment can evolve in lineages that historically had uniparental care. Major transitions in sex roles (e.g. from female-biased care with strong male mating competition to male-biased care with strong female competition) can arise following ecologically induced changes in the costs or benefits of different care types, or in the sex ratio at maturation. Our model provides a clear evolutionary mechanism for sex-role transitions, but also predicts that such transitions should be rare. It consequently contributes towards explaining widespread phylogenetic inertia in parenting and mating systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Androgynous Model web series is a modeling contest whose first season streamed on YouTube between 2013 and 2014. The show features five Black lesbian androgynous models from Charlotte, North Carolina, who compete in a series of photo-shoot and runway challenges to secure the title of "The Androgynous Model." Employing close readings of the photo-shoot, runway challenges, and an interview with the show's creator Nikki Eason, I argue that the models' performances in the web series and Eason's commentary are connected to a Black feminist tradition that prioritizes self-definition and self-valuation. I identify their articulation of self-definition and self-valuation in this web series as BlaQueer Style. Although BlaQueer Style can be and is the styling practices constructed by queer Black people, the interpretive framework BlaQueer Style that I aim to uncover underscores the Black feminist politics embedded in queer Black women's fashion activism so that we can reframe how we define and theorize activism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gender identity has been identified as a risk factor for disordered eating behaviors (DEB) in adolescents. However, extant studies have been slow to consider the combined influence of multiple social identities. This study examined whether social identities (gender and race) interact with perceived pubertal timing relative to peers, to predict DEB in Black adolescents and whether these relations were moderated by biological sex. Data are drawn from Black adolescents (N = 328; 42% male) who participated in Waves 3 to 5 (eighth grade, 11th grade, and 1-year post high school) of the Maryland Adolescent Development in Context Study. Results demonstrated that highly androgynous eighth-grade boys who engaged in less racial exploration reported low DEB in the 11th grade; however, post high school, high racial exploration mitigated the effects of androgyny on DEB. Moreover, boys engaged in less DEB post high school if they felt less feminine and engaged in more racial exploration in eighth grade; similar findings emerged for boys who were highly masculine and late developers. For girls, feeling more masculine and engaging in less racial exploration in eighth grade predicted low DEB in the 11th grade; however, girls who felt less feminine and engaged in less racial exploration reported low DEB in the 11th grade. Findings offer new insights into the independent and synergistic linkages between gender identity, racial identity, and perceived puberty in their relation to DEB among Black adolescent boys and girls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Issues of gender ambiguity have been discussed over time from both Islamic and medical perspectives. In Islam, these issues are typically considered in the context of khunūthah (literally translated as hermaphroditism). While biomedical studies have appeared to provide a large amount of information on abnormal human biological development, i.e. Disorders of Sex Development (DSDs). However, the connection between these two fields has been given little attention. This research aims to determine the Islamic underpinnings through the fatwa around the globe. Thus, institutional fatwa organisations among Sunni schools of thought at the international, regional and national levels are observed. The fatwas regarding the management of individuals with gender ambiguity, not specifically on DSDs, are chosen and presented accordingly. Based on the findings, the sporadic fatwas from different parts of the world delineate the issue of sex ambiguity and seem to be able to provide general guidelines for management of Muslim patients with DSDs. Three common aspects have been discussed including the methodology of gender assignment, the decision-making process and the surgical and hormonal treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The current study investigated pain threshold, pain tolerance, and pain severity in relation to sex, trait gender, and state gender using an experimental design. The participants included 232 women and 69 men. The BEM Sex Role Inventory was used to measure trait gender. State gender was assessed by randomly assigning participations to a feminine, a masculine, or a neutral prime. Pain was assessed using the cold pressor task. Participants were assessed for their pain threshold, pain tolerance, and pain severity at both threshold and tolerance. Two three-way interactions were found. For pain threshold, masculine males had the highest pain in the feminine prime, while masculine females had the highest pain in the masculine prime. For pain severity at threshold, feminine males reported less pain in the feminine condition, while androgynous males reported the highest pain in the feminine condition. For females, masculine females reported the least pain in the masculine prime, while androgynous females reported more pain in the neutral condition. The study supports the premise that both trait gender and state gender can play a role in influencing male's and female's responses to pain. Future research should explore these effects in patient populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper challenges previous K-pop studies on fandom in South Korea to broaden their focus beyond straight-identified fans to include queer fans. Although previous studies have focused on male K-pop stars as the object of heterosexual desire, the phenomenon of "fan cosplay," or "fancos" for short, demonstrates that these male stars also serve as a means for cross-gender identification for female fans. This paper explores K-pop's role as a space for its young female fans to explore gender and sexual identity, as well as its influence on local queer subculture in terms of gendered styling, gendered pairing, and queer terminology. Furthermore, an examination of the historical changes in the popularity of fancos reveals the transformation in the recognition of homosexuality and its backlash in Korea as well as the strategies of the queer subculture to focus on invisibility and in-group differentiation. Therefore, a queer perspective on K-pop studies includes domestic queer fans in the study of K-pop, complicates the heteronormative assumptions of fandom studies, and the relationship between commercial media and desire and sheds light on sexual politics in South Korea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]