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(1) Background: Globally, about 600 million people are afflicted with diabetes, and one of its most prevalent complications is neuropathy, a debilitating condition. At the present time, the exploration of novel therapies for alleviating diabetic-neuropathy-associated pain is genuinely captivating, considering that current therapeutic options are characterized by poor efficacy and significant risk of side effects. In the current research, we evaluated the antihyperalgesic effect the sildenafil (phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor)–metformin (antihyperglycemic agent) combination and its impact on biochemical markers in alloxan-induced diabetic neuropathy in rats. (2) Methods: This study involved a cohort of 70 diabetic rats and 10 non-diabetic rats. Diabetic neuropathy was induced by a single dose of 130 mg/kg alloxan. The rats were submitted to thermal stimulus test using a hot–cold plate and to tactile stimulus test using von Frey filaments. Moreover, at the end of the experiment, the animals were sacrificed and their brains and livers were collected to investigate the impact of this combination on TNF-α, IL-6, nitrites and thiols levels. (3) Results: The results demonstrated that all sildenafil–metformin combinations decreased the pain sensitivity in the von Frey test, hot plate test and cold plate test. Furthermore, alterations in nitrites and thiols concentrations and pro-inflammatory cytokines (specifically TNF-α and IL-6) were noted following a 15-day regimen of various sildenafil–metformin combinations. (4) Conclusions: The combination of sildenafil and metformin has a synergistic effect on alleviating pain in alloxan-induced diabetic neuropathy rats. Additionally, the combination effectively decreased inflammation, inhibited the rise in NOS activity, and provided protection against glutathione depletion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stomach morphology can provide insights into an organism's diet. Gut size or length is typically inversely related to diet quality in most taxa, and has been used to assess diet quality in a variety of systems. However, it requires animal sacrifice and time‐consuming dissections. Measures of external morphology associated with diet may be a simpler, more cost‐effective solution. At the species level, external measures of the progastric region of the carapace in brachyuran crabs can predict stomach size and diet quality, with some suggestion that this approach may also work to examine individual diet preferences and specialization at the individual level; if so, the size of the progastric region could be used to predict trends in diet quality and consumption for individuals, which would streamline diet studies in crabs. Here, we tested whether external progastric region size predicts internal stomach size across latitude and time of year for individuals of the invasive Asian shore crab Hemigrapsus sanguineus. We found that the width of the progastric region increased at a faster rate with body size than stomach width. In addition, the width of the progastric region followed different trends across sites and over time compared to stomach width. Our results therefore suggest that the progastric region may not be used as a proxy for stomach size variation across individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stachydrine, a prominent bioactive alkaloid derived from Leonurus heterophyllus, is a significant herb in traditional medicine. It has been noted for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant characteristics. Consequently, we conducted a study of its hepatoprotective effect and the fundamental mechanisms involved in acetaminophen (APAP)-induced liver injury, utilizing a mouse model. Mice were intraperitoneally administered a hepatotoxic dose of APAP (300 mg/kg). Thirty minutes after APAP administration, mice were treated with different concentrations of stachydrine (0, 2.5, 5, and 10 mg/kg). Animals were sacrificed 16 h after APAP injection for serum and liver tissue assays. APAP overdose significantly elevated the serum alanine transferase levels, hepatic pro-inflammatory cytokines, malondialdehyde activity, phospho-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), phospho-protein kinase B (AKT), and macrophage-stimulating protein expression. Stachydrine treatment significantly decreased these parameters in mice with APAP-induced liver damage. Our results suggest that stachydrine may be a promising beneficial target in the prevention of APAP-induced liver damage through attenuation of the inflammatory response, inhibition of the ERK and AKT pathways, and expression of macrophage-stimulating proteins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of cation electrokinetic concentrators (CECs) has been hindered by the lack of commercial anion-exchange membranes (AEMs). This paper introduces a γ-cyclodextrin-modified quaternized chitosan/polyvinyl alcohol (γ-CD/QCS/PVA) composite as an AEM, which is combined with a microchip to fabricate a CEC. Remarkably, the CEC only concentrates cationic species, thereby overcoming the interference of the highly abundant, negatively charged serum albumin in the blood sample. P-Glycoprotein (P-gp) is recognized as an efflux transporter protein that influences the pharmacokinetics (PK) of various compounds. The CEC was used to evaluate the activity of P-gp by detecting the positively charged rhodamine 123 (Rho123 is a classical substrate of P-gp) with no interference from serum albumin in the serum sample. Using the CEC, the enrichment factor (EF) of Rho123 exceeded 105-fold under DC voltage application. The minimal sample consumption of the CEC (<10 μL) enables reduction of animal sacrifice in animal experiments. Here, the CEC has been applied to evaluate the transport activity of P-gp in in vitro and in vivo experiments by detecting Rho123 in the presence of P-gp inhibitors or agonists. The results are in good agreement with those reported in previous reports. Therefore, the CEC presents a promising application potential, owing to its simple fabrication process, high sensitivity, minimal sample consumption, lack of interference from serum albumin and low cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fumarate, the tricarboxylic acid cycle metabolite, which evokes an antihypertensive action has been reported to exert paradoxical actions that worsen hypertension-induced organ damage. This study investigates any link between these paradoxical effects and applied doses of fumarate. Male and female Wistar rats (150-180 g) were grouped into three (3) groups containing eight (8) animals each. Group I received distilled water (3 ml/kg, po), and groups II-IV received fumarate (50, 150, and 500 mg/kg, po) respectively for 28 days. Urine was collected for 24 hours via metabolic cages on days 0 and 28. After 28 days, animals were sacrificed, and blood was collected via cardiac puncture for biochemical analyses. Fumarate exerted a dose-dependent increase in the serum levels of troponin, CK-MB, and myoglobin (p<0.001) in both male and female rats. Urine volumes were significantly reduced and peaked in rats of both sexes at 500 mg/kg of fumarate. This was followed by a simultaneous increase in sodium excretion in male rats (50.3 ± 9.3 vs 74.7 ± 4.2 mmol/L, p<0.05) at 150 mg/kg and female rats (43.3 ± 1.6 vs 89.0 ± 0.6 mmol/L, p<0.001) at 150 mg/kg. Proteinuria was only significantly elevated at 500 mg/kg in fumarate-treated male rats (92.3 ± 3.1 vs 151.5 ± 15.6 mg/24 h, p<0.05). In female rats, urinary protein excretion was increased at all doses (p<0.05). The results from this study showed that the paradoxical increase in myocardial injury is dose-dependent and occurs on sustained administration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the Jeju shamanic religion, chickens have been sacrificed for aekmagi, a ritual to prevent aek, a looming misfortune that may cause death. Whereas ordinary participants are thought to be at risk of harm when possessing or eating chickens or other offerings made to prevent aek, the simbang, Jeju shamans, are thought to be immune to it. Simbang are believed to be permanently on the threshold between the human and the divine realms. They help remove aek but are not harmed by it, because it only harms humans in the human realm, not the person on the boundary. While the other participants are temporarily placed in the liminal state during aekmagi and come back to the ordinary living human realm after the ritual, simbang remain in the perpetual liminal state. Chicken sacrifice has been omitted from aekmagi since around 2010 in most places in Jeju-do. Though ritual killing is no longer practiced, adherents still think that aek is prevented by aekmagi. The Jeju people believe that gods are the main agents of preventing aek and that they can persuade the gods to do the work without receiving chickens' lives. In addition, due to the change in people's view on killing animals, aekmagi without chicken sacrifice has become a more efficient ritual system for nourishing social sustenance by following the new social prescription. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Augmentation rhinoplasty sometimes is required for patients with saddle nose deformity caused by failed rhinoplasty or facial trauma; finding appropriate grafting material remains a significant problem for this procedure. We investigated hyaluronic acid matrix as an allograft for dorsal augmentation rhinoplasty in a rabbit model. We performed an osteotomy on the nasal bones of eight rabbits. Four animals were sham operated as the control group and four were administered a mixture of saline-gelled hyaluronic acid matrix and sliced cartilage. Ultrasonography and three-dimensional reconstruction tomography were performed at the end of the experimental period. After sacrifice of the animals, nasal tissues were examined for histopathology, and both collagen scores and number of capillaries were compared between the two groups. Increased collagen and capillaries were apparent in the hyaluronic acid matrix group compared to controls. The median collagen score was significantly greater for the hyaluronic acid matrix group than for the control group. Although the number of capillaries for the hyaluronic acid matrix group was greater than for the control group, the difference was not statistically significant. Three weeks is sufficient for adhesion of ends of fractures in clinical practice; however, we found no ossification at this time in either group. A hyaluronic acid matrix may be a useful alternative supplement for dorsal augmentation rhinoplasty. Development of collagen was commensurate with membranous ossification; however, assessment of complete ossification requires a longer experimental period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The original beliefs of the Uyghurs, which have been overshadowed by their conversion to Manichaeism and Buddhism, have not been thoroughly studied until recently. However, Uyghur inscriptions as well as Chinese and Islamic sources provide us with some information regarding their beliefs. In the first part of this article series, the Uyghurs' belief in various cults related to celestial and natural beings was explored. In this second part, other religious elements will be analysed. The Uyghurs possessed a cult of ancestors, in which souls were believed to fly away. Funeral ceremonies called yoγ are noted to contain animal and human sacrifices as well as self‐harming activities. Worship included animal sacrifice and idol worship. Qam (shamans) performed rituals, including fortune telling and weather magic. Religious terminology included qut (divine fortune), ülüg (destiny), yol (luck), and yazuq (sin). They held the numbers seven and nine in high esteem as sacred numbers, while sacred lights descending from the sky and the sacred consort of a mythological ruler were important motifs. Although some scholars have written that Buddhism was practiced by the Uyghurs before their conversion to Manichaeism in the 760s, further research has shown that this was not the case. This article also reveals how their ancient beliefs survived even after their conversions to major religions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Tinnitus, the generation of phantom sounds, can be the result of noise exposure, however, understanding of its underlying mechanisms is limited. Purpose of the study was is to determine whether different concentrations of salicylate can cause tinnitus of different intensity. Methods: For the purposes of this study 50 male Wistar rats were used. The animals were divided into 5 groups (10 rats in each group). The animals that did not receive any substance were allocated to the control group (Group A). The second group (Group B) of rats received salicylate (Sigma Aldrich) intraperitoneally for 7 days (300 mg/Kg/day). The 3rd group (Group C) received salicylate intraperitoneally for 7 days, but at twice the concentration of the animals in the second group (600 mg/kg/d). The 4th group (Group D) simultaneously received salicylate (300 mg/Kg/day) and pure Memantine (Sigma Aldrich, 10 mg/kg/d) intraperitoneally for 7 days. The 5th group (Group E) did not receive any substance but was exposed for 168 consecutive hours (7 days) to sound to induce tinnitus. Cochlear activity was evaluated with the use of Distortion Product Otoacoustic Emissions (DPOAEs). At the end of the experimental period, the animals were sacrificed, and the right cochlea was removed and prepared for further histological and immunohistochemical studies. Results: The DPOAEs of animals treated either with salicylate as monotherapy or salicylate combined with memantine were indistinguishable from the noise floor, did not differ significantly compared to the animals of the control group or those expose to constant noise. The cochlear structures of Group E remained anatomically and functionally unaffected from the exposure to constant noise. Memantine does not seem to offer substantial protection to the cochlear structures, according to histological examination and hearing tests, however, the rats receiving it exhibited better results in behavioral tests. Conclusions: The administration of memantine does not contribute significantly to the reduction of tinnitus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To investigate the effect of epithelial growth factor (EGF) with collagen matrix (CM) on the gain of KT for buccally positioned implants in dogs. Materials and methods: In five dogs, four implants were placed buccally with the whole part of KT excision on the buccal side (two implants per each hemi-mandible). After one month, KT augmentation was performed: 1) free gingival grafts (FGG), 2) collagen matrix (CM) only, 3) CM soaked with 1 μg/g of EGF, and 4) CM soaked with 10 μg/g of EGF (n = 5 in each group). The experimental animals were sacrificed three months post-KT augmentation. Clinical, histologic, and histomorphometric analyses were performed. Results: The clinical KT zone was the highest in group FGG (5.16 ± 1.63 mm). Histologically, all groups presented buccal bony dehiscence. Regarding newly formed KT, no specific difference was found among the groups, but robust rete pegs formation in some specimens in group FGG. Histomorphometric KT height (4.66 ± 1.81 mm) and length (5.56 ± 2.25 mm) were the highest in group FGG, whereas similar increases were noted in the rest. The buccal soft tissue thickness at the coronal part of the implant did not exceed 2 mm in all groups. Conclusion: All groups presented increased KT zone, but FGG treatment was more favored. The addition of EGF to CM appeared not to enhance KT formation. Clinical relevance: FGG treatment was more favorable to re-establish the KT zone than other treatment modalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zooarchaeological analyses of the skeletal remains of 52 animals unearthed in the courtyard of an Iron Age Tartessian building known as Casas del Turuñuelo (Badajoz, Spain) shed light on a massive sacrifice forming part of a series of rituals linked to the site's last period of activity and final abandonment. The rites took place towards the end of the 5th century BCE when both the building (intentionally destroyed) and the sacrificed animals were intentionally buried under a tumulus 90 m in diameter and 6 m high. The main objective of the zooarchaeological and microstratigraphic analyses was to determine the phasing of the sacrificial depositions. Evidence gathered from taphonomic assessments and a series of radiocarbon datings indicate that the sacrifices fall into three consecutive phases spanning several years. The findings of the zooarchaeological analyses clearly point to a selection of equid and cattle males. Adult equids predominate (MNI = 41) followed by adult and sub-adult cattle (MNI = 6). Pigs, in turn, are only represented by a few adults and sub-adult females (MNI = 4). Among the animals is a single dog of undetermined sex between 3 and 4 years of age. The fact that the animals are mostly adults discards the likelihood that they died from natural causes or an epidemic. In addition, the scenographic deposition of certain equids in pairs, as well as evidence of the burning of plant offerings, suggest an intentional ritualistic sacrifice. Nine of the initial depositions of Phase 1 in the SE quadrant were scattered and certain of their bones bear marks characteristic of both prolonged open air exposure and scavengers. Another 31 animals from Phases 1 and 2 are represented by almost complete, articulated skeletons, indicating they were promptly covered. Phase 3, by contrast, reveals both almost complete and partial animals bearing clear signs of processing for human consumption. This study thus sheds light on both the sequence of the animal sacrifices and the protocols linked to rites accompanied by the celebration of banquets. Certain features associated with the sealing of this building under a tumulus offer evidence of the decline of the Tartessian Culture. This study thus advances notions serving to contextualize ritual animal sacrifices in the framework of practice observed at other Iron Age sites in the Iberian Peninsula and elsewhere throughout Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fast-increasing number of commercially produced chemicals challenges the experimental ecotoxicity assessment methods, which are costly, time-consuming, and dependent on the sacrifice of animals. In this regard, Quantitative Structure-Property/Activity Relationships (QSPR/QSAR) have led the way in developing ecotoxicity assessment models. In this study, QSAR models have been developed using the pEC50 values of 82 diverse agrochemicals or agro-molecules against a planktonic crustacean Daphnia magna with easily interpretable 2D descriptors. Moreover, a link among octanol-water partition coefficient (KOW), bio-concentration factor (BCF), and critical body residue (CBR) has been addressed, and their imputation for the prediction of the toxicity endpoint (EC50) has been done with an objective of the advanced exploration of several ecotoxicological parameters for toxic chemicals. The developed partial least squares (PLS) models were validated rigorously and proved to be robust, sound, and immensely well-predictive. The final Daphnia toxicity model derived from experimental derived properties along with computed descriptors emerged better in statistical quality and predictivity than those obtained solely from computed descriptors. Additionally, the pEC50 and other important properties (log KOW, log BCF, and log CBR) for a set of external agro-molecules, not employed in model development, were predicted to show the predictive ability of the models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To characterize intratumoral immune cell trafficking in ablated and synchronous tumors following combined radiofrequency ablation (RFA) and systemic liposomal granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulation factor (lip-GM-CSF). Methods: Phase I, 72 rats with single subcutaneous R3230 adenocarcinoma were randomized to 6 groups: a) sham; b&c) free or liposomal GM-CSF alone; d) RFA alone; or e&f) combined with blank liposomes or lip-GM-CSF. Animals were sacrificed 3 and 7 days post-RFA. Outcomes included immunohistochemistry of dendritic cells (DCs), M1 and M2 macrophages, T-helper cells (Th1) (CD4+), cytotoxic T- lymphocytes (CTL) (CD8+), T-regulator cells (T-reg) (FoxP3+) and Fas Ligand activated CTLs (Fas-L+) in the periablational rim and untreated index tumor. M1/M2, CD4+/CD8+ and CD8+/FoxP3+ ratios were calculated. Phase II, 40 rats with double tumors were randomized to 4 groups: a) sham, b) RFA, c) RFA-BL and d) RFA-lip-GM-CSF. Synchronous untreated tumors collected at 7d were analyzed similarly. Results: RFA-lip-GMCSF increased periablational M1, CTL and CD8+/FoxP3+ ratio at 3 and 7d, and activated CTLs 7d post-RFA (p<0.05). RFA-lip-GMSCF also increased M2, T-reg, and reduced CD4+/CD8+ 3 and 7d post-RFA respectively (p<0.05). In untreated index tumor, RFA-lip-GMCSF improved DCs, M1, CTLs and activated CTL 7d post-RFA (p<0.05). Furthermore, RFA-lip-GMSCF increased M2 at 3 and 7d, and T-reg 7d post-RFA (p<0.05). In synchronous tumors, RFA-BL and RFA-lip-GM-CSF improved DC, Th1 and CTL infiltration 7d post-RFA. Conclusion: Systemic liposomal GM-CSF combined with RFA improves intratumoral immune cell trafficking, specifically populations initiating (DC, M1) and executing (CTL, FasL+) anti-tumor immunity. Moreover, liposomes influence synchronous untreated metastases increasing Th1, CTL and DCs infiltration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Histopathological and micrometric alterations of mice liver and kidney against gastro-intestinal exposure of (lambda-cyhalothrin) (LCT) and (cypermethrin) (CYP) were investigated along with the rescuing potential of extra virgin olive oil (EVOO). The study comprised 60 male albino mice randomly distributed in 6 groups (n=10). The vehicle control group (VC) was maintained and treated with 0.1ml corn oil. The positive control group was treated with EVOO, whereas the (CYP) and (LCT) groups were treated with 5mg/kg of the respective insecticides for two consecutive days and corn oil for 4-6 days. The last 2 groups Cypermethrin+extra virgin olive oil (CYP+EVOO) and Lambda-cyhalothrin+extra virgin olive oil (LCT+EVOO) were treated with olive oil only on day 4-6 along with respective insecticide exposure on first two days. All animals were sacrificed on day 7 to recover body organs (Liver and Kidney). Results show various histopathological alterations both in Liver (enormously enlarged hepatocytes, disruption of hepatic cords, etc.) and kidney (lesions in the endothelial wall of bowman's capsule, endothelial cells apoptosis, etc.) on CYP and LCT exposures. Significant micrometric changes were also noted along with pathological signs. The olive oil post treatment groups have shown rehabilitative effects against the reported histopathologies. On the basis of these findings, it is concluded that both insecticides harbor hepato-renal histopathological potentials that are at least partially rescued on EVOO treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An investigation of Winterfinding, a harvest feast, as conducted by Vindisir Kindred, a small group of contemporary Heathens in southwestern Ontario, shows how the development of ecological conscience is involved in ritual practices that negotiate meaning and environmental values. Ritual practices such as this that include animal sacrifice can embody an ecological conscience through physical practices that embed tacit learning of how to relate with others, human and otherwise. Ritual feasting and practices of making offerings in this community of contemporary Heathens is in the process of negotiating ecological relations. Participating in such practices can contribute to the formation a pro-environmental disposition and orientation, although what this means for participants continues to evolve. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Various diseases caused due to stress and tension lead to metabolic disorders and disturbed body functions. Herbosol is a combination of potential herbal drugs meant to balance the body's metabolism and functions. The present study aims to evaluate the acute toxicity of polyherbal herbosol syrup in Wistar rats. Herbosol syrup formulation was administered orally at doses of 5, 50, 300, 2000 mL kg-1. Animals were divided into control and test groups, each with five animals. The control group was administered orally only with vehicle. After 14 days of study, all test animals were sacrificed and histopathology was done. During the study, four parameters were studied: cage side observation, change in body weight, hematology and histology. All animals survived till they were sacrificed. There were no changes in behavior, body weight, hematology or histological results. During the study, no toxicity was observed, so it can be safely used in human beings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A common benchmark in the brain tissue mechanics literature is that the properties of acute brain slices should be measured within 8 h of the experimental animal being sacrificed. The core assumption is that—since there is no substantial protein degradation during this time—there will be no change to elastic modulus. This assumption overlooks the possibility of other effects (such as osmotic swelling) that may influence the mechanical properties of the tissue. To achieve consistent and accurate analysis of brain mechanics, it is important to account for or mitigate these effects. Using atomic force microscopy (AFM), tissue hydration and volume measurements, we find that acute brain slices in oxygenated artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF) with a standard osmolarity of 300 mOsm/l experience rapid swelling, softening, and increases in hydration within the first 2 hours after slicing. Reductions in elastic modulus can be partly mitigated by addition of chondroitinase ABC enzyme (CHABC). Increasing aCSF osmolarity to 400 mOsm/l does not prevent softening but may hasten equilibration of samples to a point where measurements of relative elastic modulus are consistent across experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Fenugreek has a long history as both a culinary and medicinal herb in the ancient world. In the current study, the authors aimed to determine the effect of this plant on diclofenacinduced hepatic, renal and duodenal damages.. Methods: Thirty five albino rats were randomly divided into five groups consisting of seven rats each. The extract of fenugreek seeds or Trigonella foenum-graecum (TFG) was administered to the rats in groups III and IV via the orogastric route. Diclofenac at 50mg/kg was also administered by the oral route to the rats in groups II, III, IV and V to induce hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity. 500mg/kg Levofloxacin was administered as treatment to rats in group V. Twenty four hours after the last treatment, all animals were sacrificed and the organs of interest removed and dissected for histopathological examinations.. Results: The extract of TFG increased the weight of kidney and liver tissues relative to total body weight, maintained the histology of the kidneys at a concentration of 500 and 1000mg/kg, and ameliorated the damages observed in the intestinal mucosa following administration of diclofenac. The extract also mitigated hepatocytic damages, interhepatocytic hemorrhages, vascular congestions and restored the hepatocytes' arrangements.. Conclusion: The findings of the current study demonstrate that the TFG extract produced promising therapeutic effects by significantly preventing toxicity in the duodenum, liver and kidneys of the rats by healing the diclofenac-induced damages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Minimally invasive metabolic/bariatric surgery (MBS) may be further advanced by magnetic compression anastomosis (MCA) technology. The study aimed to develop a magnet sized to create a patent duodeno-ileostomy (DI) and verify its effectiveness in a porcine model. Methods: Developmental study phase: magnets with 4 different flange-offset dimensions were tested to identify a design that would successfully form a compression anastomosis. Verification phase: evaluation of the selected design's efficacy. In each 6-week phase (4 pigs/phase), one magnet was inserted laparoscopically in the jejunum, one placed gastroscopically in the duodenum. Magnets were aligned, gradually fused, formed an anastomosis, and then detached and were expelled. At necropsy, MCA sites and sutured enterotomy sites were collected and compared. Results: Developmental phase: the linear BC42 magnet with a 2.3-mm flange offset design was selected. Verification phase: in 4 swine magnets were mated at the target location, confirmed radiographically. Mean time to magnet detachment 16.0 days (12–22), to expulsion 24.5 days (17–33). MCA was achieved in all animals at time of sacrifice. Animals gained a mean 9.5 kg (3.9–11.8). Specimens revealed patent anastomoses of ≥ 20 mm with smooth mucosa and minimal inflammation and fibrosis compared to sutured enterotomies. One pig underwent corrective surgery for a mesenteric hernia without sequelae. Conclusion: In a large-animal model, gross and histopathologic examination confirmed that the linear MCA device created a patent, well-vascularized, duodeno-ileal anastomosis. The novel MCA device may be appropriate for use in human MBS procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Hyperprolactinaemia distorts ovarian structural and functional development, causing anovulation and infertility. The evaluations of volume densities (VDs) of structural components of the ovary such as; granulosa cells, theca cells and antrum have been previously used to measure folliculogenesis and determine the physiological status of ovaries. Immature coconut water (ICW) has been found to contain p-sitosterol, a compound capable of synthesizing steroid hormones in-vivo. Hence, this study aimed to determine the effects of ICW on VDs of follicular components in hyperprolactin rats. Methods: Mature female Sprague-Dawley rats were induced with hyperprolactinaemia and withdrawn to check for recovery status of an experimental induction and another set of rats were post-treated with ICW for 8,16 and 28 days. The animals were sacrificed at the end of administration, ovarian tissues were harvested and histologically processed for the stereological evaluations of follicular components. Results: VDs of the antrum, granulosa cells and theca cells in the 16 and 28 days post-treated groups (19.25±7.46 ;43.22± 5.10;15.22±3.40 atl6 days and 17.70±3.56; 42.75±5.23;15.10±3.60 at 28 days for the antrum, granulosa cells and theca cells respectively) were statistically comparable with the control group (19.76 ± 6.15; 43.75 ±5.71; 15.10± 3.81 for the antrum, granulosa cells and theca cells respectively) while the 16 and 28 days recovery groups (38.57±4.00*;27.20±6.32*;13.66±2.54 at 16 days and 36.58±4.00 *;24.39±5.77*;14.71±2.49 at 28 days for the antrum, granulosa cells and theca cells respectively) were not comparable with the control. Conclusion: These indicate that ICW stimulates follicular growth in hyperprolactin post-treated rats in the same structural pattern as the control group, which can depict a physiological approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to present a new perspective on the religious function of the Latin adjectives cretatus (whitened with chalk) and calidus (having a white spot on the forehead). The researchers of Roman religion have attributed to the former a specific role. Whitening chalk was used to cover any imperfections in the appearance of the sacrificial animal. According to them, cretatus could also have a pejorative meaning. The author of the article, however, disagrees with this view and suggests to examine more closely the context in which the adjective was used and references to the white colour of the victims. He argues for a different, positive interpretation, namely that the adjective cretatus was used to indicate the effect of a ceremonial act intended to emphasise Roman piety. In the case of the other adjective, calidus, the examination of the context in which the word appeared proves that it most likely did not serve as a technical religious term and animals with a white spot on their foreheads were not considered pars pro toto as white victims in Rome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to electrical features of the tissue, such as impedance, which have a significant impact on irreversible electroporation (IRE) function, the administration of glucose solution 5% (GS5%) through the hepatic artery would focus IRE on scattered liver tumors. By creating a differential impedance between healthy and tumor tissue. This study aimed to determine the effects of the GS5% protocol on healthy liver tissue and its safety. 21 male Athymic nude rats Hsd: RH-Foxn1mu were used in the study. Animals were split into two groups. In group 1, a continuous infusion through the gastroduodenal artery of GS5% was performed to measure the impedance with a dose of 0.008 mL/g for 16 min. In group 2, the animals were divided into two subgroups for infusions of GS5%. Group 2.1, at 0.008 mL/g for 16 min. Group 2.2 at 0.03 mL/g for 4 min. Blood samples were collected after anesthesia has been induced. The second sample, after catheterization of the artery, and the third after the GS5% infusion. All the animals were sacrificed to collect histological samples. The survival rate during the experiment was 100%. A considerable impact on the impedance of the tissue was noticed, on average up to 4.31 times more than the baseline, and no side effects were observed after GS5% infusion. In conclusion, impedance alteration by Glucose solution infusion may focus IRE on tumor tissue and decrease IRE's effects on healthy tissue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recombinant α1-microglobulin (A1M) is a proposed radioprotector during 177Lu-octreotate therapy of neuroendocrine tumors (NETs). To ensure a maintained therapeutic effect, we previously demonstrated that A1M does not affect the 177Lu-octreotate induced decrease in GOT1 tumor volume. However, the underlying biological events of these findings are still unknown. The aim of this work was to examine the regulation of apoptosis-related genes in GOT1 tumors short-time after i.v. administration of 177Lu-octreotate with and without A1M or A1M alone. Human GOT1 tumor-bearing mice received 30 MBq 177Lu-octreotate or 5 mg/kg A1M or co-treatment with both. Animals were sacrificed after 1 or 7 days. Gene expression analysis of apoptosis-related genes in GOT1 tissue was performed with RT-PCR. In general, similar expression patterns of pro- and anti-apoptotic genes were found after 177Lu-octreotate exposure with or without co-administration of A1M. The highest regulated genes in both irradiated groups compared to untreated controls were FAS and TNFSFRS10B. Administration of A1M alone only resulted in significantly regulated genes after 7 days. Co-administration of A1M did not negatively affect the transcriptional apoptotic response of 177Lu-octreotate in GOT1 tumors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Chemotherapeutic agents can have both serious side effects and ototoxicity, which can be caused by direct toxic effects or by metabolic derangement by the agents. Cabazitaxel (CBZ) is a next-generation semi-synthetic taxane derivative that is effective in both preclinical models of human tumors that are sensitive or resistant to chemotherapy and in patients suffering from progressive prostate cancer despite docetaxel treatment. The primary aim of this study is to investigate the ototoxicity of CBZ in a rat model. Materials and Methods: A total of 24 adult male Wistar-Albino rats were equally and randomly divided into four groups. CBZ (Jevtana, Sanofi-Aventis USA) was intraperitoneally administered to Groups 2, 3, and 4 at doses of 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 mg/kg/week, respectively, for 4 consecutive weeks; Group 1 received only i.p. saline at the same time. At the end of the study, the animals were sacrificed and their cochlea removed for histopathological examination. Results: Intraperitoneal administration of CBZ exerted an ototoxic effect on rats, and the histopathological results became worse in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Our findings suggest that CBZ may be an ototoxic agent and can damage the cochlea. More clinical studies should be conducted to understand its ototoxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurate verification of the time passed since death is a challenging task in daily forensic investigations, chiefly in homicidal or unwitnessed death. The study evaluated the applicability of the time-dependent changes in histological structure, DNA content,and oxidant/antioxidant parameters in rat's skeletal muscles in an attempt to reach a reliable method for post-mortem interval (PMI) estimation. We used 56 adult male albino rats. These animals were sacrificed then and allocated randomly to seven groups (eight rats each). First group: rats were dissected to obtain samples from quadriceps femoris muscles promptly after death. While the rats in the second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth and seventh groups were dissected to get muscle samples from quadriceps femoris at 6, 24, 48, 72, 96 and 144 hours post-mortem (hpm). The results showed that a significant gradual histopathological alteration of muscle structure started at 48 hpm and progressed afterwards. Also, the DNA degradation percentage increased significantly parallel to the increased oxidant parameter levels from 6 to 144 hpm. Our results concluded that changes in oxidant/antioxidant parameters and DNA degradation, as well as the histological examination of muscle tissues, showed a strong correlation with post-mortem intervals. Consequently, the integration of all these parameters can provide a valuable method of post-mortem intervals estimation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The present study was designed to investigate the inhibitory efficacy of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Ageratum conyzoide L. (AC, Family asteraceae) on testosterone induced BPH in male mice. Materials and Methods: Mice were randomly divided into five groups (n=6): negative control group received corn oil, BPH model group receive testosterone (5mg/kg/day, S.C) dissolved in corn oil. Another group received standard BPH drug finasteride (5 mg/Kg/day, I.P) along with testosterone injection (5mg/kg/day, S.C). The other two group of animals received either aqueous or ethanolic AC plant extracts (100, 500. 1000 and 2000 mg/kg, I.P) along with testosterone (5mg/kg/day, S.C) consecutively for 28 days. All animals were sacrificed at the end of the study period and prostate weight and prostatic index were determined, followed by histolopathological examination of the prostate gland. Results: The result of the present study indicated that treatment with either plant extracts caused significant reduction in prostate weight and prostatic index when compared to only testosterone treated animal group. The percentage of inhibition of prostate growth was found to be correlated in a dose dependent manner in plant extract treated groups. Histopathological examination of prostate gland revealed AC plant extracts treatment significantly reduced the glandular hyperplasia, epithelial thickness and stromal hyperplasia in the prostate gland of the treated animals. No significant elevation in serum ALT and creatinine level was recorded in any groups during the study period. Conclusion: This study hence indicate the therapeutic potential in Ageratum conyzoides L. plant extract in testosterone induced BPH model in mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2020, global restrictions on religious gatherings raised questions regarding the extent to which governments could restrict religious liberty to protect the public. Although the COVID-19 pandemic heightened public awareness about such issues, African diaspora religions had already been widely persecuted as “superstitions” that posed a threat to public health from the 18th century to the early 20th century. This article argues that discrimination against Africana religions has continued in the 21st century using similar rhetoric, as private citizens and governments in the Atlantic world have restricted religious practices that they claim threaten moral, environmental, and physical health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New injection-type bone-forming materials are desired in dental implantology. In this study, we added nano-hydroxyapatite (nHAp) and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) to cross-linkable thiol-modified hyaluronic acid (tHyA) and evaluated its usefulness as an osteoinductive injectable material using an animal model. The sol (ux-tHyA) was changed to a gel (x-tHyA) by mixing with a cross-linker. We prepared two sol–gel (SG) material series, that is, x-tHyA + BMP with and without nHAp (SG I) and x-tHyA + nHAp with and without BMP (SG II). SG I materials in the sol stage were injected into the cranial subcutaneous connective tissues of mice, followed by in vivo gelation, while SG II materials gelled in Teflon rings were surgically placed directly on the cranial bones of rats. The animals were sacrificed 8 weeks after implantation, followed by X-ray analysis and histological examination. The results revealed that bone formation occurred at a high rate (>70%), mainly as ectopic bone in the SG I tests in mouse cranial connective tissues, and largely as bone augmentation in rat cranial bones in the SG II experiments when x-tHyA contained both nHAp and BMP. The prepared x-tHyA + nHAp + BMP SG material can be used as an injection-type osteoinductive bone-forming material. Sub-periosteum injection was expected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PMF is a mixture of compounds extracted from lyophilized camel urine. It has many therapeutic effects including anticancer/antiviral activities. It has also a good safety profile. The aim of this study is to assess PMF safety in mice lung tissue after repeated inhalation. Adult male mice (N=15) were used. Clean surgical pads were used as cage bedding to avoid inhalation of wooden bedding. PMF aqueous solution, low and high doses were provided by whole-body inhalation exposure system, once daily for 3 successive days. At the end of the experiment, blood samples were collected, animals were sacrificed, and both lungs were taken for immunological and histology investigations. PMF inhalation in low and high doses showed normal levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF alpha and IL6) as well as normal antioxidants (GSH, SOD and catalase) in lung tissues. Whereas PMF inhalation in high doses led to an increasing level of MDA. The histological assessment also showed low or mild changes in both alveoli and bronchioles which are more obvious in the case of a high PMF dose. In conclusion, PMF inhalation either in high or low doses does not likely to induce an immunological inflammatory response in lung tissue. However, high doses may cause some histological changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some Late Babylonian texts containing evidence on temple ceremonies refer to a sacrificial offering called merdītu , which was performed on special occasions in the sanctuaries of Uruk and Babylon. The merdītu was a libation of sorts poured directly onto the decapitated head of a sheep and onto the heart extracted from an ox or bull. Although the texts are not very informative, they contain some interesting data on the internal structure of the temples, the ritualization of space, and on the cultic performers involved in the ceremonies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To develop a new preclinical model to study early implant loss, where local infection conditions would impair the implant osseointegration. Materials and methods: Forty-eight smooth, 2.9-mm diameter experimental implants were placed in the mandible of 8 beagle dogs (3 in each side). In half of the animals (test group, n = 24 implants), the implants received ligatures around the implant-abutment connection. In the other half, no ligatures were placed (control group, n = 24 implants). Four weeks later, implants were extracted in a flapless approach and standard 3.3-mm diameter SLActive implants were placed into the same osteotomy site without any further drilling. Eight weeks after the second implantation, animals were sacrificed and analyzed in terms of implant survival. Results: After 8 weeks of healing, 4 implants were lost in the control group and 14 in the test group. This corresponded to a 17.4% of early implant loss in the control group and 58.3% in the test. Most of the early failures occurred within the first 5 weeks of healing. Conclusions: Implants placed in a pre-contaminated site present higher early loss than those placed in a non-contaminated site. This study represents a valid and robust preclinical model to study mechanisms and reduction of early implant loss as new technologies become available. Clinical relevance: Scientific rationale for the study: There is lack of animal models to study early implant loss. Thus, a proposal of a new model is presented. With the validation of this model, new technologies can be implemented to prevent early implant loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of animals and plants in medieval China, as noted in the introduction, has yet to appreciate fully animals' spiritual, imaginative, and psychological impact on human societies. The second focuses on animal divination practices, i.e. how observed animal behaviour was connected with human consequences. Finally, the conclusion promises to discuss the "animal turn" in Asian studies and the "Asian turn" in animal studies, but instead elects to review six recent books on Asian animal studies. [Extracted from the article]

Objective: To investigate the P-SOD's effects on behavior and cerebral oxidative stress in AD mice, and to analyze the relationship between changes in mouse behavior and levels of brain oxidation and antioxidant. Methods: 32 KM male mice were used for adaptive breeding for 7 days. The mice were randomly divided into 4 groups: sham operation group (group S), model group (group M), SOD intervention model group (group SM), and P-SOD intervention model group (group PM). After 7 days normal feeding for adaptation, mice from these four groups were intraperitoneally injected daily for 14 days: group S and M with normal saline; group SM with 6 mg/kg SOD, group PM with 6 mg/kg pETl6b-PTD4-Cu, Zn-SOD. On the 8th day of intraperitoneal injection, after locating the right lateral ventricle of mice by the stereotaxic apparatus, 2 滋L of normal saline was injected into lateral ventricle in mice from group S, whereas 2 滋L of A茁1-42 oligomer (1 滋g/mL) was injected into lateral ventricle in mice from other groups. The Y-maze and the light-dark box test performed on the 8th, 24th and 31st day respectively. After the behavior test, animals were sacrificed and the fresh tissue of one cerebral hemisphere was taken for SOD and MDA determination. Resutls: 1) Behavioral tests: There was no statistical difference in distance, duration and numbers of visits in novel arm of Y-maze test and in light box of Light-dark box test between mice from different groups on the 8th day. However, on the 24th and 31th day, mice in group M showed significantly increased with those above when compared with the group S (P<0.05). Differently, mice in group PM showed significantly decreased with those above when compared with those from group M (P<0.05). 2) Compared with group M, mice in group S and PM showed significantly higher SOD but lower MDA levels in brain tissue (P<0.05). 3) Correlation analysis between SOD/MDA expression and behavioral performance showed SOD levels negatively, whereas MDA positively correlated with visiting distance, number and duration in Y-maze novel arm and light box. Conclusion: P-SOD intraperitoneal injection can alleviate A茁+-induced oxidative stress and improve behavioral deterioration in AD mice. The antioxidant function of P-SOD may be an effective method to prevent AD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The lack of effective molecular biomarkers to monitor idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) activity or treatment response remains an unmet clinical need. Herein, we determined the utility of fibroblast activation protein inhibitor for positron emission tomography (FAPI PET) imaging in a mouse model of pulmonary fibrosis. Methods: Pulmonary fibrosis was induced by intratracheal administration of bleomycin (1 U/kg) while intratracheal saline was administered to control mice. Subgroups from each cohort (n = 3–5) underwent dynamic 1 h PET/CT after intravenously injecting FAPI-46 radiolabeled with gallium-68 ([68 Ga]Ga-FAPI-46) at 7 days and 14 days following disease induction. Animals were sacrificed following imaging for ex vivo gamma counting and histologic correlation. [68 Ga]Ga-FAPI-46 uptake was quantified and reported as percent injected activity per cc (%IA/cc) or percent injected activity (%IA). Lung CT density in Hounsfield units (HU) was also correlated with histologic examinations of lung fibrosis. Results: CT only detected differences in the fibrotic response at 14 days post-bleomycin administration. [68 Ga]Ga-FAPI-46 lung uptake was significantly higher in the bleomycin group than in control subjects at 7 days and 14 days. Significantly (P = 0.0012) increased [68 Ga]Ga-FAPI-46 lung uptake in the bleomycin groups at 14 days (1.01 ± 0.12%IA/cc) vs. 7 days (0.33 ± 0.09%IA/cc) at 60 min post-injection of the tracer was observed. These findings were consistent with an increase in both fibrinogenesis and FAP expression as seen in histology. Conclusion: CT was unable to assess disease activity in a murine model of IPF. Conversely, FAPI PET detected both the presence and activity of lung fibrogenesis, making it a promising tool for assessing early disease activity and evaluating the efficacy of therapeutic interventions in lung fibrosis patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Animal research undoubtedly provides scientists with virtually unlimited data but inflicts pain and suffering on animals. Currently, legislators and scientists alike are promoting alternative in vitro approaches allowing for an accurate evaluation of processes occurring in the body without animal sacrifice. Historically, one of the most infamous animal tests is the Draize test, mainly performed on rabbits. Even though this test was considered the gold standard for around 50 years, the Draize test fails to mimic human response mainly due to human and rabbit eye physiological differences. Therefore, many alternative assays were developed to evaluate ocular toxicity and drug effectiveness accurately. Here we review recent achievements in tissue engineering of in vitro 2D, 2.5D, 3D, organoid and organ-on-chip ocular models, as well as in vivo and ex vivo models in terms of their advantages and limitations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Osteoarthritis (OA) can lead to a significant functional disability. Poly[2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl phosphorylcholine] (pMPC) liposomes are a novel treatment modality for OA, intended to restore the natural lubrication properties of articular cartilage. Here, we report on two studies aimed to assess the local and systemic safety and toxicity of pMPCylated liposomes in comparison with physiological saline, in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats and in sheep after a single intra-articular (IA) injection. The animals were sacrificed after 1 and 6 weeks (rats) and 3 and 6 weeks (sheep). No signs of toxicity or abnormal clinical findings were observed. Histopathological evaluation revealed no signs of reactivity or abnormal findings in the injected joints or in any other organs. In conclusion, a single IA injection of the pMPCylated liposomes demonstrated an excellent safety profile and did not result in local reactivity or systemic toxicity, thus supporting its further development for use in humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This, the first article in our co-edited Thematic Issue, "Eating Religiously: Food and Faith in the 21st Century" introduces Food, Culture and Society readers to the intriguing research questions posed by the volume's authors, who discussed these with us in a novel Israel Science Foundation-sponsored international conference at Ben-Gurion University of the Negev in May 2019. We open this Introduction by presenting a contemporary paradox in which demands for resurrecting ancient animal sacrifices and encouraging the re-traditionalization of religious practices coexist with the growing influence of ecological, climate change and animal rights advocates' pressures to ban such sacrifices and embrace veganism. After adding a brief overview of the growing anthropological subfield of Food and Religion, we set out the main concepts that guide the structure of this volume and explicate the social, cultural and political importance that considerations of eating religiously bring to bear in the 21st century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study described a SARS-CoV-2 infection in minks on an Italian farm. Surveillance was performed based on clinical examination and a collection of 1879 swabs and 74 sera from dead and live animals. The farm was placed under surveillance for 4.5 months, from the end of July 2020, when a man working on the farm tested positive by RT-PCR, till mid-December 2020 when all the animals were sacrificed. Clinical examination revealed no clinical signs or increased mortality rates attributable to SARS-CoV-2, while diagnostic tests detected only four weak PCR-positive samples, but 100% of sera were positive for SARS-CoV-2 anti-S antibodies. The phylogenetic analysis of two SARS-CoV-2 sequences from two minks and the sequence of the worker showed that they belonged to different clades. It could be therefore assumed that two distinct introductions of the virus occurred on the farm, and that the first introduction probably occurred before the start of the surveillance period. From the data collected, and especially from the detection of specific antibodies through the combination of different tests, it can be postulated that syndromic surveillance combined with genome detection by PCR may not be sufficient to achieve a diagnosis in asymptomatic animals. In particular, the serological approach, especially when using tests directed towards the S protein, may be useful for improving the traceability of virus circulation in similar environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By combining a multidisciplinary approach and an intensive program of scientific techniques, this paper provides a comprehensive overview of salt production at the Villafáfila lagoons (Zamora, Spain) in prehistoric times. During the Late Chalcolithic and the Early/Middle Bronze Age salt was obtained by boiling brine from salt lagoons. In many parts of western and central Europe at the time the standard procedure for forcing evaporation usually involved the use of crudely fired clay vessels (briquetage) to concentrate brine, and then to mould salt. We suggest that the methods during the final stages of the process differed at Villafáfila, having found evidence of basketry and textiles, which may have been used in the step of crystallization/transport of salt in cake, instead of the small ceramic salt moulds which would be expected in such sites. The role of salt within the socioeconomic setting of the 3rd and 2nd millennia BCE in Central Iberia is also assessed. It is argued that the production and distribution of salt contributed significantly to the political economy, as elites controlled this activity, supporting the idea that salt was a prestige good that contributed to the accumulation of wealth. There is also evidence of ritual practices in the salt-processing areas, as human burials and animal sacrifices have been documented in the excavated sites. • Archaeological evidence shows the production of salt at the Villafáfila lagoons by the late 3rd millennium BCE, during the Beaker period. • Brackish water was boiled in large ceramic vessels supported by clay or stone pedestals. • Techniques evolved during the Early Bronze Age, when pedestals were replaced by clay-walled kilns. • Absence of genuine briquetage, and of small ceramic pots used as salt moulds. • Possible use of baskets and textiles sacks as moulds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among the ritual practices denigrated through explicit or implicit criticism levied by the biblical writers is the worship of a deity or deities on the rooftops – sometimes of royal architecture, and at other times on private houses. In the present study I interpret this practice using concepts derived from the cognitive science of religion (CSR) and cognitive linguistics. I summarize previous typologies of objects employed in the sacrificial cult of the ancient Southern Levant, confirming prior arguments for understanding shaft-type limestone altars as stylized models of architectural precursors. From a cognitive perspective, these stylized architectural models prompted offrants to run a conceptual blend that replaced the modest small-scale vegetable or incense offering of the offrant's small-scale input space with the more sumptuous small-scale offering – or even large-scale animal sacrifice – of the monumental-scale input. This cognitive explanation provides explanation for Deuteronomistic and Priestly attempts to limit the practice, and occasions insight into the temporal aspects of "sacred space." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to evaluate the effect of alcoholic extract of Phyllanthus amarus leaves on arsenic-induced histological changes in Wistar rats. Rats were divided into 4 groups: Group I: normal control; Group II: rats received sodium arsenite (40 mg/kg); Group III: rats received sodium arsenite (40 mg/kg) + P. amarus extract (100 mg/kg); Group IV: rats received sodium arsenite (40 mg/kg) + extract (200 mg/kg). All groups were treated by oral gavage with sodium arsenite for 28 days and the animals were subsequently administered (oral) with 100 and 200 mg/kg extract, once daily for two weeks. Animals were sacrificed 24 hours after the last treatment and different organs were collected for histopathological analysis. Results revealed mild to severe type of necrosis and degenerative changes in brain, kidney, and liver of arsenic fed animals. In rats administered with extract showed significant improvements, and the normal histological feature of the cells was almost restored in rats. These suggest that P. amarus can be used to treat arsenicinduced multi-organ damages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Melamine (mel), which is illegally added to formula to providing false-positive protein content, has caused acute renal failure in infants due to crystal formation. This study aimed to investigate the nephrotoxic effects of chronic low-dose mel exposure from the weaning period (supplementary food period). Materials and Methods: Eighteen female rats in the weaning period (21-days-old) were divided into three groups. A 0.1 ml saline was given to the control group by oral gavage (p.o). Fifty mg/kg mel was given to the second group and 75 mg/kg mel to the third group dissolved in 0.1 ml saline for 21 days p.o.. At the end of the experiment, the animals were sacrificed, and histopathologic, morphometric, and ultrastructural analysis were performed on kidney tissues. Results: There was an inflammatory cell infiltration in the tubulointerstitial area, and no crystal formation was observed in either of the mel groups. In the 75 mg mel group, glomerular and tubular epithelial damage and significant increases in Bowman’s space were observed (p<0.05). In the ultrastructural analysis, the capillary lumen was closed due to endothelial enlargement, dilatation in the pedicles and hypertrophy in podocytes were found in the 75 mg group. Pedicles in the 50 mg group appeared to be enlarged more than the control group, but the capillary lumen was more open than the 75 mg group. Conclusion: The results show that low dose mel exposure causes kidney damage with increased doses from the early postnatal period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lead is a common environmental toxicant associated greatly with hematological and hormonal imbalance, biochemical alterations, and reproductive abnormalities. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of D-ribose-L-cysteine (DRLC) on hematobiochemical and reproductive toxicity associated with lead acetate exposure in adult female Wistar rats. Thirty-two adult female Wistar rats (165 ± 20 g) were divided into four groups (n = 8). Group A received normal saline as placebo; Group B received 100 mg/kg BW of lead acetate only; Group C received 100 mg/kg BW of lead acetate and 10 mg/kg BW DRLC (low dose); Group D received 100 mg/kg BW of lead acetate and 30 mg/kg BW of DRLC (high dose). All administration was done via oral gavage for 42 days, thereafter animals were sacrificed; serum was obtained from the blood collected for analysis, ovaries, and uterus was harvested for analysis. The lead acetate only group showed a significant difference in hematological indices relative to control. Additionally, there was a significant decrease in body weight, sodium dismutase, catalase, reduced glutathione, progesterone with a corresponding increase in ovarian weight, MDA, FSH, and LH among the lead acetate only group relative to the control. Histological observation showed atretic antral follicles, with detached granulosa cells, pyknotic nuclei in the granulosa wall in the ovaries of the lead-exposed only group compared to the control. Co-administration of DRLC and lead attenuate the toxicity of lead exposure by restoring the hematological values, biochemical parameters, hormone profile, and morphology of the ovary. Exposure to lead acetate causes deleterious toxicity to hematological and reproductive functions which were ameliorated DRLC supplementation through its antioxidant mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy derived from food is a precious resource to animals. Those finite calories are often well-earned through exhaustive foraging effort, which can dominate waking hours, to support physiological processes (e.g. body maintenance and growth) and ecological necessities (e.g. predator avoidance and courting) that are pertinent to the production of progeny. So, it is unsurprising to find that animals have evolved strategies to guard against the gratuitous waste of hard-won caloric energy. Yet, it remains surprising to find such diversity, and elegant creativity, in those solutions. Brief examples of energy-saving innovation could include the very shape of animals and how they move, from streamlined swimming sharks to skyward-soaring seabirds; or the evolutionary appearance of various states of dormancy, such as endothermic animals sacrificing high body temperature through modest (torpor) or severe (hibernation) curtailments to metabolic heat production. Another reversibly dormant state with energetic benefits is sleep. Lesku and Schmidt discuss the function of sleep in animals from the perspective of energy economy and highlight various hypotheses, such as the 'energy allocation hypothesis', that vie to explain the huge variation of sleep amount seen in animals and the segregation of sleep into different states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Electroacupuncture (EA) has benefits for neuropathic pain. However, the underlying mechanisms are still unknown. The current study explores the underlying mechanisms of EA in neuropathic pain of chronic constriction injury (CCI) rats. Material/Methods. Overall, 126 Sprague-Dawley (200-250 g) rats were divided into nine groups randomly: the sham-operated, CCI, CCI+EA, CCI+sham EA, CCI+NS, CCI+AAV-NC, CCI+AAV-miR-206-3p, CCI+EA+NS, and CCI+EA+AAV-miR-206-3p groups. The animals were sacrificed 14 days postsurgery. Mechanical withdrawal threshold (MWT) and thermal withdrawal latency (TWL) tests were used to determine differences in neurobehavioral manifestations. qPCR, western blotting, and immunofluorescence (IF) were carried out to detect the expression levels of miR-206-3p, BDNF, BAX/Bcl-2, TNF-α, and IL-6. Nissl staining was measured to observe morphological changes in neurons. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was employed to evaluate microscopic changes in dorsal horn synapses. Results. Hyperalgesia was reduced markedly by EA in the CCI model. The expression level of miR-206-3p was elevated, whereas the expression levels of BDNF, BAX/Bcl-2, TNF-α, and IL-6 were decreased in EA-treated CCI rats. However, a miR-206-3p inhibitor partially abrogated the analgesic effect of EA and resulted in poor behavioral performance and the BDNF, BAX/Bcl-2, TNF-α, and IL-6 expression was elevated as well. Conclusions. EA can relieve neuropathic pain by regulating the miR-206-3p/BDNF pathway, thus exerting anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Anastomotic leak after low anterior rectal resection is a dreadful complication. Early diagnosis, prompt management of sepsis followed by closure of anastomotic defect may increase chances of anastomotic salvage. In this randomized experimental study, we evaluated two different methods of trans-anal anastomotic repair. Methods: A model of anastomotic leak was created in 42 male pigs. Laparoscopic low anterior resection was performed with anastomosis created using a circular stapler with half of the staples removed. Two days later, animals were randomized into a TAMIS (trans-anal minimally invasive surgery) repair, endoscopic suture (ENDO) or control group with no treatment (CONTROL). Signs of intraabdominal infection (IAI), macroscopic anastomotic healing and burst tests were evaluated to assess closure quality after animals were sacrificed on the ninth postoperative day. Results: Closure was technically feasible in all 28 animals. Two animals had to be euthanized due to progressive sepsis at four and five days after endoscopic closure. Healed anastomosis with no visible defect was observed in 10/14 and 11/14 animals in TAMIS and ENDO groups, respectively, versus 2/14 in CONTROL (p < 0.05). Overall IAI rate was significantly lower in TAMIS (4/14; p = 0.006) and ENDO (5/14; p = 0.018) compared to CONTROL (12/14). Burst tests confirmed sealed closure in healed anastomosis with a median failure pressure of 190 (110–300) mmHg in TAMIS and 200 (100–300) mmHg in ENDO group (p = 0.644). Conclusion: In this randomized experimental study, we found that both evaluated techniques are effective in early repair of dehiscent colorectal anastomosis with a high healing rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the practices and discourses surrounding the ikrar oaths by which some Alevis in Turkey and the Turkish diaspora are initiated into their spiritual path. I examine a contemporary revival of this Alevi oath complex, which is a historical product of the same messianic trends in post-Mongol Sufism that shaped the Mughal imperial idea of sulh-i kull, or 'Peace with All' religions. I argue that the ikrar oaths are paradigmatic examples of 'post-Islam' or Islam after the messianic suspension of its scriptural law. I show how Alevis seek to maintain their suspension of monotheism through ritual practices of animal sacrifice and music as well as the replacement of standard monotheistic oaths with post-Islamic oaths. Focusing on a recent liturgical reform movement led by the shrine of Hacı Bektaş in central Turkey, I demonstrate how the shrine works to maintain Alevis' suspension of monotheism within the constraints of modern secularism, in part by reinterpreting secular constraints in terms of post-Islamic Alevi values, thereby highlighting elective affinities between post-Islam and secularism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Murine ileocecal resection (ICR) has been used to investigate intestinal adaptation. The established model often includes the sacrifice of significant length of the proximal colon. Here, we optimized a highly selective vascular approach to the ICR, with primary jejunal-colic anastomosis yielding maximal colonic preservation. Forty C57BL/6 mice underwent a highly vascularly selective ICR. The terminal branches of the ileocecal artery are isolated apart from the mesenteric branches supplying the small bowel to be resected. The distal 50% of small bowel and cecum are resected; a primary jejuno-colonic anastomosis is performed. Animals were sacrificed at postoperative weeks 2 (n = 10) and 10 (n = 29). Proximal 50% small bowel resection (SBR) with jejuno-ileal anastomosis was also performed for comparison. The entire colon (with exception of the cecum) was preserved in 100% of animals. Ninety-seven percent of animals survived to postoperative week 10, and all exhibited structural adaptation in the remnant small intestine epithelium. Crypts deepened by 175%, and villi lengthened by 106%, versus 39% and 29% in the proximal SBR cohort, respectively. Colonic proliferation, structural adaptation, and functional adaptation (measured by p-histone 3, luminal-facing apical crypt border size, and sucrase isomaltase, respectively) were increased in ICR compared with proximal SBR. Highly selective isolation of the cecal vasculature allows for greater colon preservation and yields enhanced remnant intestine epithelial adaptation. ICR is also associated with greater colonic adaptation and unique plasticity toward an intestinal phenotype. These findings underscore major differences between resection sites and offer insights into the critical adaptive mechanisms in response to massive intestinal loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]