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Complexity science provides a powerful framework for understanding physical, biological and social systems, and network analysis is one of its principal tools. Since many complex systems exhibit multilateral interactions that change over time, in recent years, network scientists have become increasingly interested in modelling and measuring dynamic networks featuring higher-order relations. At the same time, while network analysis has been more widely adopted to investigate the structure and evolution of law as a complex system, the utility of dynamic higher-order networks in the legal domain has remained largely unexplored. Setting out to change this, we introduce temporal hypergraphs as a powerful tool for studying legal network data. Temporal hypergraphs generalize static graphs by (i) allowing any number of nodes to participate in an edge and (ii) permitting nodes or edges to be added, modified or deleted. We describe models and methods to explore legal hypergraphs that evolve over time and elucidate their benefits through case studies on legal citation and collaboration networks that change over a period of more than 70 years. Our work demonstrates the potential of dynamic higher-order networks for studying complex legal systems, and it facilitates further advances in legal network analysis. This article is part of the theme issue 'A complexity science approach to law and governance'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the citation of legal texts in late tenth- and eleventh-century pro anima donation charters in favour of ecclesiastical institutions in central Italy. It argues that, in general, these texts were cited by notaries to insist on a general principle, derived from Lombard law, of the irrevocability of all donations and testamentary dispositions in favour of ecclesiastical institutions. It then discusses the spiritual sanctions that were likewise used in such charters, arguing that the prevalence of legal citations as well as spiritual sanctions relates to the same general heightened desire to stress the irrevocability of property donations in the face of ongoing tensions regarding ecclesiastical property. Finally, I point to some evidence that notaries, donors (and donees) were increasingly aware of alternatives to an irrevocable pro anima donation charter, namely the Roman law testament. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recognition that one publication receives from another is a citation. The nature of these references (citations), their variability and the drivers of the citations concerning the subject of foreign investment in agribusiness are unknown. Consequently, we investigated the nature, variability, and drivers of the citations in the writings on foreign investment in agribusiness. We used 406 studies extracted from Google Scholar through Publish or Perish Software and modeled with a twopart regression analysis. The results show that peer-reviewed publications, age of publication, full text in Google scholar, collaborative publications and self-citation enhance citations. Review articles and publishing in journals with impact factors do not promote citations. To make an impact through citations, authors and funders must focus on peer review, full text, and collaborative publications and engage in self-citation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the development of the dual motivation defense, focusing on the U.S. Supreme court case, Flowers v. Mississippi. It discusses the development of discrimination doctrine in the U.S. Supreme Court and the treatment of dual motivation in other areas of the law. It provides examples of court decisions wherein whether to apply the footnote matters.

This paper stems from the research for my PhD thesis to identify, survey and classify the surviving documentary sources, published and unpublished, on Irpinia and the Sannio Beneventano: almost 1600 documents, both public and private, produced in the Lombard and Norman period. More specifically, this study investigates the conservation methods adopted within the archives of religious institutions whose existence and functioning depended on their titula and munimina. While the sources are very reluctant to provide information on the archival practices adopted in major churches and monasteries, the analysis of the diplomatic-archival notes affixed to the verso of the charters nevertheless provides some additional information. Adopting an approach combining palaeography, diplomatics and archive science thus allows us to paint a less generic picture than that hitherto known. The survey and examination of the verso annotations, usually given little attention in editions of the documents, proved highly significant for the identification of historic ecclesiastical archives, for the practices of archiving and preserving the papers, as well as for the identification of specific and recurrent methods of managing and conserving the documentary heritage of the old churches and monasteries, urban or rural, which represented significant gathering and reference places for the territory under their control. For some of these foundations, moreover, the study of unpublished documents has made it possible to add new evidence to what is already historically known. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wisconsin's citation rule stands tall, yet unsupported. It injures Wisconsin practitioners, their clients, and judges in all three levels of Wisconsin's judicial branch. With little tolerance, Wisconsin Statutes section 809.23(3) precludes the citation of (1) unpublished opinions issued before July 1, 2009, and (2) unauthored, unpublished opinions thereafter. You may be surprised to learn that that means approximately half of Wisconsin Court of Appeals opinions issued each year are uncitable--so, too, are significantly more than half of the opinions it issued before July 1, 2009. Without change, the Wisconsin Court of Appeals will continue to miscategorize its opinions; Wisconsin's case law will remain deplete of important, citable opinions; practitioners will fail to adequately represent their clients or will compromise their ethics in doing so; and judges may encounter moral dilemmas when practitioners present them with uncitable opinions--posing challenges in cases where analyses could be straightforward through logical or legal reasoning. That's a problem. To date, four petitions to the Wisconsin Supreme Court have sought to address these problems. The first three proved unsuccessful. The fourth, in 2008, persuaded the Wisconsin Supreme Court to lift its general prohibition on citing unpublished opinions, creating Wisconsin's citation rule as it stands today. Timing was everything. The Wisconsin Supreme Court found comfort in adhering to the recently adopted federal citation rule. Policy supporting the federal rule, however, was largely inapplicable to Wisconsin--if even applicable to the federal circuits. Considering that, and the trends with citation of other questionable sources, the Wisconsin Supreme Court should reconsider its problematic citation rule. The most recent amendment lifted the corner of the Band-Aid--it's time to rip it off. The wounds are healed. The concern for infection is gone. Indeed, the Band-Aid may have been applied prematurely, protecting what now purports to have been an illusion. But regardless, it has been left on all too long. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerous researchers and institutions have been developing in ovo sexing technologies to improve animal welfare by identifying male embryos in an early embryonic stage and disposing of them before pain perception. This review gives a complete overview of the technological approaches reported in papers and patents by performing a thorough search using Web of Science and Patstat/Espacenet databases for papers and patents, respectively. Based on a total of 49 papers and 115 patent families reported until May 2023 worldwide, 11 technology categories were defined: 6 non-optical and 5 optical techniques. Every category was described for its characteristics while assessing its potential for application. Next, the dynamics of the publications of in ovo sexing techniques in both paper and patent fields were described through growth curves, and the interest or actual status was visualized using the number of paper citations and the actual legal status of the patents. When comparing the reported technologies in papers to those in patents, scientific gaps were observed, as some of the patented technologies were not reported in the scientific literature, e.g., ion mobility and mass spectrometry approaches. Generally, more diverse approaches in all categories were found in patents, although they do require more scientific evidence through papers or industrial adoption to prove their robustness. Moreover, although there is a recent trend for non-invasive techniques, invasive methods like analyzing DNA through PCR or hormones through immunosensing are still being reported (and might continue to be) in papers and patents. It was also observed that none of the technologies complies with all the industry requirements, although 5 companies already entered the market. On the one hand, more research and harmony between consumers, industry, and governments is necessary. On the other hand, close monitoring of the market performance of the currently available techniques will offer valuable insights into the potential and expectations of in ovo sexing techniques in the poultry industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerous researchers and institutions have been developing in ovo sexing technologies to improve animal welfare by identifying male embryos in an early embryonic stage and disposing of them before pain perception. This review gives a complete overview of the technological approaches reported in papers and patents by performing a thorough search using Web of Science and Patstat/Espacenet databases for papers and patents, respectively. Based on a total of 49 papers and 115 patent families reported until May 2023 worldwide, 11 technology categories were defined: 6 non-optical and 5 optical techniques. Every category was described for its characteristics while assessing its potential for application. Next, the dynamics of the publications of in ovo sexing techniques in both paper and patent fields were described through growth curves, and the interest or actual status was visualized using the number of paper citations and the actual legal status of the patents. When comparing the reported technologies in papers to those in patents, scientific gaps were observed, as some of the patented technologies were not reported in the scientific literature, e.g., ion mobility and mass spectrometry approaches. Generally, more diverse approaches in all categories were found in patents, although they do require more scientific evidence through papers or industrial adoption to prove their robustness. Moreover, although there is a recent trend for non-invasive techniques, invasive methods like analyzing DNA through PCR or hormones through immunosensing are still being reported (and might continue to be) in papers and patents. It was also observed that none of the technologies complies with all the industry requirements, although 5 companies already entered the market. On the one hand, more research and harmony between consumers, industry, and governments is necessary. On the other hand, close monitoring of the market performance of the currently available techniques will offer valuable insights into the potential and expectations of in ovo sexing techniques in the poultry industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Within the literature on legal scholarship, academics have studied citation practices. For example, scholars have examined which authors, journals, and articles are most cited. But no one has examined which parts of articles scholars cite. Understanding which parts of articles scholars cite is not only intrinsically interesting, but also could inform how authors structure articles. This Note presents the results of a unique, hand-coded dataset of thousands of pinpoint citations. In brief: Authors are more likely to cite the beginning of articles but split their remaining citations roughly evenly. This pattern holds across flagship journals of variously ranked law schools and articles of varying length, but it is less pronounced for self-citation. While cynical explanations—that cite-worthy content is concentrated at the beginning, or authors tend not to thoroughly read the articles they cite—of the data is possible, a better explanation serves as a modest rebuttal to certain criticisms of legal scholarship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

LXX editor Alfred Rahlfs assumed that the scriptural citations in the NT had influenced the LXX. Text-critics of the NT have suggested that the influence primarily went in the other direction. More recent research suggests that the two textual traditions were transmitted independently of each other. This article studies harmonization by examining the relevant passages in LXX (source-text) and NT (citation) in manuscripts where both texts are extant and sometimes copied by the same scribe. Did these scribes harmonize in one direction or the other? This examination of Matthew's unique Fulfillment Citations and their sources in the three pandects, Codices Alexandrinus, Vaticanus and Sinaiticus, suggests that these scribes have rarely harmonized the text. The result shows that Vaticanus and Sinaiticus reflect less harmonization (and more negative evidence) than Alexandrinus, whereas a specific early corrector of Sinaiticus (Ca) occasionally harmonized the LXX to the NT. This confirms that the two traditions have remained largely independent. However, in all detected cases of possible or probable harmonization, the LXX text was harmonized to the NT, which supports Rahlfs's position. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Almost sixty years ago, W.C. van Unnik demonstrated that the participle συµβάλλουσα in Luke 2:19 does not mean "pondering" but that Mary was "understanding" the heavenly message. The limited reception of his view, especially in anglophone literature and translations of the Bible, stems from misconceptions about the lexical definition and the imperfective aspect of συµβάλλουσα , as well as from a problematic interpretation of the phrase "to keep matters/words in one's heart." The present study proposes that Luke 2:19 means that Mary preserved the message as revealed knowledge of the future and understood its meaning. This interpretation makes better sense within the infancy narrative and the Gospel of Luke as a whole than traditional interpretations and sheds new light on Mary's image and function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Society for Pentecostal Studies celebrated its fiftieth anniversary in 2020. To commemorate the half-century mark, the editors of Pneuma assembled a special issue that included a history of the Society. While the fiftieth-anniversary commemorative volume captured the growth of the Society, absent was a consideration of the impact of Pneuma. As such, the fifty-year anniversary deserves a more quantifiable discussion of the journal's impact on scholarship. By using a combination of information science and theological reflection, this article offers fresh insights on the journal's impact in the realm of scholarly publishing. It fleshes out significant theological trends in Pentecostalism covered in its fifty-year history using bibliometrics. An index of all 710 peer-reviewed research articles published from 1978 to 2022 was created. Bibliometrics were used to assess that scholarship's impact, understand where pentecostal studies flourished, and uncover possible gaps in pentecostal research where further study may be needed. Bibliometric research in theological studies acts as a mirror for researchers by quantifiably reflecting trends in pentecostal research that may have been anecdotally assumed or overlooked altogether. It places possible bias into sharp focus and offers new tools for discussing sensitive research and publication issues such as gender politics, diversity, and inclusivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Federal surveys often pledge that personally identifiable information (PII) will be used for statistical purposes only and that the willful disclosure of PII by employees who have been sworn to confidentiality is subject to penalties. In 2015, the passing of the Cybersecurity Enhancement Act required the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) to monitor federal computers for cyber threats. Since DHS personnel are not bound to the confidentiality pledges used by the statistical agencies, the question became how to inform respondents about these changes without alarming them and harming response rates. This paper reports on an experiment conducted in a survey of public-school principals with a simple random sample (n  = 4,122). The experiment examined differences in response rates across three versions of pledges disclosing the cybersecurity monitor: one pledge specified explicitly the role of DHS, one referred to the monitors as "Federal employees and contractors," and a control version referred implicitly to DHS monitors via a legal citation. Half of the pledges included the penalty language, and the other half did not. There were no statistically significant differences between any of the experimental comparisons. We conclude that, of the pledges studied, the DHS version of the pledge with penalty language provides respondents with the most accurate information for deciding whether to participate in the survey without harming response rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper considers the specificity of medical translation in surgical and pharmaceutical works published in France in the 16th and 17th centuries. We argue that translation offers to translators an occasion to discuss issues of medical hermeneuties and to demonstrate their learning in the field. While some translators prioritize the use of a vocabulary from Greek and Latin, others dare to engage in the promotion of a plurality of languages both ancient and modern. Most interesting among them are physicians concerned with redefining medical terminology by promoting the use of French. Translation in the period comes with a real interest in the precision of the terms that our translators use, leading them to present their interpretations of difficult passages by adding to the texts all manner of glosses, 'collations', comments, additions or annotations. Our analysis leads us to conclude that in the case of translations in French of medical works of the period, the real hermeneutical issues they raise, concern not so much the vocabulary chosen, but the philological commentary that accompanies it and reveals a finer and more personal approach to it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current research analyzes digital revolution and the rights of the person, especially the need for the protection of personal information within the digital context. Anonymity is one of the most debated themes, asking: is anonymity a right or a constitutional prohibition? The aims of current research are the acknowledgement of anonymity as a new concept of intimacy in the wake of the possibility of anonymity in digital information. The hypothesis-deduction method was employed for the arguments in the research in specialized bibliographies and journals, tribunal sentences and citations in comparative law. Current research consists in investigation on concept, classification and characteristics of the rights of the person and the evolution of the anonymity concept and its possibility in exceptions. Anonymity is a new concept in intimacy and discussions on its implementation as a form of protection to the rights of the person are possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study sought to determine the citation of media sources by law students in South Africa. Data were gathered from theses and dissertations of selected law schools in the country using specifically designed excel spreadsheets comprising columns for citations and sources, among others. The results, in relation to the research questions of the study, indicate that the media, as a source of information, was the least cited while other secondary sources of information, such as journal articles and books, were among the most cited sources. Regarding media use, the results show that newspapers had a high citation rate, followed by television and radio, with magazines coming last. The study findings also indicate that two African economic giants, namely South Africa, and Nigeria, were among the main origins of the media cited, alongside the United Kingdom and the United States of America. The results further indicate that the Mail and Guardian, the British Broadcasting Corporation, and the Economist magazine were the most cited forms of media. The findings also indicate a positive but weak relationship between the scholarly (citation) and public impact (circulation) of media sources. At the end, it was recommended that studies of media citations in other disciplines, as well as new media, be conducted to further inform both practice and theory regarding the scholarship of media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In our planned study, we shall empirically study the assessment of cited papers within the framework of the anchoring-and-adjustment heuristic. We are interested in the question whether citation decisions are (mainly) driven by the quality of cited references. The design of our study is oriented towards the study by Teplitskiy, Duede [10]. We shall undertake a survey of corresponding authors with an available email address in the Web of Science database. The authors are asked to assess the quality of papers that they cited in previous papers. Some authors will be assigned to three treatment groups that receive further information alongside the cited paper: citation information, information on the publishing journal (journal impact factor), or a numerical access code to enter the survey. The control group will not receive any further numerical information. In the statistical analyses, we estimate how (strongly) the quality assessments of the cited papers are adjusted by the respondents to the anchor value (citation, journal, or access code). Thus, we are interested in whether possible adjustments in the assessments can not only be produced by quality-related information (citation or journal), but also by numbers that are not related to quality, i.e. the access code. The results of the study may have important implications for quality assessments of papers by researchers and the role of numbers, citations, and journal metrics in assessment processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scholars face a paradox: How to engage in critical community building when the nature of academic engagement in neoliberal times encourages academic entrepreneurship? Competition is encouraged among scholars as they vie for citations, resources, and recognition. This article considers how qualitative researchers might build and sustain critical community through engaging in research, teaching, and service in ways that inculcate humility and a spirit of generosity toward others' work to build coalitions among scholars who may not agree. This work is imperative for qualitative scholars as they engage in collective action to address the inequities brought about by global crises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we propose a Legal Rule Classification (LRC) task using one of the most discussed language model in the field of Artificial Intelligence, namely GPT-3, a generative pretrained language model. We train and test the proposed LRC task on the GDPR encoded in LegalDocML (Palmirani and Vitali, 2011) and LegalRuleML (Athan et al., 2013), two widely used XML standards for the legal domain. We use the LegalDocML and LegalRuleML annotations provided in Robaldo et al. (2020) to fine-tuned GPT-3. While showing the ability of large language models (LLMs) to easily learn to classify legal and deontic rules even on small amount of data, we show that GPT-3 can significantly outperform previous experiments on the same task. Our work focused on a multiclass task, showing that GPT-3 is capable to recognize the difference between obligation rules, permission rules and constitutive rules with performances that overcome previous scores in LRC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The text attempts to trace the influence of Pavel Oliva’s monograph Sparta and Her Social Problems, published fifty years ago as of this year. Following a very brief presentation of Oliva’s research on Sparta, it traces the citations of his most important monograph in English, German, French, Italian, and Israeli scholarly literature, and more summarily in selected publications by Belgian, Dutch, Estonian, Greek, Polish, Serbian, and Spanish scholars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the evaluation of research, the same unequal structure present in the production of research is reproduced. Despite a few very productive researchers (in terms of papers and citations received), there are also few researchers who are involved in the research evaluation process (in terms of being editorial board members of journals or reviewers). To produce a high number of papers and receive many citations and to be involved in the evaluation of research papers, you need to be in the minority of giants who have high productivity and more scientific success. As editorial board members and reviewers, we often find the same minority of giants. In this paper, we apply an economic approach to interpret recent trends in research evaluation and derive a new interpretation of Altmetrics as a response to the need for democratization of research and its evaluation. In this context, the majority of pygmies can participate in evaluation with Altmetrics, whose use is more democratic, that is, much wider and open to all. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social media platforms are increasingly part of the academic workflow. However, there is a lack of research that examines these activities, particularly at the author level. This paper explores the activity of researchers in the Twittersphere by analyzing a large database of Web of Science authors systematically identified on Twitter using data from Altmetric.com. Using this information, this paper explores and compares patterns of tweeted and self-tweeted publications with other academic activities, such as citations, selfcitations, and authorship at the author level. This paper also compares the thematic orientation among these different activities by analyzing the similarity of the research topics of the publications tweeted, cited, and authored. The results show that the productivity and impact of researchers, as defined by conventional bibliometric indicators, are not correlated to their popularity on the Twitter platform and that scholars generally tend to tweet about topics closely related to the publications they author and cite. These findings suggest that social media metrics capture a broader aspect of the academic workflow that is most likely related to science communication, dissemination, and engagement with wider audiences and that differs from conventional forms of impact as captured by citations. Areas for further exploration are also proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This Article considers when optional case citations may do more harm than good. There are valid reasons for citing to non-binding precedent--to promote consistency in the law, for example, or to avoid wasteful redundancy. But unconsidered invocations of non-binding authority may also introduce error into individual opinions and distort the path of the law over time. This Article catalogues such dangerous citations as used in particular by federal district courts citing to other federal district courts with three goals in mind: to help judges use non-binding authority constructively, to help law clerks think critically about their citation practices, and to help readers of judicial opinions question the rhetoric of constraint. In mapping these problematic uses of non-binding authority, the Article distinguishes between poorly conceived citations and poorly implemented citations. Poorly conceived citations are those for which non-binding precedent is simply not a useful authority. Examples of poorly conceived citations include reliance on prior opinions to establish facts or the content of another sovereign's laws. Poorly implemented citations are those for which non-binding precedent may be relevant but should be selected and applied with care. Examples of poorly implemented citations include over-extended analogies and reliance on judge-made tests that are misaligned with the question being evaluated. This catalogue of poorly conceived and poorly implemented citations surfaces some common themes, including the need for better-designed tests and the challenges posed by modern research methods. But dangerous citations are not simply a matter of inadvertence, carelessness, or mistake; they may also be deployed for rhetorical purposes, in particular to signal legitimacy and restraint. The Article thus ends with a warning against "performative judging," or the use of excessive citations to suggest greater constraint than the law in fact provides. Such citations are dangerous not just for the error they may introduce, but also because they obscure judicial choice and the inherently discretionary nature of judging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Object detectors using deep learning are currently used in various situations, including robot demonstration experiments, owing to their high accuracy. However, there are some problems in the creation of training data, such as the fact that a lot of labor is required for human annotations, and the method of providing training data needs to be carefully considered because the recognition accuracy decreases due to environmental changes such as lighting. In the Nakanoshima Challenge, an autonomous mobile robot competition, it is challenging to detect three types of garbage with red labels. In this study, we developed a garbage detector by semi-automating the annotation process through detection of labels using colors and by preparing training data by changing the lighting conditions in three ways depending on the brightness. We evaluated the recognition accuracy on the university campus and addressed the challenge of using the discriminator in the competition. In this paper, we report these results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Editio princeps of P.Duk. inv. 660, a possibly third- or fourth-century papyrus fragment containing a mixture or patchwork (i.e. a cento) of citations of and allusions to the Greek bible: Gen 27:28, Pss 26:2, 4, 41:2, 123:7, and 2 Cor 6:2 are present and a number of other scriptural references are likely. What remains of the papyrus indicates that it held some personal or devotional function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An editorial is presented on articles published and views and citations. Topics include leading international bodies focusing on research into undergraduate mathematics with Delta based in the global south; and exploring mathematics educators around the world overcoming the challenges posed by the Covid-19 emergency transition to remote learning.

There is considerable merit in discounting self-citations when measuring the worth of a paper, a journal, or an author bibliometrically. However, excluding self-citations from the citation count for a paper or a researcher does not completely solve the problem of how to properly measure the interest generated by a paper or a researcher because other deficiencies in citation counts remain. One of these is associated self-citation. This occurs when a subset of the authors who published one paper go on to publish another paper in which they cite the previous one; any authors of the first paper whose names are not on the second paper receive a full citation credit (called here an associated self-citation), but the repeated authors do not because they are disqualified by self-citation. Associated self-citations, in which unrepeated authors receive citation credit, can skew a measure of bibliometric worth, but it is a deficiency that can be redressed. Additionally, there is propagation luck—where a paper becomes the reference to cite when there are other comparable and worthy candidates—which is a problem that can be only partially addressed. In this paper, the author analyzes these deficiencies with an example that compares the bibliometric success of two articles of which he was a co-author. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

State courts of last resort are embedded in lateral legal communities. Although similarly situated, state courts develop their own peer networks, favoring the decisions of particular courts over others when deciding their case law. Using an original dataset of all interstate citations by U.S. state supreme courts in 1995 and 2010, this paper models the factors that influence state court citation decisions. Results suggest that a state supreme court is more likely to cite courts that are regionally and ideologically proximate to itself. Citations are the realization of shared values-cultural, ideological, and structural. Using a multiyear approach provides a new theoretical lens for understanding judicial decision-making at the state level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a recent paper, K. De Graef (2018a) discussed two exceptional seal impressions on tablets from late Sukkalmaḫ Susa and early Kidinuid Haft Tepe. One text carrying the first of the pertinent seals is MDP 23, 321+322, a Susa tablet recording a trial over landed property. Following up De Graef's study, the present communication re-examines the case and argues that the text deals with a single trial, which most likely was a primary court hearing. Certain exceptional features of the text deserve attention, including the institution of brotherhood, a unique citation of law, and an impressive judicial panel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adding annotation and mark-up to linguistic corpora has become a standard practice in corpus building over the past few decades as a way to facilitate data extraction and at the same time guarantee that new corpora are compatible with existing and future tools. The purpose of this article is twofold. First, we provide an overview of the main forms of annotation and mark-up available to the research community and how they have been applied to the Corpus of Historical English Law Reports 1535-1999 (CHELAR), a specialized corpus consisting of law reports or records of judicial decisions. Second, we give an account of preliminary research based on the annotated versions of CHELAR, which so far has been primarily aimed at identifying the distinctive linguistic characteristics of law reports, as well as at investigating how the language of law reports has evolved over a time span of almost five centuries. Our article illustrates the multiple advantages of applying a simple annotation schema to a corpus and how this can enhance the potential of a corpus for historical genre analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This Article analyzes Code Revision Commission v. Public.Resource.Org, a 2018 decision in which the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit applied the public edicts doctrine and held that Georgia's copyright on the annotations, commentary, and analyses in the Official Code of Georgia Annotated is invalid. The U.S. Supreme Court granted Georgia's Petition for a Writ of Certiorari on June 24, 2019. About a third of states claim copyright in the annotations to their codes, so the potential impact of this decision is substantial. This Article's thesis is that the Eleventh Circuit was wrong and should be reversed. It first discusses the code revision process in Georgia and the Public.Resource.Org litigation. It next analyzes the Eleventh Circuit's three independent but related reasons for concluding that the annotations are law-like: (1) the identity of the public officials who created the work; (2) the authoritativeness of the work; and (3) the process for creating the work. This analysis is followed by a discussion of the merger doctrine, a discussion of the use of the term 'merger' in O.C.G.A. § 1-1-1, and a brief summary of Supremacy Clause concerns. This Article concludes that the Eleventh Circuit should be reversed by the United States Supreme Court. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

That led me to the mash-up column (as you can probably guess, we're getting closer to the final product here); a column that picked the seemingly best ideas from the previous columns. Who wants to read the The English Patient of editorial columns? These unpublished columns are the "deleted scenes" of the EIC editorial column, with less ill-timed slapstick and poor pacing, and more grammatical errors and shoehorned movie analogies. [Extracted from the article]

The argument from authority is not necessarily a fallacy in law, since it may be an important instrument for the construction of a persuasive speech to be presented by courts. Even though legal scholarship does not represent institutionalized authority, it acquires authority as long as the prestige of some jurists grows through time. This paper is going to present, starting from these premises, an empirical research regarding the argument from authority on the Brazilian Supreme Court between 1960 and 2016, in order do analyze the ways by which the five most cited authors have been used as grounds for rulings. This research was made possible by a piece of software that collected information from the Court's database and then were classified through indicators according to the kind of argument from authority. Therefore, it was possible to observe a very frequent use of arguments from authority in an irrational way, since legal doctrine was mostly presented as obiter dictum. However, there has been a higher frequency of rational arguments from authority on citations to Constitutional Law scholars, hence showing a higher care with legal discourse on this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides an overview of the theoretical assumptions, methods, and key results from the Evaluation Framework for Promoting Gender Equality in Research and Innovation (EFFORTI) project, which was funded by the European Commission. The purpose of EFFORTI was to analyse the impact of interventions to promote gender equality in research and innovation (R&I), and to establish criteria for more responsible and responsive research and innovation (RRI) systems in Europe. This article provides an overview of the project's main results and the lessons learnt from the empirical analysis of R&I systems in several European countries and a comparison of 19 gender equality intervention measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many norms develop in the absence of clear templates for how to implement them. I argue that, even under these conditions, individuals and organizations can still successfully push for new norms, along with attendant changes in state practices. They do so through a mode of action that I term communicative entrepreneurship. Unlike norm entrepreneurs, communicative entrepreneurs do not project normative or technocratic certainty. They use nudges and networking strategies to trigger debates that define the contours of emerging normative scripts. I illustrate this dynamic with the case of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, which became interested in regulating the use of its jurisprudence by local judges. Lacking a script amenable for diffusion, it triggered a dialogue with national courts to jointly regulate citation practices, and more generally, judges' obligations with respect to international human rights jurisprudence. Using original interviews and other sources, I trace the impact of communicative entrepreneurship on the behavior of Mexican and Colombian high courts. I show that it led to the development of new judicial decision-making standards in two very different contexts and therefore bolstered the authority of the Inter-American Court. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Can legal citations be stylish? Is that even a thing? Yes, and this Article explains why and how. The usual approach to writing citations is as a separate, inferior part of the writing process, a perfunctory task that satisfies a convention but is not worth the attention that stylish writers spend on the "real" words in their documents. This Article argues that the usual approach is wrong. Instead, legal writers should strive to write stylish legal citations-citations that are fully integrated with the prose to convey information in a readable way to a legal audience. Prominent legal style expert Bryan Garner and others have repeatedly pinned legal style problems on citations. * 1 For example, Gamer has argued that in-line (or textual) citations supposedly interrupt the prose and cause writers to ignore "unshapely" paragraphs and poor flow between sentences.2 Gamer's cause celebre has been to persuade lawyers and judges to move their citations into footnotes, which he asserts will fix the stylistic problems caused by citations.3 This Article proposes both a different explanation for unstylish citations and a different solution. The explanation is that legal style experts do not address citation as a component of legal style, leaving practitioners with little guidance about how to write stylish citations or even what they look like. This Article summarizes the citation-writing advice offered to practitioners in legal-style books like Plain English for Lawyers,4 Spoiler alert: it's not much. The solution is to restructure the revision and editing processes to incorporate citations and treat them like "real" words, too. Rather than cordoning off citations from the rest of the prose, writers should embrace them as integral to the text as a whole. This Article describes a method for writing citations that goes well beyond "Bluebooking." This method should be useful to any legal writer-from first-semester ILs to judicial clerks to experienced appellate practitioners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the impact of the 1215 Magna Carta on the U.S. Supreme Court throughout history from 1790 through the 2010. An overview of the citations of the Magna Carta in Supreme Court judgments and opinions for actions and defense cases, including in the Supreme Court case "Kerry v. Din," is provided.

This paper proposes a technique to specify and verify the correct synchronization of concurrent programs with condition variables. We define correctness of synchronization as the liveness property: “every thread synchronizing under a set of condition variables eventually exits the synchronization block”, under the assumption that every such thread eventually reaches its synchronization block. Our technique does not avoid the combinatorial explosion of interleavings of thread behaviours. Instead, we alleviate it by abstracting away all details that are irrelevant to the synchronization behaviour of the program, which is typically significantly smaller than its overall behaviour. First, we introduce SyncTask, a simple imperative language to specify parallel computations that synchronize via condition variables. We consider a SyncTask program to have a correct synchronization iff it terminates. Further, to relieve the programmer from the burden of providing specifications in SyncTask, we introduce an economic annotation scheme for Java programs to assist the automated extraction of SyncTask programs capturing the synchronization behaviour of the underlying program. We show that every Java program annotated according to the scheme (and satisfying the assumption mentioned above) has a correct synchronization iff its corresponding SyncTask program terminates. We then show how to transform the verification of termination of the SyncTask program into a standard reachability problem over Coloured Petri Nets that is efficiently solvable by existing Petri Net analysis tools. Both the SyncTask program extraction and the generation of Petri Nets are implemented in our STaVe tool. We evaluate the proposed framework on a number of test cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the recent phenomenon of the formal co-authorship of Supreme Court decisions. It begins with a short history of the practice, primarily in the closing years of the Lamer Court but expanding steadily under McLachlin. A closer investigation reveals two critically important dimensions: first, the practice is skewed toward the Court's more important decisions (measured in terms of subject matter, legal complexity, interveners, and subsequent citation); and second, its diffusion across the Court's membership refutes the possibility that it simply reinforces persisting cleavages. This new practice represents a more overtly collegial format directed to the Court's more significant decisions. At the same time, however, it diffuses traditional judicial accountability anchored in the solo attribution of reasons for judgment. In conclusion, the article suggests that the emergence of the coauthorship style should be seen as a new "third phase" in the historical evolution of the Court's judgment-presentation style. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We describe the first automatic approach for merging coreference annotations obtained from multiple annotators into a single gold standard. This merging is subject to certain linguistic hard constraints and optimisation criteria that prefer solutions with minimal divergence from annotators. The representation involves an equivalence relation over a large number of elements. We use Answer Set Programming to describe two representations of the problem and four objective functions suitable for different data-sets. We provide two structurally different real-world benchmark data-sets based on the METU-Sabanci Turkish Treebank and we report our experiences in using the Gringo, Clasp and Wasp tools for computing optimal adjudication results on these data-sets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on translation of work of the Catholic writer Ida Coudenhove and mentions catholic journal "Die Schildgenossen" affiliated with Catholic Youth Movement in Germany. Topics discussed include shut down of the Die Schildgenossen by Nazi government in 1941, no citations in the journal, and novel "The Wild Orchid" by Undset.

The article discusses court cases whose written opinions have cited and quoted poet Robert Frost and his poetry. Frost's poem "Mending Wall" was cited in cases on boundary disputes and controversies between adjoining landowners, such as in Ives v. Gettinger. The poem "The Road Not Taken" was cited in the case Boone v. Youngbar, about a mother's petition to disestablish the paternity of the young daughter's legal father. Also cited is Frost's influence on the U.S. culture.

While highly developed communication skills contribute substantially to success in other professions and in our personal relationships, legal research and writing is likely the foundation for a successful career in the law. Law review articles are cited by judges in their opinions, by Congress and regulatory authorities in the making of law, and regulations and policy. Any great legal orator, litigator, or Supreme Court Justice will need the benefit of quickly recognizing legally significant fact patterns, the ability to conduct research regarding statutory and case law, and the ability to make compelling, cogent legal arguments. The experience gained from legal research and writing sharpens all these tools. I'm hopeful this Article may become a required-reading as one of the first assignments for all incoming first-year law students, or even before any classes begin. Presented first is a brief examination of why lawyers do not write well. Second, is a description of the law review: its value; a brief history of the American law journal experience; the editor selection process; who does what on law reviews; and the number and type of law journals. Thoughts about the writing process and important considerations regarding law review writing in particular are then presented. Reflections by recent law journal editors about their law review experiences are offered, along with suggestions about how authors may improve their manuscripts. Following that, the who, what, where and when of the publication process is covered. Comments about the Social Sciences Research Network (SSRN) are presented, then followed by a brief discussion about the currency value of citations. I believe this Article starts a fresh conversation about the importance and value of legal writing, law review, and law journal publication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Physician review portals are becoming increasingly popular among patients and often serve as a primary advisory tool during the search for a doctor. However, it has not been established whether these platforms favor leaders of the field; i.e., physicians with high academic rank. Here, we assessed online ratings of US ophthalmologists, selected for their outstanding scientific performance.Methods: This cross-sectional, Internet-based study was performed in September 2016. First, we selected US ophthalmologists who published at least one manuscript or conference abstract that reached at least 100 citations from 2006 to 2016. Second, academic impact of preselected physicians, measured by overall number of citations or Hirsch index, was correlated with their ratings on two physician review portals: healthgrades.com and zocdoc.com.Results: We selected 105 ophthalmologists who met established criteria. A total of 78 were rated on healthgrades.com, but only two were rated on zocdoc.com. The average rating on healthgrades.com was 4.2 +/-0.9, similar to the previously reported US mean for a physician (∼4). The rating did not correlate with the number of citations or with Hirsh index.Conclusions: Highly cited ophthalmologist are not rated proportionately to their scientific achievements. Their reviews are positive, but do not stand out in comparison to other physicians. Additionally, we found that this group of ophthalmologists might be significantly underrepresented on particular review websites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The American Association of Geographers (AAG) president's annual address is considered an important statement about how she or he views the state of the discipline or one's research specialties. Building on previous studies on journal and individual impacts, this study measures the impacts of addresses using Google Scholar data and the Web of Science score. Using these data I classify the addresses into three distinct categories: alpha, beta, and gamma. The results reveal wide and substantial differences in Scholar ratings and Web of Science scores. A few have very high ratings, but many more are in the gamma category. Addresses by women and men presidents that promote new fields of study, extend geographic research to interdisciplinary audiences, and encourage the topics and frameworks of existing fields have higher ratings than those that appeal to more specialized audiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]