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Copyright of Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural & Agribusiness Economists is the property of Polish Association of Agricultural & Agribusiness Economists and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

China is among the world's largest producers of apples. It has a potentially large export market around the world. However, differences in food safety standardsçfor example, concerning pesticide residuesçoften pose serious challenges to Chinese exporters. Focusing mainly on Chinese exports of fresh apples to the European Union (EU), this article analyses these opportunities, related legal obstacles and the increasingly successful strategies, both domestic and international, used by the Chinese government to meet those challenges associated with them. It considers the gradual alignment of Chinese standards with international standards, the Chinese export strategy based on government support for selected elite export companies, and the conclusion by the Chinese government of new bilateral agreements to open major new markets for Chinese businesses. In doing so, it traces interconnections between: international, EU and Chinese food safety standards; China's post-World Trade Organization succession international trade strategies; the modernization of Chinese agriculture; relations between public and private standards; the 16 þ 1 arrangement between China and the Central and Eastern European countries including Member States of the EU; China's One Belt, One Road initiative and the development of a China-centred global food economy for apples. The result is an unusual form of regulatory collaboration between China and the EU. These factors are among the main drivers of transnational legal and economic relations in the international food trade today. They represent an emerging world food trade order. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Apples are widely consumed in all countries. Poland is one of the biggest apple producing country in world and this amount grows from year to year increase. More than half of produced apples is processed which cause occur solid residue called apple pomace. Apple pomace contains may pro-health compounds. Most recent interest has focused on the bioactive phenolic compounds in apple pomace. Several studies have demonstrated that apple pomace compounds possess many biological activities, such as antioxidant and anti-inflammation properties. Therefore apple pomace can be a potential source for health food preparations. The purpose of this paper is to review the most recent literature regarding the health benefits of apple pomace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The quantification of spray mass has historically been accomplished by means of fluorescent dyes and various string and ground samplers to capture the dye-laden spray. However, these methods are typically not used in close proximity to orchard sprayers and are prone to many sources of error. The objective of this study was to assess the ability of an in-field phase Doppler (pD) interferometer to quantify spray mass against two common string samplers. Measurements were taken at 0.5 m increments to 4.5 m vertically and 1.0 m increments to 5.0 m downwind from the spray. Converted flux measurements from the strings were compared with those obtained using the pD interferometer. The current pD technology was found to be incapable of collecting equivalent flux data to that obtained from the strings. However, the pD equipment did provide useful data on droplet velocity and size. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Apple leafcurling midge is an important quarantine pest for New Zealand apple exports. Season-long pheromone trapping was conducted in Hawke's Bay and Nelson from 2004-2017, and from 2012-2017 in Central Otago. Four generations occurred annually in Hawke's Bay and Nelson and 3-4 in Central Otago. In Hawke's Bay and Nelson, the timing of each peak varied by about 3-4 weeks between years, while the difference was ~2-3 weeks in Central Otago during fewer years of monitoring. Hawke's Bay was up to a month earlier than Central Otago for the same peak within individual years. The major factor behind this variability was the accumulated number of growing degree-days. Insecticide sprays target midge larvae, but are timed against the second and third peaks of adult emergence. Variations in the timing of these peaks annually and across the main pipfruit growing regions, mean that specific insecticide timing recommendations are necessary each year for each region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experimental plot is placed in the orchard "Codru-ST" Ltd. founded in 2004 year. The study subject of the experience was Golden Reinders apple variety grafted on M 9 rootstock. The distance of plantation is 3.5× 1.2 m. The research was conducted during the period of 2013 year. The tested agents was Pomonit, 0.4 l/ha; Geramid New, 1.5 l/ha; Metamitron, 3.5 l/ha; Dira Max LG, 2.5 l/ha, which was sprayed in different period. During the research, it was studied the studied the relative and economic efficiency of fruits production. It was established that the relative efficiency was recorded in manual thinning version - 13.9, and the highest level of profitability was achieved when treating with growth regulators Geramid New in dose of 1.5 l/ha, which was 146.1% of indicators shown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this research was to study the role of the exporting skills of apple exporters in export development. This study showed significantly positively correlation between communicational skills, knowing business rules and regulations, organizational and management skills, selling and marketing skills, skills in customer orientation and presenting high quality services and export knowledge with the export quantity. Correlation coefficient of demographic characteristics and the dependent variable (export quantity) was significantly positive. Results of multivariate regression analyses of export skills showed that 55% of variation in the dependent variable could be explained by three independent variables: recognizing export knowledge, selling and marketing skills, and knowing business rules and regulations. Also, results of multivariate regression analyses of demographic characteristics demonstrated that 42% of variation in dependent variables could be explained by three independent variables: recognizing of participation in export learning classes, age, and experience in apple exporting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Economics of Agriculture / Ekonomika Poljoprivrede is the property of Institute of Agricultural Economics (IAE) / Belgrade and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In response to the USA blocking Mexican trucks from traveling to the inland part of the USA, Mexico imposed tariffs on US fresh apple exports. This study analyzes the impacts of the Mexican tariff on USA, Mexican and world apple markets by using theoretical analysis and developing a spatial equilibrium trade model. The results show that this tariff increases apple prices in Mexico, to the benefit of Mexican producers but harming Mexican consumers. Even though Mexico collects revenues from its tariff, the overall welfare impact is negative because consumers' loss outweighs producers' gain and tariff revenues. Since the USA exports less to Mexico, its prices and production decline, but consumption increases. To mitigate the export market loss to Mexico, the USA redirects its exports to other importing countries, displacing other apple exporting countries' trade with these importing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In this paper we study the impact of the regulations on Maximum Residue Levels (MRLs) of pesticides on the trade of apples and pears and related processed products with the aim of understanding how their similarity (or dissimilarity) affect trade. Most studies investigate the impact of sanitary regulations introducing directly in the analysis the MRL put in force in the importing country. They introduce in the analysis the level of the regulation in the importing country without taking into account the rule in force in the exporting country. Rather than focusing on a particular pesticide we take into account the entire list of substances set out by the various regulations. We then build a similarity index and introduce it into a gravity equation to assess the impact of the differences in MRL of pesticides on trade. Results suggest that the differences between regulations matter and may, in some case, hinder trade. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

After an eight year risk analysis process, Biosecurity Australia released its final import risk analysis (IRA) in 2006, allowing apple imports from New Zealand into Australia, subject to stringent phytosanitary measures. New Zealand apple imports were previously banned due to the risks of transmitting pests and diseases, in particular, fire blight. New Zealand commenced dispute settlement proceedings at the World Trade Organization (WTO) on the grounds that Australia’s risk mitigation measures were scientifically unjustified, thus violating international trade law. The WTO largely ruled in New Zealand’s favour in August 2010, and again in November after Australia unsuccessfully appealed. This paper argues that the cause and nature of this dispute stem largely from the varied risk interpretations in the context of international trade and, by extension, from the non-scientific factors (such as values, interests and politics) shaping these interpretations. It examines the risk analysis, identifying a number of potentially important risk governance issues in the IRA process, derives the judgements and perspectives of the main stakeholders and the factors influencing their position, and finally analyses the case in the context of the WTO dispute settlement system. Despite the intent of the relevant WTO legislation, the dispute may not be appropriately reconciled through scientific considerations alone. The case study is used to explore the challenges accompanying import risk analysis under severe uncertainty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

International markets for agricultural products are often subject to a range of trade barriers, and horticultural products are no exception. This article examines the economic implications of tariffs and sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) regulations that are applied to global markets for fresh apples and fresh oranges. We calculate regional-level tariff rates and ad valorem equivalents for SPS barriers following the price-wedge approach. A simulation model is developed and used to assess the price, quantity, and welfare implications of reducing tariffs, removing SPS barriers, and removing SPS barriers that have been identified as a Specific Trade Concern (STC) by the World Trade Organization. Results suggest that a 36% reduction in global tariffs would lead to greater welfare gains than would the elimination of SPS measures in apple markets. However, in orange markets, we find that SPS measures have much larger economic implications for producers and consumers. Here, a 36% reduction in tariffs would lead to smaller overall welfare effects compared to removal of all SPS measures, and only slightly larger effects than those from removal of STCs alone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers an overview on the measures that affect the importation of New Zealand apples in Australia. It notes the appeals of both countries in certain issues of law and legal interpretations developed in the panel report to the complaint by New Zealand regarding the Australian measures on the importation of apples. It also discusses the request of New Zealand to the Appellate Body in upholding the panel's findings on the measures at issue.

The article discusses the World Trade Organization's (WTO's) reported release of the "Australia-Measures Affecting the Importation of Apples from New Zealand" Appellate Panel Report in 2010, focusing on the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and the apparent incorporation of agriculture under the WTO's specific jurisdiction. Quarantine and a Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS) agreement are mentioned, along with Australia's alleged decision to lift an apple importation ban.

The article reports on a review by the World Trade Organization (WTO) panel of the agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS Agreement). It notes that the dispute concerned the legality of the phytosanitary measures that Australia imposed on the importation of apples from New Zealand. It says that the introduction of those measures is aimed to protect Australia against certain pests established in New Zealand.

This study describes how governance mechanisms were formed that link small-scale apple farmers in China with export markets. These institutional innovations have improved the efficiency of price transmission and generated higher profit margins for various actors in the supply chain, in particular for small-scale farmers. Chinese apple exports are highly coordinated through ongoing long term loyal network relationships and vertical integration. Relevant policy implications and further challenges are discussed in the conclusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Petroleum - Gas University of Ploiesti Bulletin, Economic Sciences Series is the property of Petroleum - Gas University of Ploiesti and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

ABSTRACT Codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), a serious pest of pome fruit, is a threat to exportation of apples (Malus spp.) because of the possibility of shipping infested fruit. The need for alternatives to fumigants such as methyl bromide for quarantine security of exported fruit has encouraged the development of effective fumigants with reduced side effects. The endophytic fungus MuscodDr albus Worapong, Strobel and Hess (Ascomycota: Xylariales) produces volatile compounds that are biocidal for several pest organisms, including plant pathogens and insect pests. The objectives of our research were to determine the effects of M. albus volatile organic compounds (VOCs) on codling moth adults, neonate larvae, larvae in infested apples, and diapausing cocooned larvae in simulated storage conditions. Fumigation of adult codling moth with VOCs produced by M. albus for 3 d and incubating in fresh air for 24 h at 25°C resulted in 81% corrected mortality. Fourand 5-d exposures resulted in higher mortality (84 and 100%, respectively),but control mortality was also high due to the short life span of the moths. Exposure of neonate larvae to VOCs for 3 d on apples and incubating for 7 d resulted in 86% corrected mortality. Treated larvae were predominantly first instars, whereas 85% of control larvae developed to second and third instars. Exposure of apples that had been infested for 5 d, fumigated with M. albus VOCs for 3d, and incubated as described above resulted in 71% corrected larval mortality. Exposure of diapausing cocooned codling moth larvae to VOCs for 7 or 14 d resulted in 31 and 100% mortality, respectively, with negligible control mortality. Our data on treatment of several stages of codling moth with M. albus VOCs indicate that the fungus could provide an alternative to broad spectrum chemical fumigants for codling moth control in storage and contribute to the systems approach to achieve quarantine security of exported apples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article investigates the trade impact of Japan's decision in 2005 to revise its phytosanitary protocol for fire blight for U.S. apple imports but retain its codling moth protocol. The analysis presents a participation model to measure the economic costs of phytosanitary barriers to trade. The model provides an explicit cost of the phytosanitary barriers in terms of the structure of the protocols, an important advantage over the price-wedge methodology. This makes it possible to separate the economic costs of various protocols—in this case, the fire blight and codling moth protocols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The price-wedge method yields a tariff-equivalent estimate of technical barriers to trade (TBT). An extension of this method accounts for imperfect substitution between domestic and imported goods and incorporates recent findings on trade costs. We explore the sensitivity of this revamped TBT estimate to its key determinants (substitution elasticity, preference for home good, and trade cost). We use the augmented approach to investigate the recent Japan–U.S. apple trade dispute and find that removing the Japanese TBT would yield limited export gains to the United States. We then draw policy implications of our findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the U.S.-Japan dispute over the importation of U.S. apples to Japan. The rationale behind Japan's quarantine restrictions on imported apples is analyzed. The implications of the dispute for science, law and sovereignty in the sanitary and phytosanitary agreement are examined. It explores the ruling by the World Trade Organization on the U.S. challenge against Japan's import restrictions.

Analyzes a case involving the World Trade Organization (WTO) Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS Agreement). Japan's measures to protect its country from the spread of fire blight through imposing trade barriers on U.S. apples; Requirement of the inspection of export orchards three times yearly for the presence of fire blight; United States' challenge to Japan's measures as conflicting with the SPS Agreement.

Apples along with bananas and oranges are major constituents of a global fresh fruit and vegetable complex (FFV). This paper adopts Philip McMichael's ideas of singular incorporated comparison within a food regimes framework as a means of examining the major Southern hemisphere apple exporting countries. A high level of differentiation among apple exporting countries is revealed in the way in which various producers are integrated into the global FFV complex. This differentiation is manifest in production technology, variety development, research and development focus and ultimately, market premiums and market share. In over-supplied world fruit markets demanding constant innovation, quality accountability and value for money, competing Southern hemisphere exporters face increasing pressures and risks to position themselves profitably within the FFV complex. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Analyzes the United States exports of apples, poultry and tobacco to determine their responsiveness to foreign market development. Responsiveness rate of apple, poultry and tobacco exports; Marginal returns of export promotion of apples and tobacco; Response to poultry promotion.