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To explore the effects of waste heat (50–170°C) from steel plant flue gas on the column photobioreactor algal liquid temperature for microalgal production, a flue gas‐microalgal liquid heat transfer model was developed that simulated the microalgal growth environment for flue‐gas carbon dioxide (CO2) fixation. The simulation results showed that the influence of high‐temperature flue gas weakened with the increasing microalgal liquid temperature due to enhanced evaporation and heat dissipation. Increasing the flue gas temperature and aeration rate resulted in a higher microalgal liquid temperature up to a maximum increase of 4.16°C at an ambient temperature of 25°C, an aeration rate of 2 L/min, and a flue gas temperature of 170°C. In an experiment on the effect of incubation temperature on the growth rate of microalgae, at an optimal temperature of 35°C, the Chlorella sp. PY‐ZU1 growth rate exhibited a remarkable increase of 104.7% compared to that at 42.5°C. Therefore, modulating the flue gas conditions can significantly increase the microalgal growth rate for CO2 fixation, making it a promising approach to increase biomass production for efficient carbon utilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among all the operating parameters that control the cell culture environment inside bioreactors, appropriate mixing and aeration are crucial to ensure sufficient oxygen supply, homogeneous mixing, and CO 2 stripping. A model-based manufacturing facility fit approach was applied to define agitation and bottom air flow rates during the process scale-up from laboratory to manufacturing, of which computational fluid dynamics (CFD) was the core modeling tool. The realizable k -ε turbulent dispersed Eulerian gas-liquid flow model was established and validated using experimental values for the volumetric oxygen transfer coefficient (k L a). Model validation defined the process operating parameter ranges for application of the model, identified mixing issues (e.g., impeller flooding, dissolved oxygen gradients, etc.) and the impact of antifoam on k L a. Using the CFD simulation results as inputs to the models for oxygen demand, gas entrance velocity, and CO 2 stripping aided in the design of the agitation and bottom air flow rates needed to meet cellular oxygen demand, control CO 2 levels, mitigate risks for cell damage due to shear, foaming, as well as fire hazards due to high O 2 levels in the bioreactor gas outlet. The recommended operating conditions led to the completion of five manufacturing runs with a 100% success rate. This model-based approach achieved a seamless scale-up and reduced the required number of at-scale development batches, resulting in cost and time savings of a cell culture commercialization process. [Display omitted] • Appling a bioprocessing model package in manufacturing facility fit. • Predicting impeller flooding of a scale-up model by computational fluid dynamics. • Predicting pCO2 levels by CO 2 stripping model. • Evaluating cellular oxygen demand, foaming, and fire hazards. • Achieving seamless scale-up with reduced manufacturing scale development batches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The superficial gas velocity (Ug) values of 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 cm s−1 showed a diesel consumption of 59.70, 58.20 and 65.20 %, respectively. The productivity of the airlift bioreactors (ALBs) was 0.030, 0.026 and 0.034 g L−1 d−1, respectively. During 10 days of operation, the emulsification index (E 24 %) values for Ug 1.0, 2.0 and 2.0 cm s−1 were 15.79, 15.07 and 12.85 %, respectively. Likewise, an increase in the degradation and suspended solids was observed when increasing the Ug from 1.0 to 2.0 cm s−1 of the ALBs, whereas a decrease in emulsification index E 24 % was observed for an Ug of 2.0 cm s−1. According to the results, the Ug of 2.0 cm s−1 was the most effective for increasing the degradation of diesel and growth of the consortium among the Ug evaluated. Furthermore, the reduction of E 24 % in this Ug suggests that the consortium uses a mixed form of hydrocarbon consumption, both by direct contact and in emulsified form. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Researchers have attempted to generate transfusable oxygen carriers to mitigate RBC supply shortages. In vitro generation of RBCs using stem cells such as hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs), embryonic stem cells (ESCs), and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) has shown promise. Specifically, the limited supplies of HSPCs and ethical issues with ESCs make iPSCs the most promising candidate for in vitro RBC generation. However, researchers have encountered some major challenges when using iPSCs to produce transfusable RBC products, such as enucleation and RBC maturation. In addition, it has proven difficult to manufacture these products on a large scale. In this review, we provide a brief overview of erythropoiesis and examine endeavors to recapitulate erythropoiesis in vitro using various cell sources. Furthermore, we explore the current obstacles and potential solutions aimed at enabling the large-scale production of transfusable RBCs in vitro. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interrupted blood flow in the brain due to ischemic injuries such as ischemic stroke or traumatic brain injury results in irreversible brain damage, leading to cognitive impairment associated with inflammation, disruption of the blood–brain barrier (BBB), and cell death. Since the BBB only allows entry to a small class of drugs, many drugs used to treat ischemia in other tissues have failed in brain-related disorders. The administration of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) has shown promise in improving the functional recovery of the brain following cerebral ischemia by inducing blood vessel formation. To facilitate such a treatment approach, it is necessary to develop bioprocesses that can produce therapeutically relevant MSC-EVs in a reproducible and scalable manner. This study evaluated the feasibility of using stirred suspension bioreactors (SSBs) to scale-up the serum-free production of pro-angiogenic MSC-EVs under clinically relevant physioxic conditions. It was found that MSCs grown in SSBs generated EVs that stimulated angiogenesis in cerebral microvascular endothelial cells, supporting the use of SSBs to produce MSC-EVs for application in cerebral ischemia. These properties were impaired at higher cell confluency, outlining the importance of considering the time of harvest when developing bioprocesses to manufacture EV populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a pyrite‐based autotrophic denitrification (PAD) system, a polycaprolactone (PCL)‐supported heterotrophic denitrification (PHD) system, and a pyrite+PCL‐based split‐mixotrophic denitrification (PPMD) system were constructed. The pyrite particle size was controlled in 1–3, 3–5, or 5–8 mm in both the PAD and PPMD systems to investigate the effect of pyrite particle size on the denitrification performance of autotrophic or split‐mixotrophic bioreactors. It was found that the PAD system achieved the best denitrification efficiency with an average removal rate of 98.98% in the treatment of 1‐ to 3‐mm particle size, whereas it was only 19.24% in the treatment of 5‐ to 8‐mm particle size. At different phases of the whole experiment, the nitrate removal rates of both the PHD and PPMD systems remained stable at a high level (>94%). Compared with the PAD or PHD system, the PPMD system reduced the concentrations of sulfate and chemical oxygen demand in the final effluent efficiently. The interconnection network diagram explained the intrinsic metabolic pathways of nitrogen, sulfur, and carbon in the three denitrification systems at different phases. In addition, the microbial community analysis showed that the PPMD system was beneficial for the enrichment of Firmicutes. Finally, the impact mechanism of pyrite particle size on the performance of the PPMD system was proposed. Practitioner Points: The reduction of pyrite particle size was beneficial for improving the efficiency of the PAD process.The change in particle size had an effect on NO2−‐N accumulation in the PAD system.The accumulation of NH4+‐N in the PPMD system increased with the decrease in particle size.The reduction of pyrite particle size increased the production of SO42− in the PAD and PPMD systems.The correlations among the effluent indicators of the PAD and PPMD systems could be well explained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, ceramic membranes have been increasingly used in membrane bioreactors (MBRs). However, membrane fouling was still the core issue restricting the large‐scale engineering application of ceramic MBRs. As a novel and alternative technology, ultrasonic could be used to control membrane fouling. This research focused on the efficiency and mechanism of ultrasonic controlling membrane fouling in ceramic MBRs. The results showed that ultrasonic reduced the sludge concentration in MBR, and the average particle size of sludge was always in a high range. The sludge activity of the system was stable at 6–9 (mg O2·(g MLSS·h)−1), indicating that ultrasonic did not destroy the activity of microorganisms in the system. The extracellular polymer substance (EPS) of the ultrasonic group was slightly higher than that of the control group, while the soluble microbial product (SMP) content was relatively stable. The ceramic membrane of the ultrasonic group has a partial retention effect on the organic components. The application of ultrasonic slowed down the decrease of the hydrophilicity of the ceramic membrane. The main pollutants on the membrane surface exist in the form of aromatic and heteroaromatic rings, alkynes, and so forth. Ultrasonic removes the amide substances from the membrane surface. Membrane fouling resistance is mainly due to membrane pore blockage, accounting for 75.53%. Practitioner Points: Enrich the research on the mechanism of ultrasonic technology in membrane fouling control.The MBR can still operate normally with ultrasonic applied.The time for the ceramic membrane to reach the fouling end point is 2.4 times that without ultrasonic.The main cause of membrane fouling was pore blocking, accounting for 75.53%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aureobasidium pullulans NCYC 4012 was used to produce gluconic acid (GA) and fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) from sugarcane molasses (ScM). For the first time, three types of bioreactors operating at different conditions of oxygenation—a stirred tank reactor (STR) operating under atmospheric pressure varying stirring rate, a pressurized STR under increased air pressure up to 4 bar of air, and an airlift reactor under atmospheric pressure varying aeration rate—were employed for GA and FOS biosynthesis by A. pullulans. The highest oxygenation conditions favored GA production in the three bioreactors, whereas the synthesis of FOS was not favored by high oxygen availability. GA yields close to 1 g·g−1 (grams of GA produced per grams of glucose consumed) were achieved in bioreactors under atmospheric pressure, and the highest titer of GA of 75 g·L−1 was obtained in the airlift bioreactor. In this last, the highest concentration of total FOS of 65 g·L−1 and yield of FOS of 0.58 g·g−1 were obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing demand of clinical-grade mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) for use in advanced therapy medicinal products (ATMPs) require a re-evaluation of manufacturing strategies, ensuring scalability from two-dimensional (2D) surfaces to volumetric (3D) productivities. Herein we describe the design and validation of a Good Manufacturing Practice–compliant 3D culture methodology using microcarriers and 3-L single-use stirred tank bioreactors (STRs) for the expansion of Wharton's jelly (WJ)-derived MSCs in accordance to current regulatory and quality requirements. MSC,WJ were successfully expanded in 3D and final product characterization was in conformity with Critical Quality Attributes and product specifications previously established for 2D expansion conditions. After 6 days of culture, cell yields in the final product from the 3D cultures (mean 9.48 × 108 ± 1.07 × 107 cells) were slightly lower but comparable with those obtained from 2D surfaces (mean 9.73 × 108 ± 2.36 × 108 cells) after 8 days. In all analyzed batches, viability was >90%. Immunophenotype of MSC,WJ was highly positive for CD90 and CD73 markers and lacked of expression of CD31, CD45 and HLA-DR. Compared with 2D expansions, CD105 was detected at lower levels in 3D cultures due to the harvesting procedure from microcarriers involving trypsin at high concentration, and this had no impact on multipotency. Cells presented normal karyotype and strong immunomodulatory potential in vitro. Sterility, Mycoplasma , endotoxin and adventitious virus were negative in both batches produced. In summary, we demonstrated the establishment of a feasible and reproducible 3D bioprocess using single-use STR for clinical-grade MSC,WJ production and provide evidence supporting comparability of 3D versus 2D production strategies. This comparability exercise evaluates the direct implementation of using single-use STR for the scale-up production of MSC,WJ and, by extension, other cell types intended for allogeneic therapies. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Here, a comparative study was designed to survey the treatment efficiency of pharmaceutical wastewater containing Naproxen by Membrane bioreactor (MBR) and MBR with fixed-bed packing media (FBMBR). To this end, the performance of MBR and FBMBR in different aeration conditions including average DO (1.9–3.8 mg/L), different organic loading (OLR) (0.86, 1.14 and 1.92 kg COD per cubic meter per day), and Naproxen removal efficiency. The BOD5 removal efficiency, effluent quality and membrane fouling were monitored within 140 days. The results obtained from the present study indicated that COD removal efficiency for FBMBR (96.46%) was higher than that for MBR (95.33%). In addition, a high COD removal efficiency was experienced in both MBR and FBMBR in operational conditions 3 and 4, even where OLR increased from 1.14 to 1.92 kgCOD/m3 d and DO decreased from 4 to < 1 mg/L. Furthermore, the higher Naproxen removal efficiency was observed in FBMBR (94.17%) compared to that for MBR (92.76%). Therefore, FBMBR is a feasible and promising method for efficient treatment of pharmaceuptical wastewater with high concentrations of emerging contaminant, especially, the Naproxen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the intricate ecological interactions within the gut microbiome and unravelling its impact on human health is a challenging task. Bioreactors are valuable tools that have contributed to our understanding of gut microbial ecology. However, there is a lack of studies describing and comparing the microbial diversity cultivated in these models. This knowledge is crucial for refining current models to reflect the gastrointestinal microbiome accurately. In this study, we analysed the microbial diversity of 1512 samples from 18 studies available in public repositories that employed cultures performed in batches and various bioreactor models to cultivate faecal microbiota. Community structure comparison between samples using t-distributed stochastic neighbour embedding and the Hellinger distance revealed a high variation between projects. The main driver of these differences was the inter-individual variation between the donor faecal inocula. Moreover, there was no overlap in the structure of the microbial communities between studies using the same bioreactor platform. In addition, α-diversity analysis using Hill numbers showed that highly complex bioreactors did not exhibit higher diversities than simpler designs. However, analyses of five projects in which the samples from the faecal inoculum were also provided revealed an amplicon sequence variants enrichment in bioreactors compared to the inoculum. Finally, a comparative analysis of the taxonomy of the families detected in the projects and the GMRepo database revealed bacterial families exclusively found in the bioreactor models. These findings highlight the potential of bioreactors to enrich low-abundance microorganisms from faecal samples, contributing to uncovering the gut microbial "dark matter". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are several ways to make antibody production processes more efficient and less expensive through process intensification. In this study, an ultra‐high cell density working cell bank was used to inoculate production bioreactors directly with cells from cryovials. After lab‐scale experiments, a fed‐batch pilot‐scale experiment was successfully conducted as a proof‐of‐concept. In addition, cells were cultivated in perfusion mode at 2 L scale. The intensification approach presented here allows the complete elimination of the inoculum production outside the production bioreactor and the creation of additional production capacity by saving time and space. In perfusion mode, an increase in bioreactor productivity of over 180% can be achieved compared to fed‐batch mode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the complexity of the factors influencing membrane fouling in membrane bioreactors (MBR), it is difficult to accurately predict membrane fouling. This paper proposes a multi-strategy of integration aquila optimizer deep belief network (MAO-DBN) based membrane fouling prediction method. The method is developed to improve the accuracy and efficiency of membrane fouling prediction. Firstly, partial least squares (PLS) are used to reduce the dimensionality of many membrane fouling factors to improve the algorithm's generalization ability. Secondly, considering the drawbacks of deep belief network (DBN) such as long training time and easy overfitting, piecewise mapping is introduced in aquila optimizer (AO) to improve the uniformity of population distribution, while adaptive weighting is used to improve the convergence speed and prevent falling into local optimum. Finally, the prediction of membrane fouling is carried out by utilizing membrane fouling data as the research object. The experimental results show that the method proposed in this paper can achieve accurate prediction of membrane fluxes, with an 88.45% reduction in RMSE and 87.53% reduction in MAE compared with the DBN model before improvement. The experimental results show that the model proposed in this paper achieves a prediction accuracy of 98.61%, both higher than other comparative models, which can provide a theoretical basis for membrane fouling prediction in the practical operation of membrane water treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are cellulose-derived nanomaterials that can be easily obtained, e.g., from vegetable waste produced by circular economies. They show promising antimicrobial activity and an absence of side effects and toxicity. This study investigated the ability of CNCs to reduce microbial adherence and biofilm formation using in vitro microbiological models reproducing the oral environment. Microbial adherence by microbial strains of oral interest, Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans, was evaluated on the surfaces of salivary pellicle-coated enamel disks in the presence of different aqueous solutions of CNCs. The anti-biofilm activity of the same CNC solutions was tested against S. mutans and an oral microcosm model based on mixed plaque inoculum using a continuous-flow bioreactor. Results showed the excellent anti-adherent activity of the CNCs against the tested strains from the lowest concentration tested (0.032 wt. %, p < 0.001). Such activity was significantly higher against S. mutans than against C. albicans (p < 0.01), suggesting a selective anti-adherent activity against pathogenic strains. At the same time, there was a minimal, albeit significant, anti-biofilm activity (0.5 and 4 wt. % CNC solution for S. mutans and oral microcosm, respectively, p = 0.01). This makes CNCs particularly interesting as anticaries agents, encouraging their use in the oral field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Static cold storage (SCS), the current clinical gold standard for organ preservation, provides surgeons with a limited window of time between procurement and transplantation. In vascularized composite allotransplantation (VCA), this time limitation prevents many viable allografts from being designated to the best-matched recipients. Machine perfusion (MP) systems hold significant promise for extending and improving organ preservation. Most of the prior MP systems for VCA have been built and tested for large animal models. However, small animal models are beneficial for high-throughput biomolecular investigations. This study describes the design and development of a multiparametric bioreactor with a circuit customized to perfuse rat abdominal wall VCAs. To demonstrate its concept and functionality, this bioreactor system was employed in a small-scale demonstrative study in which biomolecular metrics pertaining to graft viability were evaluated non-invasively and in real time. We additionally report a low incidence of cell death from ischemic necrosis as well as minimal interstitial edema in machine perfused grafts. After up to 12 h of continuous perfusion, grafts were shown to survive transplantation and reperfusion, successfully integrating with recipient tissues and vasculature. Our multiparametric bioreactor system for rat abdominal wall VCA provides an advanced framework to test novel techniques to enhance normothermic and sub-normothermic VCA preservations in small animal models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSCs) and their secreted products show great promise for treatment of musculoskeletal injury and inflammatory or immune diseases. However, the path to clinical utilization is hampered by donor-tissue variation and the inability to manufacture clinically relevant yields of cells or their products in a cost-effective manner. Previously we described a method to produce chemically and mechanically customizable gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) microcarriers for culture of hMSCs. Herein, we demonstrate scalable GelMA microcarrier-mediated expansion of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived hMSCs (ihMSCs) in 500 mL and 3L vertical wheel bioreactors, offering several advantages over conventional microcarrier and monolayer-based expansion strategies. Human mesenchymal stromal cells derived from induced pluripotent cells were cultured on custom-made spherical gelatin methacryloyl microcarriers in single-use vertical wheel bioreactors (PBS Biotech). Cell-laden microcarriers were visualized using confocal microscopy and elastic light scattering methodologies. Cells were assayed for viability and differentiation potential in vitro by standard methods. Osteogenic cell matrix derived from cells was tested in vitro for osteogenic healing using a rodent calvarial defect assay. Immune modulation was assayed with an in vivo peritonitis model using Zymozan A. The optical properties of GelMA microcarriers permit noninvasive visualization of cells with elastic light scattering modalities, and harvest of product is streamlined by microcarrier digestion. At volumes above 500 mL, the process is significantly more cost-effective than monolayer culture. Osteogenic cell matrix derived from ihMSCs expanded on GelMA microcarriers exhibited enhanced in vivo bone regenerative capacity when compared to bone morphogenic protein 2, and the ihMSCs exhibited superior immunosuppressive properties in vivo when compared to monolayer-generated ihMSCs. These results indicate that the cell expansion strategy described here represents a superior approach for efficient generation, monitoring and harvest of therapeutic MSCs and their products. [Display omitted] • A microfluidic method to generate chemically and biomechanically tunable cell microcarriers (GelMA-M) was tested for suitability for scalable mesenchymal stem cell expansion. • GelMA-M microcarriers facilitate effective MSC expansion in vertical wheel bioreactors at 500 mL and 3 L scale. • GelMA-M microcarriers allow rapid harvest of product by digestion with trypsin. • Cell laden GelMA-M can be non-invasively imaged in 3D by light-sheet elastic light scattering. • Therapeutic extracellular matrices for repair of bone and immune-modulatory extracellular vesicles can be generated using the system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In-vitro meat production has entered into the phase of pilot-commercial scale production from the conceptual-laboratory phase. The main challenge for in-vitro meat production on a commercial scale is the very high cost of its production, mainly due to the cost of cell culture media, growth regulators, and the requirement of highly skilled manpower. The development of serum-free and animal-free culture media with plant, microbial, and fungi-derived compounds through recombinant technology and media recycling is crucial for scaling up in-vitro meat production and reducing the price of the end products. The proper design of bioreactors specific to in-vitro meat production, their automation, utilization of natural and edible scaffolds, and microcarriers made up of edible materials are the present focus of researchers. The co-culturing by proliferating various cells such as adipocytes, chondrocytes, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells are applied for imparting textural and organoleptic attributes to developed products similar to conventional meat. The industrial process to produce in-vitro meat needs a clear synergy between the biological, chemical, technical, and industrial fields because at the moment the main research focus is on the development and improvement of cell lines available to set up cell culture and culture media, bioreactors, cell lines, scaffolding, and biofabrication. The research on in-vitro meat is limited by the fact that from the industry the protocols are not properly divulgated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The electrochemical technique was used to investigate the effect of surface corrugations on the rate of mass and heat transfer (by analogy) in a stirred tank reactor. Impeller rotational speed, impeller shape, corrugation peak to valley height, and corrugation orientation (horizontal or vertical) were among the variables investigated. Depending on the operating conditions, surface corrugation increased the volumetric mass transfer coefficient by a factor ranging from 1.16 to 3.7. Mass transfer data were correlated with dimensionless correlations of an average deviation of ±4.2 and ±5.49 for radial and axial flow turbines, respectively. The significance of the dimensionless equations in determining the rate of heat transfer from the corrugated wall to a cooling jacket was emphasized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the past, decisions on wastewater treatment methods have predominantly rested on expert opinions, utilizing the Delphi method. Yet, with an anticipated increase in diversification and customization, especially in the "small-batch and diverse" market over the next decade, addressing the formulation and execution of wastewater treatment for these non-traditional production processes will present substantial challenges. Relying solely on Delphi experts' decision-making within a short and time-constrained production planning window is expected to prove inadequate. Predominantly relies on the authors' over 15 years of industry experience in wastewater treatment, this perspective paper proposes an inventive solution that integrates Membrane Bioreactors (MBRs) with Artificial Intelligence (AI) applications. This approach signifies a more advanced method for industrial wastewater treatment compared to conventional methods, with the intention of garnering increased interest for future research endeavors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Triple‐negative breast cancer (TNBC) poses significant challenges in tumor treatment. Ferroptosis, as a novel cell death mechanism, holds promise as a potential therapeutic strategy for TNBC. In this study, cascade bioreactors based on host–guest molecular inclusion complexes (PCFP@PL/p53) are constructed for TNBC therapy via inducing ferroptosis. The bioreactors are composed of hydrophobic hemirotaxane (mPEG‐β‐CD/α‐CD) and hydrophilic multi‐branched polyethyleneimine‐ferrocene (PEI‐Fc). They are linked by the reactive oxygen species (ROS)‐responsive molecular switch β‐CD@Fc, which can be activated by high levels of ROS. This activation leads to the rapid disassembly of PCFP@PL/p53 and the subsequent release of the loaded piperlongumine (PL) and p53 plasmids. In addition to acting as a "switch," Fc can react with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in a Fenton reaction to produce hydroxyl radicals. PL decreases intracellular reduced glutathione and induces H2O2 accumulation, which corporates with Fc to launch ferroptosis and activated p53. The activated p53 disrupts the SLC7A11‐GSH‐GPX4 pathway, further increasing the intracellular ROS levels, resulting in a cascade amplification of ROS that ultimately induces massive ferroptosis. Meanwhile, the PCFP@PL/p53‐induced ferroptosis also activates the immune system in vivo, restricting the growth and metastasis of TNBC, thus providing a novel approach for TNBC therapy based on ferroptosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Compression test was conducted under three stresses in aerobic/anaerobic bioreactor. • Aeration enhanced the speed of secondary compression of MSW. • The secondary compression rate constant increases by 25–100 % due to aeration. • The secondary compression steady-state strain increases by 10–90 % due to aeration. • Aeration can generally advance landfill compression stabilization time by 20–50 %. Aeration plays a crucial role in accelerating the secondary compression of municipal solid waste (MSW) for the scientific implementation of aerobic bioreactor technology. There are few comparative reports on the secondary compaction characteristics of MSW in aerobic and anaerobic bioreactors. In this study, six long-term compression tests were conducted to analyze the impact of aeration on MSW compression characteristics, considering two degradation conditions (i.e. aerobic and anaerobic conditions) and three overburden stresses (i.e. 30, 50 and 100 kPa). Model-fitting analysis was employed to examine the data from the tests and exiting literatures. The results showed that aeration effectively increased the rate of secondary compression, and slightly enhanced the steady-state secondary compression strain. In addition, these enhancements tended to decrease with increasing stresses. The increment ratio of the secondary compression rate constant ( R k ) was concentrated in the range of 25 % to 100 %, and increases with the increase of aeration rate. The increment ratio of the steady-state secondary compression strain ( R ε ) ranged from 10 % to 90 %, for the MSW with higher content of paper and wood exhibited higher R ε. The advance ratio of the secondary compression stabilization time (R t) fell within the range of 20–50 %, and R t is higher when the moisture content is in the range of 50–65 %. These findings provide valuable guidance on the accelerated stabilization in aerobic bioreactors, providing practical references for the application of aerobic technology to informal landfills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Miniaturization has proven to be a compelling strategy in many research areas and continuous progress in micro fabrication has contributed to its growing popularity. These advances offer opportunities in analytical characterization technologies. Nuclear magnetic resonance is one such characterization method that has greatly benefited from miniaturization. Many research opportunities remain to be explored, leveraging the advantages of miniaturization in NMR. Here, the benefits of NMR‐miniaturization in the fields of micro process engineering, gas‐based hyperpolarization, and small‐scale bioreactors are reviewed. These applications are discussed in the context of modern micro fabrication approaches and materials, highlighting the most compatible with NMR applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The operational efficiency of the airlift reactors relies significantly on the aeration and mixing provided by the inlet system. The diffused aeration system is the most energy-intensive component affecting the operation of the bioreactor, accounting for 45–75 % of the energy costs. This study presents a coupled CFD-PBM to investigate the collective impacts of multiple bubble diameters, variations in inlet gas distribution types, and flow rates on the hydrodynamic characteristics of bubble columns. The simulation results were validated through comprehensive comparisons with experimental data. The experimental data and simulations of the single bubble size model (SBSM) and multi-bubble size model (MBSM) were compared, proposing an enhanced inlet gas distribution type. The results indicate a close resemblance between the MBSM data and the experimental results, with an error margin not exceeding 5 %. Moreover, different flow rates were found to cause varying sensitivities in the bubble size distribution (BSD) within the column. Furthermore, the simulation results validate the similarity between lift coefficients and critical diameters to experiments and shed light on favorable conditions for reactor design. The key findings of this study encompass: (1) the use of MBSM can accurately predict the tower system characteristics; (2) the column circulation is intensified with small inlet bubble size and high gas velocity, which is favorable for chemical reactions and microbial aggregation to proceed; and (3) the BSD is not sensitive to the inlet gas distribution type at high flow rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Disposable rocking bioreactors facilitate scaling up animal and plant cell biomass propagation and developing specified bioprocesses like manufacturing vaccines or chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells. Future contexts for these bioreactors include supporting regenerative medicine, recognising metabolic responses of biochemically or mechanically stressed cells, continuously performing in vitro bioprocesses, or cell-free protein synthesis systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to study butanol fermentation from sweet sorghum stem juice (SSJ) by immobilized Clostridium beijerinckii TISTR 1461 cells on bamboo chopsticks using Arthrobacter sp. as an efficient bacterium for creating anaerobic conditions in scaled-up bioreactors. For batch culture in a 1-L screw-capped bottle, a butanol concentration (PB), butanol productivity (QB), and butanol yield (YB/S) were 12.09 g/L, 0.26 g/L·h and 0.28 g/g, respectively. These values were ~8 to 14% higher than those of a single culture using oxygen-free nitrogen (OFN) gas to generate anaerobic conditions. When butanol fermentation by the co-culture was scaled-up to 5-L and 30-L stirred-tank fermenters, the butanol production efficiency was not different from that using the 1-L bottles. Additionally, repeated-batch butanol fermentation in the 1-L bottles by the co-culture was successfully operated for four successive cycles with high butanol production. All results clearly indicate that Arthrobacter sp. is promising for creation of anaerobic conditions for butanol production by immobilized Clostridium in large scale bioreactors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photosynthetic microorganisms have a wide range of biotechnical applications, through the application of their versatile metabolisms. However, their use in industry has been extremely limited to date, partially because of the additional complexities associated with their cultivation in comparison to other organisms. Strategies and developments in photobioreactors (PBRs) designed for their culture and applications are needed to drive the field forward. One particular area which bears examination is the use of strategies to separate solid- and hydraulic-residence times (SRT and HRT), to facilitate flow-through systems and continuous processing. The aim of this review is to discuss the various types of PBRs and methods which are currently demonstrated in the literature and industry, with a focus on the separation of HRT and SRT. The use of an efficient method of biomass retention in a PBR may be advantageous as it unlocks the option for continuous operation, which may improve efficiency, and improve economic feasibility of large-scale implementation of photosynthetic biocatalysts, especially where biomass is not the primary product. Due to the underexplored nature of the separation of HRT and SRT in reactors using photosynthetic microorganisms, limited literature is available regarding their performance, efficiencies, and potential issues. This review first introduces an overview into photosynthetic microorganisms cultivated and commonly exploited for use in biotechnological applications, with reference to bioreactor considerations specific to each organism. Following this, the existing technologies used for the separation of HRT and SRT in PBRs are explored. The respective advantages and disadvantages are discussed for each PBR design, which may inform an interested bioprocess engineer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presented Fibonacci-type tubular photobioreactor represents a significant advancement over classical tubular photobioreactors. It exhibits notable flexibility in its geometric design with the ability to adapt its parameters to meet the specific photosynthetic requirements of microalgae, thereby achieving maximum efficiency. As a result, it emerges as a viable alternative to conventional tubular systems. Furthermore, the strategy utilized for optimizing the design of Fibonacci-type photobioreactors is also described. This strategy is applied to design a 5000 L reactor, serving as a potential approach to harnessing these reactors for the industrialscale production of high-value microalgae with commercial significance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review outlines the potential of phycoremediation as a natural, cost-effective solution for domestic wastewater treatment in Africa, particularly focusing on its application in less densely populated and rural areas. The urgency of improving sanitation access, a key objective in both the Millennium Development Goals (2000–2015) and the Sustainable Development Goals (2015–2030), is underscored by the fact that half of Africa's population suffers from diseases linked to inadequate water and sanitation facilities. South Africa, a focal point of this study, faces significant challenges in wastewater management. These include the limited capacity of wastewater treatment plants to handle the burgeoning wastewater volumes due to population growth, unregulated discharges causing fluctuating pollution levels, and high operational costs leading to improper sludge disposal and odor issues. Compounding these problems are frequent power outages, financial constraints impacting wastewater treatment plant operations and maintenance across Africa, and a lack of skilled personnel to manage these facilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the application of ceramic membrane technology in water treatment, the development history and research status of ceramic membranes are introduced・ The applications of typical ceramic membranes in drinking water, seawater desalination, domestic wastewater and industrial wastewater are summarized, as well as the domestic and international research progress of ceramic membrane separation w让h ozone, pho-tocatalytic, microorganisms coupling technology and their applications in the field of water treatment in recent years ・ The development prospect of ceramic membranes in the field of water treatment is outlooked. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Carbon source addition led to decrease in microbial turnover rates. • The temporal turnover of the whole community was largely attributed to the variation of abundant taxa. • Higher concentrations of carbon sources reduced the proportion of positive correlation in the network. • Microbial immigration rates increased with the increase of carbon source concentrations. • DR and HoS dominated the community temporal assembly. Carbon source is an important factor of biological treatment systems, the effects of which on their temporal community assembly patterns are not sufficiently understood currently. In this study, the temporal dynamics and driving mechanisms of the communities in three parallel bioreactors for low-concentration coking wastewater (CWW) treatment with differing carbon source concentrations (S0 with no glucose addition, S1 with 200 mg/L glucose addition and S2 with 400 mg/L glucose addition) were comprehensively studied. High-throughput sequencing and bioinformatics analyses including network analysis and Infer Community Assembly Mechanisms by Phylogenetic bin-based null model (iCAMP) were used. The communities of three systems showed turnover rates of 0.0029∼0.0034 every 15 days. Network analysis results showed that the S0 network showed higher positive correlation proportion (71.43%) and clustering coefficient (0.33), suggesting that carbon source shortage in S0 promoted interactions and cooperation of microbes. The neutral community model analysis showed that the immigration rate increased from 0.5247 in S0 to 0.6478 in S2. The iCAMP analysis results showed that drift (45.89%) and homogeneous selection (31.68%) dominated in driving the assembly of all the investigated microbial communities. The contribution of homogeneous selection increased with the increase of carbon source concentrations, from 27.92% in S0 to 36.08% in S2. The OTUs participating in aerobic respiration and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle were abundant among the bins mainly affected by deterministic processes, while those related to the metabolism of refractory organic pollutants in CWW such as alkanes, benzenes and phenols were abundant in the bins dominated by stochastic processes. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The production of microalgal biomass on a commercial scale remains a significant challenge. Despite the positive results obtained in the laboratory, there are difficulties in obtaining similar results in industrial photobioreactors. Changing the cultivation conditions can affect not only the growth of microalgae but also their metabolism. This is of particular importance for the use of biomass for bioenergy production, including biofuel production. The aim of this study was to determine the biomass production efficiency of selected microalgal strains, depending on the capacity of the photobioreactor. The lipid and ash content of the biomass were also taken into account. It was found that as the scale of production increased, the amount of biomass decreased, irrespective of the type of strain. The change in scale also affected the lipid content of the biomass. The highest values were found in 2.5 L photobioreactors (ranging from 26.3 ± 2.2% for Monoraphidium to 13.9 ± 0.3% for Chlorella vulgaris). The least favourable conditions were found with industrial photobioreactors, where the lipid content of the microalgal biomass ranged from 7.1 ± 0.6% for Oocycstis submarina to 10.2 ± 1.2% for Chlorella fusca. The increase in photobioreactor capacity had a negative effect on the ash content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to determine the photomixotrophic and physiological responses using different temporary immersion systems (TIS) during in vitro multiplication of agave Tobalá. The culture systems were SETIS™ bioreactor, Temporary Immersion Bioreactor (TIB), Monobloc Advance Temporary Immersion System, and semisolid culture medium as the control. At six weeks of culture, different physiological variables were evaluated: chlorophyll content, stomatal index, percentage of closed stomata, Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) and Rubisco during the multiplication stage, and survival percentage in the acclimatization stage. TIS increased multiplication rate (41%), stomatal index (44%), percentage of closed stomata (11%) and chlorophyll content (45%) with respect to the semisolid culture medium system. The highest PEP content (> 35%) was observed in temporary immersion (TI), whereas, Rubisco content, showed no differences among the culture systems evaluated. Regarding survival percentage during acclimatization, the highest shoot survival was obtained in TI, and all regenerate shoots were rooted ex vitro. This study shows that in vitro photomixotrophism was induced in TIS during the multiplication stage. In conclusion, SETIS™ bioreactor and TIB systems are an alternative for mass multiplication of A. potatorum; however, all TIS evaluated guarantee a high survival rate during acclimatization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microalgae and cyanobacteria interactions with autochthonous bacteria have been demonstrated as a feasible alternative for biohydrogen production and wastewater treatment. In the present study, hydrogen production and nutrient removal from different organic carbon sources (glycerin, sucrose, glucose and organic acids, and pentose-rich liquor) by microbial consortia through biophotolysis and photofermentation in batch anaerobic bioreactors have been evaluated. Chlamydomonas sp. strains (CC425, CC4169, and CHL02) demonstrated higher hydrogen production from sucrose-enriched wastewater, 4.33 ± 0.25 mmol H 2 L−1 (CC425) and 1.02 ± 0.25 mmol H 2 L−1 (CHL02), and better organic carbon removal, 66.0 % (CC4169). Anabaena sp. (UTEX1448) yielded better nitrogen removal (average of 31.6 %) and promising results of hydrogen production from pentose-rich liquor. The results showed that the organic carbon source influenced hydrogen production due to the occurrence of different metabolic pathways by microbial consortia and that this production can be associated with the biological wastewater treatment. [Display omitted] • The organic carbon source influenced the production of hydrogen and by-products. • Different amounts of hydrogen were obtained by strains of microbial consortium. • The higher H 2 production was from sucrose-rich wastewater by Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (CC425). • The best removal of organic carbon was by Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and nitrogen by Anabaena sp. • It is possible to associate the hydrogen production with the wastewater treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Turiaçu pineapple cultivar produces fruits of high organoleptic value but has few biotechnological studies on seedling production. However, conventional in vitro propagation can affect the photosynthetic potential of plants when transferred to the field, thus mitigating measures should be undertaken to solve this limitation, for example by decreasing carbohydrate concentration in the growth medium, adopting bioreactors of temporary immersion with forced ventilation, and using gas permeable membranes in the culture flask. The present work focused on evaluating the growth and development of plantlets from Ananas comosus [L]. Merr. cultivar Turiaçu, an important but neglected pineapple cultivar, under different sucrose concentrations and cultivation systems. For that, the impact of the photomixotrophic and photoautotrophic growth on morphophysiological responses of plants and survival during the ex vitro acclimatization was assessed. The plants were grown in four cultivation systems: permanent immersion system with sealed flasks (PIS-SF); permanent immersion system with natural ventilation (PIS-NV); single-flask temporary immersion bioreactors (TIS-PF); and twin-flasks temporary immersion bioreactors (TIS-RALM), combined with sucrose concentrations (0, 5.0, 15.0, and 30.0 g L−1). The results indicate that Turiaçu plants have photoautotrophic potential in vitro, as the photochemical efficiency of the plants increased in cultivation systems with TIS –RALM gas exchange without the addition of sucrose. Furthermore, it also improved the performance and hardening of plants in ex vitro conditions, which constitutes a crucial step towards the diffusion of this cultivar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A substantial number of human iPS cells (hiPSCs) is needed for cell therapy to be successful against various diseases. We previously reported on a bioreactor with reciprocal mixing that produces specific physical properties that differ from those of conventional bioreactors with rotary paddle stirring. Moreover, such reactors not only provide a homogeneous environment but also allow the control of spheroid size by changing the mixing speed. In this study, we applied this bioreactor to the large-scale cultivation of hiPSCs. Approximately 10 billion hiPSCs were obtained from 2.0 L of culture, and the high expression of pluripotency markers was maintained. Our findings indicate that a bioreactor with reciprocal mixing can be used for large-scale hiPSC cultivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human cartilage tissue remains a challenge for the development of therapeutic options due to its poor vascularization and reduced regenerative capacities. There are a variety of research approaches dealing with cartilage tissue engineering. In addition to different biomaterials, numerous cell populations have been investigated in bioreactor-supported experimental setups to improve cartilage tissue engineering. The concept of the present study was to investigate spider silk cocoons as scaffold seeded with adipose-derived stromal cells (ASC) in a custom-made bioreactor model using cyclic axial compression to engineer cartilage-like tissue. For chemical induction of differentiation, BMP-7 and TGF-β2 were added and changes in cell morphology and de-novo tissue formation were investigated using histological staining to verify chondrogenic differentiation. By seeding spider silk cocoons with ASC, a high colonization density and cell proliferation could be achieved. Mechanical induction of differentiation using a newly established bioreactor model led to a more roundish cell phenotype and new extracellular matrix formation, indicating a chondrogenic differentiation. The addition of BMP-7 and TGF-β2 enhanced the expression of cartilage specific markers in immunohistochemical staining. Overall, the present study can be seen as pilot study and valuable complementation to the published literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The need for cleaner energy as a sustainable alternative instead of fossil fuels has led to a plethora of research on biological H 2 production by microalgae and cyanobacteria. These species have a great potential to produce hydrogen in photobioreactors acting as a closed system that provides suitable conditions for algal cultivation. This review provides an overview of the requirements for green algae and cyanobacteria growth and focuses on the conditions required for hydrogen production. Also, the common types of bioreactors used for hydrogen production were critically assessed in terms of microbial growth and hydrogen production. Culturing these microorganisms within an electrochemical unit is a promising approach to increase biohydrogen production. The inclusion of nanoparticles is also an emerging technique to improve light scattering in photobioreactors. [Display omitted] • Review of biological production of hydrogen using microalgae and cyanobacteria. • Source of C, N, P, micronutrients, light, temperature, gas, flow rate are discussed. • Other strategies: S deprivation, anaerobic conditions, co-cultures, immobilization. • Most common photobioreactors and novel systems with hydrogen yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the last five decades, solar-based hydrogen (H 2) production has been intensively studied. Specifically, the study of biophotolysis by cyanobacteria has received great attention to produce H 2 , and promising research approaches have been established. To date, numerous photobioreactors (PBRs) have been built to collect cyanobacterial biomass and generate bioenergy. Additionally, different PBR parameters were adjusted to increase the product yield. PBR development holds great potential not only for cell biomass but also for biological H 2 production. This review aimed to examine the mechanisms involved in H 2 production by cyanobacteria, explore the factors influencing the process, and describe five distinct PBRs known for their high H 2 production. This article examines the pros and cons of the most efficient PBRs for H 2 production and offers insights into strategies for increasing their productivity. [Display omitted] • Photosynthetic H 2 production processes was discussed. • Physiochemical factors affecting H 2 production were explained. • Five PBRs for H 2 production were described. • Advantages/disadvantages of PBRs used for H 2 production were described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plants and their products have been utilized as raw materials in the preparation of cosmetics for millennia. Currently, research is being done to find new plant materials that may be used as ingredients in cosmetic preparations, including body sprays, shampoos, conditioners, hair dyes/sprays, and other cosmetics. The plants that are used in the preparation of cosmetic products are usually procured from nature, however, the quality and quantity of bioactive ingredients present in the biomass vary based on the species, environment, and geographical locations from where the material has been procured. In addition, procurement of plant material from natural resources may lead to a shortage of material and even endanger the status of rare plants in the natural environment. Therefore, there is increased interest in the use of plant cell, tissue, and organ cultures (PCTOC) for the production of raw materials and bioactive specialized metabolites. There is also scope for increasing the accumulation of biomass and bioactive compounds in PCTOC by adopting various strategies such as optimization of culture medium, culture environment, elicitation, and other bioprocess methods. Furthermore, PCTOC-produced raw materials are free from contaminants, pesticides, and heavy metals and an important benefit of producing biomass in vitro is that it is easily accepted by regulatory authorities and consumers. In the current review, we describe the bioactive compounds of ginseng, purple coneflower, He-shou-wu, and St. John's wort which have cosmetological importance. Additionally, we elucidate the PCTOC method adopted for the production of biomass and bioactive compounds in these plants. [Display omitted] • For the production of biomass and specialized metabolites, plant cell, tissue, and organ cultures are important tools. • The cosmetic benefits of Echinacea purpurea, Hypericum perforatum, Panax ginseng , and Polygonum multiflorum have been discussed. • The production of cell and adventitious root biomass is discussed in this paper using specific examples from Echinacea purpurea, Hypericum perforatum, Panax ginseng , and Polygonum multiflorum. • Plant cell, tissue, and organ cultures have been proposed as a method for producing biomass in bioreactors and for usage as ingredients in cosmetics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) function as potent mediators of intercellular communication for many in vivo processes, contributing to both health and disease related conditions. Given their biological origins and diverse functionality from correspondingly unique "cargo" compositions, both endogenous and modified EVs are garnering attention as promising therapeutic modalities and vehicles for targeted therapeutic delivery applications. Their diversity in composition, however, has revealed a significant need for more comprehensive analytical-based characterization methods, and manufacturing processes that are consistent and scalable. In this review, we explore the dynamic landscape of EV research and development efforts, ranging from novel isolation approaches, to their analytical assessment through novel characterization techniques, and to their production by industrial-scale manufacturing process considerations. Expanding the horizon of these topics to EVs for in-human applications, we underscore the need for stringent development and adherence to Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) guidelines. Wherein, the intricate interplay of raw materials, production in bioreactors, and isolation practices, along with analytical assessments compliant with the Minimal Information for Studies of Extracellular Vesicles (MISEV) guidelines, in conjunction with reference standard materials, collectively pave the way for standardized and consistent GMP production processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work is focused on investigating the nutrient compositions, growth, and fatty acid composition of Chlorella vulgaris, Euglena gracilis, Pavlova lutheri, and Diacronema vlkanium, which are natural diets of bivalve, crustaceans, live prey such as rotifer, copepods, daphnia and feed ingredients in aquaculture nutrition. Microalgae culture was performed in a live feed laboratory under controlled physical and chemical conditions. The initial concentration of microalgae species was adjusted as 2×106 cells/mL and growth performance was calculated by Neubauer Hemocytometer daily. The maximum growth performance was detected in Diacronema vlkanium culture with 1.78×107 cells/mL. In the case of proximate composition, the highest dry matter content was found in Pavlova lutheri (6.21%). Freshwater microalgae species Chlorella vulgaris (50.5%) and Euglena gracilis (42.5%) had high crude protein compared to Pavlova lutheri and Diacronema vlkanium. Fatty acid compositions of microalgae were also determined. The highest EPA (C20:5n-3) content was found in Pavlova lutheri (6.85%) whereas arachidonic acid (C20:4n-6) and docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6n-3) contents were only found with a level of (3.32%) and (1.79%) in Euglena gracilis, respectively. Microalgal culture should have high biomass in a short time of culture and in this study, E.gracilis and P.lutheri showed high growth and essential nutrients gain in laboratory scale production and this result could be applied in larger volume photobioreactor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mixing time is an important parameter for quantifying the mixing efficiency of a bioreactor system, essential for successful bioprocess development in various branches of the bioengineering sector (e.g., biopharma, biorefineries, food industry and bioreactor design). The colourimetric method is one of the ways of obtaining valuable quantitative data about the mixing process and the liquid flow inside a vessel. This review consists of a catalogue and a discussion of previously published data in which the colourimetric method has been utilised; a critical comparison between the colourimetric and other mixing time measurement methods; an explanation of practical considerations regarding the bioreactor setup and the choice of reagents; a practical guide for requirements for the acquisition of high-quality images of the mixing process; a thorough discussion of aspects connected to the computer image processing of the video material. This review is intended to thoroughly present the versatility of the colourimetric method for mixing time measurement in miscellaneous bioreactor systems, i.e., in classical tanks and modern single-use (disposable) plastic film-based bag-like containers, and to facilitate the implementation of the colourimetric method in new research setups by providing complete and valuable recommendations about each step of the methodology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study focuses on two Indonesia Dendrobium varieties, D. Dian Agrihorti (DDA) and D. Syifa Agrihorti (DSA), which have potential to be commercialized, but face limitations on the availability of qualified seedlings sustainably. The research aimed to establish an in vitro propagation protocol using a Temporary Immersion System (TIS) to produce high-quality seedlings efficiently. Various factors, including varieties, media, plant growth regulators, anti-phenol compounds, organic additives, and TIS settings, were investigated using the basal part of the plantlet as the explant source. Key findings revealed that DDA outperformed DSA across all observed variables. In the initiation phase, basal plantlets cultured in Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 1.0 mg L-1 thidiazuron and 0.5 mg L-1 N-6 benzylaminopurine enhanced embryogenic callus (EC) formation, with a 13.5-day initiation period, 72% potential explant growth, 0.41 cm callus size, and a 3.45 rate of multiplication. During the proliferation stage, the addition of 150 mg L-1 ascorbic acid (AC) and the application of a TIS with a 30-minute dry period and a 15-minute wet period resulted in a 515.5% increase in EC fresh weight for DDA accompanied by a 6.16 multiplication rate. Regeneration of shoots was achieved using a Vacin and Went medium with 150 g L-1 banana extract, yielding 29.2 shoots per clump. Subsequent rooting of the shoots in 2 g L-1 Hyponex® medium with 20 g L-1 sugar and 2% AC proved successful. Acclimatization of plantlets with Cycas rumpii bulk demonstrated a 100% survivability rate. The established propagation protocol for DDA holds significant potential for application to other Dendrobium varieties, offering a sustainable and efficient method for meeting commercial demands in the Indonesian market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Single engineered microbial species cannot always conduct complex transformations, while complex, incompletely defined microbial consortia have heretofore been suited to a limited range of tasks. As biodesigners bridge this gap with intentionally designed microbial communities, they will, intentionally or otherwise, build communities that embody particular ideas about what microbial communities can and should be. Here, we suggest that metaphors—ideas about what microbial communities are like—are therefore important tools for designing synthetic consortia‐based bioreactors. We identify a range of metaphors currently employed in peer‐reviewed microbiome research articles, characterizing each through its potential structural implications and distinctive imagery. We present this metaphor catalogue in the interest of, first, making metaphors visible as design choices, second, enabling deliberate experimentation with them towards expanding the potential design space of the field, and third, encouraging reflection on the goals and values they embed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractRecently, some bulk reaction media were substituted by micellar systems. Micellar media can be created by different types of surfactants which generate micellar nanoreactors for diverse reactions. Ionic surfactants can be used as aqueous micellar systems, providing mild conditions for the specified reactions. Ionic surfactants: sodium dodecyl sulfate, sodium decyl sulfate (SDeS), sodium octyl sulfate (SOS), n-dodecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide, and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide were used to prepare aqueous micellar and entrapped peroxidase nanoreactors as biocatalysts. Oxidative coupling reactions were investigated for a series of phenolic hydrogen donors including 2-tert-butyl phenol, 4-tert-butyl phenol, and 2,4-tert-butyl phenol catalyzed by micellar nanoreactors of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) with hydrogen peroxide and/or tert-butyl peroxide as oxidants. Higher oxidation reaction rates were obtained for 2-tert-butylphenol and 4-tert-butylphenol with hydrogen peroxide in 90 mM SDeS (SDeS90) and 150 mM SOS (SOS150) nanoreactors, respectively. Among the micellar nanoreactors studied, the SDeS90 nanoreactor showed excellent protection of the enzyme against the peroxide inactivation effect. The long-term activity of the HRP/SDeS90 nanobiocatalyst was related to the gradual diffusion of peroxide into the nanoreactor. The biocatalytic kinetic parameters: Vmax, kcat, catalytic efficiency, and suicide-peroxide inactivation rate constants were determined for HRP/SDeS90. Reactions were carried out successfully under mild conditions in the micellar nanoreactors. Results confirmed that substituted functional groups on the benzene ring affect the oxidative reaction routes and products. Excellent protection of the enzyme, enhanced biocatalytic parameters, higher selectivity, and yield, in the peroxidative coupling of alkylphenols, reveal the high potential of such micellar nanoreactors for diverse organic synthesis and biotransformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An in situ microscope based on pulsed transmitted light illumination via optical fiber was combined to artificial-intelligence to enable for the first time an online cell classification according to well-known cellular morphological features. A 848 192-image database generated during a lab-scale production process of antibodies was processed using a convolutional neural network approach chosen for its accurate real-time object detection capabilities. In order to induce different cell death routes, hybridomas were grown in normal or suboptimal conditions in a stirred tank reactor, in the presence of substrate limitation, medium addition, pH regulation problem or oxygen depletion. Using such an optical system made it possible to monitor real-time the evolution of different classes of animal cells, among which viable, necrotic and apoptotic cells. A class of viable cells displaying bulges in feast or famine conditions was also revealed. Considered as a breakthrough in the catalogue of process analytical tools, in situ microscopy powered by artificial-intelligence is also of great interest for research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current world energy crisis and increasing greenhouse gas emissions demand a shift from fossil-based fuels to alternative and sustainable biofuels. The innate potential of microalgae over traditional terrestrial feedstocks to provide a high-quality and sustainable fuel portfolio has been recognized. Microalgae are known to mitigate atmospheric CO2 and convert it to valuable metabolites and bioactive compounds. The high growth rate of microalgal biomass with no additional requirements of feed and arable land makes microalgae as realistic alternative to existing biofuels sources. Micro-algae can store more primary metabolites under abiotic stress, which can be used as a possible source of energy. These metabolite storing abilities of microalgae have become a point of interest for the scientific community as the accumulated lipids serve as potential feedstock for biodiesel production by transesterification, whereas the carbohydrates can be used as the feedstock for bioethanol production by fermentation. Although microalgae-based biofuels are viable sources of energy, their commercialization and deployment in the fuel market remain a challenge. As a result, efforts are being undertaken to make it more cost-effective. This review describes the microalgae biorefinery method for producing biofuel along with its commercial potential, latest research updates in biofuel research, strategies to improve the algal metabolite content along with the limitations of using algal biomass for biofuels with possible solutions to overcome those limitations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing the volume of untreated and inadequately treated municipal wastewater undermines the circular economy potential of wastewater resources, particularly in low-income regions. This present study focused on and evaluated the performance of native microalgae-activated sludge (MAS) growth for tertiary treatment of anaerobically digested wastewater from an up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) in an outdoor lab-scale photobioreactor (2.2 L). Three conditions with distinct MAS inoculum concentrations alongside three controls were operated in batch mode for 5 days hydraulic retention time (HRT) at 11.5:12.5 photo-hours. The MAS inoculum concentration influenced the treatment outcome. The best performance was observed when the MAS concentration was 0.10/0.20 g L−1, and the cell density was 1.60 × 107 cells mL−1, total biomass productivity of 0.10 g TSS L−1 d−1, total phosphorus uptake of 85.1%, and total nitrogen uptake of 66.1%. Logarithmic removal (Log-Re) of bacterial pathogens (water quality indicators) showed Log-Re 3.4 for total coliforms (1.37 × 102 CFU 100 mL−1) and 4.7 for Escherichia coli (0.00 × 100 CFU 100 mL−1). The results revealed optimum remediation performance and nutrient recovery potential with appropriate inoculum concentration, in admiration to advancing the science of circular economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The biogas produced through anaerobic digestion (AD) of renewable feedstocks is one of the promising alternatives to replace fossil-derived energy. Even though lignocellulosic biomass is the most abundant biomass on earth, only a small fraction is being used towards resources recovery, leaving a great potential unexploited. In this study, the combination of state-of-art genomic techniques and engineered systems were used to further advance the knowledge on biogas production from lignocellulosic-rich residues and the microbiome involved in the anaerobic digestion hereof. A long-term adapted anaerobic microbiome capable of degrading wheat straw as the sole substrate was investigated using protein stable isotope probing (protein-SIP). The results indicated that a diverse microbial community, primarily composed of Firmicutes and Methanogens, played crucial roles in cellulose degradation and methane production. Notably, Defluviitoga tunisiensis, Syntrophothermus lipocalidus, and Pelobacter carbinolicus were identified as direct metabolizers of cellulose, while Dehalobacterium assimilated labelled carbon through cross-feeding. This study provides direct evidence of primary cellulose degraders and sheds light on their genomic composition. By harnessing the potential of lignocellulosic biomass and understanding the microbial communities involved, we can promote sustainable biogas production, contributing to energy security and environmental preservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]