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The fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), poses a global threat to agriculture, causing significant economic losses in numerous cash crops. Various control methods, including chemical insecticides, have proven insufficient against S. frugiperda, leading to a demand for alternative strategies, such as biological control. In this context, laboratory experiments were conducted to evaluate the parasitism of Trichogramma foersteri (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) and Telenomus remus (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) on egg masses of S. frugiperda with one and two layers. Additionally, the potential synergistic use of both species against the fall armyworm were assessed. Although both species parasitized single and double‐layered egg masses of S. frugiperda, Te. remus showed higher parasitism compared to T. foersteri. The parasitism of Te. remus was not affected by the competition with T. foersteri. Conversely, an increase in parasitism of T. foersteri was observed due to competition with Te. remus, especially when both species had simultaneous access to S. frugiperda egg masses. The total number of parasitized eggs was significantly higher when Te. remus was allowed to parasitize first, and when both parasitoids had simultaneous access to the egg masses. These results are crucial for the development of biological control programs using T. foersteri and Te. remus, as they indicate that both parasitoids could be used, either individually or in combination, against S. frugiperda. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cotton (Gossypium spp.), a crucial cash crop in the United States, requires the constant monitoring of growth parameters for informed decision-making. Recently, forecasting models have gained prominence for predicting canopy indicators, aiding in-season planning and management decisions to optimize cotton production. This study employed unmanned aerial system (UAS) technology to collect canopy cover (CC) data from a 40-hectare cotton field in Driscoll, Texas, in 2020 and 2021. Long short-term memory (LSTM) models, trained using 2020 data, were subsequently applied to forecast the CC values for 2021. These models were compared with real-time auto-regressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) models to assess their effectiveness in predicting the CC values up to 14 days in advance, starting from the 28th day after crop emergence. The results showed that multiple-input multi-step output LSTM models achieved higher accuracy in predicting the in-season CC values during the early growth stages (up to the 56th day), with an average testing RMSE of 3.86, significantly lower than other single-input LSTM models. Conversely, when sufficient testing data are available, single-input stacked-LSTM models demonstrated precision in CC predictions for later stages, achieving an average RMSE of 3.06. These findings highlight the potential of LSTM models for in-season CC forecasting, facilitating effective management strategies in cotton production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From the mid-Ming to the early Qing, cash crops that were widespread in upland Southeast China, including indigo, ramie (a fiber plant), and tobacco, were often associated by the state with shack people and social unrest, and treated as a threat to food supply. Meanwhile, however, many local officials held different views. Not only were these crops a target for taxation in many places, but they were, after the early Qing, also seen as with great economic potential in cultivating the uplands, where limited water and fertile land made it difficult to grow wet rice widely. In addition, in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries when maize cultivation made an allegedly destructive impact on the soil, officials ordered and made efforts to replace maize with these crops which were seen as causing less damage. Finally, towards the end of the Qing, local officials worked to provide financial and technological support for local residents to cultivate the upland area. In all, the shifting agricultural policies concerning cash crops in Southeast China refresh our understanding of agricultural and economic policy in late imperial China in general, which has been understood as focusing more on lowland production of rice, silk, and cotton. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Morphological characteristics and metabolite profiles of hemp exhibit distinct responses to varying light intensities. • Amino acids, soluble protein, carbohydrates, and plant growth influenced by light intensity. • Desired metabolites contents can be achieved by changing light intensity. • Optimum light intensity could be valuable in the pharmaceutical and nutritional field. Industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) is a high-yielding cash crop with strong stress resistance, and its fibrous and metabolic profile holds significant development potential. In this study, we measured various agronomic traits, amino acids, saccharides, and their derivatives under four different light intensities (30 μmol·m−2·s−1, 80 μmol·m−2·s−1, 130 μmol·m−2·s−1, 180 μmol·m−2·s−1). Results showed that plant height decreased with increasing light intensity and reached a minimum at 180 μmol·m−2·s−1, which was 27 % less than the control treatment. Further, stem diameter increased by 52 %, leaf fresh weight by 130 %, stem fresh weight by 116 %, and root fresh weight by 264 % were at their maximum at 130 μmol·m−2·s−1. Plant dry weight of leaf (113 %), stem (214 %), and root (427 %) were also found to be maximum at 130 μmol·m−2·s−1. Metabolic results revealed that the free amino acid content was 10 %, 61 %, and 60 % higher under 30 μmol·m−2·s−1 compared to 80, 130, and 180 μmol·m−2·s−1. Additionally, soluble protein contents were 42 %, 81 %, and 77 % higher under 30 μmol·m−2·s−1 compared to 80, 130, and 180 μmol·m−2·s−1. In contrast, the soluble sugar contents were 42 %, 61 %, and 75 % higher than in the other three treatments. In conclusion, industrial hemp morphological characteristics and metabolite profiles exhibit distinct responses to different light intensities. To achieve desired outcomes, it is imperative to carefully choose an optimized light intensity specifically tailored to align with the defined objectives. These findings provide a foundation for a deeper understanding of the characteristics of industrial hemp, optimizing cultivation techniques, and investigating the impact of light intensity on industrial hemp vegetative period growth, amino acids, and saccharides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The specialisation of agricultural systems in Western Europe and the intensification of livestock and cropping production are intrinsically linked to substantial resource inputs. This intensified approach frequently leads to nutrient surpluses and biodiversity loss, resulting in detrimental environmental impacts. A transformative agricultural shift is imperative in light of climate and environmental protection objectives. Addressing this need, the Lindhof eco‐efficient pasture‐based milk production initiative, initiated in 2016, is a tangible manifestation of a productive and profitable dairy system integrated within a ley‐based Integrated Crop‐Livestock System (ICLS). Operational at the organically managed Lindhof farm, this approach involves a rotational stocking system of spring‐calving Jersey cows stocked on grass‐clover‐herb leys embedded within a cash crop rotation. The dairy cows benefit from these highly productive swards, rich in nutritive value comparable to concentrate feeding. At the same time, the cultivated crops derive advantages from the legacy effect of leys due to nutrient exchange facilitated by grazing excreta and residual crop matter. Compared to specialised systems, the ley‐based ICLS emerges as an alternative dairy production paradigm that supports many ecosystem services – including minimised nutrient losses, a lower carbon footprint and positive contributions to agro‐biodiversity. These outcomes are realised without compromising overall land‐use efficiency while reducing environmental and social costs of 20–30 Eurocent per kg of milk produced compared to specialised systems. Thus, the ley‐based ICLS conforms to the principles of ecological intensification, enhancing functional diversity within the agricultural landscape. Essentially, the Lindhof initiative represents a holistic and environmentally responsible approach to farming that could contribute to realising the EU Farm to Fork Strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tea plants (Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze) are a cash crop that thrive under warm and moist conditions. However, tea plants are becoming increasingly vulnerable to heat damage (HD) during summer growing seasons due to global climate warming. Because China ranks first in the world in both harvested tea area and total tea production, monitoring and tracking HD to tea plants in a timely manner has become a significant and urgent task for scientists and tea producers in China. In this study, the spatiotemporal characteristics of HD evolution were analyzed, and a tracking method using HD LST-weighted geographical centroids was constructed based on HD pixels identified by the critical LST threshold and daytime MYD11A1 products over the major tea planting regions of mainland China from two typical HD years (2013 and 2022). Results showed that the average number of HD days in 2022 was five more than in 2013. Daily HD extent increased at a rate of 0.66% per day in 2022, which was faster than that in 2013 with a rate of 0.21% per day. In two typical HD years, the tea regions with the greatest HD extent were concentrated south of the Yangtze River (SYR), with average HD pixel ratios of greater than 50%, then north of the Yangtze River (NYR) and southwest China (SWC), with average HD pixel ratios of around 40%. The regions with the least HD extent were in South China (SC), where the HD ratios were less than 40%. The HD LST-weighted geographical centroid trajectories showed that HD to tea plants in 2013 initially moved from southwest to northeast, and then moved west. In 2022, HD moved from northeast to west and south. Daily HD centroids were mainly concentrated at the conjunction of SYR, SWC, and SC in 2013, and in northern SWC in 2022, where they were near to the centroid of the tea planting gardens. The findings in this study confirmed that monitoring HD evolution of tea plants over a large spatial extent based on reconstructed remotely sensed LST values and critical threshold was an effective method benefiting from available MODIS LST products. Moreover, this method can identify and track the spatial distribution characteristics of HD to tea plants in a timely manner, and it will therefore be helpful for taking effective preventative measures to mitigate economic losses resulting from HD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A critical element in civil wars is military fragmentation. Yet, we have a limited understanding of why military elites fight in civil wars and on what side. In this article I develop a theory of the economic and professional motivations of military elites. I test this theory using the case of West Point graduates in the American Civil War. I argue that in addition to home state, economic and professional interests were a major influence on West Pointers. Graduates with connections to Southern cash crops were less likely to fight for the Union and more likely to fight for the Confederacy. Higher ranking graduates were more likely to fight for both sides, as they were better positioned to compete for promotion. I test this argument using a new dataset of more than 1000 West Point graduates' wartime allegiances and antebellum careers and find strong evidence in support of my expectations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study the role of social learning in the diffusion of cash crops in a resettled village economy in Brazil. We combine detailed geo-coded data on farming plots with dyadic data on social ties among settlers, and we leverage the variation in network formation induced by the landless workers' movement land occupation. By using longitudinal data on farming decisions over 15 years, we find evidence of significant peer effects in the decision to farm new cash fruits (pineapple and passion fruit). Our results suggest that social diffusion is heterogeneous along observed plot and crop characteristics, i.e. farmers growing water-sensitive crop are more likely to respond to the actions of peers with similar water access conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wind erosion and variable weather challenge crop production in the northern Great Plains. Management that increases residue cover might mitigate wind erosion during the cash crop growing season. We evaluated horizontal sediment flux (modified Wilson and Cooke samplers) and cash crop yield across a single rotation of corn (Zea mays L.)–soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.)–spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in paired fields with contrasting management. One field included cover crops and retained spring wheat straw (aspirational), while the other excluded both conservation practices over the 3‐year rotation (business‐as‐usual). Horizontal sediment flux rapidly decreased with days after cash crop planting (increasing crop canopy), regardless of management treatment. In 2 years (2020 corn and 2022 spring wheat), there was greater horizontal sediment flux, lower cash crop grain yield, and lower cash crop aboveground biomass in the aspirational versus business‐as‐usual field. In 2021 soybean, there was lower horizontal sediment flux, greater cash crop yield, and greater cash crop aboveground biomass in the aspirational versus business‐as‐usual field. Higher yield and lower horizontal sediment flux responses corresponded with the management treatment that produced the higher cash crop aboveground biomass. Additionally, our short‐term study indicated that in drought years, cover crops worsened the adverse effects of abnormally low precipitation on yield and biomass of 2020 corn but not 2021 soybean. Core Ideas: Sediment mass flux and grain yield were measured in response to cover cropping and wheat straw management.Horizontal sediment flux rapidly decreased with canopy development, regardless of management treatment.During drought, cover crops decreased yield and biomass of corn but not soybean.Conservation practices treatment had lower horizontal sediment flux in 2021 soybean, but not in 2020 or 2022. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The fall armyworm, a migratory invasive pest, poses a serious threat to the food security of major crops like maize, wheat, and rice. Understanding its adaptation mechanism to different hosts is crucial for developing effective control technology. This study examined the host fitness and gut microbial diversity of fall armyworms fed four different types of food. Based on life history parameters, pupa weight, and nutrient utilization indexes, the host fitness ranking from high to low was artificial diet, maize, wheat, and rice. Gut microbial composition and diversity varied significantly among fall armyworms fed different foods due to changes in low-abundant bacteria. Fall armyworms fed maize had the highest gut microbial diversity. The functions of gut microbes with significant abundance differences were enriched in nutrient and vitamin metabolism as well as other pathways closely related to host adaptation. Additionally, we identified five genera (Acinetobacter, Variovorax, Pseudomonas, Bacillus, and Serratia) that positively correlated with host fitness, while one genus (Rahnella) negatively correlated with it. This study reveals the potential role of gut microbes in the host adaptation of fall armyworms. The fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda, seriously threatens food and cash crops. Maize, wheat, and even rice damage by FAWs have been reported in many areas of China. It is urgent to clarify the mechanism which FAWs adapt to different feeding hosts and develop effective control technologies. Two-sex life tables and 16s rDNA sequencing were used to determine the host fitness and gut microbial diversity of FAWs when fed four different food types. Considering the life history parameters, pupa weight, and nutrient utilization indexes, the host fitness of FAWs when fed different food types changed in descending order as follows: artificial diet, maize, wheat, and rice. The gut microbial composition and the diversity of FAWs when fed different food types were significantly different, and those changes were driven by low-abundant bacteria. The gut microbes of FAWs that were fed with maize had the highest diversity. The functions of the gut microbes with significant abundance differences were enriched in nutrient and vitamin metabolism and other pathways that were closely related to host adaptation. Furthermore, we identified five genera (Acinetobacter, Variovorax, Pseudomonas, Bacillus, and Serratia) and one genus (Rahnella) that were positively and negatively correlated with the host fitness, respectively. This study revealed the possible role of gut microbes in the host adaptation of FAWs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is one of the most important grain legumes consumed globally, especially in Ethiopia, for its edible seeds, cash crops, and supply of protein for farmers. Efficient statistical methods must be employed for the evaluation of common bean varieties to accurately select superior varieties that contribute to agricultural productivity. The objective of this study was to identify promising large mottled bean varieties through analysis of multi-environment trials (MET) data using multiplicative spatial mixed models. In this study, 16–18 large mottled common bean varieties, including one check, were sown across nine growing environments in Ethiopia using lattice and alpha lattice designs, with three replications laid out in a square or rectangular (row by column) array of plots, respectively during the main cropping season from 2015 to 2018. We present a linear mixed model analysis that integrates spatial and factor analytic (FA) models, and the heritability measure was used to evaluate the efficiency of these models with the conventional analysis. The analysis of the spatial model, and more significantly, the spatial+FA model, revealed a notable enhancement in heritability. With the exception of a trial conducted at Kobo, a genotype DAP 292, found to be good performing for days to flowering and maturity, but for yield only across four clusters of trials, C2, C3, C5 and C7, formed with trials of relatively high genetic variance. Across these clusters, the yield advantage of this variety over the check ranged from 10–32%. This genotype also has a yield that is somewhat comparable to the check across the remaining clusters. Overall, both the spatial and factor analytic models proved to be effective approaches for analyzing the data in this study. The analysis of multi-environment trial data through the use of more efficient statistical models can provide a more robust platform for evaluating common bean varieties with greater confidence in selecting superior varieties across a range of environments. Hence, scaling up the use of this efficient analysis method is indispensable for enhancing the selection of superior varieties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Etlingera Giseke, a genus of approximately 150 aromatic ginger species, is predominantly distributed in the Indomalayan realms. The pharmacological properties and ethnomedicinal uses of the genus are well proven as many of its species are used for the treatment of dermatosis, conjunctivitis, malignancy, myalgia, pharyngitis, hyperbilirubinemia, gastrointestinal disorders, and cardiotonic conditions. Ethnomedicinal studies revealed that about 32 species of Etlingera are traditionally used for different ailments, while their rich flavors and fragrances make them widely employed as spices and condiments worldwide. Considering the high aroma present in the rhizomes of Etlingera, this genus holds promise as a lucrative cash crop for the flavor and fragrance industries. To date, approximately 410 phytocompounds have been identified from the various plant parts where around 209 compounds are reported with various biological activities. Studies revealed that pharmacologically E. elatior is the most utilized species as its phytoconstituents show highest number of biological activities, including antibacterial, cytotoxic, antityrosinase, hepatoprotective, antiinflammatory, and antioxidant effects. Species E. elatior is ornamental and is dominated in Borneo, Java, Lesser Sunda Islands, Malaya, Sumatera, and Thailand. From the literature investigation, it has been reported that only E. elatior and E. hemisphaerica have an ornamental or market value (per bulb approx. 12–15$) while there is no documentation of market value for the remaining 148 species. Notably, 24 of these species exhibit significant pharmaceutical activities. The exploration of biogeography, ethnobotany, phytochemistry, and pharmacology holds the potential to uncover significant relevance. It may yield more comprehensive data that supports the appropriate utilization of a majority of species and enhances our understanding of the therapeutic efficacy within the genus. In conclusion, this genus holds promising pharmacological properties that need great attention, which could play a significant role in advancing the field of pharmaceutical development. Despite of its versatile applications, inadequate information and lack of attention keep most of Etlingera sp. in underutilized category. Recognizing immense potential of the genus, the present review mainly focuses on discussing the ethnobotany, phytochemistry, pharmacology and biogeography of the genus Etlingera as it expands our understanding of the genus , emphasizing potential avenues for future research. [Display omitted] • Genus Etlingera holds promise as lucrative asset in flavor and fragrance industries. • The group displays promising medicinal traits, including cytotoxic qualities. • The genus has recorded 410 chemical compounds, notably abundant in terpenoids. • E. elatior has the highest count of plant parts utilized in traditional medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sunflowers are widely cultivated as a cash crop in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China. However, due to the lack of efficient resource utilization techniques, most of the sunflower stalks are discarded. In the Hetao irrigation area, the problem of desertification has prompted the limited use of sunflower straw to construct physical sand barriers for windbreaks and sand stabilization. In response to this, this study focuses on synthesizing a cellulose ether sand-fixing material using sunflower straw, the primary agricultural waste in Denkou County, Hetao irrigation district. This material enhances the effective adhesion between sand grains, reduces porosity among loose sand grains, and inhibits sand grain movement. The findings from this study conclusively demonstrate that the sand-fixing materials under investigation meet international standards for mechanical properties. They effectively transform loose, unconnected sand grains into a state with strong adhesion properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to understand the spatiotemporal changes in patterns of tropical crop cultivation in Eastern Thailand, encompassing the periods before, during, and after the COVID-19 pandemic. Our approach involved assessing the efficacy of high-resolution (10 m) Sentinel-2 dense image time series for mapping smallholder farmlands. We integrated harmonic regression and random forest to map a diverse array of tropical crop types between summer 2017 and summer 2023, including durian, rice, rubber, eucalyptus, oil palm, pineapple, sugarcane, cassava, mangosteen, coconut, and other crops. The results revealed an overall mapping accuracy of 85.6%, with several crop types exceeding 90%. High-resolution imagery demonstrated particular effectiveness in situations involving intercropping, a popular practice of simultaneously growing two or more plant species in the same patch of land. However, we observed overestimation in the majority of the studied cash crops, primarily those located in young plantations with open tree canopies and grass-covered ground surfaces. The adverse effects of the COVID-19 pandemic were observed in specific labor-intensive crops, including rubber and durian, but were limited to the short term. No discernible impact was noted across the entirety of the study timeframe. In comparison, financial gain and climate change appeared to be more pivotal in influencing farmers' decisions regarding crop cultivation. Traditionally dominant crops such as rice and oil palm have witnessed a discernible decline in cultivation, reflecting a decade-long trend of price drops preceding the pandemic. Conversely, Thai durian has seen a significant upswing even over the pandemic, which ironically served as a catalyst prompting Thai farmers to adopt e-commerce to meet the surging demand, particularly from China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid increase in the proportion of cash crops and livestock production in the Yangtze River Basin has led to commensurate increases in fertilizer and pesticide inputs. Excessive application of chemical fertilizer, organophosphorus pesticides and inappropriate disposal of agricultural waste induced water pollution and potentially threaten Agriculture Green Development (AGD). To ensure food security and the food supply capacity of the Yangtze River Basin, it is important to balance green and development, while ensuring the quality of water bodies. Multiple pollutants affect the transfer, adsorption, photolysis and degradation of each other throughout the soil-plant-water system. This paper considers the impact of multi-pollutants on the nitrogen and phosphorus cycles especially for crops, which are related to achieving food security and AGD. It presents prospective on theory, modeling and multi-pollutant control in the Yangtze River Basin for AGD that are of potential value for other developing regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pennycress (Thlaspi arvense L.) is a winter annual weed species that is distributed globally in temperate regions. The possibility of pennycress inclusion in the corn–soybean cropping system in the midwestern United States has garnered increasing attention from farmers. Growing pennycress offers environmental benefits—reducing soil erosion and nitrate leaching, improving water quality, early‐season pollinator food, and economic benefits—higher seed oil percentage, increased net profit, crop diversification, and biodiesel/renewable jet fuel production. The prospect of pennycress as a cover/oilseed cash crop in the United States is supported by several private and public research institutions. Here, we have discussed the rise of pennycress as a breakthrough oilseed crop in the last decade and explored recent developments in pennycress genetics and genomics research, which could pave the way for pennycress improvement and sustainable pennycress inclusion in the midwestern United States. Core Ideas: Pennycress adoption could increase farm productivity and profitability and enhance sustainable production practices.Genetic regions controlling several important agronomic traits have been identified and characterized.Ideas presented in this review could advance the next generation of pennycress breeding and improvement efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Majority of cash crops have the problem of continuous cropping in the planting process, especially the genus Panax. A series of diseases occur in the process of ginseng planting, which will aggravate the obstacle of continuous cropping, directly lead to the significant decline of ginseng yield and quality, and seriously affect the development of ginseng planting industry. Taking two main species of Panax plants, namely Panax ginseng C. A. Mey and Panax notoginseng (Burkill)F.H. Chen ex C.H., this paper explains the three main factors affecting their continuous cropping, namely (i). Allelopathic autotoxic substances, (ii). Soil microbial community and (iii). Soil physico-chemical properties. The main methods to overcome continuous cropping obstacles were listed, including (i). Biological breeding, (ii). Soil sterilization, (iii). Establishment of reasonable farming system, (iv). Use of microbial fertilizer and (v). The directions of future research were discussed to provide scientific reference for the cultivation and management of alleviating or overcoming the obstacle of continuous cropping of ginseng. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Significant GxE occurred for seed yield and pod shattering. Stable and high yielding cultivars were identified. Cultivars resistant to pod shattering were identified. Cultivars AGS418, AGS457 and AGS458 can be registered and produced in South Africa. Vegetable-type soybean, also known as "edamame", was introduced to South Africa in 2009 to serve as an alternative high-protein cash crop for production by small-scale growers. Since their introduction, cultivars have been evaluated and morphologically characterised to identify suitable cultivars for production in specific environments and also to gather data for future breeding programmes. The objective of this study was to investigate genotype by environment interaction and cultivar stability through additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) as well as genotype plus genotype by environment biplot analysis across seven environments and two growing seasons in 15 vegetable-type soybean cultivars for seed yield and pod shattering. Based on AMMI stability values and genotype stability index scores, cultivars AGS418, AGS457 and AGS458 were the most desirable in terms of stability and performance for both seed yield and pod shattering resistance and could be considered for commercial release. Of all vegetable-type soybean cultivars studied, cultivar AGS354 had the best pod shattering resistance and it showed specific adaptation to the Winterton, and Mariannhill October and Mariannhill November planting dates mega-environment in terms of seed yield. This cultivar should be considered for production in these environments. Ladysmith was identified as the most suitable environment for selecting and breeding cultivars with wider adaptability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soybean (Glycine max L.) is a new cash crop grown in north central and northwestern North Dakota (ND). Soils and climate in these new soybean areas differ from current fertilizer guidelines. A three-year study to evaluate soybean fertility best management practices was initiated in the spring of 2016 and concluded in 2018. Each year had two sites and twelve treatments. One site was acidic (pH < 6.2) and the other was alkaline (pH > 7.2). Both site treatments were: untreated check, inoculated with rhizobia (Bradyrhizobium japonicum L.), broadcast urea (55 kg ha−1), broadcast MAP (110 kg ha−1), In-furrow 10-34-0 (28 L ha−1), in-furrow 6-24-6 (28 L ha−1), foliar 3-18-18 (28 L ha−1) at V5 and R2, and foliar 3-18-18 (28 L ha−1) with sulfate (1.1 kg ha−1) at V5 and R2. The acidic site had two treatments of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) waste lime (4411 kg ha−1 and 8821 kg ha−1). The alkaline site received treatments of iron ortho-ortho-EDDHA (7.1 L ha−1), and naked ortho-ortho-EDDHA (7.1 L ha−1). An in-furrow treatment of cobalt (2.9 kg cobalt-sulfate ha−1) was added in 2018. Fertilizer treatments did not impact soybean yield, protein content and oil content at the 0.05 significance level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Macadamia nuts constitute a vital component of both nutrition and livelihoods for smallholder producers in Malawi. We conducted a comprehensive mixed-methods study, combining qualitative and quantitative analyses, to explore varietal preferences and production challenges among these farmers. Leveraging cross-sectional data from 144 members of the Highlands Macadamia Cooperative Union Limited, our study underscores several significant findings. Our findings reveal that the majority of smallholder macadamia farmers (62%) are aged over 50, with farming as their primary occupation. Varied preferences are driven by yield-related traits, including high yield potential (38%), nut quality (29%), and extended flowering patterns (15%). Among the macadamia varieties, the top five choices, grown by over half of the farmers, include HAES 660 (18%), 800 (10%), 791 (9%), 816 (8%), and 246 (7%). Additionally, our study identifies five primary constraints faced by smallholder macadamia farmers: insect pests (81%), diseases (34%), limited market access (33%), wind damage (25%), and inadequate agricultural advisory services (17%). Based on these findings, we propose two policy recommendations to enhance smallholder macadamia production and productivity in Malawi and other regions. Specifically, we advocate for informed breeding programs that align with farmer preferences to promote greater adoption of macadamia varieties. Additionally, we emphasize the crucial role of the Malawian government in the macadamia value chain, suggesting active participation in providing extension services and marketing support, akin to its support for other cash crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soybean being a major cash crop provides half of the vegetable oil and a quarter of the plant proteins to the global population. Seed size traits are the most important agronomic traits determining the soybean yield. These are complex traits governed by polygenes with low heritability as well as are highly influenced by the environment as well as by genotype x environment interactions. Although, extensive efforts have been made to unravel the genetic basis and molecular mechanism of seed size in soybean. But most of these efforts were majorly limited to QTL identification, and only a few genes for seed size were isolated and their molecular mechanism was elucidated. Hence, elucidating the detailed molecular regulatory networks controlling seed size in soybeans has been an important area of research in soybeans from the past decades. This paper describes the current progress of genetic architecture, molecular mechanisms, and regulatory networks for seed sizes of soybeans. Additionally, the main problems and bottlenecks/challenges soybean researchers currently face in seed size research are also discussed. This review summarizes the comprehensive and systematic information to the soybean researchers regarding the molecular understanding of seed size in soybeans and will help future research work on seed size in soybeans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tea (Camellia sinensis L.) is an important cash crop. In the context of climate change, analyzing the current distribution of tea trees and climate change environmental variables to predict the potential distribution area of tea trees in the future can help decision-makers make appropriate planting decisions and promote sustainable management. In this study, an optimized MaxEnt model was used to predict the limiting factors of tea tree growth and distribution under current and future climate change scenarios. The climate soil mixing model [area under the curve (AUC) 5 0.934] performed excellently. The results showed that precipitation, temperature, slope, and soil factors all affected the distribution of suitable habitats for tea trees. Compared with the current distribution area of tea trees, under three shared socioeconomic pathways (SSP126, SSP245, and SSP585), the area of highly suitable habitats for tea trees will expand, especially in 2061-2080 and 2081-2100 years, and the suitable area will extend overall to the north of China, indicating that future climate change may create more new suitable habitats for tea production, especially in Shandong, Shaanxi, Guizhou, and Yunnan provinces. This study will provide important scientific insights for tea production decision-making, tea garden location selection, and future adaptation methods, and will help in the cultivation and transplantation of tea trees in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soybean (Glycine max) is an economically important cash crop and food source that serves as a key source of high-quality plant-derived protein and oil. Seed vigor is an important trait that influences the growth and development of soybean plants in an agricultural setting, underscoring a need for research focused on identifying seed vigor-related genetic loci and candidate genes. In this study, a population consisting of 207 chromosome segment substitution lines (CSSLs) derived from the crossing and continuous backcrossing of the Suinong14 (improved cultivar, recurrent parent) and ZYD00006 (wild soybean, donor parent) soybean varieties was leveraged to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) related to seed vigor. The candidate genes detected using this approach were then validated through RNA-seq, whole-genome resequencing, and qPCR approaches, while the relationship between specific haplotypes and seed vigor was evaluated through haplotype analyses of candidate genes. Phenotypic characterization revealed that the seed vigor of Suinong14 was superior to that of ZYD00006, and 20 total QTLs were identified using the selected CSSLs. Glyma.03G256700 was also established as a seed vigor-related gene that was upregulated in high-vigor seeds during germination, with haplotypes for this candidate gene also remaining consistent with observed soybean seed vigor. The QTLs identified herein can serve as a foundation for future marker-assisted and convergent breeding efforts aimed at improving seed vigor. In addition, future molecular and functional research focused on Glyma.03G256700 has the potential to elucidate the signaling network and key regulatory mechanisms that govern seed germination in soybean plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cashew nuts are among the main cash crops in coastal Kenya, due in large part to their high nutritional value. Unfortunately, they also make them highly susceptible to mold contamination, resulting in biodeterioration of the nutritional value and potential contamination with toxic secondary metabolites, such as aflatoxins, that cause them to be rejected for sale at the market. We determined the population diversity of the Aspergillus species and their role in aflatoxin contamination in cashew nuts in selected coastal regions of Kenya. Fifty raw cashew nut samples were collected from post-harvest storage facilities across three counties in Kenya's coastal region and examined for moisture content and the presence of Aspergillus fungi. About 63 presumptive isolates were recovered from the cashew nuts. ITS and 28S rDNA regions were sequenced. The aflD, aflM and aflR genes were amplified to identify the potentially aflatoxigenic from the Aspergillus isolates. The Aflatoxins' presence on the isolates was screened using UV and the ammonia vapour test on coconut milk agar and validated using ELISA assay. A comparison of cashew moisture content between the three counties sampled revealed a significant difference. Sixty-three isolates were recovered and identified to section based on morphological characters and their respective ITS regions were used to obtain species identifications. Three sections from the genus were represented, Flavi and Nigri, and Terrei with isolates from the section Nigri having slightly greater abundance (n = 35). The aflD, aflM and aflR genes were amplified for all isolates to assess the presence of the aflatoxin biosynthesis pathway, indicating the potential for aflatoxin production. Less than half of the Aspergillus isolates (39.68%) contained the aflatoxin pathway genes, while 22.22% isolates were aflatoxigenic, which included only the section Flavi isolates. Section Flavi isolates identification was confirmed by calmodulin gene. The presence of species from Aspergillus section Flavi and section Nigri indicate the potential for aflatoxin or ochratoxin in the cashew nuts. The study established a foundation for future investigations of the fungi and mycotoxins contaminating cashew nuts in Kenya, which necessitates developing strategies to prevent infection by mycotoxigenic fungi, especially during the storage and processing phases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Community-Based Health Insurance (CBHI) schemes are recognized as an important health financing pathway to achieving universal health coverage (UHC). Although previous studies have documented CBHIs in low-income countries, the majority of these have been provider-based. Non-provider based schemes have received comparatively less empirical attention. We sought to describe a novel non-provider based CBHI munno mubulwadde (your friend indeed) comprising informal sector members in rural central Uganda to understand the structure of the scheme, the experiences of scheme members in terms of the perceived benefits and barriers to retention in the scheme. Methods: We report qualitative findings from a larger mixed-methods study. We conducted in-depth interviews with insured members (n = 18) and scheme administrators (n = 12). Four focus groups were conducted with insured members (38 participants). Data were inductively analyzed by thematic approach. Results: Munno mubulwadde is a union of ten CBHI schemes coordinated by one administrative structure. Members were predominantly low-income rural informal sector households who pay annual premiums ranging from $17 and $50 annually and received medical care at 13 scheme-contracted private health facilities in Luwero District in Central Uganda. Insured members reported that scheme membership protected them from catastrophic health expenditure during episodes of sickness among household members, and especially so among households with children under-five who were reported to fall sick frequently, the scheme enabled members to receive perceived better quality health care at private providers in the study district relative to the nearest public facilities. The identified barriers to retention in the scheme include inconvenient dates for premium payment that are misaligned with harvest periods for cash crops (e.g. maize corn) on which members depended for their agrarian livelihoods, long distances to insurance-contracted private providers, falling prices of cash crops which diminished real incomes and affordability of insurance premiums in successive years after initial enrolment. Conclusion: Munno mubulwadde was perceived by as a valuable financial cushion during episodes of illness by rural informal sector households. Policy interventions for promoting price stability of cash crops in central Uganda could enhance retention of members in this non-provider CBHI which is worthy of further research as an additional funding pathway for realizing UHC in Uganda and other low-income settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tobacco is a critical cash crop in China, so its growing status has received more and more attention. How to acquire accurate plant area, row spacing, and plant spacing at the same time have been key points for its grow status monitoring and yield prediction. However, accurately detecting small and densely arranged tobacco plants during the rosette stage poses a significant challenge. In Sichuan Province, the contours of scattered tobacco fields with different shapes are not well-extracted. Additionally, there is a lack of simultaneous methods for extracting crucial tobacco planting information, including area, row spacing, and plant spacing. In view of the above scientific problems, we proposed a method to extract the planting information of tobacco at the rosette stage with Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) remote sensing images. A detection model, YOLOv8s-EFF, was constructed for the small and weak tobacco in the rosette stage. We proposed an extraction algorithm for tobacco field area based on extended contours for different-shaped fields. Meanwhile, a planting distance extraction algorithm based on tobacco coordinates was presented. Further, four experimental areas were selected in Sichuan Province, and image processing and sample label production were carried out. Four isolated tobacco fields with different shapes in four experimental areas were used to preliminarily verify the effectiveness of the model and algorithm proposed. The results show that the precision ranges of tobacco field area, row spacing, and plant spacing were 96.51~99.04%, 90.08~99.74%, and 94.69~99.15%, respectively. And another two experimental areas, Jiange County, Guangyuan, and Dazhai County, Gulin County, and Luzhou, were selected to evaluate the accuracy of the method proposed in the research in practical application. The results indicate that the average accuracy of tobacco field area, row spacing, and plant spacing extracted by this method reached 97.99%, 97.98%, and 98.31%, respectively, which proved the extraction method of plant information is valuable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maize is an important food and cash crop worldwide. The WUSCHEL (WUS)-related homeobox (WOX) transcription factor (TF) family plays a significant role in the development process and the response to abiotic stress of plants. However, few studies have been reported on the function of WOX genes in maize. This work, utilizing the latest maize B73 reference genome, results in the identification of 22 putative ZmWOX gene family members. Except for chromosome 5, the 22 ZmWOX genes were homogeneously distributed on the other nine chromosomes and showed three tandem duplication and 10 segmental duplication events. Based on phylogenetic characteristics, ZmWOXs are divided into three clades (e.g., WUS, intermediate, and ancient groups), and the majority of ZmWOXs in same group display similar gene and protein structures. Cross-species collinearity results indicated that some WOX genes might be evolutionarily conservative. The promoter region of ZmWOX family members is enriched in light, plant growth/hormone, and abiotic stress-responsive elements. Tissue-specific expression evaluation showed that ZmWOX genes might play a significant role in the occurrence of maize reproductive organs. Transcriptome data and RT-qPCR analysis further showed that six ZmWOX genes (e.g., ZmWOX1, 4, 6, 13, 16, and 18) were positively or negatively modulated by temperature, salt, and waterlogging stresses. Moreover, two ZmWOXs, ZmWOX1 and ZmWOX18, both were upregulated by abiotic stress. ZmWOX18 was localized in the nucleus and had transactivation activities, while ZmWOX1 was localized in both the cytoplasm and nucleus, without transactivation activity. Overall, this work offers new perspectives on the evolutionary relationships of ZmWOX genes and might provide a resource for further detecting the biological functions of ZmWOXs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sugarcane (Saccharum hybrid) is an important cash crop grown in tropical and subtropical countries. Ratoon stunting disease (RSD), caused by a xylem-inhabiting bacterium, Leifsonia xyli subsp. xyli (Lxx) is one of the most economically significant diseases globally. RSD results in severe yield losses because its highly contagious nature and lack of visually identifiable symptoms make it harder to devise an effective management strategy. The efficacy of current management practices is hindered by implementation difficulties caused by lack of resources, high cost, and difficulties in monitoring. Rapid detection of the causal pathogen in vegetative planting material is crucial for sugarcane growers to manage this disease. Several microscopic, serological, and molecular-based methods have been developed and used for detecting the RSD pathogen. Although these methods have been used across the sugarcane industry worldwide to diagnose Lxx, some lack reliability or specificity, are expensive and time-consuming to apply, and most of all, are not suitable for on-farm diagnosis. In recent decades, there has been significant progress in the development of integrated isothermal amplification-based microdevices for accurate human and plant pathogen detection. There is a significant opportunity to develop a novel diagnostic method that integrates nanobiosensing with isothermal amplification within a microdevice format for accurate Lxx detection. In this review, we summarize (i) the historical background and current knowledge of sugarcane ratoon stunting disease, including some aspects related to transmission, pathosystem, and management practices; and (ii) the drawbacks of current diagnostic methods and the potential for application of advanced diagnostics to improve disease management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Populus deltoides is one of the most favored cash crops in northern India. Thus, accurate identification of pathogens affecting P. deltoides is a critical step in finding or developing effective control measures. In June 2020, symptoms of a leaf blight disease were observed on P. deltoides trees planted at Forest Research Institute, Dehradun, India. Calonectria-like fungal isolates were consistently isolated from the infected leaf samples. Morphological features coupled with phylogenetic analysis of combined partial actin (act), calmodulin (cmdA), histone (his3), translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef1) and β-tubulin (tub2) gene regions of two fungal isolates confirmed a novel species, which is described and illustrated here as Calonectria populi sp. nov. Symptoms similar to those observed in natural conditions were caused by both the isolates on P. deltoides clone AM109 in detached leaf assays and glasshouse inoculation experiments. Finally, Koch's postulates were established by re-isolation and re-identification of the pathogen from the inoculated leaves. This work is the first to confirm a new leaf blight disease of P. deltoides caused by C. populi sp. nov. in India and worldwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pepper (Capsicum spp.) is an important solanaceous cash crop in Benin; however, productivity is limited due to several key constraints, especially diseases caused by viruses. We sought to understand farmers' perceptions of viral diseases, management strategies deployed, and to identify the virus population affecting pepper production in Benin. To assess farmers' perceptions and management of viral diseases, a survey was carried out in four agroecological zones of Benin. A total of 144 pepper farmers were interviewed using the snowball method. A total of 52 pepper leaf samples with virus-like symptoms were collected and diagnosed by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) or PCR. Pepper production systems varied across agroecological zones (P # 0.001) with a predominance of farms practicing monoculture (82%). The majority of farmers (89%) indicated that pests and diseases were the main constraints to increased production. Cucumber mosaic virus (92% of the total samples), Pepper vein yellow virus (52%), and Pepper veinal mottle virus (50%) were the major viruses detected in pepper fields in Benin. There were both single (29%) and mixed (71%) infections of the viruses, suggesting that mixed infections are common for pepper in Benin, confounding efforts to reduce virus infections. Nearly 100% of the farmers surveyed were not aware of these viral diseases. They also could not directly relate symptoms of virus infection to the presence of aphids, whiteflies, or thrips. Farmers relied primarily on synthetic insecticides (93%) to control virus vectors. Interestingly, some farmers applied commercial (12%) and homemade (17%) biopesticides, with neem-based preparations being the most widely used. A total of 15% of farmers used companion cropping with maize, mint or basil and 43% of farmers used crop rotation as a cultural management practice to control viral disease and vector pressure in pepper fields. The implications of this work include the importance of training farmers and extension agents on diagnosis of viruses and their vectors causing viral diseases. This study provides baseline information for the development of host-resistant cultivars and deployment of integrated pest management strategies for pepper in Benin to reduce farmer losses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bell pepper is an important cash crop of small farmers of Himachal Pradesh state of India. The present study was carried out in two consecutive years comprising seven treatments, as T1 being 100% recommended dose of nutrients alone and T2 to T7 included 90, 80, 70, 60, 50 and 40% RDN respectively; along with PGPR and fermented folk liquid formulations (panchagavya, jeevamrut and amritpani) which were replicated thrice in randomized block design. The recommended doses were given by vermicompost and poultry manure on nitrogen equivalence basis. Results of the study concluded that the application of PGPR with 90% RDN along with fermented folk liquid formulations significantly influenced bell pepper growth, quality, and yield parameters as well as soil organic carbon and available nutrient status including soil microbiological properties over the T1. The 90% RDN with PGPR and fermented folk liquid formulation also resulted in higher benefit cost ratio in comparison to T1 with 100% RDN, alone. Hence, it may be recommended to use conjoint application of PGPR, bulky manures and fermented folk liquid formulations to boost sustainable bell pepper production, higher economic returns and maintaining soil fertility status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and aims: Cover crops can efficiently increase nitrogen (N) recycling in agroecosystems. By providing a green-manure effect for the next crop, they allow reduced mineral fertilisation. We developed a decision-support tool, called MERCI, to predict N available from cover crop residues over time, from a single measurement of fresh shoot biomass. Methods: We coupled a large experimental database from France with a simulation experiment using the soil-crop model STICS. More than 25 000 measurements of 74 species of cover crops as a sole crop or bispecific mixtures were collected. Linear regression models, at the species, family or entire-database level depending on the data available, were built to predict dry biomass, N amount and C:N ratio. Dynamics of N mineralized and leaching from cover crop residues were predicted at 24 contrasting sites as a function of the biomass, carbon (C):N ratio and termination date. Results: Correlations between fresh biomass, dry biomass and N amounts in experimental data were strong (r = 0.80-0.96), and predicted N amounts in fresh shoot biomass were relatively accurate. Percentages of N mineralized and leached simulated by STICS were explained mainly by the C:N ratio, site and number of months after termination, but to different degrees. Conclusion: MERCI is an easy and robust decision-support tool for predicting N release in the field, and could thus be adopted by advisors and farmers to improve management of nutrient recycling in temperate arable cropping systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the author's personal experiences and reflections on the concept of home and land as an immigrant. They discuss their connection to the land through memories of their grandparents' vegetable patch and their longing for a deeper connection to the land in a densely populated European city. The article also highlights the teachings of Indigenous peoples and their relationship with the land, emphasizing the importance of understanding and honoring the more-than-human world. The author reflects on the history of colonization and displacement of Indigenous peoples in the area where their family settled, and discusses the complexities of identity, belonging, and the relationship between humans and the land. They also discuss the transformation of the landscape due to immigration and colonization, and the negative consequences that resulted from farming practices and religious divisions. The author emphasizes the need to decolonize environmental allyship and work towards a more reciprocal relationship with the land, sharing their own gardening practices and efforts to support soil recovery and honor the more-than-human life in their backyard. [Extracted from the article]

Flax is an important cash crop globally with a variety of commercial uses. It has been widely used for fiber, oil, nutrition, feed and in composite materials. Growth regulatory factor (GRF) is a transcription factor family unique to plants, and is involved in regulating many processes of growth and development. Bioinformatics analysis of the GRF family in flax predicted 17 LuGRF genes, which all contained the characteristic QLQ and WRC domains. Equally, 15 of 17 LuGRFs (88%) are predicted to be regulated by lus-miR396 miRNA. Phylogenetic analysis of GRFs from flax and several other well-characterized species defined five clades; LuGRF genes were found in four clades. Most LuGRF gene promoters contained cis-regulatory elements known to be responsive to hormones and stress. The chromosomal locations and collinearity of LuGRF genes were also analyzed. The three-dimensional structure of LuGRF proteins was predicted using homology modeling. The transcript expression data indicated that most LuGRF family members were highly expressed in flax fruit and embryos, whereas LuGRF3, LuGRF12 and LuGRF16 were enriched in response to salt stress. Real-time quantitative fluorescent PCR (qRT-PCR) showed that both LuGRF1 and LuGRF11 were up-regulated under ABA and MeJA stimuli, indicating that these genes were involved in defense. LuGRF1 was demonstrated to be localized to the nucleus as expected for a transcription factor. These results provide a basis for further exploration of the molecular mechanism of LuGRF gene function and obtaining improved flax breeding lines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Clusterbean is one of the most important crop of arid and semi-arid region of India. It is mainly grown for vegetable, manure, fodder and seed purpose. Seeds of clusterbean contain galactomann (stored in endosperm) which has industrial uses, thus making it the major cash earner crop. Various biotic and abiotic stresses affects the crop during its growth stages. Among biotic stresses, weeds are the major one affecting the crop growth and yield. Due to initial slow growth of the clusterbean intense crop-weed competition takes place upto 20-30 DAS and if weeds are not managed properly there will be a severe yield reduction. Under Haryana conditions only manual weeding is recommended which is time consuming and expensive hence there is need to exploit other methods of weed control. Therefore, present study was conducted to study the effect of mechanical methods of weed management on growth, yield and economics of clusterbean. Methods: A field experiment was conducted during kharif season 2018 to study the effect of mechanized weed management practices on growth, yield and economics of clusterbean at Regional Research Station, Bawal (Rewari), CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar. Experiment was performed in randomized block design with ten treatments and three replication. Result: It was found that among various weed management practices, two mechanized weeding with power weeder at 20 DAS and 35 DAS under 60 cm row spacing resulted in significantly higher plant height, leaf area index, dry matter accumulation, seed yield and its attributes in comparison to other treatments and it was statistically at par with mechanized weeding at 20 DAS and 35 DAS with tractor drawn cultivator. The weeding with tractor drawn cultivator was found to be most economical with maximum net returns (Rs. 36076 ha-1) and B:C (2.37) in comparison to other treatments followed by weeding with power weeder that fetched net return of Rs. 35868 ha-1 with B:C of 2.25. Therefore, two times interculture with power weeder or tractor drawn cultivator found beneficial and economical for farmers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Potato is a primary food and cash crop in Bhutan. The adoption of new varieties has faced some challenges. To address this situation, farmers' needs and priorities were investigated through varietal demonstration and a field survey in seven of the main potato-growing districts of Bhutan. The role of gender in farm decisions and operations in relation to potato farming was also assessed. Nine quality determinants significantly (χ2 = 376.54, P < 0.001) influenced farmers' selection of potato varieties. These determinants, in order of their relative preference, were as follows: high productivity (15.5% by weight of mean rank), high market value (13.4%), red-skinned (12.7%), marketability (11.6%), large tubers (11.3%), late-blight resistant (11.3%), micronutrient content (8.8%), short-duration (8.3%) and good taste (7.2%). Potato productivity (yield) and preference vote data were significantly correlated (R = 0.395, P < 0.01) for female farmers but not for male farmers. Similarly, the involvement of female farmers in farm decision-making processes was significantly (P < 0.001) higher than when compared with their male counterparts. However, both genders were equally involved in physical farm operations. Bhutanese potato cropping is highly driven by commercially driven (market) preferences such as yield, colour and size as opposed to subsistence preferences such as micronutrient content. Understanding farmers' priorities during the development of new potato variety is critical for varietal selection for adoption. Furthermore, understanding the role of women in farm decision-making processes is crucial for adoption of new varietal technology in potato production. These findings may serve as an evidence-based insight to guide research and policy interventions in Bhutan and in similar agroecologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Bean is an important nutritious food and cash crop. Bean productivity is low mostly due to various abiotic, biotic and socio-economic constraints. The aims of this study were to assess constraints to high bean seed yield productivity, determine farmers' perceptions on drought and low soil fertility, strategies farmers are practicing to adapt to the constraints and preferred bean traits. Methods: A Participatory rural appraisal approach was applied by administering a questionnaire to 139 household representatives from Bazale, Phalula and Utale areas in 2017. Result: Farmers (68.4%) cultivated beans under irrigation in winter (dry) season and most of them practiced sole cropping. Constraints to high bean seed yield productivity include drought and low soil fertility (31.7%) and deforestation (81.3%) contributed a lot. Farmers (44.6%) implemented afforestation, 32.4% grew early maturing bean varieties, while 20.9% practiced conservation agriculture. Farmers were not involved in variety development as indicated by 91.4% of the respondents. However, farmers preferred determinate plant type (95.7%), creamy taste (61.2%) and high number of pods per plant (47.4%). These farmers' preferred traits need to be considered in the ongoing bean improvement program(s) to increase adoption rate of improved varieties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tea is an important cash crop worldwide, and its nutritional value has led to its high economic benefits. Tea anthracnose is a common disease of tea plants that seriously affects food safety and yield and has a far-reaching impact on the sustainable development of the tea industry. In this study, phenotypic analysis and pathogenicity analysis were performed on knockout and complement strains of HTF2—the transcriptional regulator of tea anthracnose homeobox—and the pathogenic mechanism of these strains was explored via RNA-seq. The MoHox1 gene sequence of the rice blast fungus was indexed, and the anthracnose genome was searched for CfHTF2. Evolutionary analysis recently reported the affinity of HTF2 for C. fructicola and C. higginsianum. The loss of CfHTF2 slowed the vegetative growth and spore-producing capacity of C. fructicola and weakened its resistance and pathogenesis to adverse conditions. The transcriptome sequencing of wild-type N425 and CfHTF2 deletion mutants was performed, and a total of 3144 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were obtained, 1594 of which were upregulated and 1550 of which were downregulated. GO and KEGG enrichment analyses of DEGs mainly focused on signaling pathways such as the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. In conclusion, this study lays a foundation for further study of the pathogenic mechanism of tea anthracnose and provides a molecular basis for the analysis of the pathogenic molecular mechanism of CfHTF2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: Kura clover living mulch (KCLM) is thought to provide in-season nitrogen (N) to the cash crop. Because of interactions between cropping system and crop performance, the magnitude of in-season N inputs from KCLM cannot be quantified using common N rate research methods. We aim to quantify the timing and magnitude of these N inputs using clover biomass and decomposition data. Methods: This research measured the temporal distribution of clover biomass with intensive sampling, vertical biomass distribution using bead tracer analysis, and residue decomposition using in situ litter bags. These data were used as inputs to a model that estimated the in-season N contributions from KCLM. Results: Our results found that spring management contributed 7–23 kg N ha−1 during the first 6 weeks of the growing season, while shade suppression contributed 59 – 84 kg N ha−1 from mid-June to mid-October. Daily N inputs peaked on 8 August at 1.14 kg N ha−1 d−1. When these estimates were added to fertilizer N inputs and analyzed against crop N uptake, we found that the maize took up 88% of the total N inputs and fertilizer recovery efficiency was 56%. Conclusions: This study provides a methodology which generates estimates that may be used in research related to N cycling and management in KCLM and other legume intercropping systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sugarcane (Saccharum spp. hybrid) is the chief source of sugar and biofuel globally and is prominent among cash crops. Sucrose is the main required product in sugarcane, and many studies have been performed to understand the phenomena of sucrose synthesis, metabolism, and accumulation in sugarcane. However, none of the studies concluded that a single gene is responsible for the sucrose content. Instead, a complex mechanism consisting of several genes, such as sucrose phosphate synthase genes (SPS1, SPS2, SPS4, SPS5), sucrose synthase genes (SuSy1, SuSy2, SuSy4), invertase genes (INV, CWIN, NIN1, CINV2), and phytohormone, trehalose, transcription factor (TF), protein kinase, and sugar transporter genes are working spatiotemporally in sugarcane. Currently, omics approaches like transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics are also being used to explore the sugar metabolism in sugarcane, but integrated transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic studies have been less reported. The results obtained from the integrated analysis of transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics are more reliable because the strong gene expression, received in the form of abundant mRNA, does not guarantee the plentiful existence of associated proteins or their particular activity in the target cells or tissues, which discloses the restraint of single interpretation and stresses the significance of the integrated analysis of transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics. This review highlights different genes and molecules contributing to sugar metabolism at different stages and the significance of omics approaches in explaining sucrose metabolism, especially sucrose accumulation in sugarcane. It is also a vital source of knowledge for sugarcane breeders, particularly associated with sucrose content improvement and bioethanol energy production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When compared to virgin land (forest and grassland), croplands store significantly lower amounts of organic carbon (OC), mainly as a result of soil tillage, and decreased plant inputs to the soil over the whole year. Doubts have been expressed over how much reduced and zero tillage agriculture can increase OC in soils when the whole soil profile is considered. Consequently, cover‐crops that are grown in‐between crops instead of leaving soils bare appear as the "last man standing" in our quest to enhance cropland OC stocks. Despite the claim by numerous meta‐analyses of a mean carbon sequestration rate by cover crops to be as high as 0.32 ± 0.08 ton C ha−1 year−1, the present analysis showed that all of the 37 existing field studies worldwide only sampled to a depth of 30 cm or less and did not compare treatments on the basis of equivalent soil mass. Thirteen studies presented information on OC content only and not on OC stocks, had inappropriate controls (n = 14), had durations of 3 years or lower (n = 5), considered only one to two data points per treatment (n = 4), or used cover crops as cash crops (i.e., grown longer that in‐between two crops) instead of catch crops (n = 2), which in all cases constitutes shortcomings. Of the remaining six trials, four showed non‐significant trends, one study displayed a negative impact of cover crops, and one study displayed a positive impact, resulting in a mean OC storage of 0.03 ton ha−1 year−1. Models and policies should urgently adapt to such new figure. Finally, more is to be done not only to improve the design of cover‐crop studies for reaching sound conclusions but also to understand the underlying reasons of the low efficiency of cover crops for improved carbon sequestration into soils, with possible strategies being suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: As an important food and cash crop, identification of DNA molecular markers is of great significance for molecular marker-assisted breeding of Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) moench). Although some sorghum-related mutation databases have been published, the special SSR and SV databases still need to be constructed and updated. Results: In this study, the quality of 18 different sorghum genomes was evaluated, and two genomes were assembled at chromosome level. Through the identification and comparative analysis of SSR loci in these genomes, the distribution characteristics of SSR in the above sorghum genomes were initially revealed. At the same time, five representative reference genomes were selected to identify the structural variation of sorghum. Finally, a convenient SSR/SV database of sorghum was constructed by integrating the above results (http://www.sorghum.top:8079/;http://43.154.129.150:8079/;http://47.106.184.91:8079/). Users can query the information of related sites and primer pairs. Conclusions: Anyway, our research provides convenience for sorghum researchers and will play an active role in sorghum molecular marker-assisted breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cashew (Anacardium occidentale Linn.) is an important cash crop in Zambia. However, the cashew production is about 3–20 kgs/tree and the quality of the nuts is extremely poor due to the use of unimproved cashew genotypes. There are variations in cashew trees grown in farmers' fields because cashew is highly cross pollinated. As a short-term measure, farmers are currently planting cashew polyclonal seeds imported from Tanzania. Nevertheless, there are numerous cashew germplasm that were introduced to Zambia since 1940s. These cashew trees have adapted to the local environment and a small proportion of them are high yielding with good nut quality. Researchers need to identify these genotypes in farmers' fields and collect them as mother trees to initiate a cashew breeding programme. In Zambia, cashew research is still at its infancy hence the knowledge and skills are still low among the small-scale cashew farmers. Though cashew improvement programmes are being developed in several countries, there is enormous knowledge and technologies that have been generated from some cashew producing countries which could be adopted and later adapted in Zambia to revamp the whole cashew value chain. The approaches to accelerate cashew improvement in Zambia include; evaluation of germplasm for genetic diversity, conservation of germplasm, introduction of new alleles, selection of elite materials, vegetative propagation techniques, hybridization and marker assisted selection. This paper reviews the various knowledge, technologies and approaches that have been developed over time for cashew improvement and discusses their implication to the Zambia cashew industry. • Cashew is an important cash crop in Zambia. • Its yields are very low due to use of unimproved genotypes. • Since 1940s, many cashew germplasm varieties have been brought to Zambia. • However, cashew growers have limited knowledge and expertise in cashew genotypes. • Thus, germplasm diversity evaluation is vital to speed up cashew improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek var. radiata) is a significant food and cash crop grown in tropical and subtropical regions. Mungbean production and consumer demand have increased substantially over the last two decades, owing to its agronomic, nutritional and economic benefits. Despite increased breeding efforts and the expansion of mungbean production in various agro‐climatic regions, further production is hindered by low yield and variability, which is partly attributed to the impacts of abiotic stress. Abiotic stress impacts on the physiology, morphology and reproductive ability of mungbean which influences yield. Exposure to abiotic stresses at the reproductive stage is considered the most critical for yield production. In this review, we evaluate how abiotic stress impacts mungbean growth and productivity when occurring during the reproductive stage and traits that may confer adaptation. We present the limitations of current research including limited number of genotypes, lack of field experiments and detailed experimental information. We highlight the opportunities to exploit new tools and technologies, such as high‐throughput phenotyping platforms, gene editing, and genomic selection, to accelerate breeding efforts to develop more resilient mungbean cultivars for today and tomorrow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since 2005, large areas have been planted for maca, the introduced cash crop, on cropland and grassland in Yunnan, China. While cash crops offer clear economic benefits over conventional crops, they also reduce the amount of land for wildlife, especially wading birds. The effect of cash crops on the energetic carrying capacity for birds requires evaluation. The black‐necked crane (Grus nigricollis) is a flagship species wintering in northeast and northwest Yunnan where large areas of cropland and grassland have been converted to maca production. Understanding changes in the energetic carrying capacity in response to increasing maca production will facilitate the development of effective conservation plans for the protection of black‐necked cranes. We estimated food density and the crane's daily energy requirements by observing the foraging behavior of crane individuals using telescopes and recorded video to measure the energetic carrying capacity of the black‐necked crane in the Dashanbao National Nature Reserve. The monthly energetic carrying capacity was similar between the pre‐expansion planting period for maca (2012–2014) and the expansion planting period (2014–2015). The abundance of invertebrates in grassland in December and January and Tartary buckwheat in March was below the food density threshold (below which foraging becomes energetically unprofitable) in both the pre‐and post‐maca planting years. In addition, the crop yield was significantly affected by freeze damage in spring. Thus, climate and abundance of invertebrates affect the energetic carrying capacity of black‐necked cranes in Dashanbao Reserve. We suggest that the local relevant departments should fully assess the potential effect on the cranes when implementing the large‐scale cultivation of introduced crops and avoid the large‐scale planting of single‐species crops. The largest planted area in suitable farmland within the study area should not exceed 1,000 ha. Maca planting should be undertaken with caution in this area because of the potential effect on black‐necked cranes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Goji berry is an important cash crop of the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region of China. In the summer of 2019 and 2020, a root rot outbreak appeared in Zhongning County Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region. The correct identification of the causal agent is very important for prevention and cure of this root rot disease. The rotten root samples of symptomatic trees were dug for strain isolation using tissues separation method. The fungi were identified based on both morphological characteristics and molecular signatures. Five healthy 1‐year‐old goji berry cv. 'Ningqi‐7' seedlings inoculated with F. redolens QT114 showed root rot symptoms and F. redolens was re‐isolated from the rotted roots of inoculated seedlings. This is the first report of F. redolens causing root rot of Chinese wolfberry (L. barbarum L. cv. 'Ningqi‐7'). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Baobab (Adansonia digitata L) is a large tree species growing in semiarid and arid lowlands of Ethiopia and other places. The plant is valued by natives for its contributions as a cash crop and livelihood tree. Previous studies using samples from different countries have documented their phytochemical profiles and nutritional and health benefits. This study explored the phytochemical constituents and biological activities of fruit pulp extracts of baobab collected from Tekeze Valley, Tigrai, Ethiopia. To this end, qualitative phytochemical screening tests, quantitative phytochemical analyses, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis were carried out using aqueous extract. Analyses of antioxidant activities were also conducted with aqueous- and methanol-extracts using of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), nitric oxide (NO), and hydroxyl (OH) radical scavenging activity assays. The qualitative screening tests showed the presence of flavonoids, phenols, saponins, tannins, and terpenoids. Quantitative analyses of these phytochemicals at 25, 50, and 100 g/mL aqueous extract resulted in 0.0252 to 0.1000% yields. Yields of flavonoids, phenols, and saponins were higher at 50 g/mL extract, while that of tannins and terpenoids were higher at 100 g/mL. GC-MS analysis resulted in 15 predominant compounds including (1,2bis(trimethylsilyl)benzene (13.17%), 2-methyl-7-phenylindole (11.75%), 2-ethylacridine (10.11%), and benz[b]-1,4-oxazepine-4(5H)-thione,2,3-dihydro-2,8-dimethyl (10.11%). Aqueous and methanol extracts showed concentration-dependent antioxidant activities. In all the assays and concentrations, the antioxidant activities of both extracts were lower than that of the ascorbic acid standard. At equal extract concentrations (e.g., 100 and 250 μg/mL), methanol extract had higher antioxidant activities than aqueous extract. The findings can encourage future initiatives towards large-scale research for compiling a complete phytochemical profile of the fruit pulp of the Ethiopian baobab. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coriander, fenugreek, nigella etc. are collectively known as seed spices. They are "High value and low volume crops" and considered cash crops for the growers of arid and semi-arid regions of India. Coriander, fenugreek and nigella are grown during the rabi season and take hardly 130–140 days to attain full maturity. In this context, farmers are not able to develop income from available arable land round the year, even though they have sufficient resources as well as manpower. Therefore, coriander, fenugreek and nigella-based cropping systems, four of each (total 12) were evaluated during 3 consecutive years (2019–20 to 2021–22) for their productivity, resource-use efficiency, economics and soil fertility. The results showed that among the seed spices-based cropping systems, maximum system productivity (5193 kg ha-1), production efficiency (18.81 kg ha-1 day-1), water-use efficiency (2.31 kg ha-1 mm-1), economic efficiency (11.85 US $ ha-1 day-1), net return (3270 US $ ha-1), benefit:cost ratio (3.27) and available N (165.6 kg ha-1) were observed under nigella-green coriander-mungbean cropping system. Hence, seed spices growers are recommended to adopt nigella-green coriander-mungbean cropping system in order to realize better productivity, resource-use efficiency, soil fertility and profitability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]