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Cu2ZnSnS4:Na promising quaternary chalcogenide material was deposited using a single-step hydrothermal method via EDTA as a complex agent. Various NaOH additives were studied to see how they affected the crystallographic, microstructure, optical, and electrical properties. The formation of polycrystalline kesterite Cu2ZnSnS4:Na films with a preferred orientation along (112) plane was shown by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman analyses. These analyses also revealed that the structure's properties vary with NaOH additive: single-phase Cu2ZnSnS4:Na was formed at higher NaOH value and the secondary phase was formed within CZTS at lower NaOH values. Surface morphology changes from flake-flower to cauliflower, according to field emission scanning electron microscopy. Also, EDS peaks confirm the presence of Cu, Zn, Sn, Na, and S. UV–visible analysis indicates that all samples had high and wide absorbance spectra with absorption coefficients greater than 104 cm−1 in the (200–1000) nm range. Additionally, a 1.5 eV band gap for the single-phase Cu2ZnSnS4:Na film was estimated. For single-phase Cu2ZnSnS4:Na, photoluminescence revealed a peak at 1.47 eV, the energy value is in close proximity to the optical band gap of the ideal compound Cu2ZnSnS4:Na.The Hall measurement indicates the pure sample has p-type conductivity with a charge carrier concentration of 6 × 1017 cm−3. The resistivity of pure CZTS:Na and mobility were 1 Ω.cm and 10.4 cm2.Vs−1. Finally, the configuration of Mo foil/MoO3/CZTS:Na /Zn0.35Cd0.65S/ZnO/Al was used to produce a heterojunction solar cell. Under 100 mW/cm2, an open circuit voltage of (0.415) V, a short circuit current density of (14.3) mA cm-2, a fill factor of (38%), and the effectiveness of photovoltaic cells of (2.26%) were achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growth, yield, and quality of cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis L.) cv. Pusa Snowball K-1 were studied using Fe2O3-nano fertilizer (Fe2O3-N) in combination with Azotobacter, Farmyard manure (FYM), and Phosphorus solubilizing bacteria (PSB). Hydrothermally synthesized Fe2O3 nanoparticles characterized with XRD, FTIR, and SEM. The experiment consisting 12 treatments viz. T1 (Fe2O3-N), T2 comprising of Fe2O3-N + FYM + Azotobacter + PSB, T3 (Fe2O3-N + Azotobacter + PSB), T4 (Fe2O3-N + FYM + Azotobacter), T5 (Fe2O3-N + FYM + PSB), T6 (Fe2O3-N + FYM), T7 (Fe2O3-N + Azotobacter), T8 (Fe2O3-N + PSB), T9 (PSB), T10 (Azotobacter), T11 (FYM), and T12 (control). Fe2O3 NPs positively enhance the photosynthetic activity and stimulate catalyze enzymatic action in plant leaves that effect the health of the plant and remarkably increase the crop yield. Application of Fe2O3-nano fertilizer (Fe2O3-N) along the Azotobacter, FYM, and PSB was shown encouraging growth effects to improve the cropping behavior. Fe2O3 NPs positively enhance the photosynthetic activity and stimulate catalyze enzymatic action in plant leaves that effect the health of the plant and remarkably increase the crop yield. This research is a detailed study of nontoxic Fe2O3 nanoparticle as nanofertilizers on the cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. Botrytis L.) cv. Pusa Snowball K-1. Growth of nanoparticles was carried out by environment friendly hydrothermal method. It was found that Fe2O3 NPs positively enhance the photosynthetic activity and stimulate catalyze enzymatic action in plant leaves that effect the health of the plant and remarkably increase the crop yield. The novelty of this work is that nanoparticles are used to enhance the growth and yield of the crop. This research will reflect new point of view toward the nanoparticle as nanofertilizers instead of indiscriminate use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides to increase the yield of crop. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seventy-eight Rhizoctonia isolates were obtained from brassicas in five Brazilian states between 2015 and 2017. The isolates were identified by phylogenetic analysis of the rDNA internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) and tested for pathogenicity and aggressiveness. Sixty-eight isolates were identified as R. solani and 10 isolates as binucleate Rhizoctonia. The most prevalent anastomosis group (AG) was AG-4 HG-I (83.3% of isolates), followed by AG-A (7.7%), AG-1 IB (2.6%), AG-G (2.6%), AG-R (2.6%) and AG-2-2 IIIB (1.3%). AG-4 HG-I isolates were widely distributed and recovered from all Brazilian states sampled, including 12 brassicas-growing fields. All isolates were pathogenic to broccoli, cauliflower and kale, causing necrotic lesions on subterraneous stems. There was no significant difference in aggressiveness among the different AGs in broccoli, but AG-1 IB isolates were more aggressive to cauliflower and AG-4 HG-I isolates were more aggressive to kale. This study is the first report of AG-4 HG-I, AG-2-2 IIIB, AG-A, AG-G and AG-R infecting brassica plants in Brazil. To our knowledge, this is the first detailed research of the AG composition of Rhizoctonia populations causing brassica diseases in Brazil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cultivated diploid Brassica oleracea is an important vegetable crop, but the genetic basis of its domestication remains largely unclear in the absence of high-quality reference genomes of wild B. oleracea. Here, we report the first chromosome-level assembly of the wild Brassica oleracea L. W03 genome (total genome size, 630.7 Mb; scaffold N50, 64.6 Mb). Using the newly assembled W03 genome, we constructed a gene-based B. oleracea pangenome and identified 29 744 core genes, 23 306 dispensable genes, and 1896 private genes. We re-sequenced 53 accessions, representing six potential wild B. oleracea progenitor species. The results of the population genomic analysis showed that the wild B. oleracea populations had the highest level of diversity and represents the most closely related population to modern-day horticultural B. oleracea. In addition, the WUSCHEL gene was found to play a decisive role in domestication and to be involved in cauliflower and broccoli curd formation. We also illustrate the loss of disease-resistance genes during selection for domestication. Our results provide new insights into the domestication of B. oleracea and will facilitate the future genetic improvement of Brassica crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carotenoids and chlorophylls are among the most widely distributed pigments in nature that play essential roles in the photosynthetic apparatus and confer diverse colours in plants. Among all vegetables, cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. ssp. var. botrytis) is rich in phytochemicals and is an important crop grown all over the world. This study investigates carotenoid and chlorophyll concentrations in differently pigmented cultivars and elucidates the role of transcriptional regulation of carotenoid accumulation including lutein and β-carotene. Here, we characterised changes in pigments by UHPLC-DAD-ToF-MS and changes in transcript levels of carotenoid metabolic genes by qRT-PCR in florets and leaves of orange ('Jaffa' and 'Sunset'), purple ('Di Sicilia Violetto' and 'Graffiti'), green ('Trevi') and white ('Clapton') cultivars. Transcript levels of all carotenoid metabolic genes showed different transcript level patterns in the leaves and florets. Compared to the other cultivars, the orange cultivars had the highest levels of b-carotene in the florets and lutein in the leaves resulting in changes lutein/β-carotene ratios. In the green cultivar, higher transcript levels were also found, especially for phytoene synthase and phytoene desaturase genes of the core biosynthesis pathway. However, no increased carotenoid concentrations were observed, possibly due to a higher carotenoid turnover induced by the carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 4 in the green cultivar. In the white ('Clapton') and purple ('Di Sicilia Violetto' and 'Graffiti') cultivars the phytoene desaturase transcript levels as well as carotenoid concentrations were low. Chlorophyll concentrations changed in trend comparable to the carotenoid concentrations and were only significantly lower in the leaves of the orange cultivar 'Jaffa'. Also, the chlorophyll a/b ratio changed in 'Jaffa'. In florets the highest chlorophylls concentrations were observed for the green cultivar ('Trevi') and the purple cultivar ('Di Sicilia Violetto'). Taken together, the study demonstrates the complex source-sink relationship of carotenoid accumulation in different coloured cauliflower. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cauliflower is a popular winter crop in Bangladesh. However, cauliflower plants are vulnerable to several diseases that can reduce the cauliflowers’ productivity and degrade their quality. The manual monitoring of these diseases takes a lot of effort and time. Therefore, automatic classification of the diseased cauliflower through computer vision techniques is essential. This study has retrieved ten different statistical and gray-level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM)-based features from the cauliflower image dataset by implementing a variety of image processing techniques. Afterwards, the SelectKBest method with the analysis of variance f-value (ANOVA F-value) has been used to identify the most important attributes for classification of the diseased cauliflower. Based on the ANOVA F-value, the top N (5≤N ≤9) most dominant attributes is used to train and test five machine learning (ML) models for classification of diseased cauliflower. Finally, different performance metrics have been used for evaluating the effectiveness of the employed ML models. The bagging classifier achieved the highest accuracy of 82.35%. Moreover, this model has outperformed other ML classifiers in terms of other performance metrics also. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concentration of nitrogen in plants is usually determined through chemical analysis, although there are alternatives such as the measurement of chlorophyll as an indirect estimate of the nitrogen content. Currently, the reflectance, transmittance and fluorescence methods in specific regions of the spectrum are used to diagnose the nutritional status of plants in nitrogen. The objective has been to evaluate the use of sensors based on the principles of fluorescence and transmittance in the same test plots. The tests were carried out at the Valdegón Farm, at the Agro-food Technological Research and Development Center of the Government of La Rioja, at Agoncillo (La Rioja), Spain, in the years 2012, 2013 and 2014. Periodic sampling of nitrogen in soil, plant biomass and sheet measurements with Multiplex® were carried out. For the NBI index of the Multiplex high correlations have been found with the nitrogen content of the plant, which has served, depending on the phenological state of the crop, to adjust some functions that relate the measurements made with the biomass of the crop in the case of the NBI index. In the critical curves obtained for the sensors, it is observed that from a biomass of approximately 1 Mg/ha (50% of covered ground) the measurement stabilizes and it is from this moment when deficit treatments start to be distinguished from the non-deficit ones. Therefore, these models could be used to determine a nitrogen-based nutritional deficit and be able to correct it by fertilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heavy metals (HMs) contamination, owing to their potential links to various chronic diseases, poses a global threat to agriculture, environment, and human health. Nickel (Ni) is an essential element however, at higher concentration, it is highly phytotoxic, and affects major plant functions. Beneficial roles of plant growth regulators (PGRs) and organic amendments in mitigating the adverse impacts of HM on plant growth has gained the attention of scientific community worldwide. Here, we performed a greenhouse study to investigate the effect of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA @ 10− 5 M) and compost (1% w/w) individually and in combination in sustaining cauliflower growth and yield under Ni stress. In our results, combined application proved significantly better than individual applications in alleviating the adverse effects of Ni on cauliflower as it increased various plant attributes such as plant height (49%), root length (76%), curd height and diameter (68 and 134%), leaf area (75%), transpiration rate (36%), stomatal conductance (104%), water use efficiency (143%), flavonoid and phenolic contents (212 and 133%), soluble sugars and protein contents (202 and 199%), SPAD value (78%), chlorophyll 'a and b' (219 and 208%), carotenoid (335%), and NPK uptake (191, 79 and 92%) as compared to the control. Co-application of IAA and compost reduced Ni-induced electrolyte leakage (64%) and improved the antioxidant activities, including APX (55%), CAT (30%), SOD (43%), POD (55%), while reducing MDA and H2O2 contents (77 and 52%) compared to the control. The combined application also reduced Ni uptake in roots, shoots, and curd by 51, 78 and 72% respectively along with an increased relative production index (78%) as compared to the control. Hence, synergistic application of IAA and compost can mitigate Ni induced adverse impacts on cauliflower growth by immobilizing it in the soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A field study to understand dissipation rates and effect of various washing treatments on the residues of seven different insecticides, i.e. tetraniliprole 200 SC, emamectin benzoate 5 SG, lufenuron 5.4 EC, indoxacarb 14.5 SC, thiodicarb 75 WP, profenofos 50 EC and cypermethrin 25 EC in/on cauliflower curd has been conducted. The results showed that initial deposits (just after the last insecticide application, i.e. 0 d) of tetraniliprole, emamectin benzoate, lufenuron, indoxacarb, thiodicarb, profenofos and cypermethrin were 0.43, 0.03, 0.25, 0.28, 0.38, 6.70 and 0.68 mg kg−1, respectively. The dissipation pattern of all the tested insecticides followed monophasic, first order kinetics with the half-lives of 6.25, 8.85, 3.27, 7.71, 4.36, 2.98 and 3.76 d, respectively. Proposed pre-harvest intervals for these insecticides are 6, 9, 3, 8, 4, 3 and 4 d, respectively. All the decontamination techniques showed reductions in residue levels. However, treatment by soaking in 5% sodium bicarbonate aqueous solution showed 54%, 42%, 53%, 48%, 22%, 54% and 77% maximum reductions in residues of tetraniliprole, emamectin benzoate, lufenuron, indoxacarb, profenofos and cypermethrin, respectively, in cauliflower curds. The next best treatment was soaking cauliflower curds in water at 45–50 °C for 10 min, which reduced the residues of cypermethrin, profenofos, tetraniliprole, thiodicarb, emamectin benzoate and lufenuron. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The traditional crop production system involves the use of large amounts of chemical fertilizers, which negatively impacts the ecological environment by increasing soil degradation and salinity, threatening sustainable agricultural production. Therefore, there is an urgent need for agricultural practices that increase plant productivity and reduce negative impacts on the environment. Phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms can enhance nutrient availability and plant uptake. This study investigated the effect of Bacillus megaterium as a bio-fertilizer (inoculated and non-inoculated) combined with phosphorus fertilizer (40, 60, and 80 kg. ha-1) on the growth and yield of cauliflower grown under saline conditions, saline soil (9.68 dS.m-1) and saline irrigation water (7.12 dS.m-1). Salt-stressed cauliflower inoculated with Bacillus and fertilized with 60 or 80 kg. ha-1 P2O5 showed improved growth and higher yield compared to other treatments, without significant differences between them. However, Bacillus-treated plants fertilized with 60 P2O5 showed increases in superoxide dismutase (SOD) by 29.3%, catalase (CAT) by 13.9, chlorophyll by 10.4%, N by 7.8%, and P by 8.6%, while Na decreased by 7.8%, resulting in significant increases in cauliflower yield (head weight by 9.3%, and total yield by 8.3%) compared with the control treatment (recommended P fertilizer, 80 kg P2O5. ha-1). The results indicated that the inoculation of salt-stressed plants with Bacillus megaterium is a promising and feasible approach to reduce phosphorus fertilizer use by up to 25% and enhance membrane stability (MSI), relative water content (RWC), nutrient availability, and growth performance, thus mitigating the adverse effects of salt stress exacerbated by climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Nowadays, when discussing agri‐food products, it is important to talk about sustainable production methods. Environmental sustainability has become a production issue, especially when it comes to the design of a product, service, or process. Using frozen fresh cauliflower gnocchi marketed in different packaging and in different global areas as a case study, we aim to highlight the importance of the impact of product eco‐design on the entire life cycle. RESULTS: The environmental impact of cauliflower gnocchi was assessed based on the life cycle assessment methodology. With the cradle‐to‐gate approach, the most influential factors are the cultivation, distribution, and packaging phases. Considering the cradle‐to‐grave approach, home storage has proven to be the most influential factor for a quarter of the entire life cycle of cauliflower gnocchi. The eco‐design of packaging has demonstrated how, by analysing only the packaging, it is possible to achieve significant reductions in impact (−47%), but when compared with the entire life cycle these actions have no significant responsibility (approximately 10%). If, however, the field of action is broadened and eco‐design solutions are sought to reduce the impact deriving from the conservation phase, the consumer has the ability, through their decisions, to reduce the impact relating to conservation as much as possible or to double the impact of the product life cycle. CONCLUSION: Overall, to promote prosperity while protecting the environment, according to Agenda 2030, the agri‐food system must analyse the supply chains without neglecting any step involved in the life cycle of the product. The eco‐design must go beyond the usual factors analysed and shall include downstream activities to aim for more sustainable products, including consumer behaviours, following the cradle‐to‐grave approach. © 2023 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The root-knot nematode (RKN) Meloidogyne spp. incurs substantial economic losses in vegetable crops. The present investigation involved glass-house-based screening performed by artificial inoculation of a set of 62 cauliflower accessions against RKN infestation. The PAUCE-292 genotype exhibited a resistant reaction to RKN infestation while genotypes PAUCE-15, PAUCE-16, PAUCE-19C and PAUCM-PI exhibited a moderately resistant reaction. Nematode inoculation reduced various growth parameters including plant height, plant weight and root length as compared to control but a higher percent reduction was recorded for the susceptible and highly susceptible genotypes. The root galling intensity was recorded to be high in susceptible and highly susceptible genotypes. The root-morphoanatomy studies on selected genotypes revealed no specific association of the studied traits with RKN reaction. But, optical microscopy revealed elaborate lignification and gall formation on RKN inoculation in susceptible PAUCM-SD3 and highly susceptible PAUCM-STAR accessions. The total phenol and flavonoid contents were maintained at significantly high levels in resistant genotype(s) in the initial 2.5-week post-inoculation of nematode juveniles. Therefore, this study provides biochemical cues on the mechanism of RKN resistance in cauliflower accessions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present investigation comprising 36 diverse cauliflower genotypes along with three checks were raised during winter season of 2021-22 to study genetic variability, association between different characters, and direct and indirect effects of component traits to formulate selection criteria for utilization in crop improvement programme. The analysis of variance indicated exitance of sufficient genetic variability for all morphological and yield traits taken for the study. High PCV and GCV were reported for marketable curd weight, net curd weight and stalk length. Similarly, high heritability coupled with high genetic advance was observed for gross plant weight, marketable curd weight and curd solidity which indicates that these traits can be easily improved through simple selection. Correlation and path coefficient analysis revealed that gross plant weight, net curd weight, curd size index, curd solidity, plant frame and stalk length could be considered as the best selection parameters for evolving high yielding cauliflower genotypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The production of seedlings is one of the main activities for implementing agricultural crops. Many factors are involved in producing quality seedlings, including nutrition, health, genetics, and climatic factors such as temperature, humidity, and light. To evaluate the effect of light supplementation, a study was conducted using supplementary artificial light to produce lettuce and cauliflower seedlings. Sowing was carried out in styrofoam trays under a floating irrigation system. Part of the experiment containing the two species, received treatment with LED light for an additional 4 h per day, in addition to solar radiation (10 h∙day−1). The remaining seedlings received only solar radiation (without supplementation). After 37 days, the seedlings' biometric (leaf area, root length, aerial dry mass, and root dry mass) and biochemical parameters (phenolic compounds, flavonoids, chlorophyll a/b, and total chlorophyll) were analyzed. The data showed that the complementary light enhanced the performance in all the biometric parameters evaluated in the experiment for lettuce and cauliflower. The biochemical parameters in lettuce were also higher in seedlings with light supplementation. For cauliflower, supplementary light did not differ from the natural photoperiod for biochemical parameters except for a reduction in the levels of total phenolic compounds. Considering the enhanced biometric and biochemical parameters and greater dry weight and leaf area of the seedlings grown with supplemental light, using such a tool can optimize seedling development, possibly reducing production time in the nursery and providing greater productivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Air salinity is one of the problems for horticulture production in coastal areas. Cabbage and Cauliflower are horticulture commodities that have the potential to develop in coastal areas. The present study aimed to examine the agro-physiological response of cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata) and cauliflower (B. oleracea var. botrytis) to different concentrations of air salinity. This research was a factorial experiment on polybags arranged according to a completely randomized block design with two factors. The first factor was the crop type, namely cabbage (Grand 22) and cauliflower (Larissa F1). The second factor was the concentration of air salinity, namely 0 dS. m-1, 6 dS. m-1, 12 dS. m-1, and 18 dS. m-1. The agro-physiological changes studied were crop yield, leaf chlorophyll content, stomata density, and proline content. A stress tolerance index was measured to determine the level of crop resistance to air salinity stress. The results explained that air salinity was not able to affect crop growth and yield, but it enabled to affect crops physiologically. The highest decrease in leaf chlorophyll content was at 18 dS. m-1 of 29.16% in the vegetative stage and 37.88% in the generative stage. There was an increase in proline accumulation of leaf (1,320.63%) when the air salinity was increased (18 dS. m-1). However, the accumulation of cabbage proline was lower than that of cauliflower. Based on the stress tolerance index, cabbage is included in the category of tolerant, while cauliflower is in the category of moderate tolerance to air salinity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In fall 2021, reddish and wilting of leaves and crown rot were observed on cauliflower plants with an incidence of up to 60% in a field in Eboli, South Italy. The causal agent was identified as Globisporangium perplexum based on morphological features of the colonies and by microscopy analyses. The identification was further confirmed by sequencing the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA. The pathogenicity tests reproduced symptoms under laboratory conditions that matched those observed in the field. To our knowledge, this is the first report of Globisporangium perplexum causing crown rot and wilting on cauliflower in Italy and worldwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study presents the first to characterize novel Erucastrum canarianse Webb and Berthel (or Can) sterile cytoplasm-based CMS lines in Indian cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis L.) and investigating their commercial suitability. Eleven Can-based CMS lines were examined for 12 agro-morphological and yield traits,18 floral traits, four seed yield traits together with three each of the Ogura (source: wild Japanese Radish) and Tour (Source: Brassica tournefortii) cytoplasms. All of the recorded floral and seed traits showed significant (P > 0.05) differences between the CMS lines of each group. Agro-morphological and yield traits in CMS lines and their maintainers, however, were non-significantly different. All the Can- and Ogura-based CMS lines showed flowering and appropriate seed formation by natural cross-pollination. Only two Tour cytoplasm-based CMS lines, Tour (DC-41-5) and Tour (DC-67), produced the smallest malformed flowers and stigma. The highest seed yield per plant in CMS lines was in Ogu (DC-98-4) and the lowest in Tour (DC-67). P14 and P15, two polymorphic mtDNA markers, were discovered for the Can CMS system for early detection. Five primers (ITS5a-ITS4, atpF-atpH, P16, rbeL and trnL), along with their maintainers, were sequenced and aligned to detect nucleotide changes including as additions and or deletions at different positions. The newly introduced E. canariense sterile cytoplasm-based CMS system in cauliflower is the subject of the first comprehensive report, which emphasises their potential as a further stable and reliable genetic mechanism for hybrid breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our body defends itself from oxidative stress via endogenous antioxidants. However, in case of deficiency, antioxidant supplements from plant and animal sources may help in maintaining overall health. The current research was conducted to evaluate the activity of enzymatic antioxidants like Superoxide dismutase, Ascorbate Peroxidase, Catalase, Glutathione Peroxidase, Glutathione Reductase, and non-enzymatic antioxidant Ascorbic acid in floret and stem of cauliflower and broccoli cultivar. Native PAGE was performed for SOD, CAT, and Glutathione Peroxidase. Antioxidant activity significantly varied among broccoli and cauliflower and their different parts. The activity of APX, GPX, and Protein was found maximum in Broccoli floret. Whereas SOD and CAT activity was higher in broccoli stems. Cauliflower floret had maximum ascorbic acid followed by broccoli floret. GR activity was highest in the cauliflower floret. Except for CAT & GR, all other enzymatic antioxidant activity like SOD, APX, GPX, was 2.5%, 47.59% and 63.59%, higher in broccoli floret as compared to cauliflower floret. CAT activity was 29.64% higher in cauliflower floret compared to broccoli floret. Our findings support future efforts to utilize broccoli and cauliflower agro-waste as sources of compounds for the nutraceutical and pharmaceutical industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Radio frequency (RF) treatment is one of the most promising approaches for disinfesting, drying, and pasteurizing agricultural products. However, the inhomogeneous heating of RF treatment is the primary barrier for practical applications. To improve the RF heating uniformity, a 27.12 MHz, 6 kW pilot-scale RF system was applied to heat the cauliflower by changing its density in different zones of a rectangular container. The results proved that the RF heating rate and the average mass change rate of the cauliflower decreased with increasing electrode gap and bulk density of the cauliflower. The RF heating uniformity of the cauliflower was improved by increasing the electrode gap and the bulk density of the cauliflower during RF heating. With increasing of the bulk density of sample at the edges in the container, the RF heating rate and heating uniformity index of the sample firstly decreased and then increased when the sample density at the center and the corners were 405.5 and 516.8 kg/m³, respectively. The mass change rate of the sample presented an inverse relationship with the heating rate and heating uniformity index during RF treatment. The best heating uniformity and highest mass change rate were obtained when the bulk density of the cauliflowers at the center, edges, and corners in the container was 405.5, 461.1, and 516.8 kg/m³, respectively. The results of this study can offer effective method for improving the RF heating uniformity in high moisture products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of plasma-activated water (PAW), generated through atmospheric pressure air gliding arc discharge, on the germination and growth parameters of cauliflower (Brassica oleracea, variety Botrytis) seeds have been investigated. Results demonstrate significant influences of PAW on seed germination characteristics and seedling growth parameters. Increasing the exposure time of seeds to plasma from 0 to 20 min leads to a notable increment in the water uptake rate, ranging from approximately 94.0% to 115.0%. Furthermore, the physio-chemical characteristics of PAW are examined, revealing its transformation into acidic solutions, accompanied by rising electrical conductivity, oxidation-reduction potential, total dissolved solids, and nitrate and nitrite concentrations with longer treatment times. Notably, applying PAW for 10–15 min results in higher seed germination and seedling growth. Comparative experiments involving PAW and control water demonstrate enhanced germination, increased root and shoot lengths, and elevated chlorophyll content. However, prolonged exposure to PAW shows adverse effects. Cauliflower plants treated with 10 min and 15 min of PAW exhibit the highest chlorophyll concentration, root and shoot lengths. These findings underscore the potential of PAW to improve seed germination and plant growth, emphasizing the importance of adjusting the plasma treatment period for each specific seed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A field experiment was conducted to study the population dynamics of major insect pests and their natural enemies in cauli flower eco system in two consecutive cropping seasons i.e., winter 2021-22 and 22-23 at experimental farm of Dr Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa, Bihar. In cropping season 2021-22, the incidence was at its peak of the pests: Aphids (123.72), Diamondback Moth (12.83), Tobacco caterpillar (1.02), Leaf webber (2.83), and Flea beetle (2.56) per plant were recorded on 12thSMW, 11thSMW, 12thSMW, 9thSMW, and 12thSMW, respectively. Similarly, on llthSMW, 12thSMW, 9thSMW, 10thSMW, and 12thSMW of cropping season 2022-23 maximum incidence of aphids (147.2), DBM (17.47), tobacco caterpillar (1.65), leaf webber (1.43) and flea beetle (2.53) per plant were recorded, respectively. Maximum population of Cotesia plutellae were 3.86 and 5.43, Oomyzus sp. were 1.01 and 1.21,Aphidius colimani 13.48 and 15.83, Coccinellids were 5.13 and 9.56, and Syrphids were 2.12 and 2.16 recorded during the cropping season 2021-22 and 2022-23, respectively. The correlation between population of insect pests and natural enemies in relation to weather parameters shown significant positive correlation with temperature (maximum and minimum), rainfall and sunshine while negative and significant correlation to relative humidity (morning - evening) during both the cropping season.The coefficient of determination (adjusted R²) value and regression equations obtained after subjecting insect population data in multiple linear regression analysis in relation to weather parameters indicates significant influence of weather parameter on population build-up of insect pests and related natural enemies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To improve resolution to small genomic regions and sensitivity to small-effect loci in the identification of genetic factors conferring the enlarged inflorescence and other traits of cauliflower while also expediting further genetic dissection, 104 near-isogenic introgression lines (NIILs) covering 78.56% of the cauliflower genome, were selected from an advanced backcross population using cauliflower [Brassica oleracea var. botrytis L., mutant for Orange gene (ORG)] as the donor parent and a rapid cycling line (TO1434) as recurrent parent. Subsets of the advanced backcross population and NIILs were planted in the field for 8 seasons, finding 141 marker-trait associations for 15 leaf-, stem-, and flower-traits. Exemplifying the usefulness of these lines, we delineated the previously known flower color gene to a 4.5 MB interval on C3; a gene for small plant size to a 3.4 MB region on C8; and a gene for large plant size and flowering time to a 6.1 MB region on C9. This approach unmasked closely linked QTL alleles with opposing effects (on chr. 8) and revealed both alleles with expected phenotypic effects and effects opposite the parental phenotypes. Selected B. oleracea NIILs with short generation time add new value to widely used research and teaching materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Terrestrial gastropods (slugs and snails, Mollusca: Eupulmonata) are destructive pests of brassica crops. These organisms defoliate plants and contaminate the harvest, leading to reduced crop yield and marketability. Losses caused by molluscs have escalated in recent years in Brazil.We aimed to determine the seasonal activity of gastropods in brassica fields and unravel the environmental variables associated with these dynamics. Gastropod abundance, assemblage and within‐plant distribution were also compared among Brassica oleracea cultivars (broccoli, cabbage and cauliflower).Mild temperatures and rainy periods were found to coincide with gastropod peaks. Regression analyses confirmed a positive association of rainfall and humidity with gastropod abundance, whereas gastropod abundance increased with decreasing temperature. Deroceras laeve (Müller) (Agriolimacidae) and Bradybaena similaris (Férussac) (Bradybaenidae) were the most constant species. Mollusc abundance and assemblage differed amid B. oleracea cultivar; cabbage had the highest abundance and its species composition differed from broccoli and cauliflower. Slugs and snails were more concentrated on lower plant portions, regardless of the cultivar.Management efforts should be reinforced in mild‐temperature and rainy periods to reduce damage by gastropods, and cabbage should be monitored more closely than other cultivars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Indonesia, cauliflower is generally grown in the highlands (mountainous areas). However, with advanced agricultural technology, the lowland varieties of cauliflower have now been found. This study aims to find the best combination of seedling age and varieties of cauliflower (Brassica oleraceae L.) for the development of cultivation techniques in the lowlands. The research method used was an experimental method with a single factor randomized block design (RBD) with 8 treatments and repeated 4 times, so that there were 32 experimental units. The treatments were as follows: A (seedling age of 21 days after sowing (das) and PM126 F1 variety), B (seedling age of 28 das and PM126 F1 variety), C (seedling age of 21 das and Mona F1 variety), D (seedling age of 28 das and Mona F1 variety), E (seedling age of 21 das and Bima 45 variety), F (seedling age of 28 das and Bima 45 variety), G (seedling age of 21 das and Diamond variety), H (seedling age 28 das and variety Diamond). Based on the experimental results, the Bima 45 variety with a seedling age of 28 das (treatment F) showed the highest growth in plant height and stem diameter compared to other treatments, while the PM 126 F1 variety with 21 das seedling age (treatment A) showed the highest yield at each weight. Interest per plant (221.46 grams), production per plot (2.66 kg) and production per ha (12.66 tonnes/ha). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agriculture plays a pivotal role in the economies of developing countries by providing livelihoods, sustenance, and employment opportunities in rural areas. However, crop diseases pose a significant threat to both farmers' incomes and food security. Furthermore, these diseases also show adverse effects on human health by causing various illnesses. Till date, only a limited number of studies have been conducted to identify and classify diseased cauliflower plants but they also face certain challenges such as insufficient disease surveillance mechanisms, the lack of comprehensive datasets that are properly labelled as well as are of high quality, and the considerable computational resources that are necessary for conducting thorough analysis. In view of the aforementioned challenges, the primary objective of this manuscript is to tackle these significant concerns and enhance understanding regarding the significance of cauliflower disease identification and detection in rural agriculture through the use of advanced deep transfer learning techniques. The work is conducted on the four classes of cauliflower diseases i.e. Bacterial spot rot, Black rot, Downy Mildew, and No disease which are taken from VegNet dataset. Ten deep transfer learning models such as EfficientNetB0, Xception, EfficientNetB1, MobileNetV2, EfficientNetB2, DenseNet201, EfficientNetB3, InceptionResNetV2, EfficientNetB4, and ResNet152V2, are trained and examined on the basis of root mean square error, recall, precision, F1-score, accuracy, and loss. Remarkably, EfficientNetB1 achieved the highest validation accuracy (99.90%), lowest loss (0.16), and root mean square error (0.40) during experimentation. It has been observed that our research highlights the critical role of advanced CNN models in automating cauliflower disease detection and classification and such models can lead to robust applications for cauliflower disease management in agriculture, ultimately benefiting both farmers and consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was focused on identification of potentially effective and environmentally feasible nitrification inhibitors for cauliflower in order to minimize the losses of applied N fertilizers under mid hill conditions. Field experiment was conducted for two consecutive years (2018–19 & 2019–20) on late sown cauliflower cv. Pusa Snowball K1 with eight different doses of inhibitors supplemented with NPK fertilizers and farmyard manure (FYM) in Randomized Block Design (RBD) replicated thrice. Results showed that recommended dose of fertilizer [N, P & K (125:76:72 kg/ha)] with neem cake (20 g/kg soil) + FYM (250 q/ha) registered maximum pooled NPK concentration in curd (3.40, 0.69 & 1.93%), leaf (2.85, 0.49 & 1.86%) and root (1.34, 0.35 & 1.24%). Maximum plant NPK uptake (95.4, 29.4 & 61.4 kg/ha) and curd yield (283.97 q/ha) on pooled basis was recorded under the similar treatment, the results were comparable to CaC2 treatment with NPK uptake of 92, 28 & 58 kg/ha, respectively and curd yield of 278.90 q/ha. Application of neem cake resulted in highest soil NH4+-N accumulation (137.71 kg/ha) with comparatively lower NO3--N retention (46.18 kg/ha). Regarding economics, maximum net returns (Rs/ha 4,36,662) with a highest benefit: cost ratio of 3.89 was registered under melia application@ 20 g/kg soil. Besides neem cake, melia provided better results on crop growth over pomegranate application. Therefore, two years of field study identified neem cake and melia as prominent and cost effective nitrification inhibitor module for cauliflower under mid hilly conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a renewable resource, seaweeds are abundant in secondary metabolites that have the potential to accelerate metabolic processes in insects, induce toxicity, alter growth and development and delay oviposition and feeding activities. The purpose of the current experiment was to examine the insecticidal activity of brown (Sargassum wightii, Stoechospermum marginatum, Turbinaria conoides) and red algal seaweeds (Gracilaria edulis, Hypnea spicifera, Liagora ceranoides) against diamondback moth under laboratory conditions in Agricultural College and Research Institute, Madurai. The marine algae were collected from Ramanathapuram districts of Tamil Nadu, India. Different extracts of seaweeds were made using the Soxhlet extraction method and were tested for toxicity at various concentrations, including 1%, 2% and 3% against a homogenous culture of second-instar Plutella xylostella larvae. Their effects were compared to those of solvents (Methanol, chloroform, hexane and acetone), a treated group (Azadirachtin 1% at 2 ml/l) and an untreated control under leaf dip bioassay with three replications in Completely Randomized Design. The larval mortality data on the treated larvae were collected systematically, statistically examined and reported. Among different concentrations of tested seaweed extracts, the highest larvicidal activity (83.33%) was observed after 72 h with Sargassum wightii methanolic extracts at 3% concentration and the least larval mortality was observed for Gracilaria edulis acetone extracts at 1% concentration (20.00%). Phytochemical profiling of all methanolic extracts of seaweeds was done by GC-MS/MS analysis. The heat map of the metabolites identified nine metabolites (6-Octadecanoic acid, Papveroline, Paroxypropione, o-Methoxymandelic acid, 11, 14-Eicosadienoic acid, Oxirane, 2-Hydroxy-5-Methyl acetophenone, Alpha-Bromo-gamma-valerolactone, 2-O-Methlyl-d-xylose) in S. wightii with high intensity that were not detected in other species. These metabolites are likely to possess insecticidal property. This study suggests the use of seaweed extracts as botanical pesticides which will be an alternative in the creation of an Integrated Pest Management (IPM) module for the control of diamondback moths. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, two prediction models were developed using visible/near‐infrared (Vis/NIR) spectroscopy combined with partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS‐DA) and least squares support vector machine (LS‐SVM) for the detection of pesticide residues of avermectin, dichlorvos, and chlorothalonil at different concentration levels on the surface of cauliflowers. Five samples of each of the three different types of pesticide were prepared at different concentrations and sprayed in groups on the surface of the corresponding cauliflower samples. Utilizing the spectral data collected in the Vis/NIR as input values, comparison and analysis of preprocessed spectral data, and regression coefficient (RC), successive projections algorithm (SPA), and competitive adaptive reweighted sampling (CARS) were used in turn to downscale the data to select the main feature wavelengths, and PLS‐DA and LS‐SVM models were built for comparison. The results showed that the RC‐LS‐SVM was the best discriminant model for detecting avermectin residues concentration on the surface of cauliflowers, with a prediction set discriminant accuracy of 98.33%. For detecting different concentrations of dichlorvos, the SPA‐LS‐SVM had the best predictive accuracy of 95%. The accuracy of the model based on CARS‐PLS‐DA to identify chlorothalonil at different concentration levels on cauliflower surfaces reached 93.33%. The results demonstrated that the Vis/NIR spectroscopy combined with chemometrics could quickly and effectively identify pesticide residues on cauliflower surfaces, affording a certain reference for the rapid recognition of different pesticide residue concentrations on cauliflower surfaces. Practical Application: Vis/NIR spectroscopy can detect the concentration levels of pesticide residues on the surface of cauliflowers and help food regulators quickly and non‐destructively detect traces of pesticides in food, providing a guarantee for food safety. The technique also provides a basis for determining pesticide residue concentrations on the surface of other vegetables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis) by‐products (leaves, stems, stalks) (CBP) were successfully utilized in muffins as a model system and their feasibility of incorporation was investigated. CBP powder‐based muffin formulations were made by the progressive replacement of wheat flour (WF) with 10%, 20%, and 30% of CBP. The physicochemical, pasting properties, antioxidant potential, textural characteristics, and sensorial attributes were analyzed. Substitution of CBP significantly (p <.05) resulted in an upsurge in crude protein, crude fiber, minerals, total phenolics, and total flavonoid contents, as well as total antioxidant activity values of muffins. The pasting properties were influenced by monitoring an increase in peak, breakdown, final, and setback viscosities. Although the addition of an increasing amount of CBP improved the nutritional characteristics, however, the increased level of replacement (>10%) had significant adverse effects on baking and physical characteristics. The specific loaf volume of the developed muffins decreased the crumb color which became darker, and enriched muffins were hardened in texture. Furthermore, sensory evaluation confirmed the positive effects of CBP incorporation only up to 10%. Overall, present results highlighted that supplementation of wheat muffins with 10% CBP is a beneficial approach to enrich them with nutrients and intensify their antioxidant potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cauliflower and tomato are two most important cash crops of the North-Western part of Himalayas often grown in sequence and bring remunerative returns to the farmers of mid-hill region. The study was undertaken in order to evaluate the effect of application of various nutrient combinations through organic and inorganic inputs on the post harvest soil fertility status, crop quality parameters, nutrient use efficiencies, nutrient harvest indices, and economics of the cauliflower–tomato production system. The total of 11 treatment combinations, comprising sole organics, graded doses of inorganics and substitution of inorganics with organic inputs were studied. The study concluded that the application of 75% NPK + 100% FYM + 25% recommended N through FYM and VC on 50:50 N-equivalence basis significantly improved most of the quality and yield parameters in both the crops simultaneously giving highest N (197.8 kg ha−1) and K (167.4 kg ha−1) uptake, NUE (46.3%), AE (57.0 kg kg−1), P harvest index (50.7%) and net returns (5476 US$ ha−1) in cauliflower. This treatment was also accorded with significantly highest N (141.9 kg ha−1), P (30.6 kg ha−1), and K (185.0 kg ha−1) uptake, NUE (33.6%), AE (115.4 kg kg−1), and net returns (7858 US$ ha−1) in tomato. Hence, it is concluded that 75% NPK + 100% FYM + 25% recommended N through FYM and VC on 50:50 N-equivalence basis may be adopted as cost-effective nutrient module for farmers following cauliflower–tomato cropping sequence to achieve higher crop production on sustainable basis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biomolecular condensation is a multipurpose cellular process that viruses use ubiquitously during their multiplication. Cauliflower mosaic virus replication complexes are condensates that differ from those of most viruses, as they are nonmembranous assemblies that consist of RNA and protein, mainly the viral protein P6. Although these viral factories (VFs) were described half a century ago, with many observations that followed since, functional details of the condensation process and the properties and relevance of VFs have remained enigmatic. Here, we studied these issues in Arabidopsis thaliana and Nicotiana benthamiana. We observed a large dynamic mobility range of host proteins within VFs, while the viral matrix protein P6 is immobile, as it represents the central node of these condensates. We identified the stress granule (SG) nucleating factors G3BP7 and UBP1 family members as components of VFs. Similarly, as SG components localize to VFs during infection, ectopic P6 localizes to SGs and reduces their assembly after stress. Intriguingly, it appears that soluble rather than condensed P6 suppresses SG formation and mediates other essential P6 functions, suggesting that the increased condensation over the infection time-course may accompany a progressive shift in selected P6 functions. Together, this study highlights VFs as dynamic condensates and P6 as a complex modulator of SG responses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Genetic diversity is the prerequisite for the success of crop improvement programmes. Keeping in view, the current investigation was undertaken to assess the agro-morphological and molecular diversity involving 36 diverse mid-late and late cauliflower genotypes following α-RBD design during winter season 2021–22. Six morphological descriptors predicted as polymorphic using Shannon diversity index with maximum for leaf margin (0.94). The genotypes grouped into nine clusters based on D2 analysis with four as monogenotypic and gross plant weight (32.38%) revealed maximum contribution towards the genetic diversity. Molecular diversity analysis revealed 2–7 alleles among 36 polymorphic simple sequence repeats (SSR) with average of 4.22. Primer BoESSR492 (0.77) showed maximum polymorphic information content (PIC) with mean of 0.58. SSR analysis revealed two clusters each with two subclusters with a composite pattern of genotype distribution. STRUCTURE analysis showed homogenous mixture with least amount of gene pool introgression within the genotypes. Thus, based on morphological and molecular studies, the diverse genotypes namely, DPCaCMS-1, DPCaf-W4, DPCaf-US, DPCaf-W131W, DPCaf-S121, DPCaf-18, DPCaf-13, DPCaf-29 and DPCaf-CMS5 can be utilized in hybridization to isolate potential transgressive segregants to broaden the genetic base of cauliflower or involve them to exploit heterosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Viruses are intimately linked with their hosts and especially dependent on gene-for-gene interactions to establish successful infections. On the host side, defence mechanisms such as tolerance and resistance can occur within the same species, leading to differing virus accumulation in relation to symptomology and plant fitness. The identification of novel resistance genes against viruses and susceptibility factors is an important part of understanding viral patho-genesis and securing food production. The model plant Arabidopsis thaliana displays a wide symptom spectrum in response to RNA virus infections, and unbiased genome-wide association studies have proven a powerful tool to identify novel disease-genes. In this study we infected natural accessions of A. thaliana with the pararetrovirus cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) to study the phenotypic variations between accessions and their correlation with virus accumulation. Through genome-wide association mapping of viral accumulation differences, we identified several susceptibility factors for CaMV, the strongest of which was the abscisic acid synthesis gene NCED9. Further experiments confirmed the importance of abscisic acid homeostasis and its disruption for CaMV disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effective results of the enzymatic decolorization of industrial azo dyes found in wastewater, which cause serious health and environmental problems, with peroxidases have recently increased the interest in these enzyme sources. Redox-mediated decolorization of Methylene Blue and Congo Red azo dyes with cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis L.) peroxidase (CPOD) purified in one step using 4-amino 3-bromo 2-methyl benzohydrazide molecule was investigated for the first time. The inhibition effect of this molecule, which is used as a ligand in affinity chromatography, on the CPOD enzyme was investigated. The K i and IC 50 values for this enzyme were calculated as 0.113 ± 0.012 mM and 0.196 ± 0.011 mM, respectively. With the affinity gel obtained by binding to the Sepharose-4B- l -tyrosine matrix of this molecule, which shows a reversible inhibition effect, the purification values of CPOD enzyme were determined as 562-fold with a specific activity of 50,250 U mg−1. The purity of the enzyme was checked by the SDS-PAGE technique and its molecular weight was determined. A single band at 44 kDa was observed for the CPOD enzyme. In dye decolorization studies, the effects of dye, enzyme, and hydrogen peroxide concentrations as well as time, pH, and temperature were investigated. The profiles of the optimum conditions for both dyes were similar, and the percentages of decolorization of Methylene Blue and Congo Red under these conditions were 89% and 83%, respectively, at the end of the 40 min reaction time. Again, when examining the effect of metal ions on enzyme activity, it was found that there was no significant negative change in CPOD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lithium dendrites can lead to a short circuit and battery failure, and developing strategies for their suppression is of considerable importance. In this work, we study the growth of dendrites in a simple model system where the solvent is a continuum and the lithium ions are hard spheres that can deposit by sticking to existing spheres or the electrode surface. Using stochastic dynamics simulations, we investigate the effect of applied voltage and diffusion constant on the growth of dendrites. We find that the diffusion constant is the most significant factor, and the inhomogeneity of the electric field does not play a significant role. The growth is most pronounced when the applied voltage and diffusion constant are both low. We observe a structural change from broccoli to cauliflower shape as the diffusion constant is increased. The simulations suggest that a control of electrolyte parameters that impact lithium diffusion might be an attractive route to controlling dendrite growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

B Cover Legend b Anthocyanin accumulation in nutrient-stressed crops can serve as bioindicator for targeted fertilizer application. Image courtesy of Mareike Jezek and Christoph-Martin Geilfus (Jezek I et al i ., pp. 494-505). Collage of images featuring rapeseed ( I Brassica napus i ), celery ( I Apium graveolens i ) and cauliflower ( I Brassica oleracea i var. I botrytis i ). [Extracted from the article]

This work was carried at a private vegetable farm (Sand Valley Experimental Station) Ismailia Governorate, Egypt during the two successive fall seasons of 2020 and 2021 to study the effect of transplanting date on vegetative growth, leaf pigments and productivity of five cauliflower hybrids under sandy soil conditions. This experiment was include 10 treatments, which were the combinations between two transplanting dates (transplanting in 1st August and transplanting in 1st September) and five cauliflower hybrids (Barkha, Solid Snow, Mexico, Fargo and Raoul). These treatments were arranged in a split plot design with three replications. Transplanting dates were randomly distributed in the main plots, while the cauliflower hybrids were randomly arranged in the sub-plots. The most important results were summarized as follows: The interaction between transplanting date in 1st Sept. and Fargo hybrid recorded the maximum values of plant height, number of leaves lant, leaf length, leaf width and leaf area, whereas the interaction between transplanting in 1 stAugust and Barkha hybrid gave the highest concentrations of chlorophyll a, b, (a+b) and carotenoides in leaf tissues of cauliflower in both seasons. The interaction between transplanting date in 1st Sept and Mexico hybrid gave he highest values of total yield/faddan with no significant differences with the interaction between transplanting in 1st Sept. and Fargo hybrid in the 1st season. However, the interaction between transplanting in 1st Sept, and Raoul hybrid significantly increased N, P and K contents in curd in both seasons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, application of different bacterial strains obtained from different ecosystems of Turkey with increasing doses of chemical fertilizers (NPK) was repeated for two years in field conditions in order to determine the effects on plant growth, yield and quality in cauliflower. Six PGPR strains (SA7, SB39, YÖ19, YÖ15, YÖ,41, SK72 107cfu/ml) from the trial subjects and a control group were added. Fertilizer applications were determined over the recommended dose; The rates of 0% NPK0, 50% NPK, 100% NPK and 200% NPK were applied. In the study, crown length, crown diameter, crown weight, leaf length, leaf diameter and marketable yield values were measured in sample plants selected on the basis of plots. Marketable yield values for 2021; NPK0 dose YÖ41, YÖ15 (2.55 ton ha-1), 1/4NPK dose YÖ41 (2.98 ton ha-1), 1/2NPK dose YÖ41, YÖ15 (4.57 ton ha-1), NPK dose YÖ41 (4.74 ton ha-1), 2NPK dose It was determined as YÖ41 (4.69 ton ha-1). Marketable yield values for 2022; NPK0 dose YÖ41 (2.16 ton ha-1), 1/4NPK dose SA7 (3.26 ton ha-1), 1/2NPK dose YÖ41 (4.73 ton ha-1), NPK dose YÖ41 (5.03 ton ha-1), 2NPK dose YÖ41 (5.11 ton ha-1) was determined. As a result of the research, it was determined that the effects of bacterial applications on the growth of the cauliflower plant are important. When the effects of applied bacterial strains on plant growth were examined, YÖ41, YÖ15 bacterial strains came to the fore, while other bacterial strains had a positive effect on all parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although crops produced in organic cultivation are considered to be better for health and often have better sensory characteristic than conventionally produced foodstuffs, the influence of cropping practice on phytochemicals content and healing properties of plant-based food still needs clarification. This study compared nutrient quality and biological activity of Brassica oleracea vegetables grown under organic and conventional production systems. Total glucosinolate, phenolics and flavonoids concentrations, together with antioxidant capacity of vegetable juices against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl radicals (DPPH), 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) and cupric ion reagent were estimated. Antimicrobial activity against bacteria and fungi, together with antiproliferative activity in tumour cell lines were investigated. Organic cropping increased total glucosinolates concentration in broccoli (B. oleracea L., var. italica Plenck) and cauliflower (B. oleracea L. var. botrytis l.c.). Higher total flavonoids concentration was found in all conventionally grown vegetables. Juices of conventionally grown broccoli and cauliflower were more effective antioxidants, antimicrobials and cancer chemopreventive agents than their organically grown counterparts and those from kohlrabi (B. oleracea L. var. gongylodes l.c). Cropping system and vegetable variety together affected chemical composition and biological activity of B. oleracea vegetables. Thus, the combination of both factors must be considered when producing vegetables with health-promoting properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of the current study was to evaluate the effects of gamma ray, UV-C, UV-A (ultraviolet) treatments as seed priming on the growth, yield, quality, and the storage ability of cauliflower heads. The seeds were exposed to the following treatments: 50 and 75 kGy (gamma ray), UV-C for 15, 30, 45 minutes, and UVA for 15, 30, 45 minutes. Plant growth and yield parameters were evaluated at the harvest time. The cauliflower heads from previous treatments were stored at 5° C for 16 days to evaluate their shelf-life traits. The results indicated that gamma ray, UV-C, and UV-A treatments enhanced the plant growth characteristics including plant height, leaf length, number of leaves, plant fresh weight, SPAD reading, and plant dry weight. Additionally, the cauliflower seeds treated with different treatments showed higher total yield, head diameter, and head weight than the control plants. The storage ability including weight loss, total soluble solids, and antioxidant capacity during refrigerated storage of cauliflower heads was not affected by the different treatments, however UVA treatment enhanced vitamin C and phenolic compounds compared to the control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Histone proteins play a critical role in the primary organization of nucleosomes, which is the fundamental unit of chromatin. Among the five types of the histones, histone H3 has multiple variants, and the number differs among the species. Amongst histone H3 variants, centromeric histone H3 (CENH3) is crucial for centromere identification and proper chromosomal segregation during cell division. In the present study, we have identified 17 putative histone H3 genes of Brassica oleracea. Furthermore, we have done a detailed characterization of the CENH3 gene of B. oleracea. We showed that a single CENH3 gene exhibits allelic diversity with at least two alleles and alternative splicing pattern. Also, we have identified a CENH3 gene–specific co-dominant cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence marker SNP34(A/C) to distinguish CENH3 alleles and follow their expression in leaf and flower tissues. The gene structure analysis of the CENH3 gene revealed the conserved 5′–CAGCAG–3′ sequence at the intron 3–exon 4 junction in B. oleracea, which serves as an alternative splicing site with one-codon (alanine) addition/deletion. However, this one-codon alternative splicing feature is not conserved in the CENH3 genes of wild allied Brassica species. Our finding suggests that transcriptional complexity and alternative splicing might play a key role in the transcriptional regulation and function of the CENH3 gene in B. oleracea. Altogether, data generated from the present study can serve as a primary information resource and can be used to engineer CENH3 gene towards developing haploid inducer lines in B. oleracea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to screen the new combinations of cauliflower suitable for being planted in different altitude regions of Fuzhou, the comparative experiment was carried out on the botanical characters, disease resistance and yield of 15 new combinations of cauliflower with the 65 th day of Qingnong as the control group. The results showed that: the new combinations of cauliflowers (HC2164 and HC2140) were suitable for being planted in the low altitude areas of Fuzhou. They had strong growth, round bouquets with yellow and white color, good commercial characters, high resistance to downy mildew and black rot disease, and a mild occurrence of soft rot. Their yields increased by 19. 9% and 18. 5%, respectively compared to the 65th day of Qingnong. In addition, the new combinations of cauliflowers (HC2164 and HC2154) were found to be suitable for being planted in the high altitude areas of Fuzhou. These combinations exhibited strong growth, round bouquets with cream-white or pale yellow color, superior commercial performance, high resistance to downy mildew disease and black rot disease, and a milder occurrence of soft rot. And their yields were 24. 4% and 16. 0% higher than that of the 65th day of Qingnong. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Towering losses of applied N in the region lead this study to identify the best potent nitrification inhibitors in late sown cauliflower (Pusa Snowball K-1), which could be easily available and eco-friendly. A field experiment was conducted for two consecutive years (2018–19 & 2019–20) with different inhibitors doses supplemented with NPK fertilizer and farmyard manure in CRBD with 3 replications. Results showed that application of recommended dose of fertilizer [N, P & K (125:76:72 kg ha-1)] with inhibitor neem cake (20 g/kg soil) +FYM (250 q/ha) recorded highest nitrogen uptake (92 & 98.9 kg ha-1) for both years, results were comparable to CaC2 treatment (89.4 & 94.7 kg ha-1). Highest nitrogen content in cauliflower with values 7.52 and 7.65%, plant height of 68.43 and 68.90 cm was observed with NPK+ neem cake @20 g/kg soil with statistical significance among all. Regarding growth, increased polar (14.51 & 16.08 cm) and equatorial diameter (17.95 & 18.21 cm) with highest leaf count of 21.42 & 21.96 in 2018–19 & 19–20, respectively were recorded under neem cake. Besides neem cake, melia @ 20 g/kg soil improved growth and lowered the levels of soil nitrate i.e. 42.93 and 40.31 kg/ha where highest i.e. 55.61&51.29 kg/ha were recorded in Pomegranate rind @10 g/kg soil and proved a better inhibitor. Nitrate levels have been decreased in 2019–20 as compared to 2018–19. Therefore, two years of open field research identified neem cake and melia as prominent and potent nitrification inhibitors for cauliflower under mid hilly conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vegetables are the staple food in our diets. Vegetable prices are difficult to forecast because they are influenced by a variety of factors, including weather, demand and supply chain, Government policies, etc. and exhibit volatile fluctuations. Marketing of vegetables is complex, especially because of their perishability, seasonality and bulkiness. An accurate and timely forecast of vegetables is essential to help its stakeholders. Previous studies observed that traditional statistical models are unable to capture the complex behaviour of vegetable markets. In this study, a comparative assessment has been carried out among the traditional time-series model, machine learning and deep learning techniques in order to find the best-suited model. For empirical illustration, cauliflower markets have been chosen as it is one of India's most important and popular winter. In order to identify the complexity in the price of cauliflower, the machine learning technique, i.e. artificial neural network and deep learning technique, i.e. long short-term memory model have been implemented. In addition, the traditional stochastic time-series model, i.e. autoregressive integrated moving average model, was used to compare the prediction accuracy of the above models. To this end, the moving window forecast approach was also implemented to evaluate the sensitivity of these models with respect to forecast length. It can be concluded that the deep learning model outperforms the traditional time-series model and the machine learning technique for both short- and long-term forecasting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spraying humic acid on a growing plant cauliflower enhances chlorophyll and carotene levels in the leaves; its crucial role in protecting plants from salt stress, water stress, and heavy metals, and its many other advantages in saline soils. The research study was carried out in one of the agricultural fields in the Muqdadiyah area, Haruniyah area, 21km, using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) and a normal factorial experiment during the agricultural season 2019-2020. It was located 40 kilometers North-East of Diyala governorate, Baquba district. This study aimed to determine how adding anti-saline and spraying humic acid affects the yield parameters of Nahar cauliflower. The results demonstrated that the addition of anti-saline when treated with N2 was superior in the majority of the studied traits, including: (head weight, head diameter, percentage of dry matter in the heads, total yield, and total plant weight without the heads). Sequentially, the results demonstrated (4349 g, 26.39 mm, 15.79 %, 13.39 mcg ha-1, 1.971 kg plant-1) superiority over the control treatment. The majority of the analyzed parameters, including (head weight, head diameter, percentage of dry matter in heads, total yield, and total plant weight without heads) (3584 g, 26.52 mm, 16.80 percent, 15.15 tons H-1, 2.182 kg plant-1), were superior to the control treatment (3584 g, 26.52 mm, 16.80 percent, 15.15 tons H-1, 2.182 kg plant-1). The N2H2 treatment was found to be higher in most of the analyzed parameters, including (head weight, head diameter, percentage of dry matter in the heads, total yield, and total plant weight without the heads), which were (4684 g, 29.80 mm, 19.33 percent, 15.47 tons h-1, 3.224 kg plant-1) respectively compared to the control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Cabbage maggot is a devastating pest of cole crops such as broccoli, cauliflower, Brussels sprout, cabbage, and turnip in the Central Coast of California. Organic and conventional growers in the region have limited access to non-chemical management options. To develop a trap crop, understanding the relative susceptibility of brassicas to cabbage maggot is essential. Thus, brassicas were evaluated as companion plants with broccoli and lettuce after exposure to cabbage maggot flies. In 2013 and 2014, cabbage maggot flies were observed to lay more eggs at the base of turnip plants than broccoli. The larval feeding damage was greater on turnip than on broccoli. Lettuce (a non-brassicaceous crop) was included in the experiment to determine if it could suppress cabbage maggot attacks on broccoli. Lettuce did not reduce cabbage maggot infestation on broccoli after planting side-by-side. Additionally, the number of eggs and larval feeding damage were lower in cauliflower than in broccoli. Cabbage maggot infestation on cabbage was not different from that on broccoli. This study suggests that turnip should be further evaluated by planting on border rows of fields, or as an intercrop, to manage cabbage maggot in broccoli in the Central Coast of California. Cabbage maggot, Delia radicum (L.) (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) is a serious pest of Brassica such as broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica Plenck) and cauliflower (B. oleracea L. var. botrytis) in California's Central Coast. Since there are limited non-chemical options available for growers to manage D. radicum, there is an urgent need to develop alternative tactics. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of side-by-side plantings of turnip (Brassica rapa var. rapa L.), lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.), cauliflower, and cabbage (B. oleracea L. var. capitata) with broccoli on D. radicum infestation. In 2013 and 2014, the experiments were conducted in Salinas, California. Significantly greater numbers of eggs and larval feeding damage were found on turnip compared with broccoli. Lettuce (Asteraceae), a non-Brassica crop, was compared with broccoli; however, lettuce did not reduce oviposition or larval feeding damage on broccoli. The larval feeding damage on cauliflower was significantly lower than on broccoli when planted side-by-side. The effects on cabbage were not significantly different from broccoli in terms of oviposition and larval feeding damage. This new information generated from the Central Coast of California will be further utilized to develop a trap crop to effectively tackle the D. radicum problem in Brassica fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]