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In the pursuit of sustainable energy solutions, the development of materials with efficient hydrogen and methane storage capacities is imperative, particularly for advancing hydrogen-powered vehicles. Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have emerged as promising candidates to meet the stringent targets set by the Department of Energy for both hydrogen and methane storage. This study employs Grand Canonical Monte Carlo simulations to investigate the usable hydrogen and methane gravimetric and volumetric storage capacities of the recently synthesized SIGSUA. A comparative analysis encompasses the selected MOFs with similar metal compositions, those with comparable density and average pore radius, and classical benchmarks, such as IRMOF-15 and IRMOF-20, all evaluated at room temperature and moderate pressures ranging from 25 to 35 MPa. The results reveal that SIGSUA demonstrates noteworthy gravimetric and volumetric storage capacities for both hydrogen and methane, rivaling or surpassing those of the selected MOFs for analysis. These findings underscore the potential of SIGSUA in advancing clean energy storage technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heterogeneous photocatalysis is an important research problem relevant to a variety of sustainable energy technologies. However, obtaining high photocatalytic efficiency from visible light absorbing semiconductors is challenging due to a combination of weak absorption, transport losses, and low activity. Aspects of this problem have been addressed by multilayer approaches, which provide a general scheme for engineering surface reactivity and stability independent of electronic considerations. However, an analogous broad framework for optimizing light–matter interactions has not yet been demonstrated. Here, we establish a photonic approach using semiconductor metasurfaces that is highly effective in enhancing the photocatalytic activity of GaAs, a high-performance semiconductor with a near-infrared bandgap. Our engineered pillar arrays with heights of ∼150 nm exhibit Mie resonances near 700 nm that result in near-unity absorption and exhibit a field profile that maximizes charge carrier generation near the solid–liquid interface, enabling short transport distances. Our hybrid metasurface photoanodes facilitate oxygen evolution and exhibit enhanced incident photon-to-current efficiencies that are ∼22× larger than a corresponding thin film for resonant excitation and 3× larger for white light illumination. Key to these improvements is the preferential generation of photogenerated carriers near the semiconductor interface that results from the field enhancement profile of magnetic dipolar-type modes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study reviews available van der Waals- and Platteeuw-based hydrate models considering multiple occupancy of cavities. Small guest molecules, such as hydrogen and nitrogen, are known to occupy lattice cavities multiple times. This phenomenon has a significant impact on hydrate stability and thermodynamic properties of the hydrate phase. The objective of this work is to provide a comprehensive overview and required correlations for the implementation of a computationally sufficient cluster model that considers up to five guest molecules per cavity. Two methodologies for cluster size estimation are evaluated by existing nitrogen hydrate models showing accurate results for phase equilibria calculations. Furthermore, a preliminary hydrogen hydrate model is introduced and compared with the results of other theoretical studies, indicating that double occupancy of small sII cavities is improbable and four-molecule clusters are predominant in large sII cavities for pressures above 300 MPa. This work lays the foundation for further exploration and optimization of hydrate-based technologies for small guest molecules, e.g., storage and transportation, emphasizing their role in the future landscape of sustainable energy solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing demand for functional nanodevices in sustainable energy applications necessitates the development of innovative approaches. In this study, we present the fabrication and characterization of three-dimensional (3D) structures coated with titanium dioxide (TiO 2) nanorods (NRs). These novel devices are created through the integration of four distinct techniques, multi-photon lithography, post-thermal treatment, pulsed laser deposition, and an aqueous chemical growth, enabling their unique properties and functionalities in photocatalysis. The photocatalytic performance of the 3D devices is evaluated through the degradation of organic pollutants, such as methylene blue and stearic acid, showcasing their efficiency in reducing pollutant concentrations. The devices demonstrate a remarkable decomposition coefficient (k = 0.059 min − 1 ), highlighting their enhanced photocatalytic efficiency. Additionally, we propose a rapid fabrication technique using 3D holographic printing to create large-area TiO 2 -coated micro-structured photocatalytic devices at the mesoscale regime. This approach increases the active surface area, further enhancing the devices' photocatalytic capabilities. By combining additive micro-manufacturing, TiO 2 NR coating, and holographic printing, our work introduces a promising avenue for the development of advanced nanodevices with superior photocatalytic performance in sustainable energy applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Harnessing the boundless solar energy, photovoltaic cells emerge as pivotal players in the world's sustainable energy landscape. The efficiency of solar cells is intimately tied to the carrier properties influenced by defects and impurities within the sunlight-absorbing semiconductors. In this Perspective, we offer a brief overview of recent advances in exploring doping properties with a focus on three vital thin-film photovoltaic semiconductors: CdTe, CIGS, and halide perovskites. Our discourse encompasses their electronic band structure, intrinsic and extrinsic doping behaviors, defect-assisted nonradiative recombination losses, as well as promising strategies poised to enhance solar cell efficiency. Additionally, we discuss several lingering challenges associated with defects in the advancement of photovoltaic technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many experimental and theoretical studies on CH4–CO2 hydrates have been performed aiming at the extraction of CH4 as a relatively clean energy resource and concurrent sequestration of CO2. However, vague or insufficient characterization of the environmental conditions prevents us from a comprehensive understanding of even equilibrium properties of CH4–CO2 hydrates for this substitution. We propose possible reaction schemes for the substitution, paying special attention to the coexisting phases, the aqueous and/or the fluid, where CO2 is supplied from and CH4 is transferred to. We address the two schemes for the substitution operating in three-phase and two-phase coexistence. Advantages and efficiencies of extracting CH4 in the individual scheme are estimated from the chemical potentials of all the components in all the phases involved in the substitution on the basis of a statistical mechanical theory developed recently. It is found that although substitution is feasible in the three-phase coexistence, its working window in temperature–pressure space is much narrower compared to the two-phase coexistence condition. Despite that the substitution normally generates only a small amount of heat, a large endothermic substitution is suggested in the medium pressure range, caused by the vaporization of liquid CO2 due to mixing with a small amount of the released CH4. This study provides the first theoretical framework toward the practical use of hydrates replacing CH4 with CO2 and serves as a basis for quantitative planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The electric grid was designed to move large amounts of energy through space, but decarbonization goals will require it to also move energy through time--from days and seasons with a surplus of energy production to days and seasons with insufficient production. Long-duration energy storage technologies that can hold a large amount of electricity and distribute it over periods of many hours to days and even seasons will play a critical role in the clean energy transition. But creating an environment in which these nascent technologies can develop and thrive will require changes in how the grid is planned and built. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) by splitting water is a key technology toward a clean energy society, where Pt-based catalysts were long known to have the highest activity under acidic electrochemical conditions but suffer from high cost and poor stability. Here, we overview the current status of Pt-catalyzed HER from a theoretical perspective, focusing on the methodology development of electrochemistry simulation, catalytic mechanism, and catalyst stability. Recent developments in theoretical methods for studying electrochemistry are introduced, elaborating on how they describe solid–liquid interface reactions under electrochemical potentials. The HER mechanism, the reaction kinetics, and the reaction sites on Pt are then summarized, which provides an atomic-level picture of Pt catalyst surface dynamics under reaction conditions. Finally, state-of-the-art experimental solutions to improve catalyst stability are also introduced, which illustrates the significance of fundamental understandings in the new catalyst design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The evolution of two‐dimensional conjugated metal–organic frameworks (2D c‐MOFs) provides a significant prospect for researching the next generation of green and advanced energy storage systems (ESSs). Especially, conjugation and topology engineering serve as an irreplaceable character in adjusting the electrochemical properties of ESSs. Herein, we proposed a novel strategy using conjugation and topology engineering to demonstrate the application of 2D c‐MOFs in robust potassium‐ion batteries (PIBs) for the first time. By comparing 2D c‐MOFs with the rhombus/kagome structure as well as three/four‐arm core, the rhombus structure (sql‐Cu‐TBA‐MOF) cathode for PIBs can display the impressive electrochemical performance, including a high specific discharge capacity of 178.4 mAh g−1 (at 0.2 A g−1) and a well long‐term cycle stability of more than 9,000 (at 10.0 A g−1). Moreover, full PIBs (FPIBs) are constructed by pairing sql‐Cu‐TBA‐MOF cathode with dipotassium terephthalate (KTP) anode, which delivers a high reversible discharge specific capacity of 146.6 mAh g−1 (at 0.1 A g−1) and great practical application prospect. These findings provide reasonable implications for the design of 2D c‐MOFs from the perspective of conjugation and topology engineering for advanced energy storage systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The evolution of two‐dimensional conjugated metal–organic frameworks (2D c‐MOFs) provides a significant prospect for researching the next generation of green and advanced energy storage systems (ESSs). Especially, conjugation and topology engineering serve as an irreplaceable character in adjusting the electrochemical properties of ESSs. Herein, we proposed a novel strategy using conjugation and topology engineering to demonstrate the application of 2D c‐MOFs in robust potassium‐ion batteries (PIBs) for the first time. By comparing 2D c‐MOFs with the rhombus/kagome structure as well as three/four‐arm core, the rhombus structure (sql‐Cu‐TBA‐MOF) cathode for PIBs can display the impressive electrochemical performance, including a high specific discharge capacity of 178.4 mAh g−1 (at 0.2 A g−1) and a well long‐term cycle stability of more than 9,000 (at 10.0 A g−1). Moreover, full PIBs (FPIBs) are constructed by pairing sql‐Cu‐TBA‐MOF cathode with dipotassium terephthalate (KTP) anode, which delivers a high reversible discharge specific capacity of 146.6 mAh g−1 (at 0.1 A g−1) and great practical application prospect. These findings provide reasonable implications for the design of 2D c‐MOFs from the perspective of conjugation and topology engineering for advanced energy storage systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By a two-step method, we successfully synthesized a WS 2 /WO 3-x heterostructured catalysts with abundant oxygen vacancies. The WS 2 /WO 3-x -2 heterostructured catalyst demonstrates outstanding HER activity and stability in acidic and alkaline electrolytes. [Display omitted] H 2 produced through hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is a shining star in the field of clean energy. Significant efforts have been dedicated to develop efficient and stable electrocatalysts to reduce the energy barrier and accelerate the kinetics of Hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) under various environments. Herein, we propose a strategy to accelerate the kinetics of HER under acid and alkaline environments by combining heterostructure engineering with defect engineering. We have successfully synthesized a series of WS 2 /WO 3-x heterostructured catalysts, accompanied with substantial oxygen vacancies using a two-step synthesis method. With the partially sulfurization of WO 3-x , the heterojunction interface of WS 2 and WO 3-x was formed along with the appearance of oxygen vacancies, which can facilitate the migration of electrons. The heterostructured catalyst enriched with oxygen vacancies (defined as WS 2 /WO 3-x -2) demonstrates superior HER performance in acidic and alkaline electrolytes. At a current density of 10 mA cm−2, the WS 2 /WO 3-x -2 heterostructured catalyst manifests an overpotential of 120 mV in the acidic electrolytes and a slightly higher overpotential of 150 mV in an alkaline environment. The overpotentials offer an improvement compared to reported W-based catalysts in terms of HER performance. This work provides guiding significance on the design of heterostructured catalysts with promising performance for HER in acidic and alkaline environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In research out of the sustainable electrochemical energy storage material, NiCo-LDH/MnO 2 composite has been prepared via simple hydrothermal method. The experimental characterizations of XRD, SEM/TEM and XPS have been utilized to explore the structure and morphology of prepared composite. The needle-like MnO 2 was found adhered to NiCo-LDH sheet. The composite's electrochemical properties were evaluated through cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge-discharge and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. It has been realized that the MnO 2 dosage not only changes the composite's microstructure but also affects its electrochemical properties. The best specific capacitance (2602 F g−1 at a current density of 1 A g−1) was achieved for the composite sample with 38% MnO 2 (mass), which is almost two times high from the same composite in previous reports. With the sample, the assembled asymmetric supercapacitor exhibits a remarkable energy density of 19.56 Wh.Kg−1 at 800.29 W Kg−1. It could be attributed to the synergetic effects of two components as well as their good interfacial coupling. The good electrochemical activity makes our synthesized composite feasible to be applied as electrode material and provides valuable insights for the development of smart capacitors utilizing NiCo-LDH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Semi-artificial Z-scheme systems offer promising potential toward efficient solar-to-chemical conversion, yet sustainable and stable designs are currently lacking. Here, we developed a sustainable hybrid Z-scheme system capable for visible light-driven overall water splitting by integrating the durability of inorganic photocatalysts with the interfacial adhesion and regenerative property of bacterial biofilms. The Z-scheme configuration is fabricated by drop casting a mixture of photocatalysts onto a glass plate, followed by the growth of biofilms for conformal conductive paste through oxidative polymerization of pyrrole molecules. Notably, the system exhibited scalability indicated by consistent catalytic efficiency across various sheet areas, resistance observed by remarkable maintaining of photocatalytic efficiency across a range of background pressures, and high stability as evidenced by minimal decay of photocatalytic efficiency after 100-hour reaction. Our work thus provides a promising avenue toward sustainable and high-efficiency artificial photosynthesis, contributing to the broader goal of sustainable energy solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Efficiently converting methane into valuable chemicals via photocatalysis under mild condition represents a sustainable route to energy storage and value‐added manufacture. Despite continued interest in this area, the achievements have been overshadowed by the absence of standardized protocols for conducting photocatalytic methane oxidation experiments as well as evaluating the corresponding performance. In this review, we present a structured solution aimed at addressing these challenges. Firstly, we introduce the norms underlying reactor design and outline various configurations in the gas–solid and gas–solid–liquid reaction systems. This discussion helps choosing the suitable reactors for methane conversion experiments. Subsequently, we offer a comprehensive step‐by‐step protocol applicable to diverse methane‐conversion reactions. Emphasizing meticulous verification and accurate quantification of the products, this protocol highlights the significance of mitigating contamination sources and selecting appropriate detection methods. Lastly, we propose the standardized performance metrics crucial for evaluating photocatalytic methane conversion. By defining these metrics, the community could obtain the consensus of assessing the performance across different studies. Moving forward, the future of photocatalytic methane conversion necessitates further refinement of stringent experimental standards and evaluation criteria. Moreover, development of scalable reactor is essential to facilitate the transition from laboratory proof‐of‐concept to potentially industrial production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lithium‐ion batteries have found extensive applications due to their high energy density and low self‐discharge rates, spanning from compact consumer electronics to large‐scale energy storage facilities. Despite their widespread use, challenges such as inherent capacity degradation and the potential for thermal runaway hinder sustainable development. In this study, we introduce a unique approach to synthesize anode materials for lithium‐ion batteries, specifically imidazole‐intercalated cobalt hydroxide. This innovative material significantly enhances the Li+ desolvation/diffusion reaction and flame‐retardant dynamics through complexing and catalytic synergetic effects. The lithium‐ion batteries incorporating these materials demonstrate exceptional performance, boasting an impressive capacity retention of 997.91 mAh g−1 after 500 cycles. This achievement can be attributed to the optimization of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) interface engineering, effectively mitigating anode degradation and minimizing electrolyte consumption. Experimental and theoretical calculations validate these improvements. Importantly, imidazole intercalated Co(OH)2 (MI−Co(OH)2) exhibits a remarkable catalytic effect on electrolyte carbonization and the conversion of CO to CO2. This dual action suppresses smoke and reduces toxicity significantly. The presented work introduces a novel approach to realizing high‐performance and safe lithium‐ion batteries, addressing key challenges in the pursuit of sustainable energy solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Efficiently converting methane into valuable chemicals via photocatalysis under mild condition represents a sustainable route to energy storage and value‐added manufacture. Despite continued interest in this area, the achievements have been overshadowed by the absence of standardized protocols for conducting photocatalytic methane oxidation experiments as well as evaluating the corresponding performance. In this review, we present a structured solution aimed at addressing these challenges. Firstly, we introduce the norms underlying reactor design and outline various configurations in the gas–solid and gas–solid–liquid reaction systems. This discussion helps choosing the suitable reactors for methane conversion experiments. Subsequently, we offer a comprehensive step‐by‐step protocol applicable to diverse methane‐conversion reactions. Emphasizing meticulous verification and accurate quantification of the products, this protocol highlights the significance of mitigating contamination sources and selecting appropriate detection methods. Lastly, we propose the standardized performance metrics crucial for evaluating photocatalytic methane conversion. By defining these metrics, the community could obtain the consensus of assessing the performance across different studies. Moving forward, the future of photocatalytic methane conversion necessitates further refinement of stringent experimental standards and evaluation criteria. Moreover, development of scalable reactor is essential to facilitate the transition from laboratory proof‐of‐concept to potentially industrial production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lithium‐ion batteries have found extensive applications due to their high energy density and low self‐discharge rates, spanning from compact consumer electronics to large‐scale energy storage facilities. Despite their widespread use, challenges such as inherent capacity degradation and the potential for thermal runaway hinder sustainable development. In this study, we introduce a unique approach to synthesize anode materials for lithium‐ion batteries, specifically imidazole‐intercalated cobalt hydroxide. This innovative material significantly enhances the Li+ desolvation/diffusion reaction and flame‐retardant dynamics through complexing and catalytic synergetic effects. The lithium‐ion batteries incorporating these materials demonstrate exceptional performance, boasting an impressive capacity retention of 997.91 mAh g−1 after 500 cycles. This achievement can be attributed to the optimization of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) interface engineering, effectively mitigating anode degradation and minimizing electrolyte consumption. Experimental and theoretical calculations validate these improvements. Importantly, imidazole intercalated Co(OH)2 (MI−Co(OH)2) exhibits a remarkable catalytic effect on electrolyte carbonization and the conversion of CO to CO2. This dual action suppresses smoke and reduces toxicity significantly. The presented work introduces a novel approach to realizing high‐performance and safe lithium‐ion batteries, addressing key challenges in the pursuit of sustainable energy solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In response to the escalating environmental impact of fossil fuels, there's a growing demand for clean energy solutions, particularly efficient metal-air batteries. Metal-air batteries are promising for energy storage, boasting abundant materials and low cost. However, their efficiency is hindered by slow oxygen reduction and evolution reactions. Synthesizing effective and stable oxygen electrocatalysts is crucial for enhancing battery performance. Here, this work used a simple solvothermal method to synthesize Iron–Cobalt metal-organic framework (FeCo-MOF), Manganese–Iron–Cobalt metal-organic framework (MnFeCo-MOF), and their composites with (1, 3, and 5) wt% rGO and characterized via using XRD, SEM, FTIR, and Raman spectroscopy. Electrochemical testing was conducted in 1 M KOH solution for both OER and ORR. The 3 wt% rGO MnFeCo-MOF shown the lowest overpotential of 54 mV at 10 mA/cm2 and the lowest Tafel slope of 63.4 mV/dec, with highest current density of 79.42 mA/cm2 at 25 mV/s scan rate for OER indicating excellent electrocatalytic activity superior to already reported in literature due to synergistic effect of Mn, Fe, Co, and rGO facilitating rapid electron transfer and more active sites. The 3 wt% rGO MnFeCo-MOF exhibited the halfwave potential of 0.74 V for ORR showing excellent activity comparable to commercial catalysts Pt/C. The lower potential gap ΔE 0.66 V from the overall combined plot of OER/ORR shows efficient and stable bifunctional activity of the 3 wt% rGO MnFeCo-MOF. These exceptional electrocatalytic properties pave the way for future advancements in metal-air batteries. [Display omitted] • FeCo-MOF, MnFeCo-MOF, and their composites with rGO were synthesized solvothermaly at 120 °C. • 3 wt% rGO MnFeCo-MOF showed lowest TAFEL slope 63.4 mV/dec and overpotential of 54 mV at 10 mA/cm2 for OER. • 3 wt% rGO MnFeCo-MOF for ORR has a halfwave potential of 0.74 V. • Exhibited excellent stability studied via chronopotentiometry experiment. • Synergic effect among rGO and Mn, Fe, Co MOF active sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Supercapacitors are promising energy storage devices for the future-generation world. They store energy through a charge separation mechanism and have high charge-discharge rates, specific energy and specific power. It compares supercapacitors with batteries regarding cycle life, efficiency, self-discharge, temperature sensitivity, maintenance, cost, and other applications. The previous review work primarily focused on advancements in electrode materials. The review highlights recent advancements in electrode nanotechnology, focusing on tailored nanostructures, advanced carbon nanomaterials, 2D nanomaterials, binder-free electrodes, nanocomposites and advanced characterization techniques. The challenges and limitations associated with supercapacitor electrodes and potential devices for improved performance are also discussed. Furthermore, the review explores the application of supercapacitors in electric vehicles, renewable energy integration, grid stabilization, and uninterruptible power supply systems. It also presents future perspectives on enhancing supercapacitor electrodes for sustainable and efficient energy storage. • Advancements in supercapacitor electrode technology are reviewed. • State-of-the-art design and electrode characterization techniques are examined. • Application of the supercapacitor electrode technology is presented. • Issues and limitations with supercapacitor electrodes are discussed. • Future suggestions and prospects with supercapacitor electrodes are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainable energy production is urgently needed due to the high environmental costs associated with the use of fossil fuels. Green hydrogen produced by photoelectrocatalysis is an emerging solution for meeting the global energy demand. Herein, we discuss the physicochemical properties and electrochemical hydrogen production of SnS films prepared via chemical bath deposition at 40 °C under visible light. The synthesis times were varied to obtain films with thicknesses of 102, 295, and 495 nm deposited at 3, 4, and 6 h, respectively. All samples were annealed at 400 °C and exhibited an orthorhombic phase. The direct optical bandgap transition decreased from 1.44 to 1.25 eV with increasing sample thickness. With increasing synthesis time, a significant amount of Sn was deposited, forming a surface monolayer of amorphous SnO 2 , which improved the electronic conductivity of the samples. However, the presence of SnO 2 reduced the number of sulfur vacancies, which is crucial for the hydrogen evolution reaction. Therefore, the SnS film synthesized for 3 h exhibited the highest hydrogen evolution rate, which reached 18,826 μmol/m2-h. These results suggest the feasibility of using SnS films for photoelectrochemical hydrogen generation. [Display omitted] • Stable SnS films were prepared using chemical bath deposition. • The synthesis time is crucial for determining optoelectronic properties. • Intrinsic native defects and Sn excess-controlled H 2 photoproduction. • The maximum H 2 production was obtained at the lowest deposition time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogen and ammonia have emerged as prominent next-generation clean energy sources pivotal for realizing a decarbonized society. However, their adoption has been marred by incidents ranging from leaks to fires, and explosions, underscoring the imperative for heightened safety protocols when utilizing these novel fuels. In light of this, this study scrutinizes Korean laws and regulations to assess the institutional framework governing the safe utilization of hydrogen and ammonia in power plants. Through this examination, four key limitations are identified: hydrogen laws do not comprehensively cover the entire hydrogen business sector, regulations regarding the revised usage of hydrogen and ammonia are either weak or absent, safety assessments in certain laws exclude new fuels, and there is a relaxation in requirements for appointing safety managers. This prompted an expert survey aimed at delineating strategies for improvement. A bespoke questionnaire, tailored to address the shortcomings of current legislation, was administered to 50 experts in the realms of decarbonized fuels or safety. Quantitative analysis of their responses revealed a consensus regarding the elevated risk posed by hydrogen and ammonia compared to conventional fuels, with hydrogen (72) deemed riskier than ammonia (65) and LNG (50). Moreover, a pressing need for bolstering the existing safety legal framework was highlighted. Notably, the survey underscored specific areas requiring attention, ranked in order of priority: the enactment of an Ammonia Act (78), augmentation of qualification requirements for safety managers under the Hydrogen Act (73), reinforcement of regulatory and technical standards, implementation of emergency response drills, classification of ammonia as a Class 4 hazardous material (70), and enhancement of criteria for appointing safety managers (59). Insights gleaned from the expert survey culminated in four improvements geared towards enhancing safety measures. There is a need to enact a stand-alone law specifically for ammonia, to strengthen standards for risk assessment and the appointment of safety managers. Additionally, there is a necessity to expand the scope of safety laws to include prevention and education initiatives, while also attempting to consolidate scattered laws for better coherence and effectiveness. This study advocates for comprehensive safety management systems to be established through extensive research preceding the commercialization of power plants utilizing new fuels. [Display omitted] • Laws governing the use of H 2 and NH 3 are not apace with technological advancement. • Experts ranked H 2 > NH 3 > LNG as posing the highest risks, citing safety concerns. • The criteria for risk assessment and safety manager appointment should be enhanced. • Laws that are scattered across various acts need to be consolidated. • Notably, the demand for ammonia laws was highest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A key building block of the European Green Deal is the development of a hydrogen commodity market, which requires a suitable hydrogen market design and the timely introduction of related policy measures. Using exploratory interviews with five expert groups, we contribute to this novel research field by outlining the core market design criteria and proposing suitable regulations for the future European hydrogen market. We identify detailed recommendations along three core market design focus areas: Market development policy measures, infrastructure regulations, as well as hydrogen and certificate trading. Our findings provide an across-industry view of current policy-related key challenges in the hydrogen commodity market development and mitigation approaches. We, therefore, support policymakers within the EU in the ongoing detailing of their regulatory hydrogen and green energy packages. Further, we promote hydrogen market development by assisting current and future industry players in finding a common understanding of the future hydrogen market design. • Regulatory uncertainty slows the development of a European hydrogen commodity market. • We use expert interviews to evaluate crucial market design choices and regulations. • All key value chain stakeholders are included to provide an across-industry view. • We propose measures for market development, infrastructure regulations, and trading. • We discuss critical policy-related challenges and mitigation approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pursuit of efficient and sustainable energy conversion has driven significant research on the development of advanced electrode materials for photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting. In this study, we present a novel composite material composed of Z-type multifaceted CuSe and FeSe 2 binary metal selenide nanoparticles (NPs) decorated on a graphene oxide (GO) matrix as an active electrode material for high-performance PEC water splitting applications. The catalytic activity of copper-based catalysts is enhanced by the inclusion of iron (Fe) and selenium (Se), as these elements facilitate the creation of more robust covalent connections between the metal and anion. Further, the presence of an amalgamation of GO, which possesses a substantial surface area and excellent electrical conductivity, enhances oxygen evolution reaction (OER) efficiency. The electrode (i.e., CuSe–FeSe 2 @GO) demonstrated an exceptionally low overpotential of 16.3 mV at a current density of 10 mmA cm−2, a modest Tafel slope of 58.3 mV dec−1, and a current density of 26.04 mA cm−2 in an alkaline aqueous solution under 1 Sun. The detection of superoxide radicals (O2−•) suggests the potential formation of Z-type heterojunctions between CuSe and FeSe 2 NPs. Thus, this research offers a novel approach for the fabrication of resource-rich, economical, and highly active Cu-based catalysts for the OER. [Display omitted] • CuSe and FeSe 2 on GO matrix create novel material for efficient EC & PEC water splitting. • The synergy of CuSe, FeSe 2 , and GO enhances catalysis, forming covalent connections, improving OER efficiency. • CuSe–FeSe 2 @GO electrode exhibits high performance in alkaline solutions under 1 Sun. • The composite provides Cu-based catalysts for sustainable OER, achieving a current density of 26.04 mA cm−2. • The CuSe–FeSe 2 @GO composite shows a remarkable 42.14% improvement in OER efficiency over FeSe 2 @GO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the future of green energy relying on increases in green-energy production scale to support demand, placing importance on location selection for new energy production methods is going to be vital to secure a zero-carbon future. In this paper, a method called H2Locate is introduced to conduct a down selection sequence for identifying hydrogen production plant location within a defined region. Following the method, resource availability, energy availability, and social impact metrics are analyzed to understand which variables are most vital and what data must be obtained to achieve confidence in the selection of an implementation location. An illustrative example using Oklahoma as the region is produced to demonstrate the proposed method. The counties within Oklahoma are analyzed to identify potential subregions for implementing a hydrogen production plant. Excel-based software, The Probability of Hydrogen Implementation (PHI), using publicly available data regarding energy, resources, and social variables is utilized to carry out the proposed method. Considering the illustrative example with a 290 MW alkaline electrolysis facility, we find that Kay County, Johnston County, Caddo County, and the counties directly surrounding them are the most suitable locations in Oklahoma for the implementation given variables related to the desired energy, resource, and social metrics. • The H2Locate down selection method guides hydrogen production plant location selection. • Analyzes 7 hydrogen hub reports to identify key hydrogen industry variables. • Categorizes energy, feedstock, and social factor variables utilized in the H2Locate method. • An illustrative 290 MW alkaline electrolysis example in Oklahoma identified Kay, Johnston, and Caddo counties as prime locations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The transitivity of solar radiation in the atmosphere varies greatly depending on location, time of day, earth-to-sun distance, angle of incidence, and other variables. Solar radiation has an impact on climate change and can be used as energy. So, its modelling will help plan and design policies for climate change and the sustainable use of energy. This study aimed to investigate solar energy patterns and trends on the Earth's surface via solar radiation absorption by cloud cover. Data on solar radiation absorption from 133 stations between the years 1998 and 2020 across the United States were downloaded from the National Solar Radiation Database (NSRDB) website. A linear regression model was used to model solar absorption by cloud and factor analysis was used to group the regions by reducing the spatial correlation of solar radiation absorption. After that, a multivariate regression model was utilized to investigate average changes. There were seven regions obtained from factor analysis. All regions showed a seasonal pattern, with the peak in December to January and the lowest level in June to July. The north, north-east, or south-east of the country experienced an increase in solar radiation absorption, while the north-west, central, and south of the country experienced a decrease. The overall average absorption increased by 0.015%. The patterns and trends of solar radiation by location and time help climate scientists make better decisions. It is also useful to manage renewable energy sources, which will lead policymakers to make better policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in neutral media is of great importance due to its potential to optimize energy generation and storage application. With the increasing urgency for sustainable and efficient energy solutions, comprehensively understanding and enhancing ORR performance in such media have become crucial. This review aims to shed light on this critical yet challenging area. This review encapsulates the fundamental principle of ORR and the latest breakthrough in the field of electrocatalysts, with a distinct focus on innovative synthesis strategies for creating novel, efficient, and robust electrocatalysts. A succinct evaluation of the strengths, limitations, performance, and reaction mechanism is presented. The essential findings are analyzed and their implications for future research directions. Finally, an outlook on current advances, challenges, and future research recommendations is provided. This review serves as a stepping‐stone toward harnessing the underutilizing energy potential within the extensive aquatic environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lead halide perovskites have been replaced by the environmentally acceptable and effective lead‐free double perovskite material. Double perovskites are innovative compounds for sustainable energy and budding substitutes to organic as well as lead‐based solar cells. In the current study, it has been expounded on the structural, electronic, thermoelectric, as well as thermodynamic characteristics of newly designed double perovskites In2TiX6 (X = Br, I) by means of ab‐initio computations relied on the FP‐LAPW tactics and semi‐classical Boltzmann transport theory with PBE‐GGA as exchange correlation potential. To obtain accurate value of band gaps (1.294 eV and 1.025 eV), TB‐mBJ approximation has been used along with PBE‐GGA. The best combinations of both compounds have spectroscopic limited maximum efficiency (SLME) values 33.96% and 31.63%, that are appropriate for solar cell absorbers, at 300 K, respectively. We have also computed Debye temperature θD$$ \left({\theta}_D\right) $$ and Grüneisen parameter γ$$ \left(\gamma \right) $$ to find the lattice thermal conductivity for both the investigated alloys. Thermoelectric properties have been labeled by Seebeck coefficient, electrical as well as thermal conductivities, and figure of merit. The peak values of Seebeck coefficient of 248 μV/K and 202 μV/K are observed for In2TiBr6 and In2TiI6 respectively in the p‐type regions. Attained results illustrates that the investigated In2TiX6 may be contender in thermoelectric due to their high figure of merit in low as moderate temperatures. Our results suggest that these materials are viable for use in thermoelectric devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rechargeable aqueous zinc‐ion batteries (ZIBs) are highly promising for large‐scale sustainable energy storage applications, but there remain serious problems such as Zn dendrites and side reactions that limit the cycling performance. Herein, arrays of core–shell nanorods on Cu foam are developed to stabilize zinc anodes, which have a hierarchical topological structure consisting of N‐doped carbon layers embedded with a zincophilic component of Cu5Zn8 alloy (Cu5Zn8@NC). It is found that the inner Cu5Zn8 alloys have minimized nucleation barriers and act as preferred nucleation sites, and the hierarchical arrays provide the protective layers to further accommodate the high‐capacity plating Zn, leading to a trapping‐and‐leveling process of Zn deposition. The as‐obtained Zn layers play an important role in homogenizing the interfacial ionic fluxes and reducing the local current densities. As a result, the optimized Cu5Zn8@NC host yields a superb Coulombic efficiency of 99.7% over 5000 plating/stripping cycles, and the corresponding symmetric cell delivers an ultralong dendrite‐free cycle life of 7000 h with a low overpotential of 16.5 mV at 1 mA cm−2 and 1 mAh cm−2. The ZIB assembled with the zinc anode and a V2O5 cathode exhibits long‐term charging/discharging cycles as well, up to 89.2% capacity retention after 10 000 cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, magnesium Selenide (MgSe) thin films were synthesized on glass substrate using the chemical bath deposition (CBD) method for thermoelectric power generation. After cleaning of glass substrate, selenium powder was dissolved in nitric acid to produce SeO 2 and magnesium chloride was then introduced as the source of magnesium. Both SeO 2 and MgCl 2 were dissolved in 100 ml of dI water and later, these solutions were unified gradually. After that, the cleaned glass substrates were placed in the solution, while keeping the reaction temperature constant at 50o C for the deposition durations of 24, 48, 72, and 96 h. A number of characterization techniques, namely X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) were performed for structural and surface analysis of grown thin films. The effect of deposition time duration on the thermoelectric properties was investigated in depth using the Seebeck and Hall systems. It was found that the values of the Seebeck coefficient and power factor obey the increasing trend with maximum values 196.93 μV/K and 21.5 × 10−8 W/mK2 respectively. These observed values are seems to be the highest values for magnesium selenide thin film ever reported in the literature according to the best of our knowledge. Therefore, we have concluded that MgSe thin films supposed to be emerging material for thermoelectric power generation applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our study focuses on disclosing the mechanisms standing behind the improved photocatalytic performance of SrTiO 3 , where Al modification of the perovskite structure boosts the photocatalytic O 2 evolution activity of the Al:SrTiO 3 system. By adapting the synthesis method that produces well-crystallized materials with low defect density and employing surface modification techniques, we aim to enhance the photocatalytic efficiency of SrTiO 3 via Al 2 O 3 nanoceramic oxide doping at concentrations ranging from 0 to 10% and further examining of the relationship between doping process and the changes in the electronic and crystalline structure of SrTiO 3. The prepared Al-based SrTiO 3 perovskite samples (Al 3% :SrTiO 3 , Al 7% :SrTiO 3 , Al 10% :SrTiO 3) were thoroughly characterized to understand their structural, electronic, and morphological properties. Complementary X-ray techniques were employed to assess the stoichiometry (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy - XPS), local environment, and chemical state (X-ray absorption spectroscopy - XAS in both total electron yield (TEY) and fluorescence yield (TFY). The comprehensive characterization enables us to understand the changes in the electronic properties and morphological features of the modified samples elucidating the surface formation mechanism while providing insights into the structural modifications induced by Al doping in the SrTiO 3 perovskite lattice. Our findings give new perspectives for the development of Al-modified SrTiO 3 perovskite materials with enhanced photocatalytic performance providing rich insights into the optimization of photocatalytic processes for applications in environmental remediation and sustainable energy production. Synopsis: This study demonstrates that the introduction of aluminum into SrTiO 3 perovskite materials enhances their photocatalytic performance, leading to significant improvements in O 2 evolution reaction, up to 201 μmolL-1g-1h-1 for Al 10% :SrTiO 3 with potential applications sustainable energy production. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the face of the growing energy crisis and environmental challenges, substantial efforts are now directed toward sustainable clean energy as a replacement for traditional fossil fuels. CO2 photoreduction into value‐added chemicals and fuels is widely recognized as a promising approach to mitigate current energy and environmental concerns. Photocatalysts comprising single atoms (SAs) supported on two‐dimensional (2D) semiconducting materials (SAs‐2DSemi) have emerged as a novel frontier due to the combined merits of SA catalysts and 2D materials. In this study, we review advancements in metal SAs confined on 2DSemi substrates, categorized into four groups: (1) metal oxide‐based, (2) g‐C3N4‐based, (3) emerging, and (4) hybridized 2DSemi, for photocatalytic CO2 conversion over the past few years. With a particular focus on highlighting the distinct advantages of SAs‐2DSemi, we delve into the synthesis of state‐of‐the‐art catalysts, their catalytic performances, and mechanistic elucidation facilitated by experimental characterizations and theoretical calculations. Following this, we outline the challenges in this field and offer perspectives on harnessing the potential of SAs‐2DSemi as promising photocatalysts. This comprehensive review aims to provide valuable insights for the future development of 2D photocatalytic materials involving SAs for CO2 reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the search for alternative energy and chemical sources in response to the depletion of fossil resources. It focuses on the synthesis of furanic diols from biomass feedstocks using a zinc/bismuth-mediated allylation reaction. The authors propose a user-friendly, inexpensive, and high-yielding green method for the synthesis of biobased diols. The article provides experimental results, optimization of reaction conditions, and a protocol for the synthesis of various allyl-substituted diols. It also includes chemical data and synthesis procedures for various compounds. The document concludes with an acknowledgment and dedication to Prof. Dennis Curran. [Extracted from the article]

Magnesium-based hydrogen storage alloys have attracted significant attention as promising materials for solid-state hydrogen storage due to their high hydrogen storage capacity, abundant reserves, low cost, and reversibility. However, the widespread application of these alloys is hindered by several challenges, including slow hydrogen absorption/desorption kinetics, high thermodynamic stability of magnesium hydride, and limited cycle life. This comprehensive review provides an in-depth overview of the recent advances in magnesium-based hydrogen storage alloys, covering their fundamental properties, synthesis methods, modification strategies, hydrogen storage performance, and potential applications. The review discusses the thermodynamic and kinetic properties of magnesium-based alloys, as well as the effects of alloying, nanostructuring, and surface modification on their hydrogen storage performance. The hydrogen absorption/desorption properties of different magnesium-based alloy systems are compared, and the influence of various modification strategies on these properties is examined. The review also explores the potential applications of magnesium-based hydrogen storage alloys, including mobile and stationary hydrogen storage, rechargeable batteries, and thermal energy storage. Finally, the current challenges and future research directions in this field are discussed, highlighting the need for fundamental understanding of hydrogen storage mechanisms, development of novel alloy compositions, optimization of modification strategies, integration of magnesium-based alloys into hydrogen storage systems, and collaboration between academia and industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite their numerous excellent properties, metal sulfides are not particularly efficient at converting energy and purifying the environment, which limits their further applications. Fortunately, the energy conversion and environmental purification efficiencies of these materials have experienced notable advancements in recent years, accompanied by an improved understanding of their underlying mechanisms. Herein, progress in experimental researches in recent years on the engineering of single component metal sulfides by controlling morphology, construction of heterojunctions, and incorporating elements is reviewed. Methods to design and prepare metal sulfide‐based composites by building binary or ternary heterojunctions of metal sulfide/semiconductor/conductor are also discussed in detail. These materials are used in energy conversion and environmental purification systems, where they act as photocatalytic materials not only to split water, reduce carbon dioxide or nitrogen, but also to degrade pollutants (organic and inorganic) in water and gas. Finally, it is concluded by summarizing the research frontiers of metal sulfide nanomaterials in energy and environmental applications, as well as proposing potential challenges and future research directions. This work may contribute to a better understanding of metal sulfide nanocomposites and provide clues for the fabrication of more efficient metal sulfide‐based nanostructures for clean energy production and environmental remediation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Internet of Things (IoT) is crucial for a sustainable society from the viewpoints of optimization of energy consumption and using timing, thus aiding reduced CO2 emissions. Traditional power supply methods such as batteries are impractical for driving the trillions of sensors that future systems will likely utilize for collecting extensive environmental information. Thermoelectric power generators that enable direct heat‐to‐electricity energy conversion are considered a promising power supplying technology without maintenance because thermal energy is a ubiquitous energy source. This study develops a new class of thermoelectric modules using redox‐free electrolytes—‐thermally chargeable supercapacitor (TCS)—‐with extremely high thermoelectromotive force, generating over 2 V from a temperature difference of ≈65 °C without requiring a DC‐to‐DC converter. Additionally, using a voltage detector is demonstrated to be a versatile and efficient toolbox for the charge management of TCS. Optimization of the circuit comprising the TCS module with the ultrahigh open‐circuit voltage and voltage detector enables the automatic charging of a large capacitor, which intermittently powers different devices such as a beacon, LED, piezo speaker, and motor with the desired frequency. This approach represents a significant step toward sustainable energy in the context of low‐grade thermal energy harvesting and optimized energy consumption through IoT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The decision to implement a biogas production project involves the evaluation of multiple variables, such as the problem to be solved, the biodigester, business model, investment, and final products. An integrative literature review was conducted, in which 58 papers were obtained and relevant criteria for decision-making in biogas production projects from organic waste were identified. Three stages were considered in the analysis of the biogas production cycle: initial, plant, and final, as well as the economic, environmental, and social aspects that influence the decision. In general, the publications are dispersed over 30 different journals. The methodology used in most studies is empirical, quantitative, and descriptive, with data collected mainly from secondary sources. From the studies, 499 original criteria were identified, which were classified into one of four categories: economic, environmental, social, and technical, which cover a total of 39 sub-criteria. Economic and technical criteria were the most frequent in publications, while environmental and social criteria were less common and less prioritized. This suggests that there is a tendency to prioritize economic and technical dimensions over environmental and social dimensions in the analysis of the papers found. Finally, a preliminary decision-making model based on the findings is proposed. Implications: The integrative review of the literature on biogas and decision-making presented in this study holds significant implications for policy and practice in the field of sustainable energy production, organic waste management and decision making for public managers. By analyzing 159 papers and developing a comprehensive classification system, we have identified key sub-criteria for decision-making in various stages of the biogas production cycle. The predominance of technical and economic sub-criteria demonstrates the priorities of the current state of biogas projects and, at the same time, the need to promote balance between the technical, economic, social and environmental spheres in decision-making in order to achieve truly sustainable biogas projects. Policymakers can utilize these findings to promote the adoption of more holistic decision-making approaches that consider diverse factors, fostering the development of environmentally-friendly and socially equitable biogas ventures. This research provides valuable insights into aligning biogas production with broader sustainability goals and guides policymakers in formulating evidence-based strategies for the advancement of renewable energy technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]