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Sociological research on cross‐border class‐making often centres on contemporary dynamics of social inequality in the context of migration and mobility. Relying on the cultural–sociological and processual understanding of 'class', the article integrates three bodies of literature to study complexities of global and transnational class‐making to overcome the 'presentist' bias. Building on the accounts of the Annales School, and specifically on Fernand Braudel's famous distinction between courte durée, moyenne durée and longue durée of historic time periods, the article brings together three different bodies of research: (i) transnational and intersectional approaches; (ii) conceptual history of class theory and (iii) theories of racial and multi‐scalar capitalist dynamics to develop a flexible and relational, but historic‐sensitive toolkit for the analysis of global and transnational class‐making. One of the greatest advantages of this multi‐temporal outlook is that it allows to avoid over‐generalizing accounts on the logics of class‐making and to unpick potentially heterogeneous dynamics of class (re)production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article will explore how the current narratives (and corresponding changes) in Dutch organised crime policing relate to ethnic profiling of minorities in the Netherlands. It will do so by developing a theoretically informed narrative understanding of what we would like to conceptualise as ethnic profiling of organised crime (in the Netherlands), digging deeper into the connection between the role of ethnicity in organised crime studies inasmuch as it relates to the history of the mafia concept and, even further, lingering colonialism in law-and-order approaches. By focusing on (assumed) socio-historical connections between Italy, mafia and organised crime and on the social construction of Italian mafia as organised crime, based on narrative criminology, this article discursively and interpretatively understands the dominant and hidden Dutch narratives on (policing) organised crime. The discovered narratives will be critically discussed in light of the juxtaposition between mafias and ethnic organised crime and post-colonial implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides a conceptual history of the development of early universe particle physics in the 1970s, focusing on the development of more sophisticated tools for constructing gauge-theories at finite-temperature. I start with a focus on early investigations into spontaneous symmetry restoration, and continue through the development of functional methods up to equilibrium finite-temperature field theory. I argue that the early universe provides an ideal setting for integrated modelling of thermal, gravitational, and particle physics effects due to its relative simplicity. I further argue that the development of finite-temperature field theory played an important secondary role in the rise of the effective field theory worldview, and investigate the status of the analogies between phase transitions in particle physics and condensed matter physics. I find that the division into "formal" versus "physical" analogies is too coarse-grained to understand the important physical developments at play. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

My key objective in this article is to explore the history of the concept of utopia and its application in really existing social, political, economic and cultural forms. Starting with a consideration of what I call the economy of utopia, I theorise the desire for the ideal society in terms of a deeply human drive to seek to overcome vulnerability, limitation and finitude that is set upon failure and the fall towards dystopia by virtue of the fact that it is this very lack that defines the being of the human animal. Following this section of the article, in the second part of my piece, I move on to trace the history of utopia from the visions of Ancients, through the idealism of the Moderns, up to the champions of the theory of the end of history and a utopian version of capitalism. Finally, in conclusion, I focus on the catastrophic impacts of this global utopia of capitalism realised in the form of the Anthropocene and imagine a truly human, tragic utopia founded upon a recognition of our constitutive lack, vulnerability and finitude. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reviews scholarship in American religious history around the concept of the public sphere. Considering that the public sphere was readily aligned with the productions of the printing press, 'materializing' surveys works that have relied upon, expanded, and critiqued print's centraility to early American religious public culture. Recent attention to materiality has also encouraged greater attention to contingencies, locality of circulation, and specificity of audiences in our studies of public texts that would trouble technological determinisms that readily aligned Protestant ascendance, secular modernity, and print publishing with democratization. The essay concludes with new questions regarding print culture, calls for greater multimedia approaches to our study of media objects, and posits the importance of critically evaluating what we count as public or private in our historical narratives about religious communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Before International Studies can confront the future, it needs to get a better grip on its past and present. The discipline lacks agreement on both its own name and the name of its object of study. More importantly, key concepts used to describe phenomena have changed continuously: no concept emerging in the 19th century has remained untouched, no envisioned future of the past could have prepared us for the present. Old concepts have been discarded, new ones adopted, and existing ones modified. This implies that any exercise in 'futurology' must necessarily come with an openness towards conceptual change, and that a key challenge for International Studies going forward will consist in matching our conceptual toolbox to an ever-changing world. The importance of conceptual change has until recently been neglected in the study of global politics. Thus, in this paper we start by presenting the empirical case for incorporating conceptual change by laying out key past and present conceptual changes in the international realm. We then move on to a presentation of conceptual history and the tools it provides us for grasping conceptual change, before discussing how to tackle conceptual developments when thinking about the future of global politics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to explore the evolution of the forms of madness and the model that accounts for it over time. The classical distinction between several categories of mental disorders is contrasted with the idea of unitary psychosis. Historical conceptual analysis. The concept of unitary psychosis is explored in its basic features. Its origins in the nineteenth century and developments during the twentieth century are considered. Following the publication of Kraepelin's fundamental handbook, the debate was shaped as pro or against the Kraepelinian dichotomy between dementia praecox and manic-depressive illness. However, the origins of the concept of unitary psychosis as well as some more recent developments are independent from it. This article argues that, when viewed pragmatically, both positions (the pluralist and the unitary) bring advantages that can be complementary rather than mutually exclusive. The pluralist position allows us to recognize the qualitative differences between phenomena and structures of experience, while the unitary model prevents us from reifying them. This is achieved by paying attention to the diachronic evolution and the pathogenetic dynamics. • History of psychiatry is useful to clarify conceptual development and meaning. • Authors shaped differently the concept of unitary psychosis, depending on the clinical and research questions. • The relationship between affective and schizophrenic psychoses was thoroughly studied by European psychopathologists. • Instead of being radically opposite, the pluralist and the unitary views of psychoses can be complemented. • The concept of unitary psychosis highlights the evolution in time of the symptoms and of the dynamics subtending them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The later Carnap is usually cited as the first conceptual engineer – someone who argues that we can and should revise our concepts in order to make them fit for their purpose. This paper shows that there is an earlier, pragmatist, account of conceptual engineering and that today's conceptual engineers would do well to turn to it, rather than to Carnap. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In his "On the Concept of History," Walter Benjamin asks what memory can mean at "a moment of danger." Suggesting that we all are at such a moment of danger today, I discuss what role and function literary memory can play or fulfill in an age marked by right-wing extremism, climate change, authoritarian governments, as that age in its complexity is represented in three contemporary, but different, Swedish literary diaries by Lars Norén, Ulf Lundell, and Åsa Linderborg. In these works, each author claims to have become homeless, and that the world surrounding the writing subject has become threatening, but also generating acts of remembrance of the past. The three writers construe differing subject positions to make memory possible. Memory can further be related to class and gender, and it can be divided into personal or subjective as well as cultural or social memories. Aiming to understand what their respective memory work entails, I discuss the diary as a "memory machine," and what the social dangers that these writers risk confronting could mean, and whether literature in the form of diaries can turn into a defense against cumulative moments of danger. And what role does the act of forgetting play? The memory work in the three diaries seemingly focuses the individual in an act of self-representation, and one must further ask if these representations are also intended as a defense of self and subject. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How do we perceptually and cognitively organize incoming stimulation? A century ago, Gestalt psychologists posited the law of Prägnanz: psychological organization will always be as 'good' as possible given the prevailing conditions. To make the Prägnanz law a useful statement, it needs to be specified further (a) what a 'good' psychological organization entails, (b) how the Prägnanz tendency can be realized, and (c) which conditions need to be taken into account. Although the Gestalt school did provide answers to these questions, modern-day mentions of Prägnanz or good Gestalt often lack these clarifications. The concept of Prägnanz has been (mis)understood in many different ways, and by looking back on the rich history of the concept, we will attempt to present a more fine-grained view and promote a renewed understanding of the central role of Prägnanz in visual perception and beyond. We review Gestalt psychology's answers to the questions listed above, and also discuss the four main uses of the Prägnanz concept in more detail: (a) a Prägnanz tendency in each organizational process, (b) Prägnanz as a property of a Gestalt, (c) Prägnanz steps as internal reference points, and (d) Prägnanz in relation to aesthetic appreciation. As a key takeaway, Prägnanz is a multifaceted Gestalt psychological concept indicating the "goodness" of an experienced organization. Both the removal of unnecessary details and the emphasis on characteristic features of the overall organization compared to a reference organization can contribute to the emergence of a 'better' Gestalt. The stimulus constellation is not the only factor in determining the goodness of an organization, also the stimulus' interaction with an individual in a specific spatial and temporal context plays a role. Taking the ideas on Prägnanz as a generative framework and keeping the original Gestalt psychological context in mind, future research on perceptual organization can improve our understanding of the principles underlying psychological organization by further specifying how different organizational principles interact in concrete situations. Public significance statement: This paper reviews what a 'good' psychological organization entails, and how the incoming stimulation is clarified in human perception to achieve the best possible psychological organization. The review debunks common misconceptions on the meaning of "goodness" and synthesizes the most important perspectives and developments on "goodness" from its conception until now. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Juedi Tiantong occurred in ancient China and was the critical foundation for understanding the relationship between Tian and man in China. From the perspective of conceptual history, Juedi Tiantong not only shaped the metaphysical dimension of the concept of Tian, but also transformed the original religious form of communication between man and natural gods into the unity of human nature and Tiandao, which liberated the relationship between Tian and man from the religious field. Therefore, Juedi Tiantong should be regarded as the critical basis of the unity of heaven and man in Chinese philosophy. Furthermore, as an important religious revolution, Juedi Tiantong also affected people's understanding of nature, which was mainly reflected in the recognition of astronomy and calendar reform. In ancient China, it was difficult to distinguish between humanity and astronomy, science and religion, and rationality and divinity. In this case, Juedi Tiantong also abstracted Tian, originally representing the physical sky, into a metaphysical concept. Accordingly, the concept of Tian in Chinese philosophy has not developed the same meaning of nature as Western civilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective/context: The decade of the 1920s witnessed a significant transformation in Peruvian political culture with the widespread recognition of the indigenous problem as a socioeconomic phenomenon, which paved the way for new political languages. This article aims to recover the role of myth in the Peruvian indigenista debate during this period. Specifically, it delves into the literary polemic of indigenismo in 1927, focusing on how intellectuals from Lima, Cusco, and Puno bestowed their arguments with legitimacy, effectively intertwining literature and history through the incorporation of mythical elements. Methodology: The study proposes an examination of the arguments put forth by indigenista intellectuals using the tools of conceptual history, drawing heavily from Hans Blumenberg's work on myth. This theoretical framework helps uncover the semantic foundations of Peruvian indigenist's language and sheds light on the historical temporalities of their political projects. Originality: This article advances a novel analysis of the intellectual field by reinterpreting primary sources related to the 1927 indigenismo polemic, reconstructing synchronic languages on national identity, and highlighting the role of myth as a significant rhetorical device. By exploring how supporters of indigenismo creatively employed myth to imagine the past and mobilize politically, this study uncovers previously overlooked conceptual shifts and their mythical underpinnings. Conclusions: The study argues that myth played a crucial role in shaping the political language of a new generation of Peruvian intellectuals. Indigenismo facilitated the emergence of novel conceptual frameworks that interrogated national identity, accelerated expectations of change, and incorporated mythical elements from indigenous experiences, including rebellions in the south and the activities of the Comité Pro-Derecho Indígena Tahuantinsuyo. Concepts such as nation and socialism were democratized and imbued with mythical significance, reflecting the diverse temporalities within the indigenista movement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the "Iberconceptos" project, which aims to explore the historical uses and evolution of political concepts in the Portuguese- and Spanish-speaking world. It discusses the analytical peculiarities of the project, such as its geographical and linguistic scope, its relationship with mainstream conceptual history, and its focus on national cases within the broader Iberian context.

George Steinmetz's book on the colonial origins of modern social thought is a significant contribution to the field. It challenges our understanding of sociology and highlights the importance of colonial sociology in France. The book also serves as a research program and model for studying colonial sociology in other contexts, encouraging comparative analysis. Additionally, it contributes to the broader intellectual debate on colonialism, post-colonialism, and decolonization. Finally, the book offers a historical-sociological program for studying the social and human sciences, filling a gap in the current intellectual space. [Extracted from the article]

Definition: The reality of the occurrence of burnout in human resources has been increasingly recognised as a result of today's transforming and competitive society, which exerts a very high level of stress and anxiety on workers, generating a notorious problem in the field of human resource management. Problems related to symptoms of exhaustion, mental weakness, personal devaluation, inability to solve professional problems, restlessness, and eating disorders. These problems manifest themselves in terms of personality, triggering feelings of threat, panic, nervousness, or suicide. Such disorders pose a threat not only to the person but also to the quality of their professional activities. In this way, burnout syndrome can cause a mental and physical breakdown requiring complex medical assistance. In view of the above, it is imperative that organisations take preventative and corrective measures to tackle this phenomenon. This entry covers topics such as the history of the concept of burnout, the concept, its causes and consequences, and predictive methods. By approaching the aforementioned topics using the existing literature on burnout syndrome, this entry aims to demystify the subject of burnout in human resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past two decades, the Swedish pentecostal movement has undergone a major transformation in its way of organizing and collaborating around mission work. In this explorative study, the purpose is to investigate how these and other changes have influenced how contemporary Swedish pentecostal churches understand and make use of the concept of mission. The data for the study consists of texts from the churches' websites and draws on conceptual history in its theoretical and methodological approach. The findings of the study indicate a theological shift within the Swedish pentecostal movement. Among other things, it highlights a disconnect between the concept of mission and eschatological urgency and notes that priority is no longer given to mission as evangelism, over social work. The study also points to a linguistic instability associated with the concept of mission wherein the term "international work" is being used interchangeably with it and has, on some churches' websites, even replaced the "mission" altogether, a finding that suggests an ongoing dispute over the definition of mission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyses the implications of the qualification of 'populism', which has spread massively in contemporary social sciences. Through an archaeology of the concept in political science since the 1960s, the article points to a double epistemological tropism: an-historicity and savage comparative analysis. In order to avoid them, it proposes a new genetic approach to populism, which combines historical sociology and conceptual history, and redefines it on the basis of its three founding experiences: the Russian Narodnitchestvo, the US People's Party and the national-popular regimes in Latin America. Thanks to this socio-historical comparison, the article proposes a new definition of populism that distinguishes it from demagogy, fascism and nativism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the early twentieth century, Wilhelm Johannsen's breeding experiments on pure lines of beans provided empirical support for his groundbreaking distinction between phenotype and genotype, the foundation stone of classical genetics. In contrast with the controversial history of the genotype concept, the notion of phenotype has remained essentially unrevised since then. The application of the Johannsenian concept of phenotype to modularly built, nonunitary plants, however, needs reexamination. In the first part of this article it is shown that Johannsen's appealing solution for dealing with the multiplicity of nonidentical organs produced by plant individuals (representing individual plant phenotypes by arithmetic means), which has persisted to this day, reflected his intellectual commitment to nineteenth-century typological thinking. Revisitation of Johannsen's results using current statistical tools upholds his major conclusion about the nature of heredity but at the same time falsifies two important ancillary conclusions of his experiments—namely, the alleged homogeneity of pure lines (genotypes) regarding seed weight variability and the lack of transgenerational effects of within-line (within-genotype) seed weight variation. The canonical notion of individual plant phenotypes as arithmetic means should therefore be superseded by a concept of phenotype as a dual property, consisting of central tendency and variability components of organ trait distribution. Phenotype duality offers a unifying framework applicable to all nonunitary organisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How have intellectuals from around the world thought about inequality in the world? In light of the call for a less Eurocentric history of ideas as well as recent debates about global inequality, this article introduces a special issue on the global intellectual history of an unequal world. The issue supplements the already available scholarship in at least four ways: it delves further into other kinds of inequalities than first and foremost economic inequality; it historicises key concepts in the intellectual history of an unequal world; it incorporates fine-grained analysis of indigenous languages and concepts; it extends the analysis of historical inequality vocabularies to how inequalities were critiqued. Moreover, this introduction sheds lights on possible methodological approaches for an intellectual history of global inequality. There is a need to go against a modular approach to the history of ideas to embrace the dialectic between the specific situatedness of our topics of research and 'global' contexts. Questions of transfer, circulation, connections, or diffusion of ideas need to be asked on an empirical case to case basis. We therefore propose location, temporality and legitimisation/critique as key analytical concepts when exploring historical thinking on an unequal world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of materials has coincided with the development of human civilization. In recent years, high-entropy alloys (HEAs) have been extensively applied to structural and functional materials owing to their unique physical and chemical properties. Therefore, HEAs have emerged as a promising materials. This review summarizes recent research progress on HEAs for hydrogen storage. First, the history and basic concepts of HEAs are systematically introduced. Furthermore, recent developments in the field of HEA-based hydrogen storage are reviewed and discussed. The preparation process, design methods, microstructures, and hydrogen-storage performance of HEAs are systematically compared and summarized. Other hydrogen-related applications are also presented. Finally, the shortcomings of the HEAs currently used in hydrogen-storage applications are highlighted, and future development directions are outlined. • The research status of high-entropy hydrogen storage alloys is reviewed. • The advantages of high-entropy alloys in hydrogen storage performance are shown. • The shortcomings of high-entropy hydrogen storage alloys are pointed out. • The development direction in the future is outlined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of the concept of dreams in interwar Polish psychiatry and psychology was influenced by Western European concepts as well as by sociocultural factors of the newly independent state. Few Polish psychiatrists addressed the subject of dreams. They were influenced mainly by Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic concept of dreams, but also by Alferd Adler's, Carl Gustav Jung's, and Wilhelm Stekel's ideas. Nevertheless, they approached psychoanalysis critically. The most comprehensive concept of dreams in Polish psychiatry was oneiroanalysis by Tadeusz Bilikiewicz. Oneironalysis was a method of dream analysis based on psychoanalysis but it rejected the psychoanalytic method of free associations and challenged psychoanalytic approaches to the interpretation of dream symbols. Polish psychologists were even less interested in dreams than psychiatrists. Problems with dreams, the most elaborate psychological work by Stefan Szuman consisted of an outline of epistemological problems with general theories of dreams and a harsh critique of psychoanalysis. The neglect of the subject of dreams in Polish psychiatric society can be seen as connected with the social and professional reception of psychoanalysis in Poland. Psychoanalysis was met with opposition from conservative scholars and publicists presenting nationalistic and anti‐Semitic attitudes. It was also criticized by the biologically oriented majority of psychiatrists of the Polish Psychiatric Association. In the case of psychology, the most influential Polish psychological school, Lvov‐Warsaw School, promoted Brentanian intentionalism, introspection, and psychology of consciousness, therefore, leading to psychologists' reluctance to explore unconscious states like dreams. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Civil wars constitute an element without which the history of humanity is incomprehensible. Since 1917, they alone claimed some 20 million lives and displaced 67 million people, standing alone as the undisputed primary form of armed conflict worldwide since the end of the Second World War. Their definition is crucial to understand them and to place them within intrastate and transnational policies. However, in its definition, the historical dimension has been systematically undervalued. In this paper, we address both a history of the concept and the elements that, in our opinion, help defining civil wars in historical terms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The idea of classicism is one of the most used categories in the world of the arts and of philosophical aesthetics. However, the variety of its uses has caused the term to present difficulties of interpretation and ambiguities to those who study classicist art or literature. This paper intends to introduce some clarity and distinctness in the discussion about the idea of classicism. To do this, we first deal with the questions that concern its historical genesis, dissociating it from the similar, but essentially different, concept of the classical. Second, we offer a characterization of its structure through a systematization of its four main senses as they are commonly used in the bibliography on the subject. In this way, classicism presents itself to us as the problem of articulating the different philosophical conceptualizations that have been adopted about the classical. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polish intellectual historian Leszek Kołakowski proposed in the 1960s an innovative, now virtually forgotten, reimagining of a crucial concept in the history of Roman Catholicism: the idea of "Counter-Reformation." Kołakowski's lifelong affinity for early modern Europe's Catholic dissidents led him into dialogue in the era of Vatican II with Tadeusz Mazowiecki, the leader of a movement of young Polish reformers who styled themselves "Catholic socialists." Seeing them as the bedrock of a new Catholic Counter-Reformation, Kołakowski sketched the role he hoped Poland might play in reinventing not only Catholicism, but religious life in the modern world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper delineates the intellectual history of endeavours to generate a unified science of child welfare in Finland in the early twentieth century by elucidating the efforts of leading Finnish protagonists to depict the concept of child welfare science. The idea of such a new science was not unique to Finland; similar trends emerged extensively throughout the industrialising world, in which child welfare was being increasingly championed. The fundamental reasons given for developing a child welfare science in Finland were linked with ambitions to develop child welfare as a consistent system in modern society. The aspiration to develop a scientific basis for child welfare was not only about adapting relevant research-based knowledge to practice, but also about creating historical and theoretical self-understanding in the field. The intention was to construct a comprehensive conceptual framework for the child welfare needed in policymaking, legislation, and systems building, as well as in the development of professional practices. Although focusing on Finland, the review is of more general significance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mediocrity as a concept in education has frequently been used by modern-day and historical actors to express discontent with the status quo of pedagogy and schooling. Despite its pervasiveness in discourse, however, the concept has largely evaded academic scrutiny, particularly in terms of its historical development in the years leading up to its appearance in the famous United States Government report, A Nation at Risk. This paper aims to construct a conceptual history of mediocrity in American education through the analysis of newspaper articles from The New York Times, to explore how the concept developed amidst the rise of neoliberalism and meritocratic discourse in education. This study finds that the concept of mediocrity between 1971 and 1983 had a number of nuanced conceptualisations and played a pivotal role in developing meritocratic discourse on natural talent and ability, as well as neoliberal and marketised narratives in public debates over educational equality, business approaches to education, and performance pay for teachers. These findings allow educational researchers to reflect meaningfully on the ways that language shapes, and is shaped by, historical developments in education, and provides layers of meaning and context to oft-used educational concepts that are crucial for the authentic evaluation of our modern education systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Terrorism, a concept as old as the history of humanity, surrounds the world in terms of the effect it has created, although it does not have a definition that everyone agrees on. However, all actors in the international system are trying to take some measures in order not to fall under the destructive effect of terrorism. For example, states in the international system are trying to implement many methods to combat terrorism. With the development of technology in recent years, counter-terrorism has gained an extra dimension, and some successes have been made. With the new devices and weapons that have emerged with the developments in technology, states have become able to fight terrorism with less loss of people and more easily. Thanks to this advantage gained by the states, terrorist organizations have faced significant losses. This study will also make an evaluation of these success examples. Recent developments in Unarmed Aerial Vehicles (UAV) and Anka Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (AUAVs) in Türkiye have caused Türkiye's counter-terrorism concept to change and gain an extra dimension. Parallel to the developments in technology, Türkiye achieved significant successes in counter-terrorism and brought end to PKK terrorist organization, while the PKK, on the contrary, suffered a serious loss of life and property. However, in the study, the importance of technology in counter-terrorism will be discussed through the example of Türkiye. The main question of the study is what kind of change has taken place in Turkish counter-terrorism policy and what success technological elements have brought about in the new approach to counter-terrorism. The study will be conducted through a descriptive method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photochromic molecules reversibly change their colour upon exposure to light. The increasing need for smart materials in the real world, coupled with progress in synthetic chemistry, fast spectroscopic techniques, and theoretical power in research laboratories, have seen research in organic photochromism accelerate over the past few decades. In this Primer Review, the topic of organic photochromism is introduced. The fundamental concepts and histories are given to contextualise this field. Moreover, key photochromic molecules and selected applications are showcased to provide the interested reader with an entry to this fascinating field of science and emerging technology. In this Primer Review, the topic of molecular photochromism is introduced and fundamental concepts expounded, which should enable researchers interested in the field. Additionally, a history of the development of the area is given which provides perspective on how a field develops. Moreover, key photochromic molecules and selected applications are showcased to provide the interested reader with an entry to this fascinating field of science and emerging technology. (Image credit: David Jago.) CH23115_TOC.jpg [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This letter to the editor aims to address claims made by Bailey et al. [2023. Appeasement: Replacing Stockholm syndrome as a definition of a survival strategy. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 14(1), 2161038] about the history of the concept of appeasement in relation to mammalian survival responses as well as the fawn response, by offering a brief overview and analysis of the literature. Appeasement in political and foreign policy, social justice, ethology, psychology, and communication studies (multiple mammalian and avian species) feature elements of coregulation. The original conceptualisation of the fawn response may result in the misperception that it is unrelated to coregulation. Appeasement and coregulation can occur whether the vulnerable party initiating the appeasement is in a state that supports affiliative, distress, or shutdown behaviour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"History of the Adriatic: A Sea and Its Civilization" by Egidio Ivetic is a book that attempts to explore the history of the diverse lands surrounding the Adriatic Sea. The author argues that the Adriatic should be seen as a cultural unit and proposes the existence of an "Adriatic civilization" resulting from interactions among the populations along its shores. The book primarily focuses on political and military events, with less emphasis on topics such as religion and the experiences of the people involved. It is a detailed and specialized work that assumes prior knowledge from its readers. However, it lacks an interdisciplinary approach and may not fully convince readers of the unity within the Adriatic region. [Extracted from the article]

The article announces the winners of two prestigious prizes in the field of intellectual history inclucing Morris D. Forkosch Prize to Nathan Vedal and Selma V. Forkosch Prize to Dan Edelstein.

"Sensory Anthropology: Culture and Experience in Asia" by Kelvin E. Y. Low is a comprehensive exploration of sensory practices and beliefs in Asian cultures. The book aims to fill a gap in the existing literature on sensory studies, which has primarily focused on Western history and culture. Low's study utilizes a wide range of secondary literature and primary sources to examine how social actors and institutions attribute meaning to the senses in everyday life experiences within Asian communities. The book is organized into two parts, exploring social order and disorder through sensorial experiences, and covers topics such as sensory moral economies, colonial-local sensory encounters, the role of food in political life, and extreme sensescapes of war and violence. While the book provides valuable empirical insights, it could benefit from a deeper analysis of Asian sensory beliefs and acts in relation to existing scholarship. Overall, "Sensory Anthropology" serves as a definitive guide for researchers and students in the field of sensory studies and anthropology. [Extracted from the article]

The article suggests a revision of the concept proposed by Joseph Ratzinger, which he first formulated in a lecture given in 1959. In it, the theologian from Regensburg defended the notion of natural theology against its radical rejection made in the circle of dialectical theologians, especially by Emil Brunner. While the rejection of the theses of these theologians is entirely correct, the treatment of the God of the philosophers as pure thought (reines Denken) remains problematic. The article demonstrates that the God of the ancient philosophers cannot be seen in this way, because such a vision is based on the categories of modern and contemporary philosophy. The proposed account of the God of the philosophers allows the theses of the Protestant theologians to be rejected in a new way, while admitting that they are right about the idea of God in modern and contemporary philosophy as an anthropomorphic idol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of the Russkiy Mir (Russian world) has cultural and geopolitical implications. Since the Russian annexation of Crimea in 2014, the concept has started to play a significant role as a propaganda instrument and as a justifying tool for Russian military aggression in Ukraine. However, this was not always the case. It was not until 2007 that the Kremlin institutionalized the concept by creating a foundation called Russkiy Mir. Until this time, the concept was not widespread among the Russian elites. Later, Russian politicians articulated the Russkiy Mir differently and without its exact meaning. Three different understandings of the Russkiy Mir have emerged: a global sphere of the Russian language and/or Russian-speaking diaspora, the geopolitical sphere of influence of Russia, and an ideological sphere of the new conservative right-wing forces. By analyzing the idea's roots in the Russian context using published sources, the article shows how the Russkiy Mir has developed from a nonpolitical and loose idea that should unite all Russian-speaking people around the globe to a geopolitical tool Russia uses to justify its influence in the post-Soviet space, particularly in Ukraine. Moreover, the article aims to answer the question of to what extent, from a Russian state view, Ukraine plays a role in this concept. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Javier Fernández Sebastián's outstanding book, Historia conceptual en el Atlántico ibérico: lenguajes, tiempos, revoluciones , is already an essential reference for all those interested not only in conceptual history or the history of Ibero-American societies, but also in reflecting on history itself, as well as on the dilemmas and challenges involved in its writing. Its text is the fruit of a seasoned and remarkably erudite intellectual trajectory, which expresses the successful endeavour of uniting the theoretical, methodological, and empirical dimensions in the historian's work. This bid is unambiguous in the structure of the book, as well as in the divisions and linkages among its sections and chapters, and is embodied in its very narrative and in the way it unfolds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following a schematic history of the evolving concept of transference with a focus on the more recently emergent organizing model, we delineate and further integrate relevant empirical findings and theoretical contributions of other scientific discourses, namely, cognitive science, infant and attachment research, social cognition research, biological sciences, and systems theory. Conceptualizing mind, and more particularly transference, as principally organizing activity involving perceptions, affects, motives, meanings and verbal and sensorial symbolic encoding and processing better captures the mind's complex functioning on implicit and explicit levels within relational systems. Lastly, we elucidate important clinical implications, addressing some of the now outmoded "default" technical assumptions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of consultation has an important place in Ottoman political thought and discourse. The concept, which is traditionally included in the meaning of advisory councils and consultation, gains a political new meaning, especially with the New Ottomans Society. Later, the meaning of the concept is sharpened by the Young Turks and finally extends to constitutionalism. In the current studies, New Ottoman and Young Turk thought are examined, but there is no historical examination of concepts specific to these societies’ interpretation of the concept of consultation. In our article, the development of the concept of consultation in New Ottoman and Young Turk thought is examined in order to eliminate this deficiency. The study is carried out in the context of Hürriyet newspapers for the New Ottomans, Meşveret newspapers for the Young Turks. In the end, it is concluded that the consultation was included in the political discourse by the New Ottomans and that its political character was made permanent by the Young Turks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is a response to a critique of the book "Technology: Critical History of a Concept" by Francesca Bray and Barbara Hahn. The authors of the response defend their approach, which focuses on the English-language concept of technology and its historical development. They argue that their analysis connects ideas about technology to social positions and examines the tension between scholars and technicians. The authors address the critiques raised by Bray and Hahn but argue that their examples do not directly challenge their analysis. They also defend their method as rooted in conceptual history and emphasize the importance of understanding the concept of technology as an abstraction with ideological implications. The author of the text responds to critiques of their book, arguing that the critics' methodological stance undermines arguments in defense of truth and is outmoded. They also address the omission of non-Western perspectives in their analysis and acknowledge the value of comparative research. However, they argue that their book does not make universal claims and that the critics' evidence does not invalidate their analysis. The author concludes by acknowledging the flaws in their work and the need for further research on the concept of technology. [Extracted from the article]

Existing scholarship has demonstrated that theorising about security is Eurocentric. This leaves us with a partial account of the concept of security, which is presented as universal. This in turn generates explanatory problems because we are only seeing part of the picture. Yet there have been few attempts to move beyond critiques of Eurocentrism to examine the concept of security 'elsewhere'. This paper takes China as its starting point, asking: what can looking at China tell us about security? In answering this question, the paper makes two contributions. First, it presents new empirical findings, building a conceptual history of security in China. Drawing on 140 key texts dating 1926–2022, the paper traces the emergence of the concept of security in China and its evolution through three explicit security concepts. Drawing on postcolonial insights it demonstrates that these concepts are hybrid, evolving out of multiple domestic and international influences. They have similarities as well as differences with the Eurocentric concept that dominates International Security Studies (ISS) and produce a discrete approach towards security that has been overlooked in a discipline that uses 'Europe to explain Asia'. Second, considering these insights, the paper demonstrates that the universal concept of security that underpins theorising in ISS is partial and misleading. Differences in security concepts matter for theorising security and for understanding security policy. Consequently, I argue that we need to provincialize the concept of security: a truly global security studies is of necessity a provincial one attuned to difference and similarity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the relationship between staff rejection sensitivity (a psychological concept grounded in histories of loss and trauma) and organizational attachment among mental health agencies transitioning to Trauma-Informed Care (TIC), which is currently outside the focus of most research. Specifically, this study examines: (1) whether staff rejection sensitivity predicts organizational attachment; (2) whether staff turnover intentions account for the association between rejection sensitivity and organizational attachment; and (3) whether those associations hold once taking into account staff demographic factors (gender, race and ethnicity, education, and income)? Around 180 frontline workers in three Northeastern U.S. mental health agencies responded to surveys collected between 2016 and 2019 using the organizational attachment, rejection sensitivity and turnover intention measures, and their previous TIC training experience. Rejection sensitivity was significantly associated with organizational attachment (β = −0.39, p < 0.001), accounting for 6% of its variance in organizational attachment. The relationship between these variables retained significance, and staff education significantly predicted organizational attachment, with higher education predicting lower levels of organizational attachment (β = −0.15, p < 0.05), accounting for 22% of its variance. This study concludes that TIC transitioning mental health agencies' staff with a higher rejection sensitivity are more likely to express lower organizational attachment and higher intent-to-turnover. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article introduces the special issue '« Islamogauchisme » ? Moral Panics, Culture Wars and the Threat to Academic Freedom'. It begins by outlining the polemic in 2020, whereby the government accused universities of being overrun by so-called 'Islamogauchistes', placing this moral panic within the wider French context of ideological redefinitions of laïcité and debates on the compatibility of Islam with the universalism of a secular republic, as well as of neoliberal reforms and authoritarian crackdowns on public protest. The article then explores the history and fallacy of the concept and associated government claims, arguing that the term is best understood as an empty signifier, an umbrella term under which almost anything vaguely Muslim or left-wing could be covered, before moving on to critique the function of this kind of discourse, arguing that as well as continuing the Islamophobic scapegoating of minorities, it serves to 'other' the left-wing opposition and normalise the far-right while the neoliberal centre itself becomes increasingly illiberal and authoritarian. Finally, the text will place this very French polemic in the wider global context, considering it in terms of the wider culture wars that we are witnessing around the world while also focusing on what is specific to the French case – namely, a particularly republican form of racism that supplements the neoilliberalisation of the state. The introduction concludes with a summary of the contributions to the issue from Philippe Marlière, Reza Zia-Ebrahimi, Michel Wieviorka, Caroline Ibos & Eric Fassin, Houria Bouteldja & Anna Younes, Farid Hafez, and Aurélien Mondon & Simon Dawes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Georg Lukács's essay collection History and Class Consciousness (1923) remains a foundational text of Western Marxism and a vital influence on contemporary German studies, not least by way of the Frankfurt School. Yet Lukács's positing of the proletariat as the historical agent of revolutionary change raises difficult questions for radical Left theory and praxis in our rapidly deindustrializing world. Who or what is that working class that would redeem Lukács's vision today? This article argues that the main concept for actualizing History and Class Consciousness is totality rather than class or reification. However, we should understand totality in a strictly negative sense, as a feature of capitalist coercion to be overcome in a free society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers news briefs related to various notices. Nathan Vedal won the prize for his book "The Culture of Language in Ming China: Sound, Script, and the Redefinition of Boundaries of Knowledge". The Institute for Advanced Study provides opportunities for scholars worldwide to pursue research, offering both stipendiary and non-stipendiary memberships. The Institute of Intellectual History at the University of St Andrews includes scholars from diverse disciplines.

This article offers the first step in an ongoing project of revisiting the foundations of latinidad and lo latinoamericano by focusing on the exclusions enacted by the history of these concepts and the cultural and political identity that comes with them. In conversation with Susana Nuccetelli and Omar Rivera, the author focuses on two emblematic authors in the history of Latin American philosophy (Simón Bolívar and José de Vasconcelos) that are usually read as offering a novel, liberatory conception of the Latin American reality/identity, categorically different from European and Anglo-American conceptions. This common reading of some of the foundational texts on Latin American identity, however, conceals not only the active, textual removal of Blackness in the construction of this identity, but also the literal subtraction of Black bodies, lives, and histories from the Latin American nations and communities. Both of these elements are an explicit part of the philosophical programs of Bolívar and Vasconcelos. The article shows how the thought and political practice of these two authors, celebrated in different ways as foundational of what we understand as Latin America today, exemplify the exclusionary historical demarcation of latinidad. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Substance is one of the fundamental concepts in the history of philosophy that has a history as long as the history of philosophy itself. Although this concept has underwent profound developments and assumed different layers during the centuries, because of its firm linkage with common-sense, never lost its significance. Since the birthplace of the concept of substance is ancient Greece and Greek philosophy, this essay intends to narrate an analytical history of the genesis of the concept in ancient Greece; then to trace its course of development in Christian and Islamic middle age; and finally, to investigate its remnants in modern philosophy. The purpose of this essay, however, is not merely a philosophy-historical narrative, but its secondary purpose is to place the concept of substance under a critical light and to report its fundamental critiques. Hence, we will consider the most important critiques, mostly proposed by Anglo-Saxon philosophers, and will conclude that this concept in order to have a legitimate presence in philosophy, must submit a fundamental reformulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on digital readings of all records from the Swedish parliament 1867–2019, we examine how the concept 'propaganda' was used in the debates. To track the concept, we have extracted word window co-occurrences, bigrams, and keywords. Research on the history of propaganda in liberal democracies has emphasized that the meaning of the concept was open-ended before WWI. By 1945, it had been contaminated by authoritarian propaganda, and its negative connotations were cemented at least by the 1960s. Our analysis, however, shows that 'propaganda' was used mainly in a negative sense from 1867 to 2019. Nevertheless, it was also possible to use 'propaganda' in a positive and neutral sense between the 1910s and 1980s. We suggest that a period of de-ideologization in Sweden post-WWII made it possible to use 'propaganda' as long as the issues were seen as non-controversial. The radicalization in the late-1960s meant that authorities and previously non-controversial issues became contested. To suggest one-directional 'propaganda' in order to implement what politicians had decided was in people's best interest became difficult in this context. In this new communication setting, 'information' was a more flexible term in contexts where 'propaganda' had previously been used in a neutral or positive sense. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1581 King John III of Sweden added Grand Duke of Finland to his royal title. Traditionally, this has been seen as marking the Swedish army"s victories in the Swedish-Russian war, as challenging the power and rule of Grand Duke of Muscovy Ivan IV or explained in the context of early modern state formation. This article seeks to understand the logic of taking the title of grand duke as a continuum of medieval patterns of thought about princely power and rule. Ruling lands, vassals, and people were still very much connected with the ruler's person and princely and dynastic powers understood in the medieval way. Princely titles played a crucial role in this game of – sometimes even overlapping – powers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the Norwegian Labour Party's political language in the interwar period to uncover the relationship of its contentious shifts in political strategy and rhetoric. This is done through a quantitative and qualitative empirical case study of Labour's use of the two concepts, 'revolution' and 'democracy'. The findings show that Labour's change from a radical-left position to reformism was accompanied by gradual replacement of its rhetorical repertoire, most notably in that its revolutionary paroles were superseded by democratic rhetoric. The findings show also that the development towards reformism did not imply full endorsement of the established democratic system, but rather that a reformist stance was adopted with the objective of changing to a system of social and economic democracy. In its analysis of the Norwegian Labour Party's rhetoric the article provides new insights, which help to explain changes to its strategies that have greatly puzzled historians. From a wider perspective, the article offers a nuanced understanding of Norwegian exceptionalism within the Nordic labour movement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, there has been a growing anti-feminist, conservative movement across many parts of the world known as the anti-gender movement. This movement has been especially strong in Central Eastern Europe, where anti-gender actors have framed 'gender' as a static, foreign concept imported from 'the West' and destructive to 'traditional' societies. Utilising a postcolonial feminist approach, I examine the concept of 'gender' in Czechia, drawing attention to the role played by Czech academics, activists and policymakers in negotiating the use of the term 'gender'. This article traces the history of the term from the 1990s when 'gender' was first introduced to a Czech academic audience, through public seminars and lectures hosted by the Prague Gender Studies Centre, to the present-day inclusion of gender mainstreaming discourse in Czech policy documents. I reveal that 'gender' is not a timeless, clearly defined, fixed term wholly imported from 'the West' but rather a concept with a variable and complicated history. Thus, this crucial term, first developed in Anglo-academia, is not uncontested or uncritically accepted, contrary to the claims made by anti-gender actors. The findings presented in this article hold implications critical to transnational feminist dialogue and activism during the current period of growing global anti-feminist sentiment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]