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Objectives: Evaluate the bleaching efficacy (BE) and tooth sensitivity (TS) of in‐office bleaching using different application tips. Methods: Forty‐eight participants were selected (split‐mouth), one to receive bleaching with an attached brush tip and one with a conventional tip. The procedure was performed with Whiteness Automixx Plus 35%. The BE was evaluated at the beginning, weekly, one and 12 months post‐bleaching with a Vita Easyshade spectrophotometer (ΔE*ab, ΔE00, and WID) and with Vita classical A1‐D4 and Vita Bleachedguide shade guides units (ΔSGU). Absolute risk and intensity of TS were recorded using the Visual Analogue Scale. The equivalence of BE was analyzed using the two one‐sided t‐tests for paired samples. The absolute risk of TS was evaluated using the McNemar test, and the TS intensity was measured with the paired t test (α = 0.05). Results: The equivalence of BE was observed for both groups in all color evaluations (p > 0.05). A lower absolute risk and intensity of TS were observed for the attached brush tip when compared with the conventional tip (p < 0.003 and p < 0.0001). Conclusion: Using an attached brush tip showed the same BE as a conventional tip. However, for the attached brush tip, there was a reduction in TS. Clinical Significance: The applicator‐attached brush tip is recommended for in‐office dental bleaching, because of the possible reduction in risk and intensity of TS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The use of simulation is extremely useful in pregraduate students. However, there is a very small number of simulators adapted to paediatric dentistry. A paediatric simulator was created to use in simulated scenarios for paediatric dentistry using an actress in the role of mother. The objectives of the present study were three. First, to analyse the perception of clinical competencies acquired by the students. Second, to examine the realism perceived by the students. Finally, to analyse the influence on the perception of clinical competencies after the integration of a handmade simulator in the Paediatric Dentistry III course. Materials and Methods: Eight clinical scenarios were carried out with a modified Erler Zimmer simulator for children, a professional actress in the role of the mother and two students (in the roles of dentist and assistant) on a paediatric dentistry case of pulpal pathology. The educational intervention was evaluated on 114 students by means of questionnaires with Likert‐type answers applied pre‐ and post‐simulation. Results: The perception of clinical competence in the students increased an average of 0.956 points in relation with the initial clinical evaluation, finding a strong correlation between the perception of subsequent competence and all the perceived realism, with significant statistical differences in all cases. The realism of the simulated participant (professional actress) was the best rated by the students, although not significantly. The realism of the mannequin was positively and strongly correlated with the perceived realism of the cabinet. Conclusion: Simulation using a handmade mannequin with a professional actress in a simulated dental office increased the perception of clinical competence in 4th year dental students and raised the level of overall realism perceived by the student. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Molecular methods have become integral to microbiological research for microbial identification. This literature review focuses on the application of molecular methods in examining airborne bacteria and fungi in healthcare facilities. In January 2024, a comprehensive electronic search was carried out in esteemed databases including PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus, employing carefully selected keywords such as ((bacteria) OR (virus) OR (fungi)) AND (aerosol) AND ((hospital) OR (healthcare) OR (dental office)) AND ((molecular) OR (PCR) OR (NGS) OR (RNA) OR (DNA) OR (metagenomic) OR (microarray)), following the PRISMA protocol. The review specifically targets healthcare environments with elevated concentrations of pathogenic bacteria. A total of 487 articles were initially identified, but only 13 met the inclusion criteria and were included in the review. The study disclosed that the prevalent molecular methodology for appraising aerosol quality encompassed the utilization of the PCR method, incorporating either 16S rRNA (bacteria) or 18S rRNA (fungi) amplification techniques. Notably, five diverse molecular techniques, specifically PFGE, DGGE, SBT, LAMP, and DNA hybridization methods, were implemented in five distinct studies. These molecular tests exhibited superior capabilities compared to traditional bacterial and fungal cultures, providing precise strain identification. Additionally, the molecular methods allowed the detection of gene sequences associated with antibiotic resistance. In conclusion, molecular testing offers significant advantages over classical microbiological culture, providing more comprehensive information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to determine the factors affecting the choice of dental office type among senior citizens of Chennai city. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in the dental OPD of a tertiary hospital through face-to-face interviews among 250 patients aged "60 years, selected through convenient sampling. The study instrument consisted of open items to understand the elder's dental perspectives, expectations, and experiences. It comprised questions regarding sociodemographic profile, duration of previous dental visit along with the purpose, the type of dental setup they preferred, and the reasons for opting so. Data was collected and analysed statistically using SPSS. The findings of the study revealed that all the respondents preferred tertiary hospitals to private and governmental units. Reasons for opting so were determined to be the affordability of treatment fee, satisfaction level primarily as a consequence of the skills or competency of the care provider, fulfillment in the expectation of clean ambiance, availability of holistic care services, and provision of service by considerate staffs at proximity. Based on the present findings, it may be concluded that the financial status of geriatric patients governs their selection of dental care setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic led to reduced services of private dental practices. The public emergency clinic of Rutgers School of Dental Medicine (RSDM) (Newark, NJ) faced changing demands during various periods of the pandemic. Records of patients visiting the emergency clinic at RSDM during 3 distinct periods (prelockdown, lockdown, teledentistry) from January 10, 2020, through June 30, 2020, were retrospectively reviewed. Qualitative and quantitative attributes pertaining to patient encounters were reviewed and analyzed. A total of 1,799 records were included in this study. Patient visits increased during the early lockdown but were reduced after the implementation of teledentistry. Trends were noted in patient volume, reasons for visits, treatment needs, symptoms, diagnostic methodology, prescription use, and final disposition of patients. The lockdown affected emergency dental clinic services at RSDM. Teledentistry visits played a key role in screening patients and in facilitating the delivery of oral health care and timely follow-ups to patients who needed urgent in-person emergency visits. Data gathered will lead to a better understanding of patients seen in the emergency clinic and can help with long-term planning for both institutional and smaller outpatient clinics during public health emergencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aims to assess hydrogen peroxide (HP) penetration into the pulp chamber, color change (CC), physical–chemical properties, and material wastage (MW) and material used (MU) in mixing tips when using in‐office bleaching gels with two different mixing tips. Materials and Methods: Forty teeth were divided into five groups (n = 8) based on the bleaching gels used (Pola Office +37.5% [PO+] and Whiteness HP Automixx Plus 35% [AM+]) and the mixing tip types (T‐Mixer and Helical). A negative control group was treated with ultra‐purified water. HP concentration was measured using UV–Vis, and CC was evaluated with a digital spectrophotometer. Initial concentration, pH, and viscosity were measured through Titration, a Digital pH meter, and Rheometer, respectively. MW and MU were measured using a precise analytical balance. Statistical analysis included two‐way ANOVA, Tukey's, and Dunnett's test (α = 0.05). Results: A higher HP concentration was observed with PO+ with the Helical mixing tip in comparison with AM+ (p = 0.01). No significant differences in CC or MU were found for different mixing tips (p = 0.001). The T‐mixer mixing tip resulted in significantly less MW (p < 0.00001) and improved mixture homogeneity and viscosity. Conclusions: Utilizing a T‐mixer with self‐mixing bleaching gels achieves comparable CC while reducing MW. Moreover, it decreases HP penetration when using PO+. Clinical Significance: For the application of a self‐mixing in‐office bleaching gel, a T‐mixer mixing tip should be recommended, as it reduces the penetration of hydrogen peroxide into the pulp chamber when using PO+, while also minimizing gel wastage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To find out which whitening techniques and products are currently used by dentists in two cities, Marrakech and Khouribga-Morocco. Methods: Study type: Descriptive cross-sectional survey; Study population: 347 dentists practicing in the private sector, including 276 dentists in Marrakech and 71 in Khouribga; Study design: a questionnaire was drawn up to collect the data required for the study; Statistical analysis: data were analyzed using SPSS software at the FMDC Community Health Laboratory of Epidemiology and Biostatistics. Results: 205 responses out of 347 questionnaires distributed. External whitening was most widely used in Khouribga, and internal whitening most widely used in Marrakech; 35.7% of dentists used hydrogen peroxide at 35% as an internal whitening product; 35.9% of dentists used carbamide peroxide at 15% as an at-home bleaching product; 67% of dentists made casts with reservoirs; 66% of dentists used 35% hydrogen peroxide in the dental office; 81.2% of practitioners used the light activation as a means of activation, while 37% used the whitening product for 30 minutes with the light activation. Conclusion: Dentists in Khouribga and Marrakech frequently employ the oldest high concentration whitening procedures. It is imperative that dentists in these two cities receive ongoing training. It must be regular, demanding and of high quality, as the therapeutics of each dyschromia and the specificities of internal and external bleaching protocols call for up-to-date knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dental professionals routinely work in proximity to patients even when either or both of them have suspected or confirmed COVID-19. The oral cavity also serves as a reservoir for SARS-CoV-2 because the virus is present in and replicates in oral secretions (saliva and gingival crevicular fluid), oral tissues (salivary gland and periodontal tissue), and oral microenvironments (gingival sulcus and periodontal pocket). Despite a high risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection, the prevalence of COVID-19 in dentists, dental hygienists, dental assistants, and their patients was similar to that in the general population even during the pandemic. We propose that eugenol, which is responsible for the ambient odor specific to dental offices, could contribute to prevention of COVID-19 in dental settings. Eugenol is not only released from dental materials (filling, cement, and sealer) but is also aerosolized by dental procedures (grinding, polishing, and restoration). Such eugenol has been suggested to possess the potential to inhibit the infectivity and replication of SARS-CoV-2, the entry of SARS-CoV-2 into human cells by binding specifically to the viral spike protein, and the protease indispensable for SARS-CoV-2 replication. It has been shown that aerosolized eugenol acts on airborne viruses to reduce their loads. This review highlights a hypothesis that the environment of dental offices impregnated with eugenol suppresses SARS-CoV-2 airborne transmission and SARS-CoV-2 contagion between dental professionals and patients, preventing COVID-19 in dental practice. Anti-COVID-19 eugenol might give insights into the safe delivery of dental treatment and oral care in the COVID-19 era. Highlights of the Study: Despite a high risk of infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, the prevalence of coronavirus disease 2019 in dental professionals and patients was not high even during the pandemic. Eugenol, which is released from dental materials and aerosolized by dental procedures, has the ability to inhibit viral infectivity, replication, and cellular entry. We propose that eugenol prevents coronavirus disease 2019 in dental practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: During the COVID-19 pandemic, there was a substantial interruption of care, with patients and workers fearful to return to the dental office. As dental practice creates a highly aerosolized environment, the potential for spread of airborne illness is magnified. As a means to increase safety and mitigate risk, pre-visit testing for SARS-CoV-2 has the potential to minimize disease transmission in dental offices. The Pragmatic Return to Effective Dental Infection Control through Testing (PREDICT) Feasibility Study examined the logistics and impact of two different testing mechanisms (laboratory-based PCR viral testing and point-of-care antigen testing) in dental offices. Methods: Dental healthcare workers (DHCWs) and patients in four dental offices within the National Dental Practice-based Research Network participated in this prospective study. In addition to electronic surveys, participants in two offices completed POC testing, while participants in two offices used lab-based PCR methods to detect SARS-CoV-2 infection. Analysis was limited to descriptive measures, with median and interquartile ranges reported for Likert scale responses and mean and standard deviation for continuous variables. Results: Of the total 72 enrolled, 28 DHCWs and 41 patients completed the protocol. Two patients (4.9%) tested positive prior to their visit, while 2 DHCWs (12.5%) tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 infection at the start of the study. DHCWs and patients shared similar degree of concern (69% and 63%, respectively) for contracting COVID-19 from patients, while patients feared contracting COVID-19 from DHCWs less (49%). Descriptive statistics calculations revealed that saliva, tongue epithelial cells, and nasal swabs were the most desirable specimen collection method; both testing (LAB and POC) protocols took similar amounts of total time to complete; and DHCWs and patients reported feeling more comfortable when both groups were tested. Conclusions: While a larger-scale, network study is necessary for generalizability of results, this feasibility study suggests that SARS-CoV-2 testing can be effectively implemented into dental practice workflows and positively impact perception of safety for DHCWs and patients. As new virulent infectious diseases emerge, preparing dental personnel to employ an entire toolbox of risk mitigation strategies, including testing, may have the potential to decrease dental practice closure time, maintaining continuity of dental care services for patients. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT05123742. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate the current knowledge and usage of silver diammine fluoride (SDF) by general dentists in Louisiana and to identify primary barriers to the implementation of SDF. Methods: A 16-item survey was emailed to 1719 Louisiana Dental Association members to identify factors influencing general dentists' usage of SDF. Results: Eighty-two surveys were completed with a response rate of 4.8 percent, with 69 identified as general dentists. Over half of the respondents were male (53.6%) and their practice experience ranged from less than one year to 48 years. The majority were solo owners (43.5%) while 7.3 percent had jobs in the corporate setting. Most agreed/strongly agreed that their knowledge of SDF was from either dental journals or online resources, while fewer stated they were taught about SDF (25%) or used SDF (8%) in dental school. The majority knew the advantages and off-label usage of SDF. However, only 40 percent recognized that SDF was officially approved for tooth hypersensitivity only. The most reported perceived barrier to SDF implementation was not learning about SDF in dental school (36%). Conclusion: There is a lack of understanding of SDF usage among Louisiana general dentists. The main reason for not incorporating SDF into their practice is the lack of training in their dental education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Fumigation with hydrogen peroxide has proven to be a highly effective approach to maintaining biological safety within dental offices. The main purpose of this research was to investigate the efficacy of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) fumigation in reducing bacterial levels in dental office environments. Methods: The study involved 30 participants diagnosed with moderate caries decay (ICDAS 3 and 4) in their mandibular molars. Sixty Petri dishes (two per patient) with Columbia Agar and 5% Sheep Blood were opened at the beginning of the caries treatment. After the completion of caries treatment and tooth restoration, 30 plates (G1 group) were closed. Following this, a 20 min fumigation procedure with 6% hydrogen peroxide biosanitizer using a compressed air device was conducted. After the fumigation, the remaining plates were closed (G2 group). The total number of bacteria CFUs (colony-forming units) in the dental office air was determined using the Koch sedimentation method. Results: The total bacterial colony (TBC) level, measured in cfu/m3, demonstrated a significant decrease in the number of bacteria following room environment fumigation (163.1 ± 145.7; G2 group) compared to non-fumigated samples (817.2 ± 208.2; G1 group) (p < 0.001). The predominant bacteria observed in the microbiological plates before fumigation were Micrococcus and Bacillus species, found in 80% (24/30) and 60% (18/30) of the plates, respectively. Application of H2O2 room fumigation resulted in a significant reduction in bacterial numbers: 79.2% (5/30) for Micrococcus species (p < 0.001), 83.3% (3/30) for Bacillus species (p < 0.001), and 100% (0/30) for Staphylococcus arlettae (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Fumigation with 6% H2O2 is an effective method for reducing bacterial counts in a dental office environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Notwithstanding of the advanced technology and medical developments achieved in the last decade, an important amount of health problems still exist in modern dentistry. The risks of eye infections and eye injuries are mostly associated with the use of materials and high-speed handpieces. There are chemical, mechanical, and microbiological irritants in dental offices that can cause eye infections and injuries. Hazards may cause facial injuries that involve the eyes of the practitioner, patient and dental assistant. From simple irritations to blindness, eye injuries can vary widely in their severity. It is necessary to use eye protection tools, such as visors and protective goggles, to reduce the risk of eye damage while working with different types of floating materials. Consequently, all precautions should be taken, even when performing simple procedures for which the risk expectation is relatively low. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Different approaches to prosthodontic consultation, all involving a strong focus on shared decision-making, were analyzed from the perspective of patients by inter-group comparisons. No patient decision aid (PDA) was used in the control group, a paper-based PDA in test group 1, and a software-based PDA in test group 2. Materials and methods: Seventy-five patients were prospectively randomized to the control group or a test group. All patients then rated the consultation on a questionnaire, six key items of which were analyzed, along with the time spent on each consultation. Results: Overall satisfaction was highest in test group 2, with a significant difference from the control group (p = 0.015). Test group 2 showed the most favorable ratings for all six questionnaire items, which invariably was significant compared to the control group (p = 0.032). Test group 1 significantly differed from test group 2 based on two items (consultation was adequately intelligible: p = 0.011; consultation was adequately comprehensive: p = 0.034) but not from the control group based on any item (p = 0.070). Conclusions: Within the limitations of this study, the use of a software-based PDA, in particular, can be recommended based on patient satisfaction and was associated with the shortest sessions for consultation. Clinical relevance: Patients are routinely faced with a wealth of information in dental offices and may be overwhelmed especially by prosthetic treatment options and decision requirements. Our findings shed some light on the nature of aids that may truly be helpful in the process of shared decision-making. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov.Identifier: ISRCTN11472465. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-sterilizable items such as prosthodontics items constitute a high risk of transmitting dangerous pathogens, including Coronavirus, between patients and healthcare personnel. Although UV rays are recognized for their germicidal efficacy, large and expensive UV devices previously hindered their adoption in dental offices. During the COVID-19 pandemic, small UV devices became available for domestic use, albeit with varying designs and effectiveness. Our study assesses the disinfection capacity of a UV light cabinet for four dental materials and discusses crucial design features for effective performance. Specimens of each material (silicone impressions, stone cast, acrylic denture base, and indelible pencils) were contaminated with Escherichia coli Bl21, and randomly divided into three study groups: UV device (UVG), impressions disinfection solution (SG), and control (CG). The experiment was repeated thrice, and disinfection efficacy assessed by colony forming units (CFU) count. A 2.5-min UV exposure achieved full disinfection for all materials. Significantly different results were found between groups (p < 0.05, one-way ANOVA, Tukey HSD), except for indelible pencils, where UVG and SG were both highly effective. UV cabinets surpass SG's disinfection efficacy. Compact UV devices can offer affordable, portable, and efficient disinfection for non-sterilizable dental objects, with careful consideration of wavelength, exposure, intensity, and safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The COVID-19 epidemic upset the standards in terms of hygiene and protection in the dental office, bringing additional precautions for dentists. The objective of our study was to draw the "new normal" of hygiene measures at the end of the COVID-19 epidemic. Materials and methods: A self-administered questionnaire about transitional recommendations for oral care in the context of the COVID-19 epidemic was published online in private groups dedicated to French dentists. Results: The 246 respondents understood the reasons behind those recommendations, since 10 out of 11 measures reached a mean score greater than 2.5 on a 0 (not at all) to 4 (absolutely) scale when it came to determining whether the measure made the practitioner feel safe and ensured patient safety. Besides, more of the respondents intended to maintain the measures than they were to apply them before the epidemic. Conclusions: The COVID-19 epidemic reshaped the relationship to hygiene and protection measures in the context of dental practices. The "new normal" of hygiene measures at the end of the COVID-19 epidemic will probably involve more protective measures than before. Clinical relevance: These results constitute interesting avenues for public health deliberation, which would make it possible to best adapt future health recommendations in order to define the "new normal" of hygiene measures in dental practices at the end of the COVID-19 epidemic. Therefore, it could have an impact on all practitioners in their clinical activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic immune disease. In this paper, we evaluated the overall characters, clinical presentation, and outcome of gingival lesions in OLP Italian patients. Methods and Results: A retrospective cohort study was accomplished: a total of 1319 charts were investigated, of whom 922 were female (69.9%): 617 patients (46.8%) manifested white lesions and 702 red ones (53.2%). While most patients had several oral sites of involvement, the gingiva was the unique location in 103 cases. Symptoms were reported in 480 patients (36.4%): 286 patients with erosive OLP, 103 with atrophic form, and 91 with a white form. Long‐lasting surveillance showed that only 40 patients (3.03%) had a total clinical signs remission. Regarding OLP medical treatment provided, patients attending less frequently a dental office underwent more often a specific therapy. Conclusions: To the best of our knowledge, this is the biggest collections of patients with gingival OLP ever described; exclusive gingival lesions are, however, rare and unlikely to undergo a malignant transformation. Moreover, gum lesions seemed to anticipate the appearance of oral lesions and a higher rate of OLP therapy was observed in patients with less frequent dental check‐ups and oral hygiene instructions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aerosols produced by dental handpieces represent a permanent risk of disease transmission in the dental environment. The current study evaluated the effects of natural ventilation (open windows) on Streptococcus mutans airborne contamination by dental handpieces in simulated clinical conditions. A dental phantom was placed on a dental chair at a standard university dental clinic operatory. An S. mutans suspension was infused into the phantom's mouth while an operator performed standardized dental procedures using low (contra‐angle) and high speed (turbine) dental handpieces or an ultrasonic scaler, with windows open or closed. Selective medium Petri dishes were placed in 18 sites of the operatory environment to evaluate contamination topographically. Sites were clustered as: wall, floor, ceiling, dental chair, and cabinet. Contamination was expressed as log10CFU/cm2. A linear mixed model analysis was used, nesting the sites within each ventilation and handpiece combination. Open windows significantly reduced contamination. The high‐speed handpiece provided the highest contamination, followed by the ultrasonic scaler and the low‐speed handpiece. Contamination values were much smaller at the ceiling, and much larger at the chair. Opening windows produced more homogeneous contamination of the operatory compared to closed windows. Natural ventilation during dental procedures decreases contamination and affects its topographical distribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pain is one of the main reason that compels patients to visit dentists. Poorly managed pain following treatment in the dental office can lead to patients lack of trust in the dentist, postponing or even avoiding dental treatments. The physiopathology of pain is a complex process involving both the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system, so the use of analgesics with different modes of action can lead to improved, faster and longer-lasting pain relief. This article provides an overview of the mode of action, effectiveness and results obtained from studies in the literature related to the combination of ibuprofen and paracetamol in a single tablet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To understand the relationship and impact of the parenting styles of mothers on the behavior and anxiety in the dental operatory of eight- to 12-year-old children. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 50 mother-child dyads. A short version of the Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire was used to assess parenting style, while the Modified Dental Anxiety Scale and Frankl's Behavior Rating Scale were used to assess dental anxiety and behavior. Results: Forty-six percent of children (n=23) were male. Sixty-four percent of mothers had an authoritative parenting style, 20 percent were authoritarian and 16 percent had a permissive parenting style. A statistically significant negative relationship was observed between permissive parenting style (-0.392, P<0.005) and dental behavior, and between dental behavior and dental anxiety (-0.611, P<0.000). Regression analysis showed that parenting style had an impact of 14.5 percent on the behavior of the child in the dental operatory. Conclusion: Parenting styles, particularly permissive types, had a significant impact on a child's dental behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Foreign‐body aspiration (FBA) and ingestion (FBI) are rare but serious events that occur in dental offices throughout the world every year. Such events can have significant medical, legal, and financial consequences for both the dental clinician and the patient. By presenting this case study, we aim to highlight the proper management and possible sequelae of such an event. Methods and Results: A 72‐year‐old woman underwent a dental procedure with intravenous sedation. In the process of dental treatment, a dental bur was accidentally ingested. The patient was promptly referred to an urgent care clinic, where serial abdominal radiographs were taken over several days to track the course of the bur through the digestive system. The bur was successfully removed without complication. Conclusion: Prompt management and referral of dental FBA and FBI cases, followed by successful object retrieval, lead to uncomplicated resolution of the event. Key points: Why is this case new information?This case presents the proper management of the FBA and FBI, particularly for IV sedated patients who require immediate action to mitigate and prevent serious complications. What are the keys to the successful management of this case and how can the risk of FBA and FBI be mitigated?The use of throat packs or rubber dams helps prevent foreign body aspiration and ingestion.Attaching floss to appliances and objects when appliances are used intraorally. (Specifically, to implant guide pins and implant screwdrivers.)Thorough isolation of the oropharynx from the mouth using a barrier, such as a gauze pad or rubber dam, during bracket placement, orthodontic appliance adjustment, and screwing or cementing of implant crownsShort and extra short implants should be connected by ligature to the implant handpiece. What are the primary limitations to success in this case?Lack of a throat packFailure to confirm connection of bur to handpiecePatient's anatomy (redundant colon) preventing natural expulsion of the bur [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dental office protocols to combat the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic include mouth washing for an extended 60 s, thereby reducing detectable oral virus. However, it is unclear whether this protocol has any effects on the newly identified periodontal pathogen and obesity-related bacterium often found among pediatric patients, Selenomonas noxia. To determine if the mouthwash protocol has any measurable effect on S. noxia amongst pediatric patients, clinical pediatric saliva samples were obtained from pediatric patients during routine visits for clinical care and treatment. Using an approved protocol, two saliva samples were collected on the same visit before and after chlorhexidine mouthwash (Sample A, Sample B). The third sample (Sample C) was taken at the recall appointment—usually between two and eight weeks later. A total of n = 97 pre-mouthwash samples, and an equal number of matching post-mouthwash samples (n = 97) were collected, with a small number of matching recall samples (n = 36) that were subsequently collected and identified. The demographic composition of the study sample was analyzed using Chi square statistics. Sample DNA from the matching pre-, post-, and recall collections (Sample A, Sample B, and Sample C) was isolated and screened using qPCR and validated primers, which revealed that 11.1% (n = 4/36) from Sample A tested positive for S. noxia with 0% (n = 0/36) of Sample B testing positive and 13.9% (n = 5/36) of the recall (Sample C) testing positive. In addition, comparative analysis of the qPCR cycle threshold data revealed relatively lower expression (quantity) of S. noxia DNA among the recall samples, as determined by two-tailed t-tests (p=0.004). These data and results provide new evidence for the oral prevalence of S. noxia among pediatric patients, while also demonstrating that the COVID-19 protocol of mouth washing prior to clinical treatment for periods extending up to 60 s may be sufficient to reduce the levels of detectable S. noxia—at least temporarily. More research will be needed to determine whether these effects may be limited to the short- or may exhibit more lasting effects in the long-term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The health action process approach (HAPA) model is promising to increase the frequency of brushing children's teeth by parents to improve their children's oral health. A validated HAPA questionnaire is needed as one of the measures of the effects of such an intervention. Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate whether our data, based on a translated and adopted version of the Health Action Process Approach (HAPA)-based questionnaire on dental flossing, supported the constructs of the HAPA model. If so, a next aim was to assess whether these constructs could be measured reliably. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 269 questionnaires filled out in dental offices by parents of children 1–10 years old were analysed. Scale validation was performed according to the 6-step protocol of Dima, including Mokken scale analyses (MSA), graded response model (GRM), factor analyses and reliability measures. Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated to identify divergent validity and test-retest reliability. Results: MSA showed a unidimensional, medium total scale. Three items were removed based on this analysis. The total scale with the remaining 26 items did not fit the GRM. Factor analysis extracted five factors and two components for the total scale. The separate subscales, except the 'intention' construct, fitted the MSA and did not fit the GRM. The data fitted a seven-factor model better than a one-factor model. Reliability measures varied from acceptable to excellent, but were poor for 'action control'. Test-retest reliability (r's 0.60–0.83) was questionable to good. Conclusion: Our results did not fully support the constructs of the HAPA model. To support the HAPA constructs, modification to the subscales risk perceptions, intention, action planning, action control and self-reported behaviour are suggested. With these adjustments, the reliability and validity of the questionnaire could be significantly improved". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of an external dome aerosol containment device (Prime Protector) is proposed to reduce the spread of particles within the dental office. Hence, the aim of our study was to compare the spread of bioaerosols generated by a High-speed Handpiece (HH) and an Ultrasonic Prophylaxis Device (UPD), with and without the Prime Protector dome (PP) by counting Colony Forming Units (CFU) of Lactobacillus casei Shirota, at different distances on the x and y axis. The PP was located considering the parallelism between the base of the dome and the frontal plane of the simulator, aligning the center of the mouth with the center of the dome. The PP dome measurements are 560.0mm x 255.0mm x 5mm. Petri dishes were placed at 0.5 m, 1 m and 1.5 m respectively. Aerosol generation in the laboratory environment was done three times with the following experimental groups 1) HH, 2) HH-PP, 3) UPD, 4) UPD-PP. Each dental device activation (HH and UPD) had a time frame of 2 minutes on the upper anterior teeth of the dental phantom with a liquid suspension containing Lactobacillus casei Shirota (YAKULT 0836A 0123; 1027F 0407). Air pressure and ventilation were parameterized. No separate high-volume evacuation used, nor was there any air removal attached to the dome. Results showed no significant difference between distance and axis in the CFU count. When means for devices and distances were compared between each of them all showed significant differences except for UPD and UPD-PP (p <0,004). In conclusion, external devices like Prime Protector could help decrease aerosol diffusion during high-speed handpiece activation. However, this dome does not replace the use of PPE inside dental clinics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Ocular health is significant as undetected and untreated eye conditions can lead to vision loss and blindness. Usually, dentists, dental assisting staff, and patients undergoing frequent dental corrections are likely affected by eye injuries. Methods: This survey aimed to evaluate eye safety protocols in the dental fraternity. A prevalidated questionnaire was given to practicing graduate and postgraduate dentists to obtain details of the eye safety protocol they adopted. Results: A total of 150 dentists approached; only 125 chose to participate in the survey and answered our questionnaire. Although most dentists used eye protection for themselves, primarily personal eyeglasses and face shields, eye injury was quite common in them. Conclusion: Data from this study revealed that the use of eye safety practices among the respondents could be improved. Clinicians should be aware that they are responsible for providing adequate eye protection for themselves and their assisting staff and patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Effective removal of aerosols generated during dental treatment is crucial for maintaining biosafety in dental practice. This study aimed to measure the aerosol amount and the number of aerobic bacteria in the air during caries treatment. Methods: The study involved 50 molar teeth (n = 50) in the mandible in 50 patients divided into two groups based on the type of a high-volume evacuator (HVE); G1 (n = 25) conventional HVE (EM19 EVO, Monoart® Euronda, Vicenza, Italy) and G2 (n = 25) a new, wider, customized HVE. The PC200 laser particle counter (Trotec GmbH, Schwerin, Germany) was used to measure aerosol particles in a range of 0.3–10.0 μm near the operator's mouth. The study used 60 microbiological plates with a microbiological medium (Columbia Agar with 5% Sheep Blood) to check the number of aerobic bacteria in the air. Results: The mean value of aerosol particles in the G1 group (conventional HVE) was 54,145 ± 7915, while in the G2 group (test, wider evacuator) was lower and amounted to 32,632 ± 1803. (p < 0.001). The median total bacteria count in the air per cubic meter in control, G1 (HVE), and G2 (NEW-HVE) groups were 50 [36-60]; 772 [643-881]; 120 [92-139], respectively. (p < 0.05). Gram-positive cocci were the predominant bacteria in the plates: Micrococcus sp. (50%), Bacillus species (36.4%), Staphylococcus epidermidis (3.8%), Staphylococcus saprophyticus (3.8%). Conclusions: the application of the wider high-volume evacuator increases the air purity during caries treatment as well as the biological safety of a dental office. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives. The aim of the study was to evaluate comparatively by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive spectrophotometry (EDS) the physical and chemical homogeneity of some luting materials used for cementation of three types of posts. Materials and method. We selected 12 irretrievable monoradicular teeth extracted in our dental offices. After extraction, all teeth were prepared for cementation with 4 different cements (NANOCORE DUAL, CEMBEST, PANAVIA SA and CEMENT-ONE) of three types of posts: prefabricated titanium post, FibreKleer 4x fiberglass post (Pentron) and post cast from NiCrMo alloy. Afterwards, the samples were embedded in resin and prepared metallographically for examination with the Phenom ProX scanning electron microscope equipped with an energy dispersive spectrophotometer with X Rays. Results. SEM studies provide valuable ultrastructural information regarding the degree of filling with luting materials. The four studied cements do not present an inhomogeneous composition in the EDS analysis, not having significantly increased values between the 2 analyzed points for each of the 12 samples taken in the study. Conclusions. Among the four luting materials studied comparatively, PANAVIA SA seems to best fill the existing spaces between posts and the limits of dental preparations, being closely followed by CEMENT-One and CEMBEST. In last place is NANOCORE DUAL, which presents discontinuities in the mass of material and at the border with the preparations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and aims. On March 16, 2020, the state of emergency was established with drastic measures of isolation and quarantine. Among the measures taken in the context of the state of emergency was the closure of dental offices throughout the country. The aim of our questionnaire-based cross-sectional study was to identify the psycho-affective implications of the Romanian citizens induced by the COVID-19 pandemic period as well as their opinion related to the self-perceived oral health status during this period. Methods. An original questionnaire was designed consisting of 41 questions, which were distributed to the general population via the Internet. The first part of the questionnaire investigated the respondents' opinion regarding the impact of this COVID-19 pandemic period of isolation on their oral health and the attention paid by the subjects to oral hygiene during restrictions. The second part refers to their addressability to the dental services during this pandemic and the third part interrogates different characteristics, namely the presence of comorbidities, possible anxiety, and stress. Results. A total of 769 participants answered the questionnaire online. Conclusion. According to their responses most of the respondents were not afraid of the possibility of contracting Sars-Cov-2 during dental treatments, but were in certain periods deprived of accessing dental services due to lockdown restrictions. They are aware of their oral health problems and pay more attention to oral hygiene so that they do not get worse during restrictions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To decrease the light scattering caused by birefringence of the tetragonal phase of dental Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia (YSZ), two main strategies are followed: 1) increasing Y 2 O 3 content to have a larger amount of non-birefringent cubic phase or 2) decreasing grain size below 100 nm to reduce their scattering coefficient. Both strategies might affect mechanical properties and aging resistance. This study shows that increasing the stabilizer content enhances both translucency and aging resistance, at the expense of mechanical properties. Nanometric-sized YSZ show, instead, very interesting compromise. Nanometric-sized zirconia stabilized with 3 mol.% of Y 2 O 3 possesses high strength and toughness (above 1600 MPa and 3.3 MPa m1/2), aging resistance and translucency, thanks to its fully-stabilized tetragonal nano-grains. Nanometric-sized zirconia stabilized with 1.5 mol.% of Y 2 O 3 has the best mechanical performances (strength above 1500 MPa and toughness of 4.8 MPa m1/2), still showing aging resistance and intermediate opacity. These results highlight the interest of moving towards Yttria-containing transformable tetragonal nano-ceramics for dental applications. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To examine the impact of dental operatory room color on the level of anxiety in committed youth at a juvenile correctional center. Methods: A randomized controlled trial was conducted at a juvenile correctional center using an approved continuous quality assurance survey. The dental assistant collected self-reported anxiety scores from 164 individuals alternating between two dental operatory rooms. One dental operatory room was painted with color while the other dental operatory room was unaltered (white). Repeated measures linear models were used to test for associations between visit type, visit number and operatory. Results: For 65 percent of visits, little to no anxiety was reported. Among the remaining visits, anxiety scores were on average 1.13 points higher across all appointment types in the non-colorful operatory room but were not statistically significant (P=0.1373, 95 percent confidence interval [95% CI] = -0.37 to 2.63). Anxiety scores were, on average, 1.7 points higher in the non-colorful room when selected for more anxiety- inducing restorative or emergency appointments (P=0.4371, 95% CI = -1.37 to -4.82), which indicated some clinical significance but was not statistically significant. Conclusion: The color of a dental operatory room did not have a statistically significant effect on lowering the level of anxiety in incarcerated youth but may have a clinically significant effect that should be further researched. (J Dent Child 2023;90(2):64-9) Received October 26, 2022; Last Revision December 19, 2022; Accepted December 20, 2022. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In Romania, HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) and AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) were first acknowledged in 1989. Getting older with HIV/AIDS is now possible due to antiretroviral treatment, but it can bring dental problems due to HIV itself or to the reluctance of dental professionals to treat dental problems. Our study aims to assess the attitudes, knowledge, and practices of Romanian dental professionals regarding aging PLWHA. Methods: An analytical cross-sectional observational survey based on a self-administered questionnaire was conducted for Romanian dental professionals from October 2022 to January 2023. Results: The responders' group profile was as follows: a mean age of 39.09 ± 0.36 years (limit: 19–75), a majority of 991 (90.01%) from urban dental offices, and 364 (33.06%) with more than twenty years' experience. A total of 517 (46.95%) responders had an unprofessional attitude and declared that, if possible, they would avoid taking part in performing dental treatments for people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA). There were 89 (8.08%) dental professionals that refused to work with PLWHA. Only 363 (32.97%) had worked with one previously. The dental professionals in rural areas refused PLWHA more frequently: 20% (N = 22) of rural dental professionals vs. 6.76% (N = 67) of urban dental professionals refused to work with PLWHA (OR = 0.30; 95% CI: 0.16-.56). The logistic regression applied for the 1101 responders revealed after stepwise selection that the most influential factor for their refusal to work with PLWHA in our study group was being previously exposed to HIV during dental practice (OR = 14.45; 95% CI: 8.55- 24.42; p = 0.000). Conclusions: Dental educators and health care planners should promote the knowledge of prophylaxis and positive attitudes towards the treatment of PLWHA. Successful resolution of these concerns is time consuming and expensive but necessary if dentists are to satisfy their professional obligations to HIV/AIDS patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Molar Incisor Hypomineralization Syndrome (MIH) is a problem of increasing incidence that represents a new challenge in the dental treatment of many of the children we see in our dental offices. Understanding the etiology of this syndrome (still unknown) will help us to prevent the appearance of this process. Lately a certain genetic relationship has been suggested in the syndrome. The aim of the present study was to explore the relationship between activation of the TGFBR1 gene and the development of MIH, as recent studies suggest that there may be an association in this regard. Materials and Methods: The study sample consisted of 50 children between 6–17 years of age with MIH, each with at least one parent and a sibling with or without MIH, and a group control of 100 children without MIH. The condition of the permanent molars and incisors was evaluated and recorded based on the criteria of Mathu-Muju and Wright. Saliva samples were collected after washing and rinsing of the oral cavity. Genotyping was performed with the saliva samples for the selection of a target polymorphism of the studied gene (TGFBR1). Results: The mean age was 9.7 years (SD 2.36). Of the 50 children with MIH, 56% were boys and 44% girls. The degree of MIH was predominantly severe (58%), with moderate and mild involvement in 22% and 20% of the cases, respectively, according to the classification of Mathu-Muju. The allelic frequencies were seen to behave as expected. The logistic regression analysis aimed to relate each polymorphism to the presence or absence of the factors. These results were inconclusive, with no evidence suggesting an alteration of the TGFBR1 gene to be related to the appearance of MIH. Conclusions: Within the limitations posed by a study of these characteristics, it can be affirmed that no relationship has been found between the TGFBR1 gene and the appearance of molar incisor hypomineralization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food allergies are a growing concern, especially in Western societies and can dramatically impact the quality of life of affected individuals. In recent years, various food allergens have been introduced into the oral care industry to improve product properties and provide the best possible treatment. Since small doses of food allergens may be sufficient to trigger allergic reactions, the non-discrimination of the sources of certain excipients in the product composition can compromise the patient's health. Therefore, knowledge and awareness of allergies and product composition among health professionals are critical on behalf of patients' and consumers' health. This study aimed to ascertain the presence of dairy products (e.g., cow's milk proteins and lactose), cereals (e.g., gluten, soy, and oats), fruits, nuts, spices, shellfish, and additives as excipients in oral care products for outpatients and products for professional use in the Dental Office. Among the 387 surveyed products, the highest prevalence of food allergens was found in toothpaste, fluoride varnishes, and alginates, mostly in spices and fresh fruits. As food allergies may occur because of erroneous information or a lack of labeling on the allergen list, manufacturers should be more rigorous in declaring allergens on product labeling regarding the safety of consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives. The purpose of this research was to study, in the case of immediate loading, the biomechanical effect produced by the length of the implants. Material and method. The study material was a CBCT analysis performed on a patient from one dental office in Bucharest. An segment of edentulous mandibular bone was selected from the CBCT, which was processed with Mimics Innovation Suite, respectively Mimics and 3-matic. After processing the bone segment, two implants of the same manufacturer, with identical design, but different length – 10 and 13 mm respectively, were selected from the BIOMAT database. To simulate immediate loading, the bone-implant interface was not blocked and the mandible was defined with properties that characterize a bone with moderate density. A perpendicular masticatory force of 200N was applied to each of the two implants. The software ANSYS calculated the minimum, maximum values and their geometric means for the possible stresses produced on both the shorter implant (10 mm) and the longer implant (13 mm). Results. In the case of short implants, higher average stresses develop along the entire length of the implant, towards the vestibular bone plate, while in the case of long implants the higher stress seems to be cantoned towards the apical side. Conclusions. The present study shows that, in the case of immediate loading, the use of longer implants (13 mm) reduces by more than 50% the geometric mean of the stresses to which the bone-implant interface is subjected than in the case of the use of shorter implants (10 mm). In both types of implants, higher stresses occur at the level of the screw fixing the abutment in the implant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of glass ceramic masses based on lithium disilicate, used by pressing technology (pressed ceramics), represents a very interesting alternative, and above all extremely effective for obtaining totally physiognomic prosthetic restorations. But, for the manufacture of such pressed ceramic prosthetic restorations, it is necessary not only a very good collaboration between the dental office and the dental laboratory, but also a very good professional training of all the members who make up the dental medical team: prosthodontist, dental nurse and dental technician. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At this moment, the diagnostic wax-up is one of the most precise methods through which the dental team, dentist and dental technician, can show to the patient the future shape of prosthetic restorations. Specifically, the diagnostic wax-up is considered a valuable diagnostic tool used in dental practice (both in the dental office and in the dental laboratory), to establish a clear visual representation of the desired result. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The teriparatide is a drug used to treatment of severe osteoporosis, it is a tissue anabolic agent, this drug increases bone mineral density and increased bone mass. Vitamin D is important to balance of serum calcium and increased calcium absorption from intestine, therefore can be applied to optimize the treatment of osteoporosis. The present study aimed to evaluate the peri-implant bone tissue in rats submitted to orchiectomy, treated with vitamin D alone or associated with teriparatide. Through this in vivo study, it was possible to conclude that the treatment with vitamin D associated with teriparatide in rats with induced osteoporosis increases the volume and improves the bone quality around the implants installed. However, the verification of the behavior of medications that promote an increase in bone density, enabling the establishment of a clinical protocol for the treatment of osteoporosis, is essential, in view of the increase in the population with this bone metabolism disorder in dental offices looking for rehabilitation treatment with dental implants. (1) Background: The objective of this study was to evaluate the morphometry of peri-implant bone tissue in orchiectomized rats, treated with vitamin D isolated or associated with teriparatide. (2) Methods: 24 rats were divided into 4 groups: ORQ—orchiectomy, without drug treatment, ORQ+D—orchiectomy, treated with vitamin D, ORQTERI—orchiectomy, treated with teriparatide and ORQTERI+D—orchiectomy, treated with teriparatide + vitamin D. Each animal received an implant in the tibial metaphysis. Euthanasia occurred 60 days after implant surgery. Computed microtomography (micro-CT) was performed to evaluate the parameters of volume and percentage of bone volume (BV, BV/TV), trabecular thickness (Tb.Th), number and separation of trabeculae (Tb.N, Tb.Sp) and percentage of total porosity (Po-tot). Data were subjected to 1-way ANOVA and Tukey post-test, with a significance level of 5%. (3) Results: For the parameters BV, BV/TV, Tb.Th, the ORQTERI+D group showed the highest values in relation to the other groups and for Po-tot, the lowest values were for ORQTERI+D. For Tb.Sp and Tb.N, there was no statistically significant difference when comparing intragroup results (p > 0.05). (4) Conclusions: It was possible to conclude that treatment with vitamin D associated with teriparatide increases bone volume and improves bone quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The current study examined the widespread use of whole and limited Edentulism concerning gender, age, and educational attainment among adults and older residents of Saudi Arabia. We can encourage oral hygiene with the help of baseline knowledge about Edentulism. Methods: In 2018-2019, several dental care facilities located throughout Saudi Arabia participated in a cross-sectional stratified cluster study. A total of 618 subjects between the ages of 35 and 74 were chosen through practical sampling, and after collecting data on edentulism, a clinical examination was conducted. Results: Males made up 350 (56%), and females made up 262 (43%) of the sample as a whole. According to the analysis of edentulism, most of the 427 subjects (69 per cent) had one or more missing teeth. A total of 2.6 points, 6 per cent of these subjects were denuded entirely, making up 1.8 points, 8 per cent of the sample as a whole. Conclusion: Grown-up patients commonly have one or more teeth absent, and elderly patients are more likely to be completely edentulous. Edentulism had a negative correlation with visiting a dental office. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Diabetes and chronic periodontitis (CP) act as bidirectional manner. Dental office DM screening could result in earlier treatment and possible minimization of serious complications. Objective: objective of the present study was to compare the efficacy of blood glucose level using conventional venous blood (VB) and gingival sulcular blood (GSB) samples in CP patients having type II diabetes before and after non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT). Material and methods: A total of 250 CP stage I/II patients with type II DM were divided into control (VB) and test (GSB) group. VB and GSB were evaluated for blood glucose level after NSPT at 3 months and compared with baseline. Results: Mean blood glucose level at baseline for test group was 204.71 ± 82.51 and control group was 203.86 ± 87.78 mg/dl (p=0.41) which was statistically non-significant. Both the VB and GSB was effective to evaluate diabetic status. Blood glucose level before and 3 month after NSPT showed statistically significant difference (p=0.026) for test group and highly statistical significance (p=0.001) for control group. Karl Pearson's product--moment correlation (r) for groups: The Pearson correlation coefficient R was counted to measure the strength and direction of the relationship between two variables. The R value between control and test group was 0.98 at baseline and 0.99 at 3 months. It shows a strongly positive co-relation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) is a rare genetic disease characterized by a hypersensitivity to ultraviolet (UV) radiation leading to defective deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) repair and predisposing to skin tumorigenesis. This paper reports the safe approaches used for the dental treatment of XP patients, controlling the ultraviolet (UV) sources at the dental office. An XP 29-year-old woman was referred for oral pain and sensitivity at the service of periodontology, UV rays were checked with a UV-meter. During the examination, the patient kept her sunglasses while the practitioner was dressed in dark colors using an anti-UV filter over the surgical light. Facial dark brown pigmentations, limited mouth opening, tumor resection scar on the tongue, moderate periodontitis, and dental caries were noticed. Moderate periodontitis and dental caries were diagnosed. Treatment was planned in collaboration with the dermatologist. Soft scaling and root planning were performed in short sessions and selfcuring material was used for coronary fillings after caries removal. In taking care of XP patients, particular attention should be given by dental professionals to: i) the office management for a UVsafe environment; ii) the adoption of suitable dental care and safe biomaterials with short sessions and regular controls; and iii) the adoption of personal protections by patients and practitioners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The characteristics of the water lines of dental units (LAUD) allow the creation of biofilm that can cause cross infections between patients and health personnel. The use of chlorinated antimicrobial solutions added to the water tank for other purposes has been recommended. Purpose: To evaluate the antimicrobial effect of chlorinated solutions in tanks and LAUD of Dental offices in Barranquilla (Colombia). Methods: Descriptive study, conducted in 13 Dental units where the presence of microorganisms and the effect of the chlorinated solution on the microorganisms found after 14 days of use of the solution were observed from a first sample. Results: In the first sample, mesophilic growth greater than 200 CFU was observed in 66.6 %, total coliforms greater than 2 CFU in 58 %, E. Coli in 16 %, Pseudomonas in 33 % and fungal growth in syringe spray in 66.6 %. In the second sample, 25 % mesophilic growth was observed in the triple syringe. In the sprayer syringe 8.3 % and in the high part 8.3 %, no growth of total coliforms or coliforms was observed. E. coli, growth of pseudomonas was observed in 16 % in triple syringe and of fungi in 8.3 %. Conclusions: The chlorinated solution had an antimicrobial effect in the water tanks of the dental units included in this study. The microorganisms isolated in the present study are of clinical importance because they are associated with cross infections and different types of infections in humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Climate change is the global variation in the climate on earth due to natural causes and pollution, gas emissions and carbon dioxide. Dentistry must actively participate to be eco-sustainable. Purpose: To analyze the role that Latin American dentistry should play to promote eco-sustainable development. Methods: An exploratory review of the literature was conducted in the databases of PubMed, ScienceDirect, SciELO, and Google Scholar. The search terms were sustainable development, Latin America, environmental medicine, environmental responsibility, dentistry, and oral health. Results: A framework for sustainable development is first established based on the analysis of three pillars (environment, economy and society) and the objectives of sustainable development. Second, the need to enact policies and recognize the importance of this issue by the dental profession and its impact on the environment is emphasized. Third, fundamental elements for ecosustainable dentistry are listed. Fourth, a model of good practices for the dental office is introduced. Conclusions: In Latin America, the commitment of the dental profession is to work institutionally and individually to provide eco-sustainable oral health. In the current context, the joint work of public and private institutions is required. Dentistry must modify the factors that support current behaviors and practices. Concrete actions must be implemented towards sustainability in oral health care, based on scientific evidence to reduce, reuse, recycle and rethink care policies, waste management, distribution logistics, education, research and production of eco-sustainable materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The Covid-19 pandemic involved the establishment of health emergency measures, among others, the suspension and subsequent progressive reopening of dental care. Purpose: Understand how health measures due to Covid-19 affected owners of dental offices and clinics in Bogotá, Colombia, and whether these aggravated the crisis of the profession. Methods: a qualitative study was conducted, interviewing seven dentists who owned dental clinics or offices. They investigated working conditions, economic changes, hiring conditions and the participation of professional organizations in the pandemic. Results: Dentistry was already in a crisis that was exacerbated by health measures in the face of the Covid-19 pandemic. Those interviewed did not perceive a quick leadership voice from government entities to establish care protocols. Administrative management is different according to the capabilities of dental clinics compared to private offices. Finally, the pandemic and mobility restrictions made it possible to establish improvements in time shared with the family; however, this affected the owners' income, leading them to seek other forms of income. Conclusions: Dentistry has been in crisis for many years, which was more evident with the confinement measures implemented to control the Covid-19 pandemic. There are differences in administrative management in favor of dental clinics that were essential in the context of the pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and aims. This study is focused on the analysis of the properties of glassionomers following the choice of the type of material by the dentists. The study evaluated the properties of glassionomers used for restorations directly by comparing those prepared manually with those prepared mechanically, to find an "ideal" glassionomer and to counteract the disadvantages of the material. Method. The study was conducted on the basis of a questionnaire and included 254 dentists from Romania. It took place between April 6 - 24, 2020 and the questionnaire was administered online. The questions focused on: the type of glassionomer chosen by every dentist, the doctor's opinion about the properties, type and clinical indications of the material. Results. The results showed that in Romania, the dentists use the glassionomer for a permanent filling in adults because of the financial aspect, as they stated. In their opinion the best advantages are the fluoride release and adhesion to dental tissues and, on the other hand the biggest disadvantage is aesthetics. Conclusions. Among the conclusions are the following: the glassionomer is frequently used in dental offices, especially the powder-liquid system, as a commercial product; no standard type of glassionomer was found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The turn of 2019 and 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2, saw major changes in the health sector, including the functioning of dental offices. Many of them were closed for several months, while others limited admission to emergencies only. In Poland, access to a dentist was therefore reduced for a considerable time. This may have contributed to the deterioration of the patients' oral health. The aim of the study was to assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on pro-health behaviors regarding the oral health of children and their visits to dental offices in the opinion of their parents. Materials and methods: A questionnaire survey was conducted with 103 parents of children aged 0-18. Results: The study showed that the pandemic has affected the health sector and oral health. New devices and materials have respondents. The reasons included the parents' lack of time (17.6%), lack of available visits (6.9%), and fear of infection (13.7%). During the pandemic, the oral hygiene condition of 59.3% of children was maintained at the same level, and deteriorated for 15.5%; 62.2% of children did not change their diet, while the deterioration of dietary habits affected 19.4% of the respondents. The main source (67%) from which parents obtained knowledge about fluoride was the Internet. Conclusions: During the COVID-19 pandemic, most children did not change their dietary and hygienic behavior. The frequency of children's follow-up visits has decreased, which may contribute to the deterioration of their oral health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A personal narrative is presented which explores the authors experience of being stave off an abscess remaining a mystery.