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Shallow geothermal heat has the characteristics of wide distribution and huge reserves. However, for northern rural buildings, the heating load in winter is much greater than the cooling load in summer, and thermal imbalance of the soil is prone to occur. This paper takes rural residences in southern Hebei as an example and designs a solar-assisted shallow geothermal energy system. Compared with the original shallow ground-source heat pump system, the indoor and outdoor temperature differences of the target building were first analyzed. Second, the changes in the soil temperature field and the differences in the supply and return water temperature were monitored. Finally, the initial investment and operating costs of the assisted system are analyzed. The results show that the average ground temperature field increases significantly in winter. Through the alternate operation of solar energy and ground-source heat pumps, heat extraction from the ground is reduced, and the imbalance cycle of heat extraction in winter and heat removal in summer is shortened. It alleviates the imbalance of the cold and heat loads for soil throughout the year. The inlet and outlet water temperature and heat exchange efficiency of the buried pipes have been significantly improved. The energy efficiency ratio of the system using the assisted system has increased from 3.40 in 2020 to 4.17, an increase of 0.77. The optimal ratio of the solar- assisted shallow geothermal energy system is a 12.80 m2 solar heat-collection area and one buried hole. The winter heating operating cost of the solar-assisted shallow geothermal energy system is 18.86 CNY/m2. It can save 37% of the annual operating costs of heating, cooling, and hot water compared to a single ground-source heat pump system and 40%–45% compared to traditional heating and cooling modes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under global warming, the summer surface air temperature (SAT) change signal in the northern mid‐latitudes is generally the most significant, while the SAT change in North China (NC) shows distinct local characteristics. Using simulations from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 and observation from Berkeley Earth Surface Temperature, this study reveals an unusually weak signal of summer SAT change in NC since the 1960s. This uniquely weak signal can be attributed to the small net contribution of external forcings, mainly from anthropogenic greenhouse gases (GHG) and aerosols (AA). Compared to other land regions in the same latitudinal band, the GHG‐induced warming was weaker and AA‐induced cooling was stronger in NC, resulting in the weakest SAT change signal and thus the lowest signal‐to‐noise ratio. This weaker GHG‐induced warming plays a more important role in the SAT change difference between NC and other land regions in the same latitudinal zone. Under different emission scenarios in the future, the signal‐to‐noise ratio in NC will become as large as those in the other land regions in the same latitudinal band and the northern hemisphere, which is partly due to the smaller relative differences in the SAT change signal between NC and the other two regions. The projections of SAT change indicate that climate change in NC will probably become more violent and vulnerable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the depletion of shallow mineral resources, deep shaft mining has become an inevitable trend, but there is a lack of systematic review on the hazards of deep shaft mining ecological environment on miners' occupational health. The aim of this paper is to study the impact and main hazards of deep shaft mining ecological environment on miners' occupational health, summarize the existing research results and reveal their limitations, and put forward the latest targeted improvement technologies. The conclusions show that the environmental characteristics of deep mine dust, noise, and high temperature seriously jeopardize occupational health. Pneumoconiosis has become one of the biggest threats, with nearly 14,000 new cases per year since 2009; harmful noise exposure is widespread in deep mines, directly jeopardizing occupational health, with a detection rate of 29.96% of hearing impairment among China's 480,200,000 miners; and the average ground temperatures at the current mining depths of -1,000 m and -2,000 m are 41.84℃ and 69.62℃, respectively, which are very likely to trigger a variety of heat-related diseases in miners. Miners with a variety of heat-related illnesses. The hazards of these environmental features are seriously underestimated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The temporal behaviors of land surface temperature (LST) coupled with its associated parameters play a crucial role in determining the microclimate at the city scale. The increasing pattern of LST and consequent changes in biophysical parameters (parameters specify the amalgamation of living system with their physical characteristics including vegetation, water, built-up, bareness and drought parameters) at monthly, seasonal and annual time spans and from regional to global scale need to be comprehensively evaluated. The present study deals with LST estimation along with other spectral indices including Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI), Modified Normalized Difference Water Index (MNDWI), Normalized Difference Built-up Index (NDBI), Normalized Difference Bareness Index (NDBaI), and Normalized Multi-band Drought Index (NMDI) using Landsat series datasets from 1991 to 2022 of Aligarh city, Uttar Pradesh, India. The spatial pattern of LST indicates that the areas having water bodies and dense vegetation are colder such as the Aligarh Muslim University Campus and the catchment of Ganga canal areas, whereas the areas of high urbanization and bare grounds reflect high LST trends. Study finds a positive correlation of LST with NDBI (R2-0.56), NDBaI (R2-0.22) and NDWI (R2-0.22), whereas a negative correlation with NDVI (R2-0.35), MNDWI (R2-0.36) and NMDI (R2-0.41). Land use land cover (LULC)-based change detection in land cover classes was found consistent with the obtained results for spectral indices and LST patterns in the study area. Finally, the cross-validation using Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA) reanalysis-based products of earth skin temperature and rainfall showed a good fit between observed and reanalysis products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Earth's temperature has risen by ≈0.18 °C per decade since 1981 and year 2022 is the sixth‐warmest year on record. The exploration of cooling strategies that operate with less energy consumption is thus highly desirable. Through this project, a camel‐fur‐inspired passive membrane encapsulated sorbent cooler that can periodically absorb moisture from the atmosphere and release it for daytime evaporative cooling, leading to effective regulation of building temperature without additional energy input is demonstrated. This sorbent cooler with high sorption capacity is made of anhydrous salt and modified expanded graphite and further encapsulated by a breathable porous membrane. This novel material is shape‐stabilized, and it has excellent cycling performance, and remarkable water adhesion ability. In this evaporative‐cooling demonstration, the average cooling power of the camel‐fur‐inspired sorbent can reach up to 630 W m−2, which is much higher than the radiative cooling approach. This theoretical model implies that the proposed sorbent cooler has the potential to cut down cooling energy carbon emission by 61% to 87.83% when compared to emissions released from cooling energy usage in reference buildings. This nature‐inspired approach paves a new way for efficient space cooling without extra water supply and with minimized energy consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the number of tunnels continues to increase, there are more and more tunnels crossing the high geothermal strata. This study aims to address the issue of heat damage caused by high geotemperature in tunnels that cross such strata. Field tests were conducted to reveal the temperature variation law of high temperature tunnels during construction. Numerical simulation was employed to identify the influence characteristics of air volume and temperature on ambient temperature in tunnels. A ventilation system that adjusts according to the change of ambient temperature was designed, wherein the air supply volume and temperature can be modified based on monitoring of the tunnel environment and the temperature variation law. To minimize the diffusion of tunnel surrounding rock temperature into the tunnel, the study investigated the impact of insulation layer thickness and thermal conductivity on the tunnel's air temperature and proposed a rational layout of the insulation layer. Based on the above research, we obtained comprehensive control measures for tunnel high geothermal involve both an insulation layer and ventilation cooling system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2007, the Anaktuvuk River fire burned more than 1000 km2 of arctic tundra in northern Alaska, ~ 50% of which occurred in an area with ice-rich syngenetic permafrost (Yedoma). By 2014, widespread degradation of ice wedges was apparent in the Yedoma region. In a 50 km2 area, thaw subsidence was detected across 15% of the land area in repeat airborne LiDAR data acquired in 2009 and 2014. Updating observations with a 2021 airborne LiDAR dataset show that additional thaw subsidence was detected in < 1% of the study area, indicating stabilization of the thaw-affected permafrost terrain. Ground temperature measurements between 2010 and 2015 indicated that the number of near-surface soil thawing-degree-days at the burn site were 3 × greater than at an unburned control site, but by 2022 the number was reduced to 1.3 × greater. Mean annual ground temperature of the near-surface permafrost increased by 0.33 °C/yr in the burn site up to 7-years post-fire, but then cooled by 0.15 °C/yr in the subsequent eight years, while temperatures at the control site remained relatively stable. Permafrost cores collected from ice-wedge troughs (n = 41) and polygon centers (n = 8) revealed the presence of a thaw unconformity, that in most cases was overlain by a recovered permafrost layer that averaged 14.2 cm and 18.3 cm, respectively. Taken together, our observations highlight that the initial degradation of ice-rich permafrost following the Anaktuvuk River tundra fire has been followed by a period of thaw cessation, permafrost aggradation, and terrain stabilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the data of national observation stations of CMISS system, artificial encrypted observation data of snow depth, ERA5 reanalysis data, the snowfall process in Ulanqab City from March 17 to 19, 2022 was analyzed. It is found that the influencing system of the snowfall process was upperair trough combined with ground inverted trough. Snowfall was not proportional to snow depth, and the relationship between the maximum snow depth and total snowfall varied in different value intervals. A large intensity of snowfall was a necessary condition for the formation of abundant accumulated snow when ground temperature was higher than O "C. After the formation of accumulated snow, ground temperature changed less, and it was easy to produce accumulated snow as ground temperature was lower. The lower the temperature, the more conducive to the generation of accumulated snow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Meteorological data are essential in precision agriculture in the Canadian Prairies and are often associated with spatiotemporal discontinuity and scarcity. Reanalysis data products aim to address this challenge and have recently gained popularity. The European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts' ERA5, and its high-resolution land component, ERA5-Land, are two reanalysis datasets that provide hourly estimates of many climate variables globally. This paper focuses on evaluating the performance of ERA5 and ERA5-Land over the Canadian prairies, utilizing data from 109 weather stations situated in southern Manitoba, Canada. Various variables are investigated at daily, monthly, and annual aggregation periods, including air temperature, ground temperature, soil water content, wind speed, precipitation, and evaporation. The datasets are evaluated regarding seasonal bias and spatial distribution of errors over the study area. Regression parameters are also presented to address the biases. Among the investigated variables, air temperature and wind speed exhibit the lowest errors. The evaluation further reveals an overall tendency to overpredict ground temperatures and precipitation while underpredicting evaporation. Based on these findings, the ERA5 and ERA5-Land datasets hold significant potential in applications such as climate-smart agriculture, energy demand analysis, assessing renewable energy resources, and facilitating sustainable urban development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hourly automatic snow depth stations have enhanced insights into the dynamics and spatial variability of daily snowmelt. From 2021 to 2022, we gathered hourly snow depth measurements from six Hulun Buir grassland stations. Our analysis shed light on the dynamics of snowmelt and the key drivers in this northern region. We found that in northern China's mid-high latitude grasslands, winter snow cover persists for about 80 to 134 days. The transition to the melting phase in early March spans 5 to 12 days, with continuous and rapid phases. Snow under 3 cm quickly collapses. If the average temperature from 10:00 to 18:00 exceeds 0 °C, complete melting occurs within 36 h. Daily snow melting sees initial stability, swift decline, and gradual reduction, peaking between 11:00 and 14:00. Finally, thermal conditions primarily drive snow melt dynamics, with 14:00 ground temperature being pivotal. These findings shed light on snow dynamics and key factors in the mid-high latitude grasslands of northern China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The alfalfa harvest time is determined by the alfalfa growth stage and the weather factors at that time, which will affect the yield and quality of the alfalfa hay. Addressing issues like the lack of precise harvesting timing and underutilized production potential of lucerne, this study is based on the internal(fall dormancy level, crude protein, acid, neutral detergent fiber, relative feed value) and external factors(air temperature, precipitation, wind speed, ground temperature, relative humidity, solar radiation) affecting the quality of lucerne, as well as the relevant experimental data of the existing literature and the weather factors within 24 h after the lucerne harvest.Using principal component analysis to calculate the weights of the above indicators, the harvest suitability score formula was constructed to determine the harvesting time, harvesting method and harvesting stubble. Huanghua City was used as an example to confirm the method's effectiveness in guiding for determining the optimal harvest date of lucerne in the city. Key findings include the following: The hay quality of the first two crops of alfalfa in Huanghua City was higher than that of the third and fourth crops, and the optimal harvest stage of alfalfa was before the precipitation concentration period, which was consistent with other local research results and weather characteristics, and the method was feasible. Precipitation was the most significant factor affecting the lucerne harvest. The effects of other weather factors on hay quality varied with precipitation conditions. The temperature was the second important factor when daily precipitation is less than 1 mm, and the wind speed became the second important factor when the daily precipitation is less than 10 mm and more than 1 mm. Under low suitability and high precipitation, it may be advisable to convert hay harvest to silage to maximize economic benefits. This research could help agricultural decision-makers to develop precise harvesting strategies, and further improve lucerne production efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research presents a comprehensive environmental assessment of a small mountain permafrost catchment of the Anmangynda River in the Upper Kolyma Highland (Northeastern Asia) over the period of 2021–2023. The study reveals significant diversity in climatic, geocryological, and hydrogeological conditions within this confined area, emphasizing the need for extensive field data collection and monitoring in vast permafrost regions with limited data availability. Key findings include variations in ground temperature, maximum seasonal thaw depth, and depths of zero annual amplitudes of ground temperature at different elevations and landscape types. Groundwater and surface flow dynamics within spring aufeis basins exhibit complex geocryological regimes influenced by icing processes. The presence of aufeis and its impact on local hydrology highlight the ecological significance of this phenomenon. Future research should focus on long-term trends in permafrost dynamics and their relationship with climate change, as well as the ecological effects of aufeis formation on local ecosystems. The study underscores the importance of a multi-faceted approach to environmental assessment, incorporating various environmental parameters and processes, to gain a comprehensive understanding of the intricate interactions within the cryosphere and their responses to changing climate conditions. Such knowledge is essential for addressing broader questions related to climate change, ecosystem resilience, and sustainable resource management in Northeastern Siberia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The heat transfer capacity of ground and soil energy sources is the key factor that affects the performance of the ground source heat exchanger. The heat storage capacity of soil is related to various factors. The author proposes a multi-component heat pump system which combines solar energy, waste heat, and air, and designs a new type of dual channel finned tube evaporator for defrosting. Based on different weather conditions, the operation mode of the system was provided, and performance tests were conducted on the system under no light conditions and with or without waste heat utilization. The results show that the seepage speed of buried tube ground source heat pump system geographic tube heat exchanger and soil heat transfer influence is larger, the groundwater seepage speed of 15 m per annual, running 3-4 years later, the heat transfer well area of the soil temperature field will be stable, which can judge in the groundwater seepage is sufficient area, the buried tube ground source heat pump conditional soil winter and summer heat balance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research was carried out to compare selected forecasting methods, such as the following: Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs), Classification and Regression Trees (CARTs), Chi-squared Automatic Interaction Detector (CHAID), Fuzzy Logic Toolbox (FUZZY), Multivariant Adaptive Regression Splines (MARSs), Regression Trees (RTs), Rough Set Theory (RST), and Support Regression Trees (SRTs), in the context of determining the temperature of brine from vertical ground heat exchangers used by a heat pump heating system. The subject of the analysis was a public building located in Poland, in a temperate continental climate zone. The results of this study indicate that the models based on Rough Set Theory (RST) and Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) achieved the highest accuracy in predicting brine temperature, with the choice of the preferred method depending on the input variables used for modeling. Using three independent variables (mean outdoor air temperature, month of the heating season, mean solar irradiance), Rough Set Theory (RST) was one of the best models, for which the evaluation rates were as follows: CV RMSE 21.6%, MAE 0.3 °C, MAPE 14.3%, MBE 3.1%, and R2 0.96. By including an additional variable (brine flow rate), Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) achieved the most accurate predictions. They had the following evaluation rates: CV RMSE 4.6%, MAE 0.05 °C, MAPE 1.7%, MBE 0.4%, and R2 0.99. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study holds the power of revealing ecological changes and its crises at the global level. It encompasses the comparative analysis of global standards and Islamic teachings for preservation of ecology and its relation to humans. Environmental change has emerged as one of the most crucial issues in the world. This environmental change is causing the environmental crises which are disrupting the ecological balance. The root cause of ecological change and its crises is human interference and their anthropogenic activities. The immense use of coal, tar, toxic fumes, and noxious gases is causing the emission of greenhouse gases due to which earth temperature is accumulating, water, air, and land pollution is increasing and causing extinction and injuries of animal diversity. This research analyzes the compatibilities and contradictions between Islamic teachings and global standards regarding environmental conservation and its relation to human beings. Islam is a flexible religion. Many ethical principles are derived in the light of teaching of islam for sustainable development. As global standards embrace alliance, responsibility, accountability and Islamic teachings promote monotheism (tauhid), trustworthiness, and accountability. This acquaintance recommends integration of Islamic teachings into global policies. This study purposes to provide an in depth comparative analysis of global standards and Islamic teachings which have the mutual interest of ecological conservation and its relation to human beings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rare-earth substituted nanocrystalline hexagonal strontium ferrites with chemical formula Sr1 − xPrxFe12O19 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.1) and Sr0.95Re0.05Fe12O19 (Re = La, Pr, Nd, Dy, Yb), were prepared by sol-gel autocombustion method. The effects of calcination temperature, rare earth ion concentration and rare earth ion radius on the structure and magnetic properties of nano-sized hexagonal strontium ferrites were investigated. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) were applied for the systematical investigation of phase composition, crystal structure and magnetic properties of the samples respectively. The suitable calcination temperature of nanocrystalline strontium ferrites was determined to be 900 ℃, which was attributed to the relationship between the calcination temperature and the rotation of the domain wall. The coercivity (Hc) of Sr1 − xPrxFe12O19 reached a maximum at x = 0.05 and the saturation magnetization (Ms) decreased with the increase of Pr substituting content. This reduction followed the spin canting and magnetic dilution which results in the dislocation of super exchange interactions. For Re-substituted samples, the Hc increased with the decreasing ionic radius of substituted elements, while the Ms slightly decreased in comparison to the non- substituted sample. The synthesized samples could be used in permanent magnets, high-density magnetic recording medium, and microwave equipment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fiber optic sensing utilizes optical fibers to detect and monitor real-time vibrations and temperature changes in the ground. This type of sensing is capable of identifying a wide range of phenomena, including vehicles driving or stopping, people walking, running, climbing, or digging, seismic activity, and changes in structural integrity, such as an explosion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ground surface temperature (GST), measured at approximately 5 cm in depth, is a key controlling parameter for subsurface biophysical processes at the land–atmosphere boundary. This work presents a valuable dataset of GST observations at various spatial scales in the Headwater Area of the Yellow River (HAYR), a representative area of high-plateau permafrost on the northeastern Qinghai–Tibet Plateau (QTP). GST was measured every 3 h using 72 iButton temperature loggers (DS1922L) at 39 sites from 2019 to 2020. At each site, GST was recorded in two plots at distances from 2 to 16 m under similar and different land-cover conditions (steppe, meadow, swamp meadow, and bare ground). These sensors proved their reliability in harsh environments because there were only 165 biased measurements from a total of 210 816. A high significant correlation (>0.96 , p<0.001) was observed between plots, with a mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.2 to 1.2 °C. The daily intra-plot differences in GST were mainly <2 °C for sites with similar land cover in both plots and >2 °C when GST of bare ground was compared to that of sites with vegetation. From autumn to spring, the differences in GST could increase to 4–5 °C for up to 15 d. The values of the frost number (FN) were quite similar between the plots with differences in FN <0.05 for most of the sites. This dataset complements the sparse observations of GST on the QTP and helps to identify the permafrost distribution and degradation at high resolution as well as to validate and calibrate the permafrost distribution models. The datasets are openly available in the National Tibetan Plateau/Third Pole Environment Data Center (10.11888/Cryos.tpdc.272945, Şerban and Jin, 2022). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mountains near the equator have very unique temperature regimes due to the tropical latitude and alpine altitude. How climate change will impact these temperature regimes is not clear as there are so few temperature records in these environments. This study attempts to characterize the near‐surface air and ground temperature regime for the Teleki Valley (3,200–4,200 m. a.s.l) on the western slope of Mount Kenya using a set of six temperature loggers placed at 200 m elevation intervals. Temperature was recorded at 30 min intervals from September 2021 to October 2022. The mean diurnal temperature range varied from 6°C to 14°C, with maximum daily swings in excess of 25°C. There was a distinct seasonality in temperature, with a hot season during the months of January‐March, where it was roughly 3°C warmer than the coolest months. Diurnal temperature swings were also highest in March. This seasonality is driven by radiation and moisture: higher radiation during the vernal equinox combined with clear skies during the dry season made for higher temperatures. Elevation was the dominant spatial gradient determining temperature regimes, but rock and vegetation cover played a large role in modifying near‐surface air and ground temperature. The highest elevation logger (4,200 m. a.s.l), measuring ground temperature, showed muted seasonal and diurnal swings, creating for warmer temperatures than lower elevation loggers. This demonstrates the importance of thermal refugia at these high elevations. This also makes predictions of plant and animal responses to climate change difficult, as uniform upward shifts would not necessarily maintain thermal niches. Plain Language Summary: Tropical alpine areas have few detailed records of climate particularly in the zone near the surface where most organisms live. This study investigated the near ground temperature regime of the Teleki Valley of Mount Kenya using loggers placed at 200 m elevation intervals. The results showed that temperature can vary considerably over short distances and over time, with marked daily and seasonal temperature patterns. Elevation, topography and cover drive these differences as do macro‐climactic factors of wind patterns and solar radiation. The implication is that biotic responses to climate change will not be straight‐forward but may be site‐ and species‐specific. Key Points: Near‐surface temperature regime of the alpine zone of Mount Kenya has a seasonal element that is driven in part by solar radiation changesElevation and topography drive spatial differences in temperature in the alpine zoneThere is a diversity of microclimates which may play a crucial role in survival of biotic communities under climate change [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses a lesson on climate change and the decline of biodiversity, which aims to help learners construct a qualitative representation of the system using the online software DynaLearn. The lesson guides learners through different aspects of the system, such as the greenhouse effect, the absorption of heat by carbon dioxide, and the impact of climate change on biodiversity. Learners are supported by a workbook and a built-in support function to notice and correct mistakes in their representation. The article emphasizes the importance of understanding complex dynamic systems and gradually increasing learners' competencies in constructing qualitative representations. [Extracted from the article]

The Sun plays a role in influencing Earth's climate, making it important to have accurate information about variations in the Sun's radiative output. Models are used to recover total solar-irradiance (TSI) variations in the past when direct space-based measurements are not available. One of the most cryptic such TSI reconstructions is the one by (J. Geophys. Res. 98, 18, 1993, HS93). The rather vague description of the model methodology, the arbitrary selection of solar indices it employs, and the short overlap between the HS93 series and directly measured TSI values has hindered any evaluation of the performance of this model to this day. Here, we aim at rectifying this by updating the HS93 model with new input data. In this way we are also contributing in the discussion on the possible long-term changes in solar irradiance. We find that the analysis by HS93 included a number of erroneous processing steps that led to an artificial increasing trend towards the end of the reconstructed TSI series as well as shifting the peak of the TSI in the mid-twentieth century back in time by about 11 years. Furthermore, by using direct measurements of the TSI we determined that the free parameter of the model, the magnitude of variations (here defined as percentage variations of the difference between the maximum to minimum values), is optimal when it is minimised (being ≤0.05%). This is in stark contrast to the high magnitude of variations, of 0.25%, that was imposed by HS93. However, our result is consistent with more recent estimates, such as those from the Spectral And Total Irradiance REconstruction (SATIRE) model and Naval Research Laboratory TSI (NRLTSI), which were used by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Overall, we find that the previously reported agreement of the HS93 TSI series to temperature on Earth was purely due to improper analysis and artefacts of the processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the Earth's temperature rising and abnormal weather events becoming frequent, the mechanisms of precipitation formation have become increasingly complex, leading to more significant spatiotemporal variability. This increased variability often results in severe flooding events. Despite extensive research on deep learning methods for rainfall prediction, challenges such as forecasting uncertainty and inaccurate predictions persist. Therefore, this study addresses these issues by proposing temporal U 2 Net (TU 2 Net) within the GAN framework. TU 2 Net comprises a nested UNet with two layers designed to handle time series data. The model also connects multiple Conv-GRU decoding modules to enhance spatiotemporal performance and improve prediction quality using an improved loss function. Experimental results demonstrate that TU 2 Net with the improved loss function outperforms DGMR and UNet in terms of prediction accuracy. Our project is open source and available on GitHub at https://github.com/clearlyzerolxd/TU2Net. • TU 2 Net-GAN model is proposed for rainfall forecasting. • We improved the loss function of GAN and achieved more robust performance. • Using four-frame images as input for GAN yielded optimal results. • The proposed model demonstrated outstanding performance in the rainfall forecasting task. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The annual frequency of ground surface freeze–thaw (AFGSFT) is a crucial indicator of hydrological processes, climate change, and energy balance, as it directly measures the number of times the ground surface freezes and thaws within a year. Unlike other indicators, such as freezing depth and duration, AFGSFT is more closely related to ground surface water heat exchange. However, the mechanism behind the variability of the long-term AFGSFT time series in China remains largely unknown. Based on the observation data from 707 meteorological stations, the AFGSFT in China from 1960 to 2020 was analyzed. The analysis revealed a decreasing trend in AFGSFT from 1960 to 2020, with the highest value observed in the central Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and the rate of change in AFGSFT increasing with elevation. Despite these changes, the spatial distribution of AFGSFT closely aligns with the two regions divided by the Hu Huanyong Line (Hu Line). Elevation was found to be the primary geographic factor explaining the spatial variation of AFGSFT, while the ground surface temperature was the main environmental factor. Using the autoregressive integrated moving average model (ARIMA), the study projected that the downward trend of AFGSFT will slow down in the next decade. The widespread climate warming was identified as the primary cause of AFGSFT changes, and this effect is expected to contribute significantly to the climate warming process in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The spatial and temporal distribution of Alpine snow is a sensitive gauge of environmental change. While understanding past snow dynamics is essential for reconstructing past climate and forecasting future trends, reliable snowpack data prior to the instrumental record are scarce. We present a novel pairing of cosmogenic paleothermometry and luminescence photochronometry which constrain the temperature and insolation history of bedrock outcrops at the Gotthard Pass, Switzerland, over the last ∼15,000 years. By coupling these results with cosmogenic 14C‐10Be chronology and modern in situ rock thermometry, we infer a ∼70‐day reduction of snowpack at the topographic mid‐slope. Our data indicate stable environmental conditions throughout the Holocene, followed by a 6.6 ± 2.9°C increase of ground surface temperature, coeval with an order‐of‐magnitude or more increase in ground surface insolation. Bracketing the onset of these changes between 1504 and 1807 CE, our findings tie the snowpack decline with the onset of human industrialization. Plain Language Summary: The extent of snow cover is shrinking in high elevation mountain environments due to climate change. However, it is challenging to determine when snow cover began to change because humans have only been monitoring snow cover for several decades, and snow cover has appeared to shrink over this entire time. We used two new geologic records of ground temperature and light exposure—both of which are impacted by the duration and amount of snow cover—to assess when snow cover began to change in the Gotthard Pass in Switzerland. We found that the middle slopes of the pass began experiencing snow cover loss three centuries ago, well before historical monitoring of snow cover in this region. This record of prolonged snow cover loss matters for the informed management of mountain water sources, rock and snow avalanche risk, and ecosystem change. Key Points: We present a novel data set of cosmogenic paleothermometry and luminescence photochronometry at the Gotthard Pass, SwitzerlandStable Holocene environmental conditions are followed by increases in ground temperature and insolation caused by snow cover declineThese environmental changes began between 1504 and 1807 CE, tying the observed snowpack decline with the onset of human industrialization [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Arctic region has undergone warming at a rate more than three times higher than the global average. This warming has led to the degradation of near-surface permafrost, resulting in a loss of ground stability. This instability not only poses a primary threat to Arctic infrastructure and human-impacted areas, but can also lead to secondary ecological hazards from infrastructure failure associated with hazardous materials. This development underscores the need for a comprehensive inventory of critical infrastructure and human-impacted areas, that is linked to environmental data to assess their susceptibility to permafrost degradation as well as the ecological consequences that may arise from infrastructure failure. In this study, we provide such an inventory for Alaska, a vast state covering approximately 1.5 million km2, with a population of over 733,000 people and a history of industrial development on permafrost. Our SIRIUS inventory integrates data from (i) the Sentinel-1/2 derived Arctic coastal human impact dataset (SACHI), (ii) OpenStreetMap, (iii) the pan-Arctic catchments summary database (ARCADE), (iv) the permafrost extent, probability and mean annual ground temperatures, and (v) the contaminated sites database and reports to create a unified new dataset of critical infrastructure and human-impacted areas as well as permafrost and watershed information for Alaska. The integration steps involved harmonizing spatial references, extents, and geometries, the usage of text mining techniques to generate additional geospatial data on contaminated sites - including contaminants, cleanup duration, and affected medium - from textual reports, and the incorporation of a uniform usage type classification scheme for infrastructure. The combination of SACHI and OSM enhanced the detail of the usage type classification for infrastructure from 5 to 13 categories, which allows for the identification of elements critical to Arctic communities beyond industrial sites. Further, the new inventory unites the high level of spatial accuracy from OSM with high level of completeness from SACHI. The SIRIUS dataset is presented as a GeoPackage, enabling spatial analysis and queries of its components, either in dependence or combination with one another. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The potential consequences for mankind could be disastrous due to global warming, which arises from an increase in the average temperature on Earth. The elevation in temperature primarily stems from the escalation in the concentration of greenhouse gases (GHG) such as CO2, CH4, and N2O within the atmosphere. Among these gases, methane (CH4) is particularly significant in driving alterations to the worldwide climate. Methanotrophic bacteria possess the distinctive ability to employ methane as both as source of carbon and energy. These bacteria show great potential as exceptional biocatalysts in advancing C1 bioconversion technology. The present review describes recent findings in methanotrophs including aerobic and anaerobic methanotroph bacteria, phenotypic characteristics, biotechnological potential, their physiology, ecology, and native multi-carbon utilizing pathways, and their molecular biology. The existing understanding of methanogenesis and methanotrophy in soil, as well as anaerobic methane oxidation and methanotrophy in temperate and extreme environments, is also covered in this discussion. New types of methanogens and communities of methanotrophic bacteria have been identified from various ecosystems and thoroughly examined for a range of biotechnological uses. Grasping the processes of methanogenesis and methanotrophy holds significant importance in the development of innovative agricultural techniques and industrial procedures that contribute to a more favorable equilibrium of GHG. This current review centers on the diversity of emerging methanogen and methanotroph species and their effects on the environment. By amalgamating advanced genetic analysis with ecological insights, this study pioneers a holistic approach to unraveling the biopotential of methanotrophs, offering unprecedented avenues for biotechnological applications. Key points: • The physiology of methanotrophic bacteria is fundamentally determined. • Native multi-carbon utilizing pathways in methanotrophic bacteria are summarized. • The genes responsible for encoding methane monooxygenase are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the depletion of shallow resources, deep resource mining has become a trend. However, the high temperature and complex stress environment in deep mines make resource extraction extremely challenging. This paper developed a thermal insulation grouting material made of glazed hollow beads, sodium silicate, and cement and tested the compressive strength, gelation time, and stone rate under various curing days in light of the issue of high temperature heat damage in high ground temperature mines and the impact of mining on roadway grouting bolt support. Fatigue strength, fatigue deformation, load-residual strain, energy evolution and microscopic features were studied and analyzed in relation to the damage law of graded cyclic loading and unloading under the number of varying cycles. The findings demonstrate that cyclic loading and unloading strength is lower than uniaxial compressive strength. The fatigue strength is significantly decreased when the number of cycles reaches its limit. Residual strain is less sensitive to changes in stress than load strain. The fitting correlation coefficients of total output energy and elastic energy are higher than 0.71. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rock glaciers are important hydrological reserves in arid and semi-arid regions. Their activity states can indicate the existence of permafrost. To help further explore the development mechanisms of rock glaciers in semi-arid and humid transition regions, this paper provides a detailed rock glacier inventory of the Guokalariju (also known as Goikarla Rigyu) area of the Tibetan Plateau (TP) using a manual visual interpretation of Google Earth Pro remote sensing imagery. We also estimated the water volume equivalent (WVEQ) in the study area for the first time. Approximately 5057 rock glaciers were identified, covering a total area of ∼404.69 km 2. Rock glaciers are unevenly distributed within the three sub-regions from west to east, with 80 % of them concentrated in the central region, where climatic and topographic conditions are most favorable. Under the same ground temperature conditions, increases in precipitation are conducive to rock glaciers forming at lower altitudes. Indeed, the lower limit of rock glaciers' mean altitude decreased eastward with increasing precipitation. Estimates of the water storage capacity of rock glaciers obtained by applying different methods varied considerably, but all showed the potential hydrological value of rock glaciers. The possible water storage in the subsurface ice of rock glacier permafrost was 1.32–3.60 km 3. The ratio between the amount of subsurface ice stored in rock glaciers and surface ice stored in local glaciers falls within the range of 1:2.32 to 1:1.26 , with an average ratio of 1:1.69. In the west region, where the climate is the driest, the water storage capacity of rock glaciers was estimated to be up to twice as large as that of the sub-region's glaciers. Changes in water resources and permafrost stability in the area where rock glaciers occur will have implications for regional water resource management, disaster prevention, and sustainable development strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the future evolution of permafrost requires a better understanding of its climatological past. This requires permafrost models to efficiently simulate the thermal dynamics of permafrost over the past centuries to millennia, taking into account highly uncertain soil and snow properties. In this study, we present a computationally efficient numerical permafrost model which satisfactorily reproduces the current ground temperatures and active layer thicknesses of permafrost in the Arctic and their trends over recent centuries. The performed simulations provide insights into the evolution of permafrost since the 18th century and show that permafrost on the North American continent is subject to early degradation, while permafrost on the Eurasian continent is relatively stable over the investigated 300-year period. Permafrost warming since industrialization has occurred primarily in three "hotspot" regions in northeastern Canada, northern Alaska, and, to a lesser extent, western Siberia. We find that the extent of areas with a high probability (p3m>0.9) of near-surface permafrost (i.e., 3 m of permafrost within the upper 10 m of the subsurface) has declined substantially since the early 19th century, with loss accelerating during the last 50 years. Our simulations further indicate that short-term climate cooling due to large volcanic eruptions in the Northern Hemisphere in some cases favors permafrost aggradation within the uppermost 10 m of the ground, but the effect only lasts for a relatively short period of a few decades. Despite some limitations, e.g., with respect to the representation of vegetation, the presented model shows great potential for further investigation of the climatological past of permafrost, especially in conjunction with paleoclimate modeling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores an alternative way of deriving soil thermal properties from surface geophysical measurements. We combined ground surface temperature time series with time lapse geoelectrical acquisitions measured from the ground surface in a fully coupled inversion scheme to calibrate a heat conduction model. The quantitative link between the thermal and geoelectrical parts of the modeling framework is the temperature-dependent unfrozen water content, which is also the main factor influencing electrical response of the ground. The apparent resistivity data were incorporated into the coupled framework without being inverted separately, thus reducing the uncertainty inevitably associated with inverted resistivity models. We show that geoelectrical time lapse data are useful as alternative calibration data and can provide as good results as borehole temperature measurements. The fully coupled modeling framework using field data achieved performance comparable to calibration on borehole temperature records in terms of model fit within 0.6 ∘ C, inversion convergence metrics, as well as the predictive performance of the calibrated model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the past few decades, the average surface temperature of Earth has been rising specifically in several urbanized cities all over the world. In this context of the phenomenon of Urban heat islands (UHIs), they have a temporal correlation with rainstorms due to the increased heat in urban areas leading to increased atmospheric instability and thunderstorm development. The changing spatial–temporal patterns of urban thunderstorms may lead to short-term heavy rainfall and more severe urban flash flood events. This study aims to understand the UHI impact in the Taipei basin on thunderstorms in order to be a considerable input for future urban development. The first step is to reveal specific details of UHI by understanding the trend of non-linear relation from both time domain and frequency using the Hilbert Huang Transform (HHT). The HHT trend results are used to compared UHI trend between each station. The next step is to extract the main spatial pattern of thunderstorm event in Taipei basin using Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF). The results show that urbanization in Taipei basin area enhance the UHI intensity for the past 20 years varies between 0.2 and 1.1 °C. While according to the EOF analysis, there is increasement of thunderstorm by 42.36% happened in the urban areas of Taipei basin rather than in other area since 1998. Compared to the past, rainstorms are not limited to metropolitan areas recently. These could be asserted as the rising of UHI has a role in the increase of thunderstorm that occurs in the urban area. Proper mitigation is needed in the future as the threat of flash flooding caused by thunderstorm will also rising. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change due to global warming will have an impact on marine and coastal ecosystems, including causing loss of biodiversity and threatening the sustainability of marine and coastal resources. The Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) made Indonesia, which is a tropical archipelagic state as one of the hotspots that is very at risk of being affected by global warming. This risk is especially experienced by cities on the coast. Therefore the importance of adaptation, especially in dealing with the impacts of climate change that has already occurred. The adaptation process cannot be delayed any longer because the earth's temperature will certainly increase beyond the threshold of 1.5 degrees Celsius in 2030 compared to the pre-Industrial Revolution temperature of 1850. Currently, the global temperature increase has reached 1.1 degrees Celsius. Therefore, Indonesia must immediately make adaptation efforts by utilizing the Blue Carbon Ecosystem which is based on research that blue carbon can absorb and store 100 times more carbon and is more permanent than forests on land. This stored carbon can be stored for thousands of years. Because of this great potential, coastal ecosystems can play many roles as adaptation solutions and mitigation of climate change impacts. Therefore researchers conduct research with the aim of the research is to create Strategies and Adaptation Efforts for Utilizing Blue Carbon Ecosystems: Disaster Resilience, Climate Crisis, and Sustainable Development, with the main target of implementing Resource Based Theory in developing strategies for utilization of Marine Resources, especially Utilization of Carbon Ecosystems Blue in Indonesian marine environment. This research is expected to provide theoretical and empirical evidence related to the development of blue ecosystem utilization strategies, climate crisis, and sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we present the results of atomic force microscopy (AFM), which is applied to characterize the surface morphology of graphite samples with glassy carbon coatings is developed, stored for 28 months under different conditions. One sample was stored on Earth at room temperature and second one was mounted on the outer side of the International Space Station. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nyiragongo is one of the eight volcanoes of the Virunga volcanic chain located in the western branch of the East African Rift, more specifically in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). The volcano's lava flows pose a threat to the city of Goma. Here we present seismographic, geothermal and petrographic data related to the May-June 2021 unrest and eruption of Nyiragongo. Seismicity was low prior to the eruption, with a daily average of 11 earthquakes from January 1 to May 22, 2021, the day of the eruption. Seismicity increased on May 22 2021, when the eruption began. During May 23 to September 28, 2021 the daily average number of earthquakes rose from 11 to 57 with the daily number of detected earthquakes peaking between May 22 and June 3, 2021. Prior to the eruption there was a moderate increase in ground temperature at the southern sites from February 27 to June 15 2021, but stability at the northern sites close to the volcano, and a constant radiant heat output from the crater. After the eruption, ground temperatures dropped from 23.5°C to 22.8°C; 23.7°C to 21.9°C from June 12 to June 20 2021 at the southern sites and from 26.0 °C to 24.5°C from May 26 to May 30 2021 at northern sites. The lava is glassy, with a low phenocryst content. The phases present in the basalt are: clinopyroxene, plagioclase, olivine and opaque minerals. In the foidites, the mineral phases are clinopyroxenes, plagioclases, nepheline and haüyne. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is a general problem in geoscience to estimate the time-series of velocity and temperature fields for a fluid based on limited observations, such as the flow velocity at the fluid surface and/or a temperature snapshot after flow. In this study, an adjoint-based data assimilation method (also known as 4-D variational data assimilation) was used to reconstruct the thermal convection in a highly viscous fluid (e.g. Earth's mantle) to investigate which observations constrain the thermal convection and how accurately the convection can be reconstructed for different wavelengths. The data assimilated to the adjoint-based model were generated synthetically from forward models with convecting cells of different length-scales. Based on the surface velocity and temperature snapshot, our simulations successfully reconstructed thermal convection over 50 Myr in the case that the wavelength of the convective cells is sufficiently large. We obtained two main results from this parametric study. (1) When we only considered instantaneous thermal structure fitting in the cost function, the convection reconstruction tended to fail. However, there are some cases where the laminar thermal convection can be reconstructed by assimilating only the velocity along the fluid surface. (2) There is a limit to the reconstruction of thermal convection in the case that the convecting cells are small (∼1000 km for a 50 Myr reconstruction). We propose that (1) is related to the balance of forces due to the thermal buoyancy and viscous stress around the thermal anomalies and (2) is related to how information is preserved (i.e. how the previous thermal structure is maintained in the observable state throughout the convection process). The results enable the use of geological records to estimate time-series of velocity and temperature in Earth's deep interior, even though the records may only contain information from shallow parts of Earth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Limited shelf life is a major constraint to successful commercialisation of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN), and to extend shelf life, dauer juveniles (DJ) are formulated and stored at low temperatures (4-8°C). We evaluated the cold storage potential of strains of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora formulated in diatomaceous earth at storage temperatures between 5 and 9°C. When assessing DJ decline to reach 75% survival (MT75) in the formulation for the respective temperatures, H. bacteriophora strain HB4 had the highest survival of 25 days at 9°C, while strain D2D6 survived longest at 8°C for 28 days. A set of 22 H. bacteriophora wild type inbred lines was then phenotyped for cold tolerance in water under oxidative stress in 70 mM H2O2 at 2°C. The MT50 (time to 50% survival) ranged from 11 to 23 days. The phenotypic data were correlated with the respective genotypic data, identifying four single nucleotide polymorphic (SNP) markers associated with cold tolerance. The survival of two lines (PT11 and IR11) with opposite extreme cold tolerance pheno- and genotypes was evaluated in diatomaceous earth formulation at 2°C with the cold tolerant IR11 surviving 3 days longer than PT11. Our study yields a set of valuable SNP markers employable in rapid genotyping of cold tolerance and tracking this trait during the breeding process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document discusses the impact of climate change on salmonid fishes in rivers. Climate warming poses a serious threat to these cold-adapted ectotherms, leading to population declines, genetic and phenotypic changes, and alterations in behavior, physiology, and distribution. Climate change also affects habitats, including flow regimes, vegetation, oxygen concentration, and water turbidity. The document highlights the importance of understanding these alterations to improve habitat and population management. It also provides insights into the effects of temperature on metabolic rates, genetic diversity, transcriptome, migration patterns, river flow, growth, and predator-prey interactions. The document concludes with a literature review on climate impacts on Pacific and Atlantic salmon, offering guidance for stakeholders, managers, and researchers. [Extracted from the article]

We develop a moving-mesh permafrost model that contains a ground subsidence computation module to estimate the effects of ground subsidence on permafrost simulation under different warming scenarios. Including the ground subsidence process in the permafrost simulation produces only a relatively small improvement in the simulation performance of the ground temperature field, as validated by observations from two sites on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau (QTP). It is shown that ignoring ground subsidence tends to achieve a larger active layer thickness (ALT) but a smaller original thickness of permafrost that has thawed when simulating permafrost changes in a warming climate. The heat consumed by permafrost changes will be underestimated in simulations that do not consider ground subsidence. The effects that ground subsidence exerts within the permafrost simulation are clearly demonstrated under a strong warming scenario, which will influence the global energy budget. Projections indicate that the permafrost in the continuous permafrost area of the QTP may be close to the phase transition temperature to become zero thermal gradients in 2030–2040 under the SSP5-8.5 scenario, and there will be a great risk of ground subsidence by that stage. For permafrost regions with rich ground ice, the downward propagating temperature signals caused by ground subsidence are more attenuated. However, the heat calculation error will be larger in a simulation that does not consider ground subsidence there. This study quantifies the effects of ground subsidence, which can provide a better understanding of the permafrost thaw and energy budget of the QTP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shallow Geothermal Energy (SGE) exchanges heat with the ground. In continuous, long-term operation, the initial temperature field can be disturbed, and subsurface thermal changes can be developed. In this paper, the thermal impact of a SGE system under a Mediterranean climate is handled. Temperature monitoring was conducted on 15 investigation boreholes equipped with a total of 92 thermal sensors placed at specific depths. Investigation boreholes were drilled 1–2 m from SGE system borehole heat exchangers installed in a university building. The analysis handles a one-year monitoring period of SGE system operation. Temperature depth profiles, reaching up to 140 m depth, were registered with a 10 min time step, resulting in a large amount of data. Ground thermal conductivity was estimated experimentally and semi-empirically, allowing us to obtain, using a numerical model, the initial undisturbed ground temperature profiles and compare them with the monitored values. Climate data were recorded by the university meteorological station. Globally, the measured and computed data were coherent, and a non-negligible impact of the SGE system operation in the first year was observed. The building orientation as well as the nearby departments had significant impacts on the shallow ground temperature. Maximum ground temperature changes observed at depths higher than 10–20 m, ranging from 2 to 3 °C as observed in different boreholes, indicate that the system is operating efficiently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the high Arctic, thermal bridging through frozen shrub branches has been demonstrated to cool the ground by up to 4°C during cold spells, affecting snow metamorphism and soil carbon and nutrients. In alpine conditions, the thermal conductivity contrast between shrub branches and snow is much less than in the Arctic, so that the importance of thermal bridging is uncertain. We explore this effect by monitoring ground temperature and liquid water content under green alders and under nearby alpine tundra in the Alps. During a January 2022 cold spell, the ground temperature at 5 cm depth under alders is 1.3°C colder than under alpine tundra. Ground water freezing under alders is complete, while water remains liquid under tundra. Finite element simulations reproduce the observed temperature difference between both sites, showing that thermal bridging does affect ground temperature also under Alpine conditions. Plain Language Summary: With climate warming, shrubs are expanding in seasonally snow‐covered Arctic and alpine areas. In the Arctic, it has been shown that shrubs buried in snow act as thermal bridges between the ground and the atmosphere, so that the ground winter temperature is colder than if thermal effects due to snow only are considered. Thermal bridging is efficient in the Arctic because the thermal conductivity of shrub branches is 30–70 times as large as that of snow. In alpine areas, the difference in thermal conductivity between the shrub branches and the snow is much lower, so that the efficiency of thermal bridging by shrubs is uncertain, even though shrub branches are much thicker. We monitored the soil temperature at an Alpine site at a spot with green alders and a nearby spot with herbaceous vegetation. The ground was 1.3°C colder under alders during a cold spell. Using finite element simulations, we show that this is explained by thermal bridging through alder branches. Snow and land surface models must therefore include this process for adequate simulations of the soil temperature, soil freezing and carbon recycling, snow metamorphism and snow physical properties. Key Points: The winter ground temperature in a snow‐covered alpine area during a cold spell is 1.3°C colder under alders than under nearby grassUsing finite element modeling, we demonstrate that this is due to thermal bridging through alder branchesPlane‐parallel snow layer geometry cannot be used to model ground temperature, soil freezing, and snow metamorphism if shrubs are present [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The model of the atmosphere in the form of a sequence of homogeneous layers 100 m in thickness from the surface of the Earth to a height of 40 km is considered. Layer parameters are defined for the standard atmosphere. Spectral sections of 1002–1003 and 1020–1021 cm0–1 with an opposite dependence of ozone absorption coefficient on its temperature change are selected. This model was transformed into one efficient homogeneous layer. The contribution to the outgoing radiation of the atmosphere in the selected spectral regions of the ozone absorption band (1002–1003 and 1020–1021 cm–1) is equal to the contributions to the outgoing radiation of the Earth by all nonuniform layers constituting them. The possibility of adjusting the temperature of the Earth's underlying surface is shown. The method of calculating the ozone content in the atmosphere by the outgoing radiation of the Earth is considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Values of undercatch-corrected liquid-equivalent snowfall rate (S) at a ground site and microwave reflectivity (Z) retrieved using an airborne W-band radar were acquired during overflights. The temperature at the ground site was between - 6 and - 15 ∘C. At flight level, within clouds containing ice and supercooled liquid water, the temperature was approximately 7 ∘C colder. Additionally, airborne measurements of snow particle imagery were acquired. The images demonstrate that most of the snow particles were rimed, at least at flight level. A relatively small set of S – Z pairs (four) is available from the overflights. Important distinctions between these measurements and those of Pokharel and Vali (2011), who reported S – Z pairs and an S – Z relationship for rimed snow particles, are (1) the fewer S – Z pairs, (2) the method used to acquire S , and (3) the altitude, relative to ground, of the W-band Z retrievals. This analysis corroborates the fact that the S – Z relationship reported in Pokharel and Vali (2011) yields an S – in scenarios with snowfall produced by riming – substantially larger than that derived using an S – Z relationship developed for unrimed snow particles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Regional-scale geothermal maps are the basis for calculations and mapping of the thermobaric stability zone of submarine gas hydrates. Global geothermal measurements (in particular, at the Eurasian continental margin of the Arctic Ocean) are sporadic. The lack of geotemperature data does not allow mapping of thermal fields using standard interpolation methods. This article presents a solution to this problem and the results of geothermal mapping of the Eurasian continental margin of the Arctic Ocean by extrapolation on a structural-tectonic basis following the age of tectonomagmatic activation of geological structures. The TEMAR-10 000 tectonic map of the Arctic was chosen as a structural-tectonic basis for zoning by age of tectonomagmatic activation. The geothermal studies were based on verified data from the Global Heat Flow Database, as well as published materials and the authors' original data. A geothermal database consisting of ~1000 geotemperature estimates has been compiled. Verification and statistical analysis of geothermal data in the Eurasian margin of the Arctic Ocean was performed. It has been established that the median values of heat flow are the most applicable for geothermal zoning on a structural-tectonic basis. The geothermal zoning of the Laptev Sea has been clarified based on seismic survey data on the position of the hydrate-related reflector, marking the phase boundary of the gas hydrate stability zone. For the first time, regional-scale geothermal mapping has been carried out at the Eurasian continental margin using actual measured and calculated geothermal data. The compiled geothermal map is the basis for calculating and mapping the gas hydrate stability zone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the EU-funded PACE (Permafrost and Climate in Europe) project at the turn of this century, several deep boreholes (100 m +) were drilled in European mountain sites, including in mainland Norway, Svalbard and Sweden. During other projects from 2004 and the International Polar Year (IPY) period in 2006–2007, several additional boreholes were drilled in different sites in both Norway and Iceland, measuring temperatures along both altitudinal and latitudinal gradients. At most sites, multi-temporal geophysical soundings are available using electrical resistivity tomography (ERT). Here, we study the development of permafrost and ground temperatures in mainland Norway and Iceland based on these data sets. We document that permafrost in Norway and Iceland is warming at a high rate, including the development of taliks in both Norway and Iceland in response to global climate change during the last 20 years. At most sites, ground surface temperature (GST) is apparently increasing more strongly than surface air temperature (SAT). Changing snow conditions appear to be the most important factor for the higher GST rates. Modelling exercises also indicate that the talik development can be explained by both higher air temperatures and increasing snow depth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polar amplification appears in response to greenhouse gas forcing, which has become a focus of climate change research. However, polar amplification has not been systematically investigated over the Earth's three poles (the Arctic, Antarctica, and the Third Pole). An index of polar amplification is employed, and the annual and seasonal variations of land surface temperature over the Earth's three poles are examined using MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) observations for the period 2001–2018. As expected, the warming of the Arctic is most conspicuous, followed by the Third Pole, and is weakest in Antarctica. Compared to the temperature changes for the global land region, positive polar amplification appears in the Arctic and the Third Pole on an annual scale, whereas Antarctic amplification disappears, with a negative amplification index of −0.72. The polar amplification for the Earth's three poles shows seasonal differences. Strong Arctic amplification appears in boreal spring and winter, with a surface warming rate of more than 3.40 times the global mean for land regions. In contrast, the amplification of the Third Pole is most conspicuous in boreal summer. The two poles located in the Northern Hemisphere have the weakest amplification in boreal autumn. Differently from the positive amplification for the Arctic and the Third Pole in all seasons, the faster variations in Antarctic temperature compared to the globe only appear in austral autumn and winter, and the amplification signal is negative in these seasons, with an amplification index of −1.68 and −2.73, respectively. In the austral winter, the strong negative amplification concentrates on West Antarctica and the coast of East Antarctica, with an absolute value of amplification index higher than 5 in general. Generally, the polar amplification is strongest in the Arctic except from June to August, and Antarctic amplification is the weakest among the Earth's three poles. The Earth's three poles are experiencing drastic changes, and the potential influence of climate change should receive attention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data, Micaps data and ground observation data, the physical characteristics of a heavy snowfall process in eastern Yunnan from January 31 to February 3, 2022 were analyzed. The results show that the circulation background of the heavy snowfall process was "north-ridge and south-trough" type, and the cold air accumulated in the deep East Asian transverse trough. The cold advection behind the trough moved southwards into eastern Yunnan under the movement of the transverse trough. The establishment of upper and lower air jet provided abundant water vapor, and the snowfall area coincided with the strong water vapor convergence area. The strong cold center near the ground was maintained, and the cold air moved southwards. As a result, the cold pad was lasting and deep, and the ground temperature was 0°C or below, which was conducive to snow accumulation on the ground. Seen from the spatial distribution of pseudo-equivalent potential temperature, the low layer always had certain warm and wet conditions during the heavy snowfall, which was conducive to the establishment of unstable energy. The snowfall occurred near the 0SC steep area and the warm and wet unstable area. The vertical distribution of temperature had a good indication of precipitation form. The upper layer was controlled by strong cold advection, while the middle and lower troposphere was controlled by warm advection, and there was a warm inversion layer, which was conducive to the transformation of ice crystals into snowflakes, so that ice crystals fell to the ground in the form of snowflakes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fires in grassy ecosystems consume vegetation and initiate high‐quality regrowth, which results in pyric herbivory when mammalian grazers concentrate feeding in recent burns. For environmentally transmitted parasites with transmission mechanisms linked to vegetation structure, fire should exert direct effects on parasites, as well as indirect effects resulting from subsequent enhanced herbivory, which can affect parasite input and exposure to environmental conditions.We combined an experimental manipulation with observational data in the Serengeti National Park to investigate the direct and indirect effects of fire on parasites. We assessed the direct effects of fire by measuring changes in parasitic nematode larvae in the grass layer before and after fire on paired experimental burned and control plots. To investigate indirect effects linked to pyric herbivory, we sampled herbivore dung, grass biomass, ground temperature and larval densities every month for 5 months following fire in seven pairs of burned and unburned monitoring plots. Finally, to assess if fire‐driven changes to larval densities affected host infection burdens, we collected faecal samples from a key host, Grant's gazelle (Nanger granti), each month for 5 months to estimate within‐host parasite burdens.Fire killed all larvae and increased grazer dung inputs by 40% for 2 months following fire. Dung inputs after fire led to larval parasite recolonization of burned patches, but intense herbivory kept grass short and larval densities were associated with changes in ground temperature linked to grass biomass and ambient temperature. Grant's gazelles had lower parasite burdens when sampled in areas with higher compared to lower burned area fraction.Fire and pyric herbivory change the densities of larval parasites in the environment and divide the landscape into burned and unburned regions with distinct infection risks for local herbivores.The indirect effects quantified here represent a novel finding with major implications for all grazing systems impacted by fire. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]